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氢燃料电池混合动力汽车能量管理系统建模与仿真分析
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GUO Peng-yan # ZONG He-hui, WANG Yi-bo, LI Bing-jie (College of Mechanics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China)
finalreport-混合动力汽车整车控制策略
Project Title: Parallel HEV Control Strategies.Team Member Mobile Phone Email1.Sandeep Anand 9769735194 sa@ee.iitb.ac.in2.Jail Singh 9220735077 jail.singh@iitb.ac.in,3.Dhananjay Parulekar9987060772 pobox609@ Abstract:Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) has gained publicity because of its better fuel economyas compared to conventional “only” Gasoline Engine Vehicles. One of the well knowntopology for HEV is the parallel connected. Both, engine and motor are coupled to thesame shaft through the clutch-gear system and share the total required power demandedby the user. In this project we have surveyed several control schemes for efficient sharingof the total required power among engine and motor. We have simulated parallel HEVand demonstrated its benefit by using one of the control schemes. Implementation ofcontroller and HEV is done on RTAI platform and Graphic User Interface (GUI) wasdeveloped using Qt Designer.1. IntroductionThe efficiency of an engine varies with speed and power output. Hence as a user we maywant to run the engine at the maximum possible efficiency but the power and speed requirements make it inefficient. As a solution to this, operate engine where theefficiency is maximum and save the extra energy in an energy saving equipment, whichcan be used at a later stage when power demand lies in the inefficient region. This energysaving equipment can be a high rpm fly-wheel. But high cost and complex implementation makes it a rare choice. A more feasible solution is to use a motor-batteryassembly to store the power and deliver it at the required stage. Fig. 1 shows the parallelHEV topology in which the motor is coupled mechanically to the engine and drive shaft.Various Control schemes can be used to distribute the required power among the twosources, engine and motor [1-4]. This report classifies the existing topologies into twobroad categories. Finally it has been discussed that what could be the best solution forsuch problem and a new category is proposed.RTAI is used to simulate the HEV. Underlining reason for using a real-time platform is todevelop and confirm the controller before the physical prototype (Model-Based Methodology). This facilitates the development of the actual code beforehand, on thisreal-time platform. It will also reduce the time to prototype. GUI for the demonstration ofthe project was developed using Qt Designer. Details of the controller, simulator andtheir implementation on RTAI are given in following chapter.1.1 Scope of the Development ProjectFigure 1: Parallel HEV [2]The aim for this project is to survey existing control schemes and propose the optimal solution for the problem. Theoretical and experimental results for one of the scheme are produced and compared with the only IC engine vehicle. Based on the control philosophy parallel HEVs are categorized. Further a new category has been proposed which can bring drastic improvement in both fuel economy and performance. The proposed solution involves the use a GPS tracking device with every car, which is a feasible condition considering the low cost of the GPS device and services in future.2. Overall Description2.1 Categorization of Control schemesSpecific Fuel Consumption (SFC) is the rate of fuel consumed divided by the power produced. Efficiency is inversely proportional to the SFC. As can be seen in Fig. 2, the SFC is high at very low and very high speeds, also as load increases SFC reduces. All control scheme try to optimize on fuel economy by exploiting the SFC v/s power variation. The IC engine is switched off if power demanded is less than a certain efficient limit. This limit can be decided statically or dynamically. We define these two types as Class-B (Static) and Class-C (Dynamic). Class-C performs the dynamic optimization of the cost function which improves fuel economy but on the cost of very high computational requirement. High computational requirement during real-time and complexity involved in implementation makes class-C unpopular in industry.2.2 Proposed MethodologyThe control strategy of Class – B and C always try to come up with a better solution. But they can never guarantee the best solution because of unpredictability of future requirement. Based on this observation, Class-A is proposed which will use GPS to predict the future power requirement more accurately and hence will deliver better fuel economy and performance.Figure 2: SFC v/s engine speed [5]2.3 Block Diagram / State chart of the project designBlock diagram of the system is shown in Fig. 3. The state chart of the implemented control strategy is given in Fig.4.Figure 3: Block Diagram of the systemFigure 4: State chart for the controller 2.4 Software requirementsRTAIQt designer2.5 GUIA snapshot of GUI for the simulator is shown in fig. 5.Figure 5: GUI 2.6 Design steps1) Formulization of controller problem.2) Survey and selection of the appropriate system models (battery, motor, engine)3) Implementation of the simulator and existing controller scheme on RTAI.4) Proposed a new methodology which can be used to achieve better fuel economy and performance.5) Development of a GUI.2.7 Design and Implementation ConstraintsBeing a highly intra-disciplinary problem, including Electrical Machines, Mechanical Engines and Embedded software, it was difficult to access literature and comprehend various phenomenon in a relatively short period of time. Apart from this inherent constrained the idea of having the simulator and controller on the same machine, restricted the implementation of higher order model of the actual system.2.8 Design challengesSelection of the control problem to be implemented:: Because of the time constraints we have to choose one of the control strategy which should be feasible, demonstrable and widely known. Feasibly constraints come form the real-time timing problem. As a solution to this we have decided with the rule-based static approach.Periodicity issues:: Simulation of various mechanical and electrical devices put constraint on the period value. Considering the actual system response and neglecting some of the very fast electrical transients, we have using 2 msec for the simulator task. The controller is implemented with the next greater period value of 10 msec. The torque task, used to provide the user information from GUI to the other real-time tasks uses a period of 20 msec.2.9 Performance metricsOur product includes both, simulator and controller, so it can be evaluated in two directions. First, the correctness of controller algorithm. Ex: better fuel efficiency (reduction in fuel consumed by 30%) while operating with motor + engine as compared to engine alone. Second, the timeliness of the simulator which responds to a given input before a pre specified deadline.Over these two metrics, since the project suggested a new solution to the existing problem, it can be evaluated for the innovation involved.2.10 Difficulties faced during the project.a) Difficulty in reading and understanding the literature because of the highly intra-disciplinary nature of the problem.b) Interfacing GUI with RTAI.2.11 Assumptions taken (also mention about the hard coded values of the variables in your code) due to which your project is working fine currently.Following assumptions were taken:-a)The gear system is removed for simplicity.b)The wear and tear phenomenon was not taken into account.c)Driver does not apply brake and throttle at the same time.d)No RT task will miss its deadlineThe most important values/parameters in our project were the period for various tasks. Since eigen values of the mechanical system is very large, time constants lies milli second range. Hence we have chosen periodicity of the simulator task to be 2milli second. Next higher period value was assigned to the controller followed by the user profile task.3. List concepts/modelling tools etc. learnt in cs684 course that could be applied in design and implementation of projectConcepts, like short time to market, correctness of solution and Model-Based Methodology, which we learned in cs684, were some of the concepts which motivated us to take this project. The major tool used by us to develop the product is RTAI which we have learned during cs684 lectures and assignment.4. Code structureThe code is subdivided into four sections, based on their functionalities.The first and the root of all is the “simulator” task on RTAI. It takes the torque developed as the input and simulates the speed, SOC and fuel consumed. The second task “controller” takes the torque request as the input and generates the information on the sharing of power by the two sources. The third task, named “torque” interacts with the GUI and allows data like power required, SOC, speed etc to be shared between non-real-time and real-time component. The Last and the only visible component is the GUI, developed in Qt Designer, where the user inserts the power characteristics and observes the speed, SOC, fuel consumed at different stage of simulation. The GUI issues command for insertion of the real-time tasks into the system.5.1 Definitions, Acronyms, and AbbreviationsHEV: Hybrid Electric VehicleSOC: State of ChargeSFC: Specific Fuel Consumption.GPS: Global Positioning System5.2 References[1] Bruno Khan, Nader Sadegh and Jerome Meisel, “Optimization of the Fuel Consumption of a Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle”, Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE/ASME, July, 2005[2] Chan-Chiao Lin, Zoran Filipi, Yongsheng Wang, Loucas Louca, Huei Peng, Dennis Assanis and Jeffrey Stein, “Integrated, Feed-Forward Hybrid Electric Vehicle Simulation in SIMULINK and its Use for Power Management Studies”, Automotive Research Center, The University of Michigan, 2001.[3] Keith B. Wipke, Matthew R. Cuddy, and Steven D. Burch, “ADVISOR 2.1: A User-Friendly Advenced Powertrain Simulation Using a Combined Backword/Forward Approach”, IEEE Trans on Vehicular Technologies, vol 48, no. 6, Nov, 1999.[4] Valerie H. Johnson, keith B. Wipke and David J. Rausen, “HEV Control Strategy for Real-Time Optimization of Fuel Economy and Emissions”, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2000.[5] /cms/A_110216/article.html。
红楼梦论文外文参考文献大全
红楼梦论文外文参考文献大全《红楼梦》复杂的版本问题历来为学界所关注。
20世纪20年代以来，陆续发现的抄本刻本就达13种之多，且彼此间存在相当数量的异文。
在何本为最好的版本这一问题上，学界的评价标准呈现多元化特征。
其中，从校勘学的研究视角，以是否贴近曹雪芹原笔原意，是否“真本”作为“优本”评判标准的观点占主流，以文字的艺术效果作为评判标准的观点占少数。
我们在这里了一些红楼梦论文外文参考文献，希望对你有用。
1、陆超逸。
AContrastiveStudyoftheTranslationofCultural-SpecificContent inHongloumeng[J].海外英语。
xx（05）2、王丽鸽。
OnEnglishTranslationofCharacters'NamesofTwoEnglishVersionso fADreamofRedMansions[J].海外英语。
xx（16）3、李淑曼。
浅析《红楼梦》第三回中异化归化译法现象[J].北方文学。
xx（18）4、余丽娟。
TheTranslationoftheFuzzyNumeralsinADreamofRedMansions[J].教师。
xx（09）5、俞心瑶。
TranslationsofUnreliableNarrativeinHongloumeng:AComparativeStudyonADreamofRedMansionsandTheStoryoftheStone[J].疯狂英语（理论版）。
xx（02）6、高林芝。
OntheEnglishTranslationofPortraitDescriptionintheTwoVersion sofADreamofRedMansionsfromthePerspectiveofDiction[J].校园英语。
xx（13）7、张曦。
OntheTranslationofIdiomsinADreamofRedMansions[J].台声。
新能源汽车专业英语试题库答案最新完整精品
2020版《新能源汽车专业英语》试题库第一部分：专业术语第二部分：常用缩写第三部分：英译汉1. What are Alternative fuels currently commercially available and closely attended? 目前商业可用和受到密切关注的替代燃料有哪些？· Liquefied petroleum gas 液化石油气· CNG 压缩天然气· Methanol 甲醇· Hydrogen 氢· Fuel-cell 燃料电池· Electricity 电能· Hybrid（electricity + conventional fuels）混合动力（电+传统燃料）2. What are the types of electric vehicles? 电动汽车分为哪几种？Electric vehicles are broadly categorized into four groups based on the electric design of their powertrains, namely battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and fuel-cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). Only BEVs and PHEVs are plug-capable, and are referred to as plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs).根据电动汽车动力传动系统的电动设计，将电动汽车大致分为四大类，即纯电动汽车(BEV)、插电式混合动力汽车(PHEV)、混合动力电动汽车(HEV)和燃料电池电动汽车(FCEV)。
混合动力汽车英文介绍
Introduction of Hybrid Electric VehicleAbstract: As the environmental pollution and energy crises are getting more and more remarkable, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have taken on an accelerated pace in the world、In this paper, we will see the types of HEV, and introduce some famous HEVs in China and all around the world、Key words: HEV, automobile, Classification, development、In 1997, Toyota Motor Corporation released the hybrid electric vehicle(HEV) in the world, which was named "Prius"、Firstly, what is a hybrid electric vehicle? Broadly speaking, a hybrid electric vehicle has two power sources at least, no matter fossil fuel, nuclear energy, solar energy or electric energy and so on, but in real life, most hybrid cars use the traditional internal combustion engine and electric motor as a power source、Why hybrid electric vehicle feel valued by many countries recent years? As we know that, oil is not in resources,a lot of information indicate that if mining speed remain at current level, proved oil reserves could merely use fifty to sixty years, so, energy supply becomes a tough question、And also by the reason of more and more serious environmental pollution, hybrid electric vehicles have to be pushed onto the stage of history、And what is the advantage of hybrid electric vehicles when compared to blade electric vehicles(BEV) or conventional vehicles? The characteristic of the electric motor is, when compared to internal combustion engine, more quiet, efficiency and cleaner, in the same time, speed-torque control features is more flexible、When at low rotate speed, electric motor has a constant torque, when at high rotate speed, it has a constant power、Hybrid electric vehicles combine electric drive with traditional internal combustion engine drive, give full play to the advantages of both、Meanwhile, it can effect a permanent cure to the problem of blade electric vehicles(BEV)'s weak dynamic performance and short cruising distance、In summary, as a appropriate transitional product, hybrid electric vehicle is a good choice in this time that energy crises are getting more and more remarkable and the development of new energy automobile is still in a primary、Compare to conventional vehicle, HEV can save fuel for the following reasons、(1)HEV can store part of the vehicle’s kinetic energy in battery while braking or downslope in which otherwise is burnt in the brake drums in the form of heat in conventional vehicle、(2)The ICE in an HEV can be designed with a smaller displacement without compromising the performance of vehicle、[1](3)HEV can make ICE operate at maximum efficiency point or optimal operating line by regulating the output power of battery to satisfy the required power of vehicle、(4)HEV is a multiple energy system; the main issue of HEV is how to optimize the power flow to obtain best fuel economy or low emission at lower cost, which is often referred to as the energy management (EM) problem、The issue will be discussed in next section in detail、[2]ClassificationHybrid electric vehicles can be classified according to the way in which power issupplied to the drivetrain、So, it has three types、The first one is called the series hybrid, picture 1、1[3] shows the simple structure of this type、Series hybrid is the simplest of three types、The mechanical energy made by internal combustion engine transformmed into electricity through generator, then one part of the electricity is used to propel the wheels through electric motor and transmission, and the other part of the electricity is used to recharge the storage battery, when the vehicle is accelerating or on other working condition, this part can be used、They also usually have a larger battery pack than parallel hybrids, making them more expensive、Once the batteries are low, the small combustion engine can generate power at its optimum settings at all times, making them more efficient in extensive city driving、Compared to conventional internal combustion engine vehicle, it is a electrombile with a assistant engine, in order to increase the trip distance of a vehicle、There is no clutch in the mechanical connection device of engine and electric motor, so it has Some flexibility、Although the transmission structure is simple, it still need three drive parts,engine, generator and electric motor、If in consideration of large climbing gradient and frequent acceleration, the maximum power should be supplied, the three drive parts need higher quality、This type of structure is widely used on urban buses, rarely used on saloon cars、[4]The second one is called the parallel hybrid, picture 1、2[3] shows the simple structure of this type、What this type different from the series hybrid is that it propels the vehicle by two independent drive system of engine and electric motor、Engine and electric motor usually drive wheels through different clutches, it can adapts three different work pattern:single engine drive, single electric drive and hybrid drive, this system is suitable for a wide variety of driving conditions, especially for complex road、On the contrary, it is a engine with a electric motor, in order to reduce emissions and fuel consumption、When the power provided by engine exceed what the vehicle need or on regenerative braking, electric motor working at a stage of a generator, charge the excess energy into the storage battery、Compared to the series hybrid, the patten of parallel hybrid only need two drive part of engine and electric motor, in addition, before the storage battery is discharged, its power requirement of engine and electric is lower、[4]The third one is called the power-split hybrids, picture 1、3[3] shows the simple structure of this type、This type combines the features of the parallel hybrid and the series hybrid、Compared to the series hybrid, it has added the transmission line of power machinery; When compared to the parallel hybrid, it has added the transmitting way of electric energy、Thus, power-split hybrids have the benefits of a combination of series and parallel characteristics But on the other hand, it also causes the shortage of structural complexity and high cost、[4]According to the motor output power accounted for the percentage of total output power in the whole system, hybrid systems can be divided into the following four categories, it also can be described as the degree of hybridization、The first one is called the micro hybrid、In this hybrid electric system, a belt-alternator starter generator is mounted at the start motor of conventional internal combustion engine、This electric motor controls the start and shutoff of the engine in the same time, thus, it has cancelled idling working condition and cut down the fuel consumption and exhaust emission、From the strict sense, micro hybrid is not really a hybrid electric system, because its electric motor by no means provides the vehicle a continuous power、The second one is the light hybrid、This hybrid system adopts a integrated starter generator(ISG),in comparison with the previous one, it can start or stop the engine by a dynamo, it also can achieve some other functions, for instant, when at the operation condition of decelerating or braking, it can absorb a portion of the energy, and when driving the vehicle, engine operates at a constant speed, the energy produced by engine can be divided to driving the wheels or to charge the battery reasonably、The mixedness degree of this system usually below twenty percents、General Motors Corporation's hybrid electric pickup trucks use this the hybrid system、The third one is namely the mild hybrid、It also has a integrated starter generator, whilst what different from the light hybrid system is that it adopts a high tension dynamo、In addition, when vehicle is accelerating or at high load condition, the electric motor gives a assist to the engine to propel the vehicle, in order to make up the lack of power of the engine, consequently improving the property of the vehicle、The mixedness of this system is considerable high, reaching a value of 30% about, the mature technologies make it widely used、As compared to full hybrids, mild hybrids have smaller batteries and a smaller, weaker motor/generator, which allows manufacturers to reduce cost and weight、Honda's early hybrids including the first generation Insight used this design,[26] leveraging their reputation for design of small, efficient gasoline engines; their system is dubbed Integrated Motor Assist (IMA)、Starting with the 2006 Civic Hybrid, the IMA system now can propel the vehicle solely on electric power during medium speed cruising、[5][6]The last one is called the full hybrid, sometimes also called a strong hybrid, is a vehicle that can run on just the engine, just the batteries, or a combination of both、This system adopts a high tension electric motor from 272 to 650V、Compared to the mild hybrid system, the mixedness even reach at a value of 50%、Ford's hybrid system, Toyota's Hybrid Synergy Drive and General Motors/Chrysler's Two-Mode Hybridtechnologies are full hybrid systems、Ford's hybrid system, Toyota's Hybrid Synergy Drive and General Motors/Chrysler's Two-Mode Hybridtechnologies are full hybrid systems、[26] The T oyota Prius, Ford Escape Hybrid, and Ford Fusion Hybrid are examples of full hybrids, as these cars can be moved forward on battery power alone、A large, high-capacity battery pack is needed for battery-only operation、These vehicles have a split power path allowing greater flexibility in the drivetrain by interconverting mechanical and electrical power, at some cost in complexity、The full hybrid system will gradually become the main development direction with the technology developing、[5][6]A new type HEV is called plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), also known as a plug-in hybrid, is a hybrid electric vehicle with rechargeable batteries that can be restored to full charge by connecting a plug to an external electric powersource、A PHEV shares the characteristics of both a conventional hybrid electric vehicle, having an electric motor and an internal combustion engine; and of an all-electric vehicle, also having a plug to connect to the electrical grid、PHEVs have a much larger all-electric range as compared to conventional gasoline-electric hybrids, and also eliminate the "range anxiety" associated