第二部分 底盘 CHASIS
第二部分底盘CHASIS一、齿轮Gears齿轮用于两个不同传递的轴之间的动力传递。
齿轮有很多作用，但最重要的作用是动力设备的减速。
这主要是因为，通常，当小小的电机高速运转时，虽然能提供足够的功率，但不能提供足够的力矩。
如果使用齿轮减速，就可以降低输出速度，同时增加力矩。
Gears are used to transmit power between shafts rotating usually at different speeds. Gears do several important jobs, but most important, they provide a gear reduction in motorized equipment. This is key because, often, a small motor spinning very fast can provide enough power for a device, but not enough torque. With a gear reduction, the output speed can be reduced while the torque is increased.齿轮的另一个作用是改变旋转方向。
例如，汽车的差速器必须将动力转90度传递给车轮。
Another thing gears do is adjust the direction of rotation. For instance, the differential of car has to turn power 90 degrees to apply it to the wheels.传动比是由两轮的中心到啮合点的距离所决定的。
例如，两个齿轮的传动机构中，如果一齿轮的尺寸是另一齿轮的两倍，那么传动比就是2：1.The ratio is determined by the distances from the center of the gear to the point of contact. For instance, in a device with two gears, if one gear is twice the size of the other, the ratio would be 2:1.这种齿轮传动的缺陷在于，每隔齿轮的中心到啮合点的距离在运转的过程中是变化的。
也就是说，当齿轮转动时，齿轮的传动比是变化的，那就意味着输出速度也会变化。
假如你的车内使用这种齿轮，那么你就不可能保持稳定的速度-你就一直在加速或减速。
The problem with this type of gear is that the distance from the center of each gear to the point of contact changes as the gears rotate. This means that the gear ratio changes as the gear turns, meaning that the output speed also changes. If you used a gear like this in your car, it would be impossible to maintain a constant speed-you would be accelerating and decelerating constantly. 很多现代齿轮使用一种称为渐开线的齿廓。
这种轮廓的齿轮具有特别重要的性质，就是保持两轮间稳定的传动比。
Many modern gears use a special tooth profile called an involute. This profile has the very important property of maintaining a constant speed into between the two gears.下面就介绍其中的几种齿轮：Some of the many types of gears are illustrated below:1、直齿轮Spur Gears安装在两根平行轴上的直齿轮最常见的齿轮，这种齿轮带直齿。
有时，一次用多级齿轮传动可获得大的降速比。
A pair of spur gears for mounting on parallel shafts are the most common type of gears, which have straight teeth. Sometimes, many spur gears are used at once to create very large gear reductions.直齿轮运行时噪音很大。
每次一齿轮与另一齿轮啮合时，齿间就发生冲击，从而产生噪音，同时也增加了齿面上的压应力。
The spur gear can be really loud. Each time a gear tooth engages a tooth on the other gear, the teeth collide, and this impact makes a noise. It also increases the stress on the gear teeth.为了降低噪音、减小应力，我们的轿车较多地使用斜齿轮。
To reduce the noise and stress in the gears, most of the gears in your car are helical.2、斜齿轮Helical Gears和直齿轮一样。
斜齿轮也安装在两根平行轴上，但是，斜齿轮上的齿与轴线不是平行的，而是成一斜角。
当两齿啮合时，齿面由一个头开始啮合，并在运转时逐步扩大接触面，直到全齿完全啮合。
Like spur gears helical gears connect parallel shafts, however the teeth are not parallel to the shaft axes but lie along helices about the axes. When two teeth on a helical gear system engage, the contact starts at one end of the tooth and gradually spreads as the gears rotate, until the two teeth are in full engagement.逐步啮合的过程是斜齿轮在运转时，比直齿轮更平缓、噪音更低。
正因如此，几乎所有轿车的传动系统都使用斜齿轮。
因为斜齿轮的齿有个角度，所以，在其啮合时就会产生轴向推力。
所以采用斜齿轮的机构均使用能承受轴向载荷的轴承。
This gradual engagement makes helical gears operate much more smoothly and quietly than spur gears. For this reason, helical gears are used in almost all car transmissions. Because of the angle of the teeth on helical gears, they create a thrust load on the gear when they mesh. Devices that use helical gears have bearings that can support this thrust load.3、錐齿轮Bevel Gears当两传动轴旋转时需改变方向时，采用锥齿轮是一种十分有用的方法。
通常，锥齿轮的两轴呈90度，但也可以设计成其他角度。
Bevel gears are useful when the direction of a shaft’s rotation needs to be changed. They are usually mounted on shafts that are 90 degrees apart, but can be designed to work at other angles as well.锥齿轮的齿可以是直齿、螺旋形或准双曲面。
直齿锥齿轮和直齿轮存在这同样的问题----齿的啮合过程中始终存在冲击。
就像直齿轮一样，这个问题的解决也是将轮齿变为曲线。
螺旋锥齿轮的啮合和斜齿轮是一样的：齿面由一个断面进入啮合，逐步扩大接触面，直到全齿完全啮合。
The teeth on bevel gears can be straight, spiral or hypoid. Straight bevel gear teeth actually have the same problem as straight spur gear teeth-as each tooth engages, it impacts the corresponding tooth all at once. Just like with spur gears, the solution to this problem is to curve the gear teeth. These spiral teeth engage just like helical teeth: the contact starts at one end of the gear and progressively spreads across the whole tooth.4、蜗轮蜗杆Worm Gears涡轮和蜗杆可获得很大的降速比，但是存在严重的相对滑动。
