humortheories
humor
Humor is a universal phenomenon shared by all people. People are able to laugh for something interesting no matter how different of their sex, age, country, culture and many other aspects. Many scholars and researchers have given definition of humor from different perspectives, but scholars still cannot give a commonly satisfactory definition of it. From the etymological perspective, the English word “humor” came from the Latin word in ancient times which means “fluid” or “liquid” (Attardo, 1994, p. 6).Attardo, Salvatore. (1994). Linguistic Theories of Humor. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.McGhee(McGhee, 1979)McGhee, Paul E. (1979). Humor and Its Development. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Company.emphasizes humor is not a characteristic of some events such as cartoons, jokes, and clowning behavior, nor is it a behavior such as laughing and smiling, he states that humor is something in our mind and not in the real world. Psychologically, “humor is essentially a masked aggression, which gives one the gratification one desperately craves (Freud. 1976, p. 299)”.Freud. (1976). Jokes and Their Relation to Unconscious. Ed. Angela Richards. London: Penguin Books.And Palmer thinks that “humor is everything that is actually or potentially funny and the processes by which this “funniness” occurs.” (Palmer, 1994, p. 3)Palmer, J. (1994). Taking Humor Seriously. New York: Routledge.Even though definitions of humor are various from different perspectives, we can find something in common: the basic and essential factors for humor is that human participants are able toproduce and interpret the funny and interesting phenomenon and something happening must be a funny stimulus which can amuse or entertain people.The study concerning the humor is a multi-disciplinary field. People have been working on humor in many fields of research like psychology, philosophy and linguistics, sociology and literature. Especially in the context of computer science (or Artificial Intelligence) humor research aims at modeling humor in a computationally tractable way. In our daily life, there are many situations in human-human interaction where humor plays an important role in keeping the conversation going. There are three main traditions in the study of humour across disciplines that form a background for all studies of humour: the relief/release theory; the incongruity theory; and the superiority/aggression/disparagement theory (Attardo, 1994)Superiority Theory\The Superiority Theory is based on the assumptions that, in nature, all human has a winner and a loser, and we, human beings, have the tendency to ridiculer about others’ misfortune.Through history humans have used humor to “compete” with other persons, making them the target of their humorous comment. The “winner” is the one that successfully makes fun of the “loser”. By doing so, we establish a sense of self-superiority. This theory can be found in the work of Plato, Aristotle, and Hobbes[BAR92].Barnes, Clive. Comedy in Dance. In: Sorrell, Walter (ed.) The Dance Has ManyFaces. 3rd ed. Pennington: a cappella books, pp87-95, 1992Plato suggests that humor is some kind of malice towards people that are being considered relatively powerless. Hobbes further explains that humans are in a constant competition with each other, looking for the shortcomings of other persons. He considers laughter as an expression of a sudden realization that we are better than others, an expression of “sudden glory”. Charles Gruner reformulated this theory as the Superiority Theory of Humor.Gruner, Charles. The Game of Humor: A Comprehensive Theory of Why WeLaugh. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1997.His theory contains a three-part thesis:“ Every humorous situation has a winner and a loser.Incongruity is always present in a humorous situation.Humor requires an element of surprise”.1.3 Relief TheoryThe Relief Theory has a clear physiological or psycho-physiological nature [RUT97]. It views humor as a release from stress or mental pain caused by social constrains.Rutter, Jason. Stand-Up as Interaction: Performance and Audience in Comedy Venues. University of Salford, 1997, chapter 2.this theory is popular among those who believe t hat laughter is beneficial for one’s health. Freud, the most leading exponent, explains that our body contains a “psychic energy” which is built as an aid for suppressing feelings in taboo areas, like sex or death. Freud claims that our brain creates so-ca lled “censors” in order to create barriers that prevent us from thinking “naughty” or “forbidden” thoughts. When we are able to break these barriers by means of a joke, we experience a sudden release of “psychic energy” and this energy is released in the f orm of laughter. This theory could explain why we laugh about childish jokes with double meanings and why we laugh about sexual and aggressive jokes in general.When this energy is released we experience laughter, not only because of the release of this energy, but also because these taboo thoughts are being entertained.A more conventional version of the Relief Theory is that we experience a pleasant sensation when humor replaces negative feelings like pain or sadness. I would like to end this chapter by resorting remarks of Steven M. Sultanoff, Ph.D :“My belief is that we are going to eventually discover that the most dramatic healthbenefits of humor are not in laughter, but in the cognitive and emotional managementthat humorous experiences provide. The experience of humor relieves emotionaldistress and assists in changing negative thinking patterns.” In brief , the relief theory view humor as a strain-releaser.The incongruity theoryTo the study of humor, the incongruity theory is the most influential one. Literally, this theory tells that there is a contradiction between the one’s expectation and the reality.Kant and Schopenhauer are the most leading figures in this field. Kant, in the eighteenth century,is credited to have made the first full conceptualisation of incongruity. Schopenhauer made the following remarks on the incongruity theory of studying humor: Schopenhauer, Arthur. The World as Will and Idea. Vol. 1, London, Routledge, 1883.“The cause of laughter in every case is simply the sudden perception of the incongruity between a concept and the real objects which have been thought through it in some relation, and the laugh itself is just an expression of this incongruity.”Kant is regarded to be the first one who has given a complete definition of humor. He argues that "laughter is an affection arising from the sudden transformation of a strained expectation into nothing" (Raskin, 1985:31).Raskin, V. Semantic Mechanisms of Humor. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1985.Schopenhauer is the one, who, in his definition to humor, clearly mentions Incongruity and holds the belief that in every instance, the reason of laugh is just disharmony between something we suddenly feel and the real world it reflects. (Attardo, 1994).Attardo, S. Linguistic Theories of Humor. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter, 1994.2 Humour and Related Research2.1 IntroductionOwing to the wide scope of humor research, therefore, it is impossible to have a overall examination of the related research. Researchers have studied humor in various aspects according to their own purposes, so , Some of the research that is closely related to the theories of humor and of interest within the scope of the project is highlighted in this chapter. The following chapter will discuss the areas including: laughter research, humor and health and ‘sense of humor. Laughter ResearchMany researches study the humor and laughter in the same context. However, humor and laughter are terms closely bounded, but definitely not the same thing. Laughter can be the result of humor, but not every humorous situation will invoke laughter in that humans laugh without the perception of humor in certain occasions.Laughter is contagious and can be used to evoke laughter or a positive mood, as being done on television, where laugh tracks are being used to accompany sitcoms to make the experience of a sitcom more pleasant. Researches concerning laughter are scarcely made. A point to start is an article written by Robert Provine(1996)Provine, Robert R. Laughter. In: American Scientist, January-February 1996, NewYork. online version:/amsci/Articles/96articles/Provine-R.htmlwhich was published in the issue of the American Scientific. His research is largely concerned thestructure of laughter and about the chimpanzee laughter. He also researched the social and linguistic context of laughter. Muehlchen, Elizabeth(2000),Muehlchen, Elizabeth. Vitality, Wilson Banwell EFAP Quarterly. Vol. 4, Issue 1,2000, Wilson Banwell, 2000.adds that laughter brings people together as a group, it signals “bonding, affirmation,belonging, listening”, it can be disarming and by means of laughter people can show more about themselves than that they are aware of. Jessica Davis (1996)digs deeper in the social, physiological and psychological effects of laughter in specific.Davis, Jessica Milner. Taking Humour and Laughter Seriously. In: Australian Journal of Comedy, Volume 2, Number 1, 1996.Humour and HealthThe study of humor and health is largely concerned about the therapeutic aspects of humor. In the humorous situations, laughter is created and which is regarded as the positive attitudes to combat against health-affecting modes and diseases. Furthermore, humor and laughter are viewed as the best free cure for health problems The Association for Applied and Therapeutic Humor that was founded in 1988 [] was created to be active in the field of education, research, application and clearinghouse on information related to therapeutic humor. Steven Sultanoff, the former president of the AATH, has written some articles about therapeutic humor [SUL95]. Sultanoff, Steven. Levity Defies Gravity; Using Humor in Crisis Situations. In:Therapeutic Humor, Publication of the American Association for TherapeuticHumor, Vol. IX, 3, p. 1-2, Summer 1995.He points out that although humor is one of the most powerful methods to help one to overcome periods of crisis, individuals immersed in the crisis often experience crisis humor as hurtful. Ellie Marek and Judith Tingley discuss inMarek, Ellie and Tingley, Judith. Men and Woman Respond to Humour. In: ThePower of Indirect Influence, October 2000.the appreciation of gender jokes by men and women. Their conclusions were than men find this type of humor funny much more often than women do and that women were more frequently offended and saw more hostility in this type of jokes than men do.Humor research in linguistic field:Within the linguistic field humor can be treated from syntactic, pragmatic and semantic points of view. Oaks [Oaks, D. D. Creating structural ambiguities in humor: getting Enlish grammar to cooperate. In: HUMOR, the International Journal of Humor Research, Mouton de Gruyter, volume 7-4 pages 377-401, 1994.]offers a catalogue of syntactic and lexical devices for the creation of ambiguity within jokes. Robert Hetzron [Hetzron, Robert. On the structure of punchlines. In: HUMOR, the International Journal of Humor Research, Mouton de Gruyter, volume 4-1 pages 61-108, 1991.]gives an extended explanation on the structure of jokes and punchlines. He assumes that a joke consists of ‘pulses’. These pulses can be humorous, amusing or informative; the main condition is that the last pulse contains the punchline which can create laughter. Neal Norrick looks at the intertextuality of jokes [NOR89]. He assumes that intertextual jokes are based on an original text or joke that the perceiver has to know in order to appreciate the joke.Marlene Dolitsky focuses on the aspects of the unsaid in humor [Dolitsky, Marlene. Aspects of the unsaid in humor. In: HUMOR, the International Journal of Humor Research, Mouton de Gruyter, volume 5-1/2 pages 33-44, 1992.]. She assumes that the place where the unsaid communication takes place is the point of the joke where its ‘funniness’ resides. The three a spects where the unsaid in humor must be studied are:1. The speech act that is humor.2. The participants in the humorous event.A speech act consists of explicit and implicit information. The explicit information is the actual realization of the sentence, that is to say, the actual content of the speaker’s informatio n. The implicit information is one that is not literally stated in the sentence, it is something hind behind the sentence. In order to understand the implicit information in the sentence, the readers’ background knowledge need to be activated. When telling a joke the speaker leads the listener on to apply rules of pertinence knowing that they do not apply to the story being told. The humorouseffect is held the listeners’ realization that he or she has been led down the garden path.3. The rule breaking character of humor.Every society ha s its rules that are governing the behavior of its members. These rules are part of the common knowledge of the community and they regulate the things a