最新整理下半年公共英语五级考试经典阅读资料
最新整理公共英语五级(pets)备考阅读练习(2)
公共英语五级(p e t s)备考阅读练习(2)S h a m s a n d d e l u s i o n s a r e e s t e e m e d f o r s o u n d e s tt r u t h s,w h i l e r e a l i t y i s f a b u l o u s.I f m e n w o u l d s t e a d i l y o b s e r v e r e a l i t i e s o n l y,a n d n o t a l l o wt h e m s e l v e s t o b e d e l u d e d, l i f e, t o c o m p a r e i t w i t h s u c h t h i n g s a s w e k n o w, w o u l d b e l i k e a f a i r y t a l e a n d t h e A r a b i a n N i g h t s’ E n t e r t a i n m e n t s.I f w er e s p e c t e d o n l y w h a t i s i n e v i t a b l e a n d h a s a r i g h t t o b e,m u s i c a n d p o e t r y w o u l d r e s o u n d a l o n g t h e s t r e e t s.W h e n w e a r e u n h u r r i e d a n d w i s e,w ep e r c e i v e t h a t o n l y g r e a t a n d w o r t h y t h i n g s h a v e a n y p e r m a n e n t a n d a b s o l u t e e x i s t e n c e,--t h a t p e t t yf e a r s a n d p e t t y p l e a s u r e a r e b u t t h e s h a d o w o fr e a l i t y. T h i s i s a l w a y s e x h i l a r a t i n g a n d s u b l i m e.B y c l o s i n g t h e e y e s a n d s l u m b e r i n g, b y c o n s e n t i n g t o b e d e c e i v e d b y s h o w s, m e n e s t a b l i s h a n d c o n f i r m t h e i r d a i l y l i f e o f r o u t i n e a n d h a b i t e v e r y w h e r e, w h i c h s t i l l i s b u i l t o n p u r e l y i l l u s o r y f o u n d a t i o n.C h i l d r e n, w h o p l a y l i f e, d i s c e r n i t s t r u e l a w a n dr e l a t i o n s m o r e c l e a r l y t h a n m e n, w h o f a i l t o l i v e w o r t h i l y,b u t w h o t h i n k t h a t t h e y a r e w i s e r b ye x p e r i e n c e, t h a t i s, b yf a i l u r e. I h a v e r e a d i n a H i n d o o b o o k, t h a t“t h e r e w a s a k i n g’s s o n, w h o, b e i ng e x p e l l e d i n i n f a n c y f r o mhi s n a t i v e c i t y, w a s b r o u g h t u p b y a f o r e s t e r,a n d,g r o w i n g u p t om a t u r i t y i n t h a t s t a t e, i m a g i n e d h i m s e l f t o b e l o n g t o t h e b a r b a r o u s r a c e w i t h w h i c h b e l i v e d. O n e o f h i s f a t h e r’s m i n i s t e r s h a v i n g d i s c o v e r e d h i m,r e v e a l e d t o h i m w h a t h e w a s, a n d t h e m i s c o n c e p t i o n o f h i s c h a r a c t e r w a s r e m o v e d, a n d h e k n e w h i m s e l f t o b e a p r i n c e. S o s o u l, f r o m t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s i n w h i c h i t i s p l a c e d,m i s t a k e s i t s o w n c h a r a c t e r,u n t i l t h e t r u t h i s r e v e a l e d t o i t b y s o m e h o l yt e a c h e r,a n d t h e n i t k n o w s i t s e l f t o b e B r a h m e.”W e t h i n k t h a t t h a t i s w h i c h a p p e a r s t o b e. I f a m a n s h o u l d g i v e u s a n a c c o u n t o f t h e r e a l i t i e s h e b e h e l d, w e s h o u l d n o t r e c o g n i z e t h e p l a c e i n h i sd e s c r i p t i o n.L o o k a t a m e e t i n g-h o u s e,o r ac o u r t-h o u s e,o r a j a i l,o r a s h o p.O r ad we l l i n g-h o u s e, a n d s a y w h a t t h a t t h i n g r e a l l y i s b ef o r e a t r u eg a z e, a n d th e y w o u l d a l l g o t o pi e c e s i n y o u r a c c o u n t o f t h e m. M e n e s t e e m t r u t h r e m o t e, i n t h e o u t s k i r t s o f t h e s y s t e m, b e h i n d t h e f a r t h e s t s t a r,b e f o r e A d a m a n d a f t e r t h e l a s t m a n.I ne t e r n i t y t h e r e i s i n d e e d s o m e t h i n g t r u e a n d s u b l i m e.B u t a l l t h e s e t i m e s a n d p l a c e s a n d o c c a s i o n s a r e n o w a n d h e r e. G o d h i m s e l f c u l m i n a t e s i n t h e p r e s e n t m o m e n t, a n d w i l l n e v e r b e m o r e d i v i n e i n t h e l a p s e o f a l l a g e s. A n d w e a r e e n a b l e d t o a p p r e h e n d a t a l l w h a t i s s u b l i m e a n d n o b l e o n l y b y t h e p e r p e t u a li n s t i l l i n g a n d d r e n c h i n g o f t h e r e a l i t y t h a ts u r r o u n d s u s.T h e u n i v e r s e c o n s t a n t l y a n do b e d i e n t l y a n s w e r s t o o u r c o n c e p t i o n s; w h e t h e r w e t r a v e l f a s t o r s l o w, t h e t r a c k i s l a i d f o r u s. L e t u s s p e n d o u r l i v e s i n c o n c e i v i n g t h e n. T h e p o e t o r t h e a r t i s t n e v e r y e t h a d a s f a i r a n d n o b l e a d e s i g n b u t s o m e o f h i s p o s t e r i t y a t l e a s t c o u l d a c c o m p l i s hi t.1. T h e w r i t e r’s a t t i t u d e t o w a r d t h e a r t s i s o n eo f[A].a d m i r a t i o n.[B].i n d i f f e r e n c e.[C].s u s p i c i o n.[D].r e p u l s i o n2.T h e a u t h o r b e l i e v e s t h a t a c h i l d.[A].s h o u l d p r a c t i c e w h a t t h e H i n d o o s p r e a c h.[B]. f r e q u e n t l y f a c e s v i t a l p r o b l e m s b e t t e r t h a n g r o w n u p s d o.[C].h a r d l y e v e r k n o w s h i s t r u e o r i g i n.[D].i s i n c a p a b l e o f a p p r e c i a t i n g t h e a r t s.3. T h e a u t h o r i s p r i m a r i l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h u r g i n g t h e r e a d e r t o[A]. l o o k t o t h e f u t u r e f o r e n l i g h t e n m e n t. [B].a p p r a i s e t h e p r e s e n t f o r i t s t r u e v a l u e.[C].h o n o r t h e w i s d o m o f t h e p a s t a g e s.[D]. s p e n d m o r e t i m e i n l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s.4.T h e p a s s a g e i s p r i m a r i l y c o n c e r n e d w i t hp r o b l e m o f[A].h i s t o r y a n d e c o n o m i c s.[B].s o c i e t y a n d p o p u l a t i o n.[C].b i o l o g y a n d p h y s i c s.[D].t h e o l o g y a n dp h i l o s o p h y.V o c a b u l a r y1.s h a m虚伪2.d e l u s i o n欺骗3.f a b u l o u s荒诞无稽的，不存在的4.e x h i l a r a t i n g令人高兴的5.s u b l i m e崇高的6.s l u m b e r睡眠7.H i n d o o印度8.B r a h m a婆罗门(贵族)9.c o m e,f a l l,g o t o p i e c e s崩溃，垮台10.c u l m i n a t e达到顶点11.l a p s e时间的推移/消逝12.a p p r e h e n d领悟，理解13.i n s t i l l(慢慢地)滴注，灌输14.d r e n c h浸泡，使湿透15.p o s t e r i t y子孙后代16.l o o k t o指望，注意难句译注1. I f m e n w o u l d s t e a d i l y o b s e r v e r e a l i t i e s o n l y,a n d n o t a l l o w t h e m s e l v e s t ob e d e l u d e d,l i f e,t oc o m p a r e i t w i t h s u c h t h i n g s a s w e k n o w,w o u ld be l i k e af a i r y t a l e a n d t h e A r a b i a n N igh t s’E n t e r t a i n m e n t s.[结构简析]虚拟条件句，主句中t o c o m p a r e i tw i t h… k n o w是插入语，也有假设之意。
最新公共英语五级备考试题阅读理解训练及答案
最新公共英语五级备考试题阅读理解训练及答案最新公共英语五级备考试题阅读理解训练及答案读书是学习，使用也是学习，而且是更重要的学习。