通常蜗轮蜗杆的减速比可达到20：1，甚至达到300：1或更大。
A worm and worm wheel gives a large speed ratio but with significant sliding. It is common for worm gears to have reductions of 20:1, and even up to 300:1 or greater.很多蜗轮蜗杆具有其他齿轮传动所没有的一种有趣的性质：蜗杆能很容易地带动涡轮，但是涡轮却带不动蜗杆。
赛车常用词汇
赛车常用词汇1.赛车部件：1)引擎: engine/motor2)底盘: chassis3)离合器: cluth4)油箱: fuel tank5)汽缸: cylinder6)变速箱: automatic transmission7)车盖: bonnet8)电子点火系统: electronic ignition system9)散热器: radiator10)车灯: spot lamp11)轮胎: tire12)刹车系统: brake system13)驾驶舱: cockpit2.车内仪器1)安全带：safety belt2)拭雨器：wiper3)坐位：seat4)头盔：helmet5)方向盘： steering wheel6)油压表： oil pressure gauge7)仪表盘： dashboard8)速度表： speedometer9)车手： driver10)车队经理：team manager11)后勤人员：the support crew12)赞助商： sponsor13)观众： spectator14)新手： rookie15)技术顾问：technical consultant16)领航员： co-driver17)后勤维修人员： pit crew18)制造商： constructor19)车窗玻璃：window glass3.赛制1)练习赛： practice2)一级方程式赛车： formula-1 racing3)三级方程式赛车： formula-3 racing4)拉力赛： rally4.后勤装备1)维修站： pit2)停站： pit stop3)维修道： pit lane4)转向机： steering box5)救生室： surviving cell6)水泵： water pump7)装备区： paddock5.其他1)减速弯道： chicane2)发夹弯道： hairpin3)乱流： dirty air4)下压力：down force5)排位： grid6)起跑排位: staring grid7)杆位： pole position8)排位赛: qualifying9)光头胎：slicks10)赛车号码：race number11)安全车： safety car12)马力： horse power。
《汽车底盘知识》PPT课件
底盘Chassis-行驶系(车架、车桥、车轮、悬架)
悬架
1. 弹性元件；2. 纵向推力杆；3. 减振器；4. 横向稳定杆；5. 横向推力杆
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18
底盘Chassis-行驶系(车架、车桥、车轮、悬架)
悬架的种类：分为独立悬架，非独立悬架
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19
底盘Chassis-行驶系(车架、车桥、车轮、悬架)
变速箱体
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9
底盘Chassis-传动系(离合器、变速器、万向传动装置、驱动桥)
万向传动： 为了实现一些轴线相交或相对位置经常变化的转轴之间
的动力传递，必须采用万向传动装置。
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底盘Chassis-传动系(离合器、变速器、万向传动装置、驱动桥)
在汽车传动系中，为了实现一些轴线相交或相对位置经 常变化的转轴之间的动力传递，必须采用万向传动装 置。万向传动装置一般由万向节和传动轴组成，有时 还要有中间支承
1.制动踏板 2.推杆 3.主缸活塞 4.制动主缸 5.油管 6.制动轮缸 7.轮缸活 塞 8.制动鼓 9.摩擦片 10.制动蹄 11.制动底板 12.支承销 13.制动蹄回 位弹簧
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23
底盘Chassis-制动系
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24
End
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25
底盘Chassis
传动系 （把枯吃枯吃转的发动机的动力传给驱动轮,没 有它车只能是一个带外壳的组合沙发）
行驶系 (把汽车各个部分连成一个整体并对全车起支承 作用,如车架、悬架、车轮、车桥都是它的零件)
转向系 （这个就很好理解了，没有它，您只能在直道上 飚车，没有转弯的机会）
制动装置（开车最危险的就是想停的时候，它的起作用: 主要起减速、停车以及驻车的作用）。
底盘的英语单词
底盘的英语单词chassis(of a car)n.底盘，底座，底架baseplaten.底板；基础板，基板例句1.木构架和金属底盘都没有采取防腐措施。
Neither the timber frame nor metal chassis were protected against rot.2.车子底盘的3块隔热板已经脱落了。
Three insulating panels had come adrift from the base of the vehicle.3.他会把钢丝绳拴在汽车底盘上，用卷扬机把汽车吊到运河岸上。
He would attach a cable around the chassis of the car and winch it up on to the canal bank4.空中客车有一个未来模型概念，它有一个乘客舱，可以从在路上行驶中的底盘上分离出来，并由直升机式的机器接走。
Airbus has a futuristic modular concept involving a passenger capsule that can be detached from the road-going chassis and picked up by a helicopter-type machine.5.用CAD技术进行汽车底盘总布置设计方法的研究Study on General Layout of the vehicle Chassis with CAD6.PID算法在汽车底盘测功机中的应用与实现The Application and Implementation of PID Algorithm In Automotive Chassis Dynamometer7.基于VB的客车底盘总布置参数化设计系统Parameterized Layout Design System for Bus Chassis Based on Visual Basic8.零件INNER TUBE用于汽车的底盘减震系统，采用线材冷成型工艺生产。
底盘系统设计chassis system design methodology
1.1 Chassis System Synthesis Process ..............................................................................................................3 1.1.1 Assumptions and Limitations for Synthesis Approach..........................................................................3 1.1.2 The Synthesis Method..................................................................................................................................4 1.1.3 The Ride Mode ...............................................................................................................................................6 1.1.4 The Roll Mode ................................................................................................................................................9 1.1.5 The Lateral Dynamic
汽车结构中英文详解
2.Chassis底盘
2.2 Steering system 转向系统
The direction motion of vehicle is controlled by a steering system. A basic steering system has 3 main parts: steering control mechanism, steering gear ,steering linkage mechanism which connecting wheels and steering gear. 转向系控制汽车行驶方向,一般由三部分组成：转向操纵机构,转向器、连接 车轮和转向器的转向传动机构。
1.Engine
1.2.4 exhaust system排气系统
Exhaust system refers to the collection and emissions systems, including exhaust manifold, exhaust pipe, converters, mufflers排气系统指收集并且排放废气的系 统,包括排气歧管、排气管、催化转化器和消音器
1.Intake stroke 吸气行程 2.pression stroke 压缩行程 3.Working stroke 做功行程 4.Exhaust stroke 排气行程
1.Engine
1.2Engine Overall Mechanics
发动机总体构造
The engine has hundreds of other parts . It includes two
mechanism,six systems,they are
1.crank mechanism 2.valve train 3.intake system 4.ignition system 5.cooling system 6.lubrication system 7.exhaust system
简述智能小车的组成部分
智能小车是一种能够自主运行和执行任务的汽车，它通常由以下几个主要组成部分构成：1. 底盘（Chassis）：底盘是智能小车的基本框架，它支撑和承载其他组件。
底盘通常由金属或塑料制成，具有足够的强度和稳定性。
2. 电动机（Electric Motors）：电动机是智能小车的动力源，提供驱动力以实现车辆的前进、后退和转向等运动。
智能小车可能搭载一个或多个电动机，其类型可以是直流电机、步进电机或无刷电机等。
3. 传感器（Sensors）：传感器是智能小车的感知器官，用于感知周围环境的信息。
常见的传感器包括红外线传感器、超声波传感器、视觉传感器（如摄像头）、陀螺仪、加速度计等。
传感器收集的数据可以用于避障、测距、物体识别等功能。
4. 控制器（Controller）：控制器是智能小车的大脑，负责处理传感器的数据，并做出相应的决策和控制。
控制器可以是单片机、微处理器或嵌入式系统，它通过算法和逻辑来控制电动机、传感器和其他组件的操作。
5. 电源系统（Power System）：电源系统提供智能小车所需的电能。
它通常由电池组成，可以是干电池、锂电池或者其他可充电电池。
电源系统还可能包括电源管理模块，用于监测和管理电池的充电状态和供电情况。
6. 控制算法和软件（Control Algorithms and Software）：控制算法和软件是智能小车的灵魂，它们实现了小车的自主决策和行为控制。
这些算法和软件可以包括路径规划、避障、目标跟踪等功能的实现，通常由程序员编写和优化。
除了以上主要组成部分，智能小车还可以包括其他辅助设备和附件，如车灯、喇叭、蓝牙或Wi-Fi模块等，以增加其功能和交互性。
总而言之，智能小车的组成部分包括底盘、电动机、传感器、控制器、电源系统以及控制算法和软件。
这些组件协同工作，使智能小车能够感知环境、做出决策，并自主地执行各种任务。
汽车底盘中英文翻译
汽车底盘中英文翻译1 .ChassisThe chassis is an assembly of those systems that are the major operating part of a vehicle. The chassis includes the transmission, suspension, steering, and brake systems.Transmission systems ― conveys the drive to the wheels. The ma in components are clutch, gearbox, driveshaft, final drive, and differential.Suspension― absorbs the road shocks.Steering― controls the direction of the movement.Brake― slows down the vehicle.Automobile Brake SystemThe braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes.Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake.The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the parking brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set.The brake system is composed of the following basic components: the “master cylinder”which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines”and flexible “brake hoses”connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders”located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes”and “pads”are pushed by the slave cylinders to contact the “drums”and “rotors”thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the car.The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder.Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the brake, the control device forces brake shoes, or pads, against the rotating brake drum or disks at wheel. Friction between the shoes or pads and the drums or disks then slows or stops the wheel so that the car is braked.In most modern brake systems, there is a fluid-filled cylinder, called master cylinder, which contains two separate sections, there is a piston in each section and both pistons are connected to a brake pedal in the driver’s compartment. When thebrake is pushed down, brake fluid is sent from the master cylinder to the wheels. At the wheels, the fluid pushes shoes, or pads, against revolving drums or disks. The friction between the stationary shoes, or pads, and the revolving drums or disks slows and stops them. This slows or stops the revolving wheels, which, in turn, slow or stop the car.The brake fluid reservoir is on top of the master cylinder. Most cars today have a transparent reservoir so that you can see the level without opening the cover. The brake fluid level will drop slightly as the brake pads wear. This is a normal condition and no cause for concern. If the level drops noticeably over a short period of time or goes down to about two thirds full, have your brakes checked as