希腊罗马神话中的英雄观 英语
The hero in the Greek mythology—Prometheus
课程：古希腊罗马神话姓名：薛娇学院：外国语学院专业：英语年级：2013级班级:（3）班学号：0131111880指导教师：林杨OutlineI. IntroductionII. The stories and qualities of Prometheus 2.1Prometheus creates humans2.2Prometheus steals fireIII. ConclusionThe hero in the Greek mythology—Prometheus I. IntroductionHeroes play a very important role in Greek mythology. To some extent, the stories behind them imply the wishes and humanities among the mankind. Therefore, it’s necessary for us to look forward to the qualities in those heroes and learn something from them.In those old times, there lived two brothers who were not like other men, nor yet like those mighty ones who lived upon the mountaintop .They were the sons of one of those Titans who had fought against Jupiter and been sent in chains to the strong prison-house of the Lower World.The name of the elder of these brothers was Prometheus, or Forethought; for he was always thinking of the future and making things ready for what might happen tomorrow, or next week ,or next year, or it may be in a hundred years to come. The younger was called Epimeththeus, or Afterthought; for he was always so busy thinking of yesterday, or last week, or a hundred years ago and he had no care at all for what might happen after a while.For some reason Jupiter had not sent these brothers to prison with the rest of the Titans. Prometheus did not care to live in the clouds on the mountain top. He was too busy for that. When the other mighty folk were spending their time in laziness, drinking wine and eating deliciousfood, he was focus on the plan for making the world wiser and better than it had ever been before.Prometheus is the one that creates men and women in Greek mythol ogy; he is the one that enlightens human beings, physically and mentally; he is the one that bears all alone in the end. Intelligent or mischievous, P rometheus has become the hero of Greek people and even millions of pe ople all over the world.II The stories and qualities of Prometheus2.1Prometheus creates humansAt that time, the earth covered with flowers and grass, strewn with all kinds of animals, the birds make their nests in trees, singing in the sky. But there were no humans who were going to manage the earth in the future. Prometheus wanted to wake seeds of human life buried in the earth and let them make the earth more vibrant. Therefore he came to a river，grabbed a mess of clay from the river bank, and geld some water on it, then use these muddy according to the image of god out of a person. He loved these little guys, so he delighted to make many of the same clay figurines. Prometheus was good at creating. He absorbed the characteristics of good or evil from a variety of animals. Blended these features together, he put it into the humans’ chest. As a result, humans could move like animals. However, they only had the half life, for lacking of god’s aura. Among the gods, Athena, the goddess of wisdom, is afriend of Prometheus. When she found the creations of Prometheus looked at him helpless, she hurried down from the Olympian mountain and blew the vitality into their mouth. Got the wisdom, they became real people.Like children running around, they were surprised to look at trees,g rass, flowers and animals. However, they couldn’t think. Th ey saw these subjects, but didn’t know how to recognize them; they heard the noise of the running water, wind, and animals, but couldn’t understand all of these. Besides, they didn’t know how to use their own hands and strength. They lived in a dark cave, for they couldn’t make tools and didn’t know to use stone and cut down trees to build houses.They didn’t know how to explain the operation of the stars and the divided four seasons according to the laws of nature for them to use. They didn’t know the cultivation and harvest. They are completely like children, with everything needed to be helped.Prometheus was willing to help them and he took on a teaching role. People learned counting and writing from him. Under his guidance, they observed the operation of the moon and stars, built houses by tools and learned to use cattle to plough the fields. Through the industrious hands, they created a sailboat sailing on the sea. Prometheus specified underground treasure to them, so they found the gold and silver. Leading by Prometheus, they tried to manufacture a variety of drugs and use oiland wine to cure diseases and wounds. At last, Prometheus also taught human the prediction of the future, the interpretation of dreams and divination according to the flying of birds and animals’ internal organs. All in all, Prometheus taught everything which was useful to mankind and could make humans’ satisfaction and happiness. Similarly, mankind rewarded him with their sense of love and loyalty.Marx once said: “Prometheus is the supreme saint and martyr in the philosophy calendar. He has qualities of caring the generality and leading them to find happiness.” Prometheus is a god, but he is biased towards human side. From Prