英国文学8.2 讲解Sonnet 18

Sonnet

A poem consisting of 14 lines with rhymes arranged according to one or other of certain definite schemes, of which the Petrarchan and the Elizabethan are the principal, namely: (1) abba abba, followed by two, or three, other rhymes in the remaining six lines; (2) abab cdcd efef gg. The sonnets of Shakespeare are in the latter form. (see P118-119)
但是你的妖艳会永不退萎。 你不会失去你拥有的美丽， 死神也惧把你送阴间吹擂； 这时你将于诗中永存与日。
So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
So long as there are people on this earth, So long will this poem live on, making you immortal.
Sonnet 18
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, ∨— ∨— ∨— ∨— ∨— c And often is his gold complexion dimm’d； ∨— ∨— ∨— ∨— ∨— d And every fair from fair sometime declines, ∨— ∨— ∨— ∨— ∨— c
Hamlet


Old words:
Dost/doest=do (2nd sing), doth/doeth=does Hast=have (2nd sing), hath= has , hadst=had (past) layst, mak’st, canst, whilst
Hamlet


Old words:
By chance, or nature’s changing course,untrimm’d;
∨— ∨— ∨— ∨— ∨—
d
Sonnet 18
But thy eternal summer shall not fade, ∨— ∨— ∨— ∨— ∨— e Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st; ∨— ∨— ∨ ∨∨— ∨— f
∨— ∨— ∨— ∨— ∨—
∨— ∨— ∨— ∨— ∨—
g
g
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Rhetoric in sonnet 18
William
Shakespeare (1564—1616)
“All the world 's a stage, / And all the men and women merely players.”
——William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare(1564—1616)
可你比夏天更加可爱如绣： 狂风摇曳着五月里的花冠， 夏天的租期不肯太长逗留， a summer’s day?
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And Summer’s lease Shall I all too short aa date; day? hath compare you to summer's
诗行的长短以音步数目计算： 英文诗行的长度范围一般是一音步——五音步。六、 七、八音步的诗行也有，但不多。最多的是四音步、 五音步的诗。 （各种长短诗行的专门术语：一音步诗：monometer 二音步诗：dimeter三音步诗：trimeter四音步诗： tetrameter 五音步诗：pentameter 六音步诗： hexameter 七音步诗：heptameter八音步诗： octameter.）

音步： 我们知道凡是有两个以上音节的英文单词，都有重 读音节与轻读音节之分，在一句话中，根据语法、 语调、语意的要求，有些词也要重读，有些要轻读。 如He went to town to buy a book. I’m glad to hear the news. 英文中有重读和轻读之分，重读的音节和 轻读的音节，按一定模式配合起来，反复再现，组 成诗句，听起来起伏跌宕，抑扬顿挫，就形成了诗 歌的节奏。多音节单词有重音和次重音，次重音根 据节奏既可视为重读，也可视为轻读。读下面这两 句诗：
Speakers’ Corner
只要人类呼吸，目放光芒， 诗行也会同长，使你命芳。
Sonnet 18 of Shakespeare
Structure

proposal (1-2) argument (3-12) conclusion(13-14)
Sonnet 18
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? ∨— ∨— ∨— ∨— ∨— a Thou art more lovely and more temperate: ∨— ∨— ∨— ∨— ∨— b Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, — —∨— ∨— ∨— ∨— a And Summer’s lease hath all too short a date; ∨— ∨— ∨— ∨— ∨— b
Nor shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
∨∨— —∨— ∨∨∨ — e When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st; ∨∨∨— ∨— ∨— ∨— f
Sonnet 18
So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,
1.His life 2.His literary career 3.Features of his drama 4.Text Study: Hamlet 5.His Poems 6.Text Study: Sonnet 18

5. His Poems

1) Shakespeare wrote 2 narrative poems and 154 sonnets which were addressed to a handsome young man and a dark lady. 2) His plays are poetical dramas, many important dialogues and soliloquies in the plays assume the form of poetry.
在分析一首诗的格律时，既要考虑此诗的基本音步类型， 也要考虑此诗中诗行的音步数目。看下面的一首短诗： An EMPTY HOUSE Alexander Pope You beat│your pate, │and fan│cy wit │will come: Knock as│you please, │there’s no│body│at home. （你拍拍脑袋，以为灵感马上就来。可任你怎么敲打， 也无人把门打开。pate，脑袋。 fancy，动词：以为，想 象。） 在此诗的基本音步类型是抑扬格，每行五音步。因此称 此诗的格律是“抑扬格五音步”（iambic pentameter）。 一首诗的音步类型和诗行所含的音步数目构成此诗的格 律（meter）。
You are more lovely and more constant: Rough winds shake the beloved buds of May And summer is far too short:
At hot the eye hot, Sometime too times the sun is tooof heaven shines, Or often goes behind the clouds; And often is And everything beautiful sometime will lose its beauty, his gold complexion dimm’d； By misfortune or by nature's planned out course. And every fair from fair sometime declines,
Ere=before still=always oft=often Happily=haply=perhaps even=evening morn=morning
6. Text Study: Sonnet 18 可否把你比作美丽的夏天？
Shall I compare thee to Thou art more lovely and more temperate:

Alone │she cuts │and binds│ the grain, And sings │a me│lancho│ly strain. 这两行诗的重读与轻读的固定搭配模式是：轻——重。 在每行中再现四次，这样就形成了这两行诗的节奏。 某种固定的轻重搭配叫“音步”（foot），相当与乐 谱中的“小节”。一轻一重，就是这两行诗的音步。 一行诗中轻重搭配出现的次数叫音步数，这两行诗的 音步数都是四，所以就称其为四音步诗。
Hamlet


Old words:
Thee, obj., thou, sub., thy=your, thine=yours, or your (before vowel). “You” to strangers and uppo inferior people