soon as possible. Keep the reservoir covered except for the amount of time you need to fill it and never leave a cam of brake fluid uncovered. Brake fluid must maintain a very high boiling point. Exposure to air will cause the fluid to absorb moisture which will lower that boiling point.The brake fluid travels from the master cylinder to the wheels through a series of steel tubes and reinforced rubber hoses. Rubber hoses are only used in places that require flexibility, such as at the front wheels, which move up and down as well as steer. The rest of the system uses non-corrosive seamless steel tubing with special fittings at all attachment points. If a steel line requires a repair, the best procedure is to replace the compete line. If this is not practical, a line can be repaired using special splice fittings that are made for brake system repair. You must never use copper tubing to repair a brake system. They are dangerous and illegal.Drum brakes, it consists of the brake drum, an expander, pull back springs, a stationary back plate, two shoes with friction linings, and anchor pins. The stationary back plate is secured to the flange of the axle housing or to the steering knuckle. The brake drum is mounted on the wheel hub. There is a clearance between the inner surface of the drum and the shoe lining. To apply brakes, the driver pushes pedal, the expander expands the shoes and presses them to the drum. Friction between the brake drum and the friction linings brakes the wheels and the vehicle stops. To release brakes, the driver release the pedal, the pull back spring retracts the shoes thus permitting free rotation of the wheels.Disk brakes, it has a metal disk instead of a drum. A flat shoe, or disk-brake pad, is located on each side of the disk. The shoes squeeze the rotating disk to stop the car. Fluid from the master cylinder forces the pistons to move in, toward the disk. This action pushes the friction pads tightly against the disk. The friction between the shoes and disk slows and stops it. This provides the braking action. Pistons are made of either plastic or metal. There are three general types of disk brakes. They are the floating-caliper type, the fixed-caliper type, and the sliding-caliper type. Floating-caliper and sliding-caliper disk brakes use a single piston. Fixed-caliper disk brakes have either two or four pistons.Steering SystemBasic Parts of Steering SystemThe steering converts the steering –wheel rotary motion into a turn motion of the steered wheels of the vehicle .The basic steering system in most cars is the same . The steering gear of steering box is the heart of the steering system .This is usually next to the engine . A shaft extends from the back of the steering gear . This shaft is connected to the steering column or steering shaft . The steering wheel is at the top of the steering column . Another shaft comes from the bottom of the steering gear . This shaft connects to the arms , rods , and links . This parts assembly , called the steering linkage , connects the steering gear to the parts at the wheels . The wheels and tires mount to the steering knuckles , the knuckles are pivoted at the top and bottom . Thus , the wheels and rites can turn from side to side .While the steering system may look complicated , it works quite simply . When a driver drives a car straight down the road , the steering gear is centered . The gear holds the linkage centered so that the wheels and tires point straight ahead . When the driver turns the steering wheel , the steering shaft rotates and the steering gear moves toward that side . The shaft coming out the bottom of the steering gear turns , as well . When the shaft turns , it pulls the linkage to one side and makes the steering knuckles turn slightly about their pivot points . Thus , the steering knuckle , spindle , wheels , and tires turn to one side , causing the car to turn .The type of steering layout depends on the suspension system . The beam axle used on heavy commercial vehicle has a king pin fitted at each end of the axle and this pin is the pivot which allows the wheels to be