以下是店铺为大家搜索整理的最新公共英语五级备考试题阅读理解训练及答案，希望对正在关注的您有所帮助!No one should be forced to wear a uniform under any circumstance. Uniforms are demeaning to the human spirit and totally unnecessary in a democratic society. Uniforms tell the world that the person who wears one has no value as an individual but only lives to function as a part of the whole. The individual in a uniform loses all self-worth. There are those who say that wearing a uniform gives a person a sense of identification with a large, more important concept. What could be more important than the individual oneself? If an organization is so weak that it must rely on cloth and buttons to inspire its members, that organization has no right to continue its existence. Others say that the practice of making persons wear uniforms, say in school, eliminates all envy and competition in a matter of dress, such that a poor person who cannot afford good-quality clothing, why would anyone strive to be better? It is only a short step from forcing everyone to wear the same clothing to forcing everyone to drive the same car, have the same type of house, eat the same type of food. When this happens, all incentive to improve one’s life is removed. Why would parents bother to work hard so that their children could have a better life than they had when they know that their children are going to be forced to have exactly the same life that they had? Uniforms also hurt the economy. Right now, billions of dollars are spent on the fashion industry yearly. Thousands of persons are employed in designing,creating, and marketing different types of clothing. If everyone were forced to wear uniforms, artistic personnel would be unnecessary. Salespersons would be superfluous as well: why bother to sell the only items that are available? The wearing of uniforms would destroy the fashion industry which in turn would have a ripple effect on such industries as advertising and promotion. Without advertising, newspapers, magazines, and television would not be able to remain in business. Our entire information and entertainment industries would founder.1、The author’s viewpoint on uniforms can best be described as __________.A. practicalB. hystericalC. radicalD. critical(本题分值：1.5分)【正确答案】C2、Judged from its style, this passage might be found in __________.A. a children’s comics bookB. an editorial in a paperC. a sociology textbookD. a political platform(本题分值：1.5分)【正确答案】B3、It can be inferred that the author believes that __________.A. individuals have no self-worth when they become part of an organizationB. individuals are more important than organizationsC. individuals are not so important as organizationsD. individuals are the same important as organizations(本题分值：1.5分)【正确答案】B4、The author brings in the example of a parent striving to make life better for his children to make the point that __________.A. parents have responsibilities for their childrenB. uniforms would be less expensive than clothing for childrenC. uniforms cause dissension between parents and childrenD. individual motivation would be destroyed by uniforms(本题分值：1.5分)【正确答案】D5、The last word of the passage "founder" probably means __________.A. collapseB. shrinkC. disappearD. establish(本题分值：1.5分)【正确答案】A【最新公共英语五级备考试题阅读理解训练及答案】。
公共英语五级阅读文章
公共英语五级阅读文章公共英语五级阅读文章3篇阅读理解是英语考试避不开的题型，因此，考生一定要注意对于阅读理解的强化练习，下面是店铺为大家整理的公共英语五级阅读文章，希望对大家有所帮助。
公共英语五级阅读文章一From Boston to Los Angeles, from New York City to Chicago to Dallas, museums are either planning, building, or wrapping up wholesale expansion programs. These programs already have radically altered facades and floor plans or are expected to do so in the not-too-distant future.In New York City alone, six major institutions have spread up and out into the air space and neighborhoods around them or are preparing to do so.The reasons for this confluence of activity are complex, but one factor is a consideration everywhere -- space. With collections expanding, with the needs and functions of museums changing, empty space has become a very precious commodity.Probably nowhere in the country is this more true than at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, which has needed additional space for decades and which received its last significant facelift ten years ago. Because of the space crunch, the Art Museum has become increasingly cautious in considering acquisitions and donations of art, in some cases passing up opportunities to strengthen its collections.Deaccessing -- or selling off -- works of art has taken on new importance because of the museum's space problems. And increasingly, curators have been forced to juggle gallery space, rotating one masterpiece into public view while another is sentto storage.Despite the clear need for additional gallery and storage space, however, "the museum has no plan, no plan to break out of its envelope in the next fifteen years," according to Philadelphia Museum of Art's president.从波士顿到洛杉机，从纽约到芝加哥、到达拉斯，所有的博物馆或者正在筹划、建造或者正在完成大规模的扩建计划。
最新整理公共英语考试五级阅读热点材料整理(4)
公共英语考试五级阅读热点材料整理(4)年公共英语考试五级阅读热点材料整理(4)T U s e“d e s i r a b l e d i f f i c u l t y”运用“适当增加难度”来复习R e v i e w i n g m a t e r i a l i s o n e o f t h e m o s t p o p u l a r f o r m s o f l e a r n i n g.G u e s s w h a t?I t’s a l s o o n e o f t h e l e a s t e f f e c t i v e.R e s e a r c h e r s c a l l t h i s“t h e f l u e n c y i l l u s i o n.”J u s t b e c a u s e i t’s e a s y t or e m e m b e r r i g h t n o w d o e s n’t m e a n i t w i l l s t a y t h a t w a y.“D e s i r a b l e d i f f i c u l t y”m e a n s t h a t t h eh a r d e r y o u w o r k t r y i n g t o r e t r i e v e s o m e t h i n g f r o m m e m o r y, t h e b e t t e r y o u l e a r n. D o n’t m e r e l y r e r e a d s t u f f.P r a c t i c e l i k e a m e d i c a l s t u d e n t a n d q u i z y o u r s e l f w i t h f l a s h c a r d s.Y o u’r e n o t g o i n g t ol e a r n m u c h p a s s i v e l y.R e s e a r c h s h o w r e-r e a d i n gm a t e r i a l f o u r t i m e s w a s n o t n e a r l y a s e f f e c t i v e a s r e a d i n g i t o n c e a n d w r i t i n g a s u m m a r y.复习是学习的重要一环，那我要说是最没有效率的一环呢?研究学家称它为“熟练的假象”你记得某个知识并不代表着在任何情况下你都能熟练运用。
公共英语五级阅读的精读材料
公共英语五级阅读的精读材料Passage Seven (Forecasting of Statistics)Nearly two thousand years have passed since a census decreed by Caesar Augustus become part of the greatest story ever told. Many things have changed in the intervening years. The hotel industry worries more about overbuilding than overcrowding, and if they had to meet an unexpected influx, few inns would have a manager to accommodate the weary guests. Now it is the census taker that does the traveling in the fond hope that a highly mobile population will stay long enough to get a good sampling. Methods of gathering, recording, and evaluating information have presumably been improved a great deal. And where then it was the modest purpose of Rome to obtain a simple head count as an adequate basis for levying taxes, now batteries of complicated statistical series furnished by governmental agencies and private organizations are eagerly scanned and interpreted by sages and seers to get a clue to future events. The Bible does not tell us how the Roman census takers made out, and as regards our more immediate concern, the reliability of present day economic forecasting, there are considerable differences of opinion. They were aired at the celebration of the 125th anniversary of the American Statistical Association. There was the thought that business forecasting might well be on its way from an art to a science, and some speakers talked about newfangled computers and high-falutin mathematical system in terms of excitement and endearment which we, at least in our younger years when these things mattered, would have associated more readily with the description of a fair maiden. But others pointed to the deplorable record of highly esteemed forecasts and forecasters with a batting average below that of the Mets, and the President-elect of the Association cautioned that “high powered statistical methods are usually in order where the facts are crude and inadequate, the exact contrary of what crude and inadequate statisticians assume.” We left his birthday party somewhere between hope and despair and with the conviction, not really newly acquired, that proper statistical methods applied to ascertainable facts have their merits in economic forecasting as long as ne。
最新整理公共英语五级考试经典阅读资料(10)
One of the most famous sports superstars in the United States (10) boxer Muhammed Ali. (11) a young man, he won a (12) medal (奖章，纪念章) in the Olympics as a boxer. (13) he became the heavy-weight boxing champion of (14). (15) long, he was known as one of the greatest (16) mostfamous boxers in sports (17).