member can and cannot do. However, humorou s expressions doesn’t conform the language rules. In the humorous situations, the basic rules are violated. These rules are always unsaid and are therefore a third aspect one has to study in order to understand the funniness of the unsaid in humor.3.4 Semantic Script Theory of HumorThe Semantic Script Theory of Humor (SSTH) is a theory developed by Victor Raskin and is summarised in [Attardo, Salvatore and Raskin, Victor. Script theory revis(it)ed: joke similarity and joke representation model. In: HUMOR, the International Journal of Humor Research, Mouton de Gruyter, volume 4-3/4 pages 293-348, 1991.] where different existing theories are being combined in the General Theory of Verbal Humor (GTVH). The theory assumes that a joke is always related with two different scripts that are opposed to each other in a special way.。
The humor
Some people say he is criticized about the society from various aspects through the humor, some even disagree with the humor because of the not so elegant words…
？？？
曾经，阿堪萨斯的《旅行家》宣布说：“这本书因庸俗 粗糙受到谴责”，这是因为“庸俗幽默的时代已经过 去”，“由于读者趣昧日趋高雅，夸张的幽默也为时不 久了。将来的幽默必须纯净和忠实。”
是无害的滑稽家，还是社会讽刺家？
通过创作实践，他自己也逐渐认识到幽默的作用，并且懂 得怎样在理论上保卫自己。他指出“幽默家虽然轻松，却有一 个严肃的目的”——“嘲弄虚伪，揭露伪装”，幽默家是“王 公贵族、特权人物和一切骗人玩意儿的天敌，是人类权利、人 类自由的天然朋友尤其明 确。作为有影响的批评家，他指出，马克· 吐温之所以不同于 一般的幽默家，在于“笑话里含严肃的意味，这是他反复思考 政治、社会可笑之处以后所采取的表达的方式” 。
他那个时代的弊端很少不被他嘲弄过、讽刺过、讥笑过。 政府那些不光彩的事情，……包括贿赂、腐败、收买、把人民 的正义当儿戏等等，他全评论过。有人说他向社会上的庞然大 物投降，然而抨击那个腐败的美国的批评用语“镀金时代”， 正是他想出来的。在他创作的宽阔范围之内，社会的烂疮疤他 没有一个不揭的。
The humor 马克﹒吐温幽默知多少
The
humor ,
all
in
his
works
The humor, all in people’s words
Some people say that he is just a warm-hearted man who is simply good at making jokes which are appreciated by both young and old, men and women.
幽默的人英语作文80词
幽默的人英语作文80词英文回答：Humor is a subjective quality that can be difficult to define. However, it is generally agreed that humor involves finding something funny or amusing. Humor can be expressed in many different ways, such as through jokes, puns, or funny stories. It can also be found in everyday situations, such as when someone makes a funny mistake or says something unexpected.There are many different theories about what makes something funny. Some people believe that humor is based on surprise, while others believe that it is based on incongruity. Still others believe that humor is simply a matter of perspective.Whatever the cause, humor is a powerful force. It can make us laugh, which has been shown to have a number of benefits, including reducing stress, improving mood, andboosting creativity. Humor can also help us to connect with others and to see the world in a more positive light.中文回答：幽默是一种主观品质，很难定义。
中英情景喜剧中幽默策略的对比研究--以《老友记》和《爱情公寓》为例
国内图书分类号：H314国际图书分类号：802.0文学硕士学位论文中英情景喜剧中幽默策略的对比研究--以《老友记》和《爱情公寓》为例硕士研究生：徐净玉导师：王景惠教授申请学位：文学硕士学科、专业：外国语言学及应用语言学所在单位：外国语学院答辩日期：2012 年7 月 5 日授予学位单位：哈尔滨工业大学Classified Index: H314U.D.C.: 802.0Graduation Thesis for the M. A. DegreeA Comparative Study of Humor Strategiesin Chinese and English Sitcoms----A Case Study of Ipartment and FriendsCandidate: XU JingyuSupervisor: Prof. WANG JinghuiAcademic Degree Applied for: Master of ArtsSpecialty: Foreign Linguistics and Applied LinguisticsAffiliation: School of Foreign LanguagesDate of Oral Examination: July 1, 2012Degree Conferring Institution : Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin Institute of Technology Graduation Thesis for the MA Degree 哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文摘要情景喜剧中的幽默策略是近年来语言学领域的研究热点。
西方幽默研究主要关注三大传统幽默理论，语义脚本理论和言语幽默的一般理论。
中国学者则大多从语用学、认知语言学和修辞学角度，对情景喜剧、相声和脱口秀中的言语幽默进行文本分析。
Humor的英语格言警句
Humor的英语格言警句Humor is by far the most significant activity of the human brain.- Edward de BonoI can't understand why people are frightened of new ideas. I'm frightened of the old ones.- John CageWhen people are laughing, they're generally not killing each other.- Alan AldaYou grow up the day you have your first real laugh at yourself.- Ethel BarrymoreGood humor is a tonic for mind and body. It is the best antidote for anxiety and depression. It is a business asset. It attracts and keep friends. It lightens human burdens. It is the direct route to serenity and contentment.- Greenville KleisserI like nonsense. It wakes up the brain cells.- Dr. SeussHumor is emotional chaos remembered in tranquillity.- James ThurberMy way of joking is to tell the truth. It's the funniest joke in the world.