with all-electric vehicles, because the combustion engine works as a backup when the batteries are depleted、[6][7][8]Development in the worldIn HEV's domain, Japan, Germany and America are the main countries, they grasp many technologies of hybrid, and they also own many famous HEV products、[9][10] Buick Regal EcoHybrid made by General Motors Corporation, it adopts the BSG hybrid pattern, fuel consumption per hundred kilometers has lifted from 9、8 to 8、3 litersBMW X5 HEV is the first vehicle that adopts BMW ActiveHybrid system, its hybrid pattern is ISG with AT、[11]Civic Hybrid made by Honda Motor Corporation adopts a hybrid pattern of ISG with CVT, it is a new generation、Some other hybrid electric vehicles such as S400 BlueHybrid made by Daimler-Benz Motors Company, Cadillac Escalade, Chevrolet Volt etc, are some outstanding hybrid electric vehicles、Around the world, Japan is one of the few countries in the fastest rate of development of electric vehicle technology, especially in terms of the development of hybrid vehicles, Japan is a world leader、Only two Japanese car companies have the capacity of bulk sales of hybrid vehicles in the world、Recent years, China has put a high value to the research and development of hybrid electric vehicle, colleges, scientific research institutions and companies have be encouraged by government to exploit the way of HEV developing、under such circumstances, significant developments have been made on HEV、Changan Jiexun HEV is the first mild hybrid motorcycle type with independent research in China, and it is mass produced, thereout, Changan Motor Corporation has set up the China's first production line of HEV by totally independent research and development、Benteng B70 made by First Auto Work is another HEV, it has two electric motor, and is the type of full hybrid、However the manufacturing costs is even triple to the same vehicle type of internal combustion engine、Some other hybrid electric vehicles such as Rongwei 750 HEV made by Shanghai Motor Corporation, A3ISG and A5BSG made by Chery Automobile Co, EQ7200 HEV made by Dongfeng Motor Corporation, F6DM made by BYD Motor Corporation etc, also playing a role in a China's HEV market、Particularly worth mentioning is the BYD Motor Corporation, its "Two-Mode Hybrid" is much more advanced than other companies's、At the Beijing Auto Show in 2012, BYD Motor Corporation launched their brand new HEV vehicle type which is namely "Qing", with the 0-100km/h sprint completed in 5、9s seconds it stunned many car enthusiasts、Qing adopts BYD's second generation two-mode hybrid, and it is a parallel hybrid, it came into existence marked that China's hybrid technologies has reached at a new stage、Just also at the Beijing Auto Show in 2014 a few days ago, BYD gave us anther surprise, BYD Tang appeared, it's a SUV, the 0-100km/h sprint completed in 4、9s seconds stunned us once again、However, comprehensively, hybrid technologies in China is mainly focus on light and mild hybrid, lags behind developed countries、summaryHEVs have many advantages ,however, PEV is not widely used currently、Expensive price keeps people from it、But we can believe that with the technology developing, the cost of HEV will be much lower, and the reliability will be more better by that moment, HEVs will become mainstream of automobile market, and be loved by people、[1]A、Sciarretta and L、Guzzella, “Control of hybrid electric vehicles,”IEEE Control Systems Magazine, vol、27, no、2, pp、60–70, 2007、View at Publisher ·View at Google Scholar[2]International Journal of Vehicular T echnology Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 571683, 7 pages[3][4] Hybridcenter、org、"Hybrids Under the Hood (Part 2): Drivetrains"、Union of Concerned Scientists、Retrieved 2010-03-17、[5]Sam Abuelsamid (2009-04-03)、"What is a mild hybrid?"、AutoblogGreen、Retrieved 2010-03-22、[6]Sherry Boschert (2006)、Plug-in Hybrids: The Cars that will Recharge America、Gabriola Island, Canada: New Society Publishers、ISBN 978-0-86571-571-4、[7]Archer, David (2005)、"Fate of fossil fuel CO2 in geologic time"(PDF)、Journal of Geophysical Research 110 (C9): C09S05、1–C09S05、6、Bibcode:2005JGRC、、11009S05A、doi:10、1029/2004JC002625、Retrieved 2008-12-31[8] Friedman, Thomas (2008)、Hot, Flat, and Crowded、New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux、ISBN 978-0-374-16685-4、See reviewed by CalCarsfounder Felix Kramer (September 9, 2008) "T、Friedman's New Bestseller Hot, Flat & Crowded Touts Plug-Ins"[9]Huang K D,Tzeng S C、Development of a hybrid pneumatic power vehicle[J]、Applied Energy,2005,80(1):56、[10] Donald K, James F、US department of energy hybridelectric vehicle battery and fuel economy testing [J]、Journal of Power Sources,2006,158(2):1173-1177、[11]Zhai H B,Christopher F H,Rouphail N M、Develop－ment of a modal emissions model for a hybrid electricvehicle[J]、Transportation Research Part D-Transpor and Environment,2011,16(6):444-450、。