1.business sportsman (运动员)film-star singer
2.AtOnInFor
3.referred known thought cable excellent
5.superstar expert (专家，内行的) star rich man
6.somebody thing something all
7.singerstar masterwinner
8.top well-trained tall good
最新整理公共英语五级阅读考前热点材料汇集(1)
公共英语五级阅读考前热点材料汇集(1)其实吧，这场辩论一直号称是“大骗子川普v s不诚实的希拉里(L i a r T r u m p v s.C r o o k e d H i l l a r y)”的世纪之战。
所以你想真的在辩论里听出些真材实料基本不可能，但如果你抱着研习哔哔技巧的心态来看，这还是很有营养的。
更不用说可以看那些因为这场混战而倾巢而出的民间段子手了。
比如：-”I f h i l l a r y C l i n t o n a n d D o n a l T r u m p b o t h f a l l i n t o t h e o c e a n, w h o w i l l b e s a v e d?”-”A m e r i c a.”(-“如果希拉里和川普同时掉进海里，谁会得救?”-“美国会得救。
”)首先我们来简单理一下这场90度分钟的辩论到底讲了些神马，简单讲，希拉里想表达“美国有病，我有药，川普有问题，跟着姐姐一起构建和谐社会。
”而川普的立场是“美国有病，可我有钱啊，都是希拉里害的，美国有病，可我有钱啊，都是希拉里害的，都是希拉里害的，都是希拉里害的，哟叭咂嘿~”额，没看懂川普的逻辑吗?我也没看懂。
不过总体来说正常辩论还是挺简洁的，简洁到N P R都能用100个单词给概括了：T h e f i r s t p r e s i d e n t i a l d e b a t e b e t w e e n D o n a l dT r u m p a n d H i l l a r y C l i n t o n w a s a c o n t e n t i o u s a f f a i r w i t h t h e p r e s i d e n t i a l c a n d i d a t e s c l a s h i n g o n t h e e c o n o m y,t a x e s a n d t e r r o r i s m.W i t h d i s c i p l i n e,C l i n t o n p u s h e d T r u m p’s b u t t o n s,a t t a c k i n g h i sb u s i n e s s p r ac t i c e s, a c c u s i n g h i m o f n o t p a y i n g h i sc o n t r a c t o r s a nd s t i f f i n g t he A m e r i c a n p e o p l e b y n o t p a y i n gf e d e r a l t a x e s. T r u m p r e p l i e d,“T h a t m a k e s m e s m a r t.” T r u m p w a s v i n t ag e: a v i s c e r a l d e b a t e r wh o t o u t e d hi s b u s i n e s s a c u m e n a n d a c c u s e d C l i n t o n o f b e i n g a p r o f e s s i o n a l p o l i t i c i a n—“a l l t a l k a n d n o a c t i o n.”A30-y e a r c a r e e r i n p o l i t i c s,T r u m p s a i d,h a s y i e l d e d n o t h i n g.川普和希拉里的首场总统辩论火花十足，两人在经济、税收和恐怖主义方面针锋相对。
最新整理公共英语五级考试阅读资料(10)
公共英语五级考试阅读资料（10）“D o w n-t o-e a r t h”m e a n s s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g t h a t i s h o n e s t.r e a l i s t i c a n d e a s y t o d e a l w i t h.I t i s a p l e a s u r e t o f i n d(31)___w h o i s d o w n-t o-e a r t h.Ap e r s o n w h o i s d o w n—t o-e a r t h i s e a s y t o t a l k(32) ___a n d a c c e p t s o t h e r p e o p l e a s e q u a l s.Ad o w n-t o-e a r t h p e r s o n i s j u s t t h e(33) ___of s o m e o n e w h o a c t s i m p o r t a n t o r p r o u d.D o w n-t o-e a r t h p e r s o n s m a y b e(34)___m e m b e r s o f s o c i e t y,o f c o u r s e.B u t t h e y d o n o t l e t t h e i ri m p o r t a n c e“(35)___t o t h e i r h e a d s”.T h e y d o n o t c o n s i d e r t h e m s e l v e s t o b e b e t t e r p e r s o n s t h a n(36) ___o f l e s s i m p o r t a n c e.S o m e o n e w h o i s f i l l e d w i t h h i s o w n i m p o r t a n c e a n d p r i d e，(37)___w i t h o u tc a u s e，i s s a id t o h a v e“h i s n o se i n t h e a i r”.T h e r e i s(38)w a y a p e r s o n w i t h h i s n o s e i n t h e a i r c a n b e d o w n-t o-e a r t h.A m e r i c a n s(39) ___ a n o t h e r e x p r e s s i o n t h a t m e a n s a l m o s t t h e s a m e a s“d o w n—t o-e a r t h”.T h e e x p r e s s i o n i s“b o t h—f e e t—o n-t h e—g r o u n d”.S o m e o n e(40)___b o t h—f e e t—o n—t h e-g r o u n d i s a p e r s o n w i t h a g o o d u n d e r s t a n d i n g(41)___r e a l i t y.H e h a s w h a t i sc a l l e d“c o m m o n s e n s e，”h e m a y h a v ed re a m s，(42) ___h ed oe s n o t a l l o w t h e m t o b l o c k h i s k n o w l e d g e o f(43) ___i s r e a l.T h e o p p o s i t e k i n d o f(44)___i s o n e w h o h a s h i s “h e a d—i n-t h e—c l o u d s”.A m a n w i t h h i sh e a d-i n-t h e—c l o u d s i s a d r e a m e r(45)___m i n d i s n o t i n t h e r e a l w o r l d.(46) ___，s u c h a d r e a m e r c a n b e b r o u g h t b a c k t oe a r t h.S h a r p w o r d sf r o m t e a c h e r c a n u s u a l l y(47)___a d a y-d r e a m i ng s t u d e n t d o w n-t o-e a r t h.U s u a l l y.m e p e r s o n w h o i s d o w n—t o-e a r t h i sv e r y(48)___t o h a v e b o t h f e e t o n t h e g r o u n d.(49) ___w e h a v e b o t h o u r f e e t o n t h e g r o u n d，w h e n w e a r e d o w n-t0—e a r t h，w e a c t h o n e s t l y a n d o p e n l y(50)___o t h e r s.O u r l i v e s a r e l i k e t h e g r o u n d b e l o w u s，s o l i d a n d s t r o n g.答案解析31.s o m e o n e【解析】由本文的第一句话“‘D o w n-t o-e a r t h’m e a n s s o m e—o n e o r s o m e t h i n gt h a t i s h o n e s t，r e a l i s t i c a n d e a s y t o d e a l w i t h.”可知“D o w n—t o—e a r t h”指的是诚实，现实、平易近人的那些人。
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下半年公共英语五级考试经典阅读资料P r e s i d e n t C l i n t o n’s d e c i s i o n o n A p r.8t o s e n dC h i n e s e P r e m i e r Z h u R o n g j i p a c k i n g w i t h o u t a na g r e e m e n t o n C h i n a’s e n t r y i n t o t h e W o r l d T r a d e O r g a n i z a t i o n s e e m e d t ob e a m a s s i v e m i sc a l c u l a t i o n. T h e P r e s ide n t t o o k a d r u b b i n gf r o m m u c h o f t h e p r e s s, w h i c h h a d b r e a t h l e s s l y r e p o r t e d t h a t a d e a l w a s i n t h e b a g. T h e C a b i n e t a n d W h i t H o u s e s t i l l a p p e a r e d d i v i d e d,a n d b u s i n e s s l e a d e r s w e r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d a s f u r i o u s o v e r t h e l o s t o p p o r t u n i t y. Z h u c h a rg e d th a t C li n t o n l a c k e d“t h e c o u r a g e” t o r e a c h a na c c o r d. A n d w h e n C