- George Bernard ShawI have always noticed that people will never laugh at anything that is not based on truth.- Will RogersEverything is changing. People are taking the comediansseriously and the politicians as a joke- Will RogersLaughter rises out of tragedy, when you need it the most, and rewards you for your courage.- Erma BombeckThe beauty of the world has two edges, one of laughter, one of anguish, cutting the heart asunder.- Virginia WoolfAngels can fly because they take themselves lightly; devils fall because of their gravity.- G. K. ChestertonI shall never move quickly, except to avoid more work or find excuses.- UnknownHumor is a universal language.- Joel GoodmanHumor is a serious thing. I like to think of it as one of our greatest earliest natural resources, which must be preserved at all cost.- James ThurberAnd we should consider every day lost on which we have not danced at least once. And we should call every truth false which was not accompanied by at least one laugh.- Friedrich NietzscheThe secret source of humour itself is not joy, but sorrow. There is no humour in heaven.- Mark Twain- from the Institute for Stork Research and ScienceTwo different theories exist concerning the origin of children: the theory of Sexual reproduction, and the theory of the stork. Many people believe in the theory of sexual reproduction because they have been taught this theory at school. In reality, however, many of the world's leading scientists are in favor of the theory of the stork. If the theory of sexual reproduction is taught in schools, it must only be taught as a theory and not as the truth. Alternative theories, such as the theory of the stork, must also be taught.- UnknownSome children's answers to church school questions - from the Church of England:- Unknown"Top Ten List: Why Elvis Will Replace Jesus"(a classic Net humor piece)- Unknown。
humorous的名词和形容词
humorous的名词和形容词
"Humorous" 是一个形容词，意思是“幽默的”或“诙谐的”。
它描述的是某物或某人具有引起笑声或愉悦的能力。
1. 名词形式：这个形容词对应的名词是"humor"，意思是“幽默”。
"Humor" 通常指的是一种品质，即能够以轻松、诙谐的方式看待和处理事情，或者是能够引起这种反应的言语、行为或情况。
例如：He couldn't help laughing at her humor.（他忍不住为她的幽默而发笑。
）
2. 形容词形式：你已经给出了形容词形式，即"humorous"。
它用来描述具有幽默感的人或物。
例如：She has a very humorous personality.（她个性非常幽默。
）
需要注意的是，"humor" 在作为名词时，其复数形式是"humors"，但这个复数形式通常不用于描述“幽默”这一概念，而是有其他特定的含义，比如在中世纪医学中指的是体液或性情。
在现代英语中，当我们谈论“幽默”时，通常使用单数形式的"humor"。
什么是幽默英语作文
什么是幽默英语作文英文回答：Humor is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that has been studied by philosophers, psychologists, and linguists for centuries. There is no single definition of humor that is universally accepted, but most experts agree that it involves the perception of incongruity or absurdity. This incongruity can be verbal, visual, or situational, and it can be either intentional or unintentional.One of the most common theories of humor is the incongruity theory, which suggests that humor arises when we encounter something that violates our expectations. This violation can be either positive or negative, but it is typically accompanied by a sense of surprise or amusement. For example, we might find it funny when a comedian makes a joke that subverts our expectations or when we see a cartoon character doing something unexpected.Another popular theory of humor is the superiority theory, which suggests that humor arises when we feel superior to others. This superiority can be based on our intelligence, our social status, or our physical appearance. For example, we might find it funny when we see a character in a movie making a foolish mistake or when we hear a joke that makes fun of someone else.Of course, not all humor is based on incongruity or superiority. Some humor is simply based on the pleasure of laughter. This type of humor is often referred to as "slapstick" comedy, and it typically involves physical gags or pratfalls. While slapstick comedy may not be as intellectually stimulating as other forms of humor, it can still be very enjoyable.Humor is a powerful tool that can be used to entertain, educate, and even heal. It can help us to cope with stress, to build relationships, and to see the world in a new light. So next time you find yourself laughing, take a moment to appreciate the humor that surrounds you.中文回答：幽默是一种复杂且多方面现象，几个世纪以来一直受到哲学家、心理学家和语言学家的研究。
humor英语演讲PPT幽默
▪ Humor helps us to overcome the difficulties of life. Humor allows us to take a step back and see the things that are important in life.