Intelligent Vehicles
Steve Shladover outlines the benefits to be gained from vehicles ['vi??k(ə)l] that could drive themselves and discusses how this could be achieved.斯蒂夫·施多弗阐述了能自动运行的车辆的诸多裨益，并详细论述了如何将其变为现实。
Intelligent Vehicles [in'telidʒent] Steve Shladover1 Even when cars were still young, futurists ['fju:tʃərist] began thinking about vehicles that could drive themselves, without human help. Perhaps the best known of these conjectures [kən'dʒektʃə] was the General Motors Futurama[,fju:tʃə'ræmə], the hit of the 1939 New York World's Fair[fεə] . Now, at the start of the new century, it's worth taking a fresh look at this concept and asking how automation might change transportation and the quality of our lives.[laivz]Fair[fεə]n. 展览会；市集；美人adj. 公平的；美丽的，白皙的；[气象] 晴朗的adv. 公平地；直接地；清楚地网络释义：公平的集市交易会fresh [freʃ] n. 开始；新生；泛滥adj. 新鲜的；清新的；淡水的；无经验的adv. 刚刚，才；最新地网络释义：新鲜的清新的鲜艳的concept ['kɔnsept] n. 观念，概念智能车辆斯蒂夫·施多弗还在汽车问世之初，未来学家就开始设想无需人来操纵便能自动运行的车辆将是什么样儿的。
科技论文写作与文献检索大作业
《科技论文写作与文献检索》综合大作业(参照稿件)课题名称：汽车无级自动变速器控制系统的现状研究专业：班级：学号：姓名：完成时间：年月日评分体系及项目得分评分项目及其要求项目得分1．课题剖析准确（05分）得分：2．选择和使用工具书(检索系统)的情况（45分）：（1）选择检索工具、系统（数据库）的种类[至少5种，其中必有一种外文数据库] （5分）得分：（2）查的文献条目的数量(至少15条，至少包括2篇外文原文) （15分）得分：（3）外文文摘的翻译情况（至少翻译一篇）（05分）得分：（4）综合运用所选检索系统（数据库）的各种检索途径或制订检索策略的能力（05分）得分：（5）所查检索条目查准率情况（检索条目与选择课题的针对性评价，每查准一条1分）（15分）得分：3．文献综述的撰写（50分）（1）综述中引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性（5分）得分：（2）文献综述结构完整、内容全面，完成质量较高（30分）得分：（3）摘要翻译准确（10分）得分：（4）文献综述格式符合我院毕业设计（论文）阶段的格式规范要求（5分）得分：总得分：课题名称：汽车无级自动变速器控制系统的现状研究一、分析研究课题1．背景分析：金属带式无级自动变速器(Continuously VariableTransmission,简称为CVT)能根据车辆行驶条件自动连续变化速比,使发动机按最佳燃油经济性曲线或最佳动力性曲线工作。
无级变速传动是一种理想的传动方式,自汽车诞生以来一直是人们追求的目标。
它与常规变速传动相比可以显著提高汽车的燃油经济性,改善汽车的动力性和乘坐舒适性,降低发动机的排放污染等优点。
20年来,尤其是近年CVT作为传动技术正在以更快的速度在欧洲并向世界各国扩展,引起越来越多的汽车制造厂家的关注并已被投入批量生产,有着广阔的发展空间。
自动变速器主要有电液控制系统、机液控制系统等几种类型。
2．需要解决的问题：（1）汽车无级自动变速器控制系统概念、类型、功用等。
毕业设计(论文)-并联式混合动力汽车的真能量管理的控制仿真[管理资料]
![毕业设计(论文)-并联式混合动力汽车的真能量管理的控制仿真[管理资料]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/a1bb8194783e0912a3162a87.png)
并联式混合动力汽车的能量管理的控制仿真Power Management Strategies control Simulation Of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehiele评阅人评语评阅人 (签章) 成绩答辩委员会主任 (签章)年月日摘要节能、环保和安全是当今世界的三大主题。
汽车是当今人们的主要交通方式之一，也是能源消耗大户。
因此，有效地解决汽车燃烧和排放问题，对缓解能源造成的压力，改善汽车排放对城市和人们生存环境具有重要意义。
十多年来，电动汽车、混合动力汽车、燃料电池汽车等解决上述问题的新的汽车技术成为人们研究的热点。
与当今汽车技术水平相适应，发动机与电机混合驱动的混合动力汽车技术在改善汽车性能、降低汽车排放等方面效果明显，短期内有望成为低能耗、低排放汽车的替代技术。
控制策略的技术研究是混合动力汽车技术开发的核心之一，也是目前混合动力汽车设计与研究的关键所在。
与传统的逻辑门限控制策略相比，模糊控制主要依据工程经验来制定控制规则，并显示出了良好的控制效果和应用前景。
同时，模糊控制所依据的工程经验有很大的可变性，近年来，模糊控制的优化问题越来越受到大家的关注。
遗传算法作为一种成熟的优化方法，在优化多目标非线性问题上有很大的应用。
将遗传算法引入模糊控制器，从而形成遗传模糊控制算法应用于实际的控制问题。
本文在充分分析现有混合动力汽车控制策略的前提下，总结出混合动力汽车控制策略的目标和控制策略的形式，选用遗传模糊逻辑控制策略实现并联混合动力汽车控制系统，并对优化前后进行仿真分析比较。
本文的主要研究内容包括：首先，详细分析并联混合动力汽车控制策略研究的重要意义，并提出控制目标,从控制目标的角度将现有并联混合动力汽车控制策略归类说明，同时对目前控制策略进行简要的介绍。
其次，介绍了在Matlab/Simulink/ADVISOR2002环境下建立的并联式混合动力汽车整车和动力总成的仿真模型，为后续模糊转矩控制策略的研究奠定基础。
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IEEETRANSACTIONSONVEHICULARTECHNOLOGY,VOL.54,NO.3,MAY2005925
IntelligentEnergyManagementAgentforaParallelHybridVehicle—PartI:SystemArchitectureandDesignoftheDrivingSituationIdentificationProcess
RezaLangari,SeniorMember,IEEE,andJong-SeobWon
Abstract—Thistwopartpaperproposesanintelligentenergymanagementagent(IEMA)forparallelhybridvehicles.IEMAincorporatesadrivingsituationidentificationcomponentwhoseroleistoassessthedrivingenvironment,thedrivingstyleofthedriverandtheoperatingmodeofthevehicleusinglongandshorttermstatisticalfeaturesofthedrivecycle.Thisinformationissubsequentlyusedbythetorquedistributionandchargesuste-nancecomponentsofIEMAtodeterminethepowersplitstrategy,whichisshowntoleadtoenhancedfueleconomyandreducedemissions.InPartI,theoverallarchitectureofIEMAispresentedandthedrivingsituationidentificationprocessisdescribed.Itisspecificallyshownthatalearningvectorquantization(LVQ)networkcaneffectivelydeterminethedrivingconditionusingalimiteddurationofdrivingdata.Theoverallperformanceofthesystemunderarangeofdrivecyclesisdiscussedinthesecondpartofthispaper.
IndexTerms—Chargesustenance,drivecycle,energymanage-ment,fuzzyrulebase,hybridvehicle,torquedistribution.
I.INTRODUCTION
HYBRIDelectricvehicles(HEVs)havegreatpotential
asnewalternativemeansoftransportation.ThespecificbenefitsofHEVs,comparedtoconventionalvehicles,includeimprovedfueleconomyandreducedemissions[1]–[3].Ontheotherhand,designandimplementationofHEVspresentanumberofchallengingproblems.Inparticular,managementofenergyanddistributionoftorque(power)aretwoofthekeyissuesinthedevelopmentofhybridelectricvehicles[4]–[28].Theseissuescanbesummarilystatedasfollows.•Howtomeetthedriver’storquedemandwhileachievingsatisfactoryfuelconsumptionandemis-sions.•Howtomaintainthebatterystateofcharge(SOC)atasatisfactoryleveltoenableeffectivedeliveryoftorquetothevehicleoverawiderangeofdrivingsituations.Inordertoaddresstheseissues,anextensivesetofstudieshasbeenconductedoverthepasttwodecades[4]–[28].Inpartic-ular,atleastthreelogic-basedcontrolstrategiesfordistributing
ManuscriptreceivedJune20,2003;revisedFebruary23,2004andMay26,2004.ThereviewofthispaperwascoordinatedbyDr.B.Fahimi.R.LangariiswiththeDepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,TexasA&MUniversity,CollegeStation,TX77843USA(e-mail:rlangari@tamu.edu).J.-S.WonwaswiththeDepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,TexasA&MUniversity,CollegeStation,TX77843USA.HeisnowwithHyundaiMotorCompanyandKiaMotorsCorporation,Korea(e-mail:wjsdw@dreamwiz.com).DigitalObjectIdentifier10.1109/TVT.2005.844685
powerdemandhavebeensuggestedin[4]–[6].Likewise,sev-eralfuzzylogic-basedenergymanagementstrategieshavebeenproposedin[7]–[15].Theseapproachesareadoptedmainlyduetotheireffectivenessindealingwithproblemsappearinginthecomplexityofhybriddrivetrainviabothheuristics(andhumanexpertise)andmathematicalmodels.However,theseapproachesgenerallydonotaddressthedrivingsituationthatmayaffecttheoperationofthevehicle.Theapplicationofoptimalcontroltheorytopowerdistribu-tionforhybridvehiclesappearspromisingaswell,asnotedin[16]–[18].Inaddition,anumberofstudies,datingbackto1980s,havefocusedontheapplicationofdynamicprogram-mingtoHEVs[19]–[21].These,andtheaforementionedop-timalcontrolstrategiesare,however,generallybasedonafixeddrivecycle,andassuchdonotdealwiththevariabilityinthedrivingsituation.Inviewofthisissue,anumberofalternativeapproacheshavebeenproposedin[22]–[27].Inparticular[28]formulatedadrivecycledependentoptimizationapproachthatselectstheoptimalpowersplitratiobetweenthemotorandtheengineaccordingtothecharacteristicfeaturesofthedrivecycle.Ingeneral,however,few,ifany,oftheaforementionedstudies,havegivenappropriateconsiderationtothedrivingsituationand/orthedrivingstyleofthedriver.Theproposedintelligentenergymanagementagent(IEMA)ontheotherhand,explic-itlyincorporatesadrivingsituationidentifierwhoseroleistoidentifytheroadwaytype,thedrivingstyleofthedriveraswellasthecurrentdrivingmodeandtrend.Thisinformationissub-sequentlyintegratedinafuzzylogic-basedtorquedistributionandstateofchargecompensationstrategytoprovideenhancedoperationoverthespectrumofdrivingsituationstowhichthevehiclemaybesubjected.Thesimulationstudyrevealsthattheproposed“drivingsituationawareness”-basedenergymanage-mentstrategyprovidesaplatformofnewenergymanagementsystemandgivesimprovedperformanceofaparallelhybridve-hicle.TheaimofthispaperistodescribetheunderlyingframeworkforIEMAandtofurtherdescribeeachofitscomponentsandtheircontributiontotheoverallperformanceofthesystem.Tothisend,thepaperisdividedintotwoparts.InPartI,thebasicframeworkofIEMAispresentedanditsvariouscomponentsarediscussedatlength.Inaddition,PartIpresentsadetaileddescriptionofthedrivingsituationidentificationcomponentofIEMA.InPartII,wediscusstheroleofthiscomponentinthefuzzytorquedistributionandchargesustenancestrategies.Inaddition,wewilldiscusstheoverallresultsofthestudyand