steered . Cars have independent suspension and this system has ball joints to allow for wheel movement .Types of Steering SystemA steering box must have the following qualities :1) no play in the straight-ahead position2)low friction , resulting in high efficiency3)high rigidity ,4)readjustabilityFor these reasons , these are several different types of steering gears . However , there are only two types of steering systems : manual steering systems and power steering systems . In the manual type , the driver dose all the work of turning the steering wheel , steering gear , wheels and tires . In the power , hydraulic fluid assists the operation so that driver effort is reduced .On today’s cars , two types of steering systems commonly are used to provide steering control :1) recirculating ball2) rack and pinionEither of these two types of steering mechanisms may be a fully mechanical systems or a power –assisted system .Front SuspensionThe front suspension is more complicated than the rear suspension . This is because the front wheels must move in several different directions . The wheels must move up and down with the suspension and turn left to right with the steering . Since the car goes in the direction in which the front wheels point , the alignment of the front wheels is important . The wheels must point in just the right direction for the carto move straight down the road and turn properly .Modern cars uses an independent front suspension . In this system , each wheel mounts separately to the frame and has its own individual spring and shock absorber . Thus , the wheels act independently of one another . When one wheel hits a bump or hole in the road , the other wheel dose not deflect .Front Wheel AlignmentAs a car moves down the high-way , the suspension moves the front wheels up and down . At the same time , the steering mechanism moves the front wheels , sometimes to make turns and sometimes to make the travel straight . The angular relationship between the wheels and suspension parts during this motion is the front-end geometry . Since the geometry can change the alignment of front wheels is adjustable . You can change the adjustment to compensate for spring sag .The alignment of the front wheels affects the operation of a car . Poor alignment can make a car pull to one side and stop the front wheels from returning to the straight-ahead position after a turn . The three normally adjustable angles are caster , camber , and toe .Rear SuspensionThe purpose of the rear suspension is to support the weight of the rear of the vehicle . As with the front suspension , this system contributes to the stability and ride of the vehicle . Rear suspension may be of the solid axle or independent design . Many cars have solid axle rear suspension . Either design may have different kinds of springs , including torsion bars . However , the coil spring and leaf spring types are most popular .WheelsThe rim is made in one piece , with the wheel center welded or riveted to it . Most modern vehicles use the drop center type . This drop center provides a well for tire bead to drop into for tire removal . A slight hump at the head ledge holds the tire in place should it go flat while driving .TiresTires are important to your safety and comfort . They transmit the driving and brak ing power to the road . The car’s directional control , road-ability and riding comfort are greatly dependent on the tires . Tires should be selected and maintained with great care .There are two basic types of tires –those with inner tubes and those without ( called “tubeless” tires ) . Most modern automobile tires are of the tubeless type . Truck and bus tire are usually of the tube type .Tires are made of several layers of nylon , rayon , or polyester fabric bonded together with belts of rayon , fiberglass , or steel cord . The rubber used in tires is a blend of natural and synthetic rubber .2.底盘底盘由汽车的主要操作部分组合而成。
汽车结构图解(底盘)中英文
2. Car body
An automobile body is a sheet metal shell with windows, doors, a hood and a trunk deck built into it. It provide a protective covering for the engine, passengers.