Humor changes your mood
▪ If you are angry with someone (or vice versa), often a little bit of humor can help to lighten the mood and help resolve the differences.
▪ A sense of humor is really one of the keys to happiness. It gives fun and happiness to life to make it worth living.
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Thanks!
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Conclusion
▪ A person without humor is just like a spring without flowers, or like a dish without seasoning.
▪ Humor can improve physical as well as mental wellbeing. It helps us bear our burdens, lessen our tension, overcome our frustration and keep good terms with others.
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by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen
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Victor Raskin’s Tripartite Classification
INCONGRUITY HOSTILITY RELEASE
Contrast Incongruity Resolution
• In murder mysteries, the reader is often led down the garden path, and given false clues.
• To solve the mystery, the reader has to consider script oppositions to determine if scripts are not compatible with each other, and if not, why not. (Triezenberg [2008]: 540)
(Triezenberg [2008]: 536)
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Humor Enhancers
• Katrina Triezenberg notes that humorous discourse also has humor enhancers.
• “A humor enhancer is a narrative technique that is not necessarily funny in and of itself, but that helps the audience to understand that the text is supposed to be funny, that warms them up to the author and to the text so that they will be more receptive to humor, and that magnifies their experience of humor in the text.”
6. Language (compatible with both scripts) (Attardo [2007] 108)
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General Theory of Verbal Humor (GTVH)
1. Script Opposition
2. Incongruity & Resolution
3.
4. Target (butt of the joke)
5. Genre (joke, riddle, etc.)
• Overlapping scripts also occur in the master tropes-metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, and irony.
• And for all of these literary forms, there is the bonafide (or literal) script, and the non-bona-fide (or figurative) script.
(Triezenberg [2008]: 537-538)
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• These humor enhancers allow a piece of humor to be instantaneous and epiphinal. They include:
– Shared stereotypes, – Cultural factors (prejudices, hang-ups,
• A joke consists of two overlapping scripts.
• The two scripts are in opposition (bona-fide vs. scatalogical)
• The punch line changes the joke from the bona-fide to the scatalogical script. (Attardo [2007] 108)
Aggression Superiority Triumph Derision Disparagement
Sublimation Liberation Economy
(Attardo [2007], 103)
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Script-Model Grammar
• Raskin’s 1985 Semantic-Script Theory of Humor (SSTH) sees humor as a violation of Grice’s cooperative principle.
taboos, etc.), – Familiarity (as with a good impersonation,
or as with something that is “spot-on”), and – Repetition and variation
(Triezenberg [2008]: 539)
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Overlapping Scripts
• Overlapping scripts occur not only in jokes, but also in the allegory, the oxymoron, the conceit, the simile, and perhaps in all allusion, symbolism, double entendre and intertextuality.
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Why Mysteries Are Not Funny
• Jokes and lies both violate Grice’s “Conversational Implicatures.” They are both examples of “nonbona-fide communication.”