l i n t o n l a t e r t e l e p h o n e d t h e a n g r y Z h u t o p l e d g e a r e n e w e d e f f o r t a t n e g o t i a t i o n s, t h e g e s t u r e w a s w i d e l y p o r t r a y e d a s a f l i p-f l o p.I n f a c t,C l i n t o n m a d e t h e r i g h t d e c i s i o n i nh o l d i n g o u t f o r a b e t t e r W T O d e a l. A l o t m o r e h o r s e t r a d i n g i s n e e d e d b e f o r e a f i n a l a g r e e m e n t c a n b e r e a c h e d. A n d w i t h o u t t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n’s g o a l o f a“b u l l e t-p r o o f a g r e e m e n t” t h a t b u s i n e s sl o b b y i s t s c a n e n t h u s i a s t i c a l l y s e l l t o aR e p u b l i c a n C o n g r e s s, t h e w h o l e p r o c e s s w i l l e n d u p i n p a r t i s a n a c r i m o n y t h a t c o u l d h a r m r e l a t i o n s w i t h C h i n a f o r y e a r s.T H E H A R D P A R T.M a n y b u s i n e s s l o b b y i s t s,w h i l e d i s a p p o i n t e d t h a t t h e d e a l w a s n o t c l o s e d,a g r e e t h a t b e t t e r t e r m s c a n s t i l l b e h a d.A n d T r e a s u r y S e c r e t a r y R o b e r t E.R u b i n,N a t i o n a l E c o n o m i cC o u n c i lD i r e c t o r G e n e B.S p e r l i n g,C o m m e r c eS e c r e t a r y W i l l i a m M.D a l e y,a n d t o p t r a d en e g o t i a t o r C h a r l e n e B a r s h e f s k y a l l a d v i s e d C l i n t o n t h a t w h i l e t h e C h i n e s e h a d m a d e a r e m a r k a b l e n u m b e r o f c o n c e s s i o n s,“w e’r e n o t t h e r e y e t,” a c c o r d i n g t o s e n i o r o f f i c i a l s.N e g o t i a t i n g w i t h Z h u o v e r t h e r e m a i n i n g i s s u e s m a y b e t h e e a s y p a r t. A l t h o u g h C l i n t o n c a n s i g n a l U.S.a p p r o v a l f o r C h i n a’s e n t r y i n t o t h e W T Oh i m s e l f,h e n e e d s C o n g r e s s t o g r a n t B e i j i n gp e r m a n e n t m o s t-f a v o r e d-n a t i o n s t a t u s a s p a r t o f a b r o a d t r a d e a c c o r d. A n d t h e t e m p t a t i o n f o r m e d d l i n g o n C a p i t a l H i l l m a y p r o v e o v e r-w h e l m i n g.Z h u h a db a r e l y l a n d e d b e f o r e S e n a t e M a j o r i t y L e a d e r T r e n t L o t t(R-M i s s)d ec l a r ed h i m se lf s k e p t i c a l t h a tC h i n a d e s e r v e d e n t r y i n t o t h e W T O.A n d S e n a t o r sJ e s s e A. H e l m s (R-N.C.) a n d E m e s t F. H o l l i n g s (D-S.C.)p r o m i s e d t o i n t r o d u c e a b i l l r e q u i r i n gc o n g r e s s i o n a l a p p r o v a l o f a n yde a l.T h e h i d d e n m e s s a g e f r o m t h e s e t h r e et e x t i l e-s t a t e S o u t h e r n e r s: G e t m o r e p r o t e c t i o n f o r t h e U. S. c l o t h i n g i n d u s t r y. H o p i n g t o s m o o t h t h e w a y, t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n t r i e d, b u t f a i l e d, t o b u d g e Z h u o n t e x t i l e s. A l s o l e f t i n t h e l u r c h: W a l l S t r e e t, H o l l y w o o d, a n d D e t r o i t. Z h u r e f u s e d t o o p e n u p m u c h o f t h e l u c r a t i v e C h i n e s e s e c u r i t i e s m a r k e t a n di n s i s t e d o n“c u l t u r a l” r e s t r i c t i o n s o n A m e r i c a n m o v i e s a n d m u s i c. H e a l s o b l o c k e d e f f o r t s t o a l l o w U.S.a u t o m a k e r s t o p r o v i d e f l e e t f i n a n c i n g.B I G J O B.A l r e a d y,b u s i n e s s l o b b y i s t s a r eb l a n k e t i n g C a p i t o l H i l l t o p r e s a l e a n y e v e n t u a la g r e e m e n t,b u t w h a t t h e y’v e h e a r d s o f a r i s n’t e nc o u r a g i n g. R e p u b l i c a n s, i n c l ud i n g L o t t, s a y t h a t“t h e t i m e j u s t i s n’t r i g h t” f o r t h e d e a l.T r a n s l a t i o n: W e’r e d e t e r m i n e d t o m a k e i t l o o k a s i f C l i n t o n h a s c a p i t u l a t e d t o t h e C h i n e s e a n d i s i g n o r i n g h u m a n,r e l i g i o u s,a n d l a b o r r i g h t sv i o l a t i o n s;t h e t h e f t o f n u c l e a r-w e a p o n st e c h n o l o g y;a n d t h e s a l e o f m i s s i l e p a r t s t oA m e r i c a’s e n e m i e s.B e i j i n g’s f i e r c e c r i t i c s w i t h i n t h e D e m o c r a t i c P a r t y,s u c h a s S e n a t o r P a u l D.W e l l s t o n e o f M i n n e s o t a a n d H o u s e M i n o r i t y l e a d e r R i c h a r d A.G e p h a r d t o f M i s s o u r i,w o n’t h e l p,e i t h e r.J u s t h o w t o u g h t h e l o b b y i n g j o b o n C a p i t o l H i l l w i l l b e b e c o m e c l e a r o n A p r. 20, w h e n R u b i n l e c t u r e d 19c h i e f e x e c u t i v e s o n t h e n e e d t o d i s c i p l i n e t h e i r R e p u b l i c a n a l l i e s.W i t h b u s i n e s s a n d t h e W h i t eH o u s e s t i l l t r a d i n g c h a r g e s o v e r w h o i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e d e f e a t o f f a s t-t r a c k t r a d e n e g o t i a t i n gl e g i s l a t i o n i n 1997, w o r k i n g t o g e t h e r w o n’t b e e a s y.A n d R e p u b l i c a n s-w i t h a w i n k-s a y t h a t t h e y’l le v e n t u a l l y e m b r a c e C h i n a’s e n t r y i n t o t h e W T O a sa f a v o r t o C o r p o r a t e A m e r i c a.T h o u g h n o t l o n gb e f o r e t h e y t o r t u r e C l i n t o n.B u t Z h u i s o u t o n a l i m b,a n d i f C o n g r e s s o v e r d o e s t h ec r i t i c i s m,h e m a y b e f o r c ed b y d o me s t i c c r i t i c s t o r e n e g e.B u s i n e s s m u s t m a k e t h i s m u c h d e a r t o b o t h i t s G O P a l l i e s a n d t h e W h i t H o u s e:T h i s h i s t o r i c d e a l i s t o o i m p o r t a n t t o r i s k l o s i n g t o a n y m o r e p a r t i s a n s q u a b b l i n g.T h e s t r i v i n g o f c o u n t r i e s i n C e n t r a l E u r o p e t o e n t e r t h e E u r o p e a n U n i o n m a y o f f e r a n u n p r e c e d e n t e d c h a n c e t o t h e c o n t i n e n t’s G y p s i e s(o r R o m a n)t o b e r e c o g n i z e d a s a n a t i o n,a l b e i t o n e w i t h o u t a d e f i n e d t e r r i t o r y. A n d i f t h e y w e r e t o a c h i e v e t h a t t h e y m i g h t e v e n s e e k s o m e k i n d o f f o r m a l p l a c e-a t l e a s t a t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n o u t n u m b e r s t h a t o f m a n y o f t h e U n i o n’s p r e s e n t a n d f u t u r e c o u n t r i e s. S o m e e x p e r t s p u t t h e f i g u r e a t 4m-p l u s; s o m e p r o p o n e n t s o f G y p s y r i g h t s g o a s h i g h a s15m.U n l i k e J e w s, G y p s i e s h a v e h a d n o k n o w n a n c e s t r a l l a n d t o h a r k b a c k t o.T h o u g h t h e i r l a n g u a g e i sr e l a t e d t o H i n d i,t h e i r t e r r i t o r i a l o r i g i n s a r e m i s t y.R o m a n i a n p e a s a n t s h e l d t h e m t o b e b o r n o n t h e m o o n.O t h e r E u r o p e a n s(w r o n g l y)t h o u g h t t h e m m i g r a n t E g y p t i a n s,h e n c e t h e d e r i v a t i v e G y p s y.M o s t p r o b a b l y t h e y w e r e i t i n e r a n t m e t a l w o r k e r s a n d e n t e r t a i n e r s w h o d r i f t e d w e s t f r o m I n d i a i n t h e 7t h c e n t u r y.H o w e v e r,s i n c e c o m m u n i s m i n C e n t r a l E u r o p ec o l l a p s ed a de c a d e a g o,t h e n o t i o n of R o m a n e s t a n a s a l a n d l e s s n a t i o n f o u n d e d o n G y p s y c u l t u r e h a sg a i n e d g r o u n d.Th e I n t e r n a ti o n a l R o m a n y U n i o n,w h i c h s a y s i t s t a n d s f o r 10m G y p s i e s i n m o r e t h a n 30c o u n t r i e s,i s f o s t e r i n g t h e i d e a o f“s e l f-r a l l y i n g”.I t i s t r y i n g t o p r o m o t e as t a n d a r d a n d w r i t t e n f o r m o f t h e l a n g u a g e; i t w a v e s a G y p s y f l a g (g r e e n w i t h a w h e e l) w h e n i t l o b b i e s i n s u c h p l a c e s a s t h e U n i t e d B a t i o n s; a n d i n J u l y i t h e l d a c o n g r e s s i n P r a g u e,T h e C z e c h c a p i t a l. W h e r e P r e s i d e n t V a c l a v H a v e l s a i d t h a t G y p s i e s i n h i s o w n c o u n t r y a n d e l s e w h e r e s h o u l d h a v e a b e t t e rd e a l.A t t h e c o n g r e s s a S l o v a k-b o r n l a w y e r, E m i l S c u k a, w a s e l e c t e d p r e s i d e n t o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l T o m a n y U n i o n.L a t e r t h i s m o n t h a g r o u p o f e l e c t e d G y p s y p o l i t i c i a n s,i n c l u d i n g m e m b e r s o f p a r l i a m e n t,m a y o r s a n d l o c a l c o u n c i l o r s f r o m a l l o v e r E u r o p e (O S C E), t o d i s c u s s h o w t o p e r s u a d e m o r e G y p s i e s t o g e t i n v o l v e d i n p o l i t i c s.T h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l R o m a n y U n i o n i s p r o b a b l y t h e m o s t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e o u t f i t s t h a t s p e a k f o r G y p s i e s,b u t t h a t i s n o t s a y i n g a l o t.O f t h es e v e r a l h u n d r e d d e l e g a t e s w h o g a t h e r e d a t i t sc o n g r e s s, f e w w e r ede m o c r a t i c a l l y e l e c t e d; o d d l y, n o n e c a m ef r o m H u ng a r y, wh o s e G y p si e s a r e p e r h a p s t h e w o r l d’s b e s t o r g a n i z e d,w i t h s o m e450G y p s y b o d i e s a d v i s i n g l o c a l c o u n c i l s t h e r e. T h e u n i o n d i d, h o w e v e r,a n n o u n c e i t s a m b i t i o n t o s e t u p ap a r l i a m e n t,b u t h o w i t w o u l d a c t u a l l y b e e l e c t e d w a s l e f t u n d e c i d e d.S o f a r,t h e E u r o p e a n C o m m i s s i o n i s w a r y o fe n c o u r a g i n g G y p s i e s t o p r e s e n t t h e m s e l v e s a s an a t i o n.T h e m i g h t,i t i s f e a r e d,o p e n a P a n d o r a’s b o x a l r e a d y c o n t a i n i n g B a s q u e s,C o r s i c a n s a n d o t h e r a w k w a r d p e o p l e s.B e s i d e s,a c k n o w l e d g i n gG y p s i e s a s a n a t i o n m i g h t b a c k f i r e,j u s t w h e ns e v e r a l c o u n t r i e s, p a r t i c u l a r l y H u n g a r y, S l o v a k i aa n d t h e C z e c h R e p ub l i c, a r e b e g i n n i n g t o t r e a t t h e mb e t t e r, i n o r d e r t o q u a l i f y f o r E U m e m b e r s h i p.“T h e E U’s w h o l e p r e m i s e i s t o o v e rc o m ed i f fe r e n c e s, n o t t o h i g h l i g h t t h e m,” s a y s a n e r v o u s E u r o c r a t.B u t t h e i d e a t h a t t h e G y p s i e s s h o u l d w i n s o m e k i n d o f s p e c i a l r e c o g n i t i o n a s E u r o p e’s l a r g e s t c o n t i n e n t w i d e m i n o r i t y,a n d o n e w i t h a t e r r i b l e h i s t o r y o f p e r s e c u t i o n,i s c a t c h i n g o n .G y p s i e s h a v e s u f f e r e d m a n y p o g r o m s o v e r t h e c e n t u r i e s. I n R o m a n i a,t h e c o u n t r y t h a t s t i l l h a s t h e l a r g e s t n u m b e r o f t h e m (m o r e t h a n 1m), i n t h e 19t h c e n t u r y t h e y w e r e a c t u a l l y e n s l a v e d. H i t l e r t r i e d t o w i p e t h e m o u t,a l o n g w i t h t h e J e w s.“G y p s i e s d e s e r v e s o m e s p a c e w i t h i n E u r o p e a ns t r u c t u r e s,” s a y s J a n M a r i n u s W i e r s m a, a D u t c h m a n i n t h e E u r o p e a n P a r l i a m e n t w h o s u g g e s t s t h a t o n e o f t h e c u r r e n t c o m m i s s i o n e r s s h o u l d b e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r G y p s y a f f a i r s. S o m e p r o m i n e n t G y p s i e s s a y t h e y s h o u l d b e m o r e d i r e c t l y r e p r e s e n t e d, p e r h a p s w i t h a q u o t a i n t h e E u r o p e a n P a r l i a m e n t.T h a t,t h e ya r g u e,m i g h t g i v e t h e m ab o o s t.T h e r e a r e m o v e s a f o o t t o h e l p t h e m t o g e t m o n e y f o r,a m o n g o t h e r t h i n g s,a G y p s y u n i v e r s i t y.O n e b i g s n a g i s t h a t E u r o p e’s G y p s i e s a r e,i n f a c t, e x t r e m e l y h e t e r o g e n e o u s. T h e y b e l o n g t o m a n y d i f f e r e n t,a n d o f t e n a n t a g o n i s t i c,c l a n s a n dt r i b e s, w i t h n o c o m m o n l a n g u a g e o r r e l i g i o n, T h e i r s e l f-p r o c l a i m e d l e a d e r s h a v e o f t e n p r o v e dq u a r r e l s o m e a n d c o r r u p t.S t i l l,s a y s,D i m i t r i n a P e t r o v a,h e a d o f t h e E u r o p e a n R o m a R i g h t s C e n t e r i n B u d a p e s t,G y p s i e s’ s h a r e d e x p e r i e n c e o fs u f f e r i n g e n t i t l e s t h e m t o t a l k o f o n e n a t i o n;t h e i r p o t e n t i a l u n i t y, s h e s a y s, s t e m s f r o m“b e i n g r e g a r d e d a s s u b-h u m a n b y m o s t m a j o r i t i e s i nE u r o p e.”A n d t h e y h a v e b e g u n t o b e a b i t m o r e p r a g m a t i c.I n S l o v a k i a a n d B u l g a r i a,f o r i n s t a n c e,G y p s yp o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s a r e t r y i n g t o f o r m e l e c t o r a lb l oc k s t h a t c o u ld w i n se a t s i n p a r l i a m e n t.I nM a c e d o n i a, a G y p s y p a r t y a l r e a d y h a s s o m e-a n d e v e n r u n s a m u n i c i p a l i t y.N i c h o l a s G h e o r g e,a n e x p e r t o n G y p s y a f f a i r s a t t h e O S C E, r e c k o n s t h a t, s p r e a d o v e r C e n t r a l E u r o p e, t h e r e a r e n o w a b o u t 20 G y p s y M P S a n d m a y o r s,400-o d d l o c a l c o u n c i l o r s,a n d a g r o w i n g n u m b e r o f b u s i n e s s m e n a n d i n t e l l e c t u a l s. T h a t i s f a r f r o m s a y i n g t h a t t h e y h a v e t h e p e o p l e o r t h e c a s h t o f o r g e a n a t i o n. B u t, w i t h t h e G y p s y q u e s t i o n o n t h e E U’s a g e n d a i n C e n t r a l E u r o p e, t h e y a r e m a k i n g g r o u n d.W h y t h e i n d u c t i v e a n d m a t h e m a t i c a l s c i e n c e s, a f t e r t h e i r f i r s t r a p i d d e v e l o p m e n t a t t h ec u l m i n a t i o n o f G r e e k c i v i l i z a t i o n,ad v a n ce d s os l o w l y f o r t w o t h o u s a n d y e a r s-a n d w h y i n t h ef o l l o w i ng t w oh u n d r e d y e a r s a k n o w l e d g e o f n a t u r a la n d m a t h e m a t i c a l s c i e n c e h a s a c c u m u l a t e d, w h i c h s o v a s t l y e x c e e d s a l l t h a t w a s p r e v i o u s l y k n o w n t h a t t h e s e s c i e n c e s m a yb e j u s t l y r e g a r d e d a s t h ep r o d u c t s o f o u r o w n t i m e s-a r e q u e s t i o n s w h i c h h a v e i n t e r e s t e d t h e m o d e r n p h i l o s o p h e r n o t l e s s t h a n t h e o b j e c t s w i t h w h i c h t h e s e s c i e n c e s a r e m o r ei m m e d i a t e l y c o n v e r s a n t.W a s i t t h e e m p l o y m e n t o f a n e w m e t h o d o f r e s e a r c h,o r i n t h e e x e r c i s e o f g r e a t e r v i r t u e i n t h e u s e o f t h e o l d m e t h o d s, t h a t t h i s s i n g u l a r m o d e r n p h e n o m e n o n h a d i t s o r i g i n? W a s t h e l o n g p e r i o d o n e o f a r r e s t e d d e v e l o p m e n t,a n d i s t h e m o d e r n e r a o n e o f n o r m a l g r o w t h? O r s h o u l d w e a s c r i b e t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f b o t h p e r i o d s t o s o-c a l l e d h i s t o r i c a l a c c i d e n t s-t o t h e i n f l u e n c e o f c o n j u n c t i o n s i n c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f w h i c h n oe x p l a n a t i o n i s p o s s i b l e,s a v e i n t h e o m n i p o t e n c e a n d w i s d o m of ag u i d i n g P r o v i d e n c e?T h e e x p l a n a t i o n w h i c h h a s b e c o m e c o m m o n p l a c e, t h a t t h e a n c i e n t s e m p l o y e d d e d u c t i o n c h i e f l y i n t h e i r s c i e n t i f i c i n q u i r i e s,w h i l e t h e m o d e r n se m p l o y i n d u c t i o n,p r o v e s t o b e t o o n a r r o w,a n df a i l s u p o n c l o s e e x a m i n a t i o n t o p o i n t w i t hs u f f i c i e n t d i s t i n c t n e s s t h e c o n t r a s t t h a t i se v i d e n t b e t w e e n a n c i e n t a n d m o d e r n s c i e n t if i cd o c t r i ne s a n d i n q u i r i e s.F o r a l l k n o w l e d g e i sf o u n d e d o n o b s e r v a t i o n, a n d p r o c e e d s f r o m t h i s b y a n a l y s i s, b y s y n t h e s i s a n d a n a l y s i s, b y i n d u c t i o na n d d e d u c t i o n, a n d i f p o s s ib l e b y v e