Final drive is inside the drive axle. The drive axle consists of axle housing,final drive, differential and half axle. Final drive's main role is to output the transmission power to further reduce the speed, increase the torque and change the direction of rotation, and then passed to the drive wheels, to gain enough traction and appropriate car speed.
汽车发动机所发出的动力靠传动系传递到驱动车轮。传动系 具有减速、变速、倒车、中断动力、轮间差速和轴间差速等动能， 与发动机配合工作，能保证汽车在个各种工况条件下的正常行驶， 并具有良好的动力性和经济性。
2. Steerin system
The direction motion of vehicle is controlled by a steering system. A basic steering system has 3 main parts: steering control mechanism, steering gear , steering linkage mechanism which connecting wheels and steering gear. When the driver turns the steering wheel, a shaft from the steering column turns the steering gear. The steering gear moves tie-rods that connect to the front wheels. The tie-rods move the front wheels to turn the vehicle right or left.
2019年福特（Ford）超重型（Super Duty）卡车底盘（Chassis Cab）说明书
The 2019 Super Duty Chassis Cab F-350/F-450/F-550s bring smart, tough and capable to a whole new level. They reinforce the tradition of Built Ford Tough and continue to handle hard-line towing jobs and aggressive payloads. The purpose-built Ford powertrains help deliver excellent performance and torque. With a maximum towing capability of The V10 gas powerplant gets your It’s paired with a TorqShift 6-speed The CNG/Propane Gaseous Engine THE FUTURE OF HEAVY-DUTY TRUCKS2019 Ford Super Duty® Chassis Cab F-350 SUPER DUTY CHASSIS CABS CONVENTIONAL TOWING (1)2018 model shown. F-450 SUPER DUTY CHASSIS CABS CONVENTIONAL TOWING (1)F-550 SUPER DUTY CHASSIS CABS CONVENTIONAL TOWING (1)Photography, illustrations and information presented herein were correct when approved for publishing. Ford Motor Company reserves the right to discontinue or change at any time the specifications or designs without incurring obligation. Some features shown or described are optional at SAFE TOWING FOR ALL VEHICLESTowing a trailer is demanding on your vehicle, your trailer and your personal driving skills. Follow some basic rules that will help you tow safely and have a lot more fun.For the latest RV & Trailer Towing information, check out www.fleet.ford. com/towing-guides or go to esourcebook. .extra cost. Some options are required in combination with other options. Consult your dealer for the latest, most complete information on models, features, prices and availability.Many of the recreationalvehicles shown in this brochure are modified or manufactured by companies other than Ford Motor Company. Ford assumes no responsibility for such modifications or manufacturing.Weight DistributionFor optimum handling and braking, theload must be properly distributed Keep center of gravity low for best handlingApproximately 60% of the allowable cargo weight should be in the front half of the trailer and 40% in the rear (within limits of tongue load or king pin weight) Load should be balanced from side-toside to optimize handling and tire wear Load must be firmly secured to prevent shifting during cornering or braking, which could result in a sudden loss of controlBefore StartingBefore setting out on a trip, practice turning, stopping and backing up your trailer in an area away from heavy traffic Know clearance required for trailer roof Check equipment (make a checklist)Backing UpBack up slowly, with someone spotting near the rear of the trailer to guide you Place one hand at bottom of steering wheel and move it in the direction you want the trailer to goMake small steering inputs – slight movement of steering wheel results in much greater movement in rear of trailerTurningWhen turning, be sure to swing wide enough to allow trailer to avoid curbs and other obstructions.BrakingAllow considerably more distance for stopping with trailer attached Remember, the braking system of the tow vehicle is rated for operation at the GVWR, not GCWRIf your tow vehicle is an F-150, F-Series Super Duty ®, Transit or Expedition and your trailer has electric brakes, the optional Integrated Trailer Brake Controller (TBC) assists in smooth and effective trailer braking by powering the trailer’s electric or electric-over-hydraulic brakes with proportional output based on the towing vehicle’s brake pressure If you are experiencing trailer sway and your vehicle is equipped with electric brakes and a brake controller, activate the trailer brakes with the brake controller by hand. Do not apply the tow vehicle brakes as this can result in increased swayTowing On HillsDownshift the transmission to assist braking on steep downgrades and to increase power (reduce lugging) when climbing hillsWith TorqShift ® transmission, select tow/ haul mode to automatically eliminate unwanted gear search when going uphill and help control vehicle speed when going downhillParking With A TrailerWhenever possible, vehicles with trailers should not be parked on a grade. However, if it is necessary, place wheel chocks under the trailer’s wheels, following the instructions below. Apply the foot service brakes and hold Have another person place the wheel chocks under the trailer wheels on the downgrade sideOnce the chocks are in place, release brake pedal, making sure the chocks will hold the vehicle and trailer Apply the parking brakeShift automatic transmission into park, or manual transmission into reverse With 4-wheel drive, make sure the transfer case is not in neutral (if applicable)Starting Out Parked On A GradeApply the foot service brake and hold Start the engine with transmission in park (automatic) or neutral (manual) Shift the transmission into gear and release the parking brakeRelease the brake pedal and move the vehicle uphill to free the chocks Apply the brake pedal while another person retrieves the chocksAcceleration And PassingThe added weight of the trailer candramatically decrease the acceleration of the towing vehicle – exercise caution. When passing a slower vehicle, be sure to allow extra distance. Remember, the added length of the trailer must clear the other vehicle before you can pull back in Signal and make your pass on level terrain with plenty of clearance If necessary, downshift for improved accelerationDriving With An Automatic Overdrive TransmissionWith certain automatic overdrive transmissions, towing – especially in hilly areas – may cause excessive shifting between overdrive and the next lower gear.To eliminate this condition and achieve steadier performance, overdrive can be locked out (see vehicle Owner’s Manual) If excessive shifting does not occur, use overdrive to optimize fuel economyOverdrive may also be locked out to obtain engine braking on downgrades When available, select tow/haul mode to automatically eliminate unwanted gear search and help control vehicle speed when going downhillDriving With Cruise ControlTurn off the cruise control with heavy loads or in hilly terrain. The cruise control may turn off automatically when you are towing on long, steep grades. Use caution while driving on wet roads and avoid using cruise control in rainy or winter weather conditions.Tire PressureUnderinflated tires get hot and may fail, leading to possible loss of vehicle control Overinflated tires may wear unevenly and compromise traction and stopping capabilityTires should be checked often for conformance to recommended cold inflation pressuresSpare Tire UseA conventional, identical full-size sparetire is required for trailer towing (mini,compact and dissimilar full-size spare tires should not be used; always replace the spare tire with a new road tire as soon as possible).On The RoadAfter about 50 miles, stop in a protected location and double-check: Trailer hitch attachment Lights and electrical connections Trailer wheel lug nuts for tightness Engine oil – check regularly throughout tripHigh Altitude OperationGasoline engines lose power by 3-4% per 1,000 ft. elevation. To maintainperformance, reduce GVWs and GCWs by 2% per 1,000 ft. elevation starting at the 1,000 ft. elevation point.Powertrain/Frontal Area ConsiderationsThe charts in this Guide show theminimum engine size needed to move the GCW of tow vehicle and trailer. Under certain conditions, however, (e.g.,when the trailer has a large frontal area that adds substantial air drag or when trailering in hilly or mountainous terrain) it is wise to choose a larger engine Selecting a trailer with a low-drag,rounded front design will help optimize performance and fuel economyNote: F or additional trailering informationpertaining to your vehicle, refer to the vehicle Owner’s Manual.。
汽车专业英语及常用口语
1、车辆 vehicle2、底盘 chassis['ʃæsɪ]3、货车truck4、微型货车mini truck5、轻型货车light truck6、中型货车medium truck6、重型货车heavy duty truck7、越野汽车off-road truck8、自卸汽车dump truck9、专用汽车special purpose vehicle10、客车passenger car11、车长vehicle length12、车宽vehicle width13、车高vehicle height14、轴距wheel base15、轮距tread16、前悬front overhang17、后悬rear overhang18、柴油机diesel19、汽油机gasoline fueled engine20、活塞piston21、喷油嘴nozzle22、火花塞spark23、曲轴crank shaft24、分电器distributor25、发电机alternator26、飞轮壳flywheel housing27、起动机starter28、散热器radiator29、凸轮轴camshaft 30、进气门Intake valve31、排气门exhaust valve32、气缸盖cylinder head33、水泵water pump34、风扇皮带轮fan pulley35、活塞环piston ring36、机油泵oil pump37、离合器clutch38、离合器操纵机构clutch operation39、飞轮flywheel40、从动盘磨擦衬片clutch plate lining driven plate lining (GB)41、离合器盖clutch cover (GB)42、压盘pressure plate43、分离杆release lever44、分离套筒release sleeve45、从动盘clutch plate46、分离弹簧release spring47、分离轴承release thrust bearing48、离合器踏板clutch pedal pad49、分离推杆release rod (operating rod)50、分离推杆叉push-rod fork51、分离套筒总成sleeve assembly52、分离叉withdrawal fork (operating fork)53、分离叉球头支座operating fork ball-end54、分离叉回位弹簧operating fork return spring55、离合器操纵机构主缸clutch release master cylinder56、变速器transmission57、万向节universal joint58、万向节叉yoke59、突缘叉flange yoke60、十字轴总成cross assembly61、传动轴drive shaft62、中间支承shaft support63、油箱tank64、滤清器filter65、汽油滤清器gasoline filter66、油箱盖fuel tank cap67、后桥rear axle68、主减速器reduction finaldrive69、差速器differential70、桥壳axle housing71、半轴axle shaft72、驾驶室cab73、双排座驾驶室crew cab74、带卧铺驾驶室sleeper cab75、连接板connecting panel76、盖lid77、罩cover78、支架support(bracket . brace)79、骨架member(rail beam)80、密封条weatherstrip81、衬垫pad(packing .gasket)82、装饰件trimming(finisher. molding)83、纵梁side rail(side member)84、横梁cross rail85、轮罩wheel housing86、挡泥板mudguard87、风窗玻璃windshield glass88、侧窗玻璃side window glass89、门窗玻璃door window glass90、后窗玻璃rear window glass91、仪表板instrument panel(facia)92、杂物箱glove box93、翻转机构tilting mechanical hardware94、门铰链hinge95、玻璃升降器window regulator96、后视镜rear view mirror97、刮水器wiper98、风窗洗涤器washer99、遮阳板sun visor100、空调装置air conditioner(air conditioning equipment) 101、暖风装置heater102、扶手hahdrail(hand grill. banisters) 103、拉手assist grip(handle)104、安全带seat belt105、标牌label106、纵梁main sill107、横梁cross sill108、货箱栏板gate109、边板side gate110、缓冲垫cushion rubber111、车轮wheel112、轮胎tyre113、轮辋rim114、排气消声器silencer115、凸缘flange116、排气管outtake117、钢板弹簧leaf spring118、减振器shock absorber119、吊耳shackle120、钢板弹簧衬套leaf spring bushing 121、钢板弹簧销leaf spring pin122、U型螺栓U bolt123、橡胶衬套rubber bushing124、缓冲块buffer stopper125、驻车制动系parking braking system126、气压制动系air braking system127、液压制动系hydraulic braking system128、制动器brake129、制动管路braking line131、真空泵vacuum pump132、真空筒vacuum tank133、空压机air compressor134、储气筒air storange reservoir135、单向阀single check valve136、制动踏板braking pedal137、踏板护套pedal pad138、回位弹簧return spring139、制动主缸brake master cylinder140、真空助力器vacuum booster141、真空增压器vacum mintensifier142、制动鼓brake drum143、制动底板brake bottom plate144、制动衬片friction lining145、制动蹄brake shoe146、转向万向节steering universal joint147、转向传动轴steering inner articulated148、转向管柱steering column149、转向盘steering wheel150、摇臂轴pitman arm shaft151、转向螺母steering nut152、动力转向器power steering gear153、转向摇臂pitman arm154、转向直拉杆steering drag link155、球头销ball stud156、球头座ball cup157、转向节臂steering (knuckle) arm158、横拉杆tie rod英语口语第一课.Greetings 问候语11.How is Amy ? 爱米好吗？12.How is your wife 你妻子好吗？13.How is your husband?你丈夫好吗？14.She is very well, thank you.她很好，谢谢。