r i f ic a t i o n, o rb y n e w a p p e a l s t o o b s e r v a t i o n u n d e r t h e g u i d a nc e o fde d u c t i o n-b y s t e p s w h i c h a r e i n d e e d c o r r e l a t i v e p a r t s of o n e m e t h o d;a n d t h e a n c i e n t s c i e n c e sa f f o r d e x a m p l e s o f e v e r y o n e o f t h e s e m e t h o d s, o r p a r t s o f o n e m e t h o d,w h i c h h a v eb e e n g e n e r a l i z e d f r o m t h e e x a m p l e s o f sc i e n c e.A f a i l u r e t o e m p l o y o r t o e m p l o y a d e q u a t e l y a n y o n e o f t h e s e p a r t i a l m e t h o d s,a n i m p e r f e c t i o n i n t h e a r t s a n d r e s o u r c e s o f o b s e r v a t i o n a n de x p e r i m e n t,c a r e l e s s n e s s i n o b s e r v a t i o n,n e g l e c t of r e l e v a n t f a c t s,b y a p p e a l t o e x p e r i m e n t a n do b s e r v a t i o n-t h e s e a r e t h e f a u l t s w h i c h c a u s e a l lf a i l u r e s t o a s c e r t a i n t r u t h,w h e t h e r a m o ng th ea n c i e n t s o r t h e m o d e r n s;b u t t h i s s t a t e m e n t d o e s n o t e x p l a i n w h y t h e m o d e r n i s p o s s e s s e d o f a g r e a t e r v i r t u e,a n d b y w h a t m e a n s h e a t t a i n e d h i ss u p e r i o r i t y. M u c h l e s s d o e s i t e x p l a i n t h e s u d d e n g r o w t h o f s c i e n c e i n r e c e n t t i m e s.T h e a t t e m p t t o d i s c o v e r t h e e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h i s p h e n o m e n o n i n t h e a n t i t h e s i s o f“f a c t s” a n d“t h e o r i e s” o r“f a c t s” a n d“i d e a s”-i n t h e n e g l e c t a m o n g t h e a n c i e n t s o f t h e f o r m e r,a n d t h e i r t o o e x c l u s i v e a t t e n t i o n t o t h e l a t t e r-p r o v e s a l s o t o b e t o o n a r r o w,a s w e l l a s o p e n t o t h e c h a r g e o f v a g u e n e s s. F o r i n t h e f i r s t p l a c e, t h e a n t i t h e s i s i s n o t c o m p l e t e.F a c t s a n d t h e o r i e s a r e n o tc o o rd i n a te s p e c i e s. T h e o r i e s, if t r u e, a r e f a c t s-a p a r t i c u l a r c l a s s o f f a c t s i n d e e d,g e n e r a l l yc o m p l e x,a nd i f a l o g i c a l c o n ne c t i o n s u b s i s t sb e t w e e n t h e i rc o n s t i t u e n t s, h a v e a l l t h e p o s i t i v e a t t r i b u t e s o f t h e o r i e s.N e v e r t h e l e s s,t h i s d i s t i n c t i o n,h o w e v e ri n a d e q u a t e i t m a y b e t o e x p l a i n t h e s o u r c e o f t r u e m e t h o d i n s c i e n c e,i s w e l l f o u n d e d,a n d c o n n o t e s a n i m p o r t a n t c h a r a c t e r i n t r u e m e t h o d.A f a c t i s a p r o p o s i t i o n o f s i m p l e. A t h e o r y, o n t h e o t h e r h a n d, i f t r u e h a s a l l t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a f a c t,e x c e p t t h a t i t s v e r if i c a t i o n i s p o s s i b l e o n l y b y i n d i r e c t, r e m o t e, a n d d i f f i c u l t m e a n s. T o c o n v e r t t h e o r i e s i n t o f a c t s i s t o a d d s i m p l e v e r i f i c a t i o n, a n d t h e t h e o r y t h u s a c q u i r e s t h e f u l lc h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a f a c t.O n t h e 36t h d a y a f t e r t h e y h a d v o t e d, A m e r i c a n s f i n a l l y l e a r n e d W e d n e s d a y w h o w o u l d b e t h e i r n e x t p r e s i d e n t:G o v e r n o r G e o r g e W.B u s h o f T e x a s.V i c e P r e s i d e n t A l G o r e,h i s l a s t r e a l i s t i ca v e n u e f o r l e g a l c h a l l e n g e c l o s e db y a U. S. S u p r e m e C o u r t d ec i s i o n l a t e T u e sd a y,p l a n ne d t o e n d t h ec o n t e s t f o r m a l l y i n a t e l e v i s ede v e n i n g s p e e c h of p e r h a p s10m i n u t e s,a d v i s e r s s a i d.T h e y s a i d t h a t S e n a t o r J o s e p h L i e b e r m a n,h i sv i c e p r e s i d e n t i a l r u n n i n g m a t e,w o u l d f i r s t m a k eb r i e fc o m m e n t s.T h e m e n w o u ld s pe a kf r o m ac e r e m o n i a l c h a m b e r o f t h e O ld E xe c u t i v e of f i c eB u i l d i n g,t o t h e w e s t o f t h e W h i t e H o u s e.T h e d o z e n s o f p o l i t i c a l w o r k e r s a n d l a w y e r s w h o h a d h e l p e d l e a d M r. G o r e’s u n p r e c e d e n t e d f i g h t t o c l a w a c o m e-f r o m-b e h i n d e l e c t o r a l v i c t o r y i n t h e p i v o t a l s t a t e o f F l o r i d a w e r e t h a n k e d W e d n e s d a y a n d a s k e d t o s t a n d d o w n.“T h e v i c e p r e s i d e n t h a s d i r e c t e d t h e r e c o u n t c o m m i t t e e t o s u s p e n d a c t i v i t i e s,” W i l l i a m D a l e y, t h e G o r e c a m p a i g n c h a i r m a n,s a i d i n a w r i t t e ns t a t e m e n t.M r. G o r e a u t h o r i z e d t h a t s t a t e m e n t a f t e r m e e t i n g w i t h h i s w i f e,T i p p e r,a n d w i t h t o p a d v i s e r si n c l u d i n g M r.D a l e y.H e w a s e x p e c t e d t o t e l e p h o n e M r. B u s h d u r i n g t h e d a y. T h e B u s h c a m p a i g n k e p t a l o w p r o f i l e a n d m o v e d g i n g e r l y,a s i f t o l e a v e s p a c e f o r M r.G o r e t oc o n t e m p l a t e h i s n e x t s t e p s.Y e t,a t t h e e n d o f a t r y i n g a n d t u m u l t u o u sp r o c e s s t h a t h a d f o c u s e d w o r l d a t t e n t i o n o ns l e e p l e s s v o t e c o u n t e r s a c r o s s F l o r i d a,a n d o nc o u r t r o o m s f o r m M i a m i t o T a l l a h a s s e e t o A t l a n t a t o W a s h i n g t o n t h e T e x a s g o v e r n o r w a s s e t t o b e c o m e t h e 43d U.S.p re s i d e n t.T h e n e w s o f M r. G o r e’s p l a n s f o l l o w e d t h e l o n g e s t a n d m o s t r a n c o r o u s d i s p u t e o v e r a U.S.p r e s i d e n t i a l e l e c t i o n i n m o r e t h a n a c e n t u r y, o n e c e r t a i n t o l e a v e s c a r s i n a b a d l y d i v i d e d c o u n t r y.I t w a s a b i t t e r e n d i n g f o r M r.G o r e,w h o h a d o u t p o l l e d M r. B u s h n a t i o n w i d e b y s o m e 300000 v o t e s, b u t, w i t h o u t F l o r i d a, f e l l s h o r t i n t h e E l e c t o r a l C o l l e g e b y 271v o t e s t o 267-t h e n a r r o w e s t E l e c t o r a l C o l l e g e v i c t o r y s i n c e t h e t u r b u l e n t e l e c t i o n o f 1876.M r. G o r e w a s s a i d t o b e d i s t r e s s e d b y w h a t h e a n d m a n y D e m o c r a t i c a c t i v i s t s f e l t w a s a p a r t i s a nd e c i s i o n f r o m t h e n a t i o n’s h i g h e s t c o u r t.T h e 5-t o -4 d e c i s i o n o f t h e S u p r e m e C o u r t h e l d, i n e s s e n c e,t h a t w h i l e a v o t e r e c o u n t i n F l o r i d ac o u ld be c o n d u c t e d i n l e g a l a n d c o n s t i t u t i o n a lf a s h i o n, a s M r. G o r e h a d s o ugh t, t hi s c o u l d n o t b e d o n e b y t h e D e c. 12 d e a d l i n e f o r s t a t e s t o s e l e c t t h e i r p r e s i d e n t i a l e l e c t o r s.J a m e s B a k e r3r d,t h e f o r m e r s e c r e t a r y o f s t a t e w h o r e p r e s e n t e d M r.B u s h i n t h e F l o r i d a d i s p u t e, i s s u e d a s h o r t s t a t e m e n t a f t e r t h e U. S. h i g h c o u r t r u l i n g, s a y i n g t h a t t h e g o v e r n o r w a s“v e r y p l e a s e d a n d g r a t i f i e d.”M r. B u s h w a s p l a n n i n g a n a t i o n w i d e s p e e c h a i m e d a t t r y i n g t o b e g i n t o h e a l t h e c o u n t r y’s d e e p, a c h i n g a n d v a r i e d d i v i s i o n s. H e t h e n w a s e x p e c t e d t o m e e t w i t h c o n g r e s s i o n a l l e a d e r s,i n c l u d i n gD e m o c r a t s. D i c k C h e n e y, M r. B u s h’s r u i n g m a t e, w a s m e e t i n g w i t h c o n g r e s s m e n W e d n e s d a y i n W a s h i n g t o n. W h e n M r.B u s h,w h o i s54,i s s w o r n i n t o o f f i c e o n J a n.20,h e w i l l b e o n l y t h e s e c o n d s o n o f ap r e s i d e n t t o f o l l o w h i s f a t h e r t o t h e W h i t e H o u s e, a f t e r J o h n A d a m s a n d J o h n Q u i n c y A d a m s i n t h e e a r l y 19t h c e n t u r y.M r.G o r e,i n h i s s p e e c h,w a s e x p e c t e d t o t h a n k h i s s u p p o r t e r s, d e f e n d h i s h i v e-w e e k b a t t l e a s a n e f f o r t t o e n s u r e,a s a m a t t e r o f p r i n c i p l e,t h a t e v e r y v o t e b e c o u n t e d, a n d c a l l f o r t h e n a t i o n t o j o i n b e h i n d t h e n e w p r e s i d e n t. H e w a s d e s c r i b e d b y a n a i d e a s“r e s o l v e d a n d r e s i g n e d.”W h i l e s o m e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l e x p e r t s h a d s a i d t h e y b e l i e v e d s t a t e s c o u l d p r e s e n t e l e c t o r s a s l a t e a s D e c.18,t h e U.S.h i g h c o u r t m a d e c l e a r t h a t i t s a w n o s u c h l e e w a y.T h e U.S.h i g h c o u r t s e n t b a c k“f o r r e v i s i o n”t o t h e F l o r i d a c o u r t i t s o r d e r a l l o w i n g r e c o u n t s b u t m a d e c l e a r t h a t f o r a l l p r a c t i c a l p u r p o s e s t h e e l e c t i o n w a s o v e r.I n i t s u n s i g n e d m a i n o p i n i o n, t h e c o u r t d e c l a r e d,“T h e r e c o u n t p r o c e s s,i n i t s f e a t u r e s h e r ed e s c r i b e d,i s i n c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e m i n i m u mp r o c e d u r e s n e c e s s a r y t o p r o t e c t t h e f u n d a m e n t a lr i g h t o f e a c h v o t e r.”T h e m o s t o b v i o u s p u r p o s e o f a d v e r t i s i n g i s t oi n f o r m t h e c o n s u m e r o f a v a i l a b l e p r o d u c t s o rs e r v i c e s.T h e s e c o n d(31)___i s t o s e l l t h ep r o d u c t.T h e s e c o n d p u r p o s e m i g h t b e m o r e i m p o r t a n t t o t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r s t h a n t h e(32)___.T h em a n u f a c t u r e r s g o b e y o n d o n l y t e l l i n g c o n s u m e r sa b o u t t h e i r p r o d u c t s.T h e y a l s o t r y t o p e r s u a d ec u s t o m e r s t o b u y t h e(33) ___b y c r e a t i n g ade s i r e(34) ___i t.B e c a u s e of a d v e r t i s e m e n t，c o n s u m e r s t h i n kt h a t t h e y w a n t s o m e t h i n g t h a t t h e y d o n o tn e e d.A f t e r b u y i n g s o m e t h i n9，t h e p u r c h a s e r c a n n o t a l w a y s e x p l a i n w h y i t w a s(35)___.E v e n(36)___—t h e p u r c h a s e r p r o b a b l y d o e s n o t k n o w w h y h e o r s h e b o u g h t s o m e t h i n g，t h em a n u f a c t u r e r s(37)___.M a n u f a c t u r e r s h a v ea n a l y z e d t h eb u s i n e s s o f(38)___a n d b u y i n9.T h e yk n o w a l l t h e d i f f e r e n t m o t i v e s t h a t i n f l u e n c e ac o n s u m e r’s p u r c h a s e--s o m e r a t i o n a l a n d(39)___e m o t i o n a l.F u r t h e r m o r e，t h e y t a k e a d v a n t a g e o f t h i s(40)___.W h y(41)___s o m a n y p r o d u c t s d i s p l a y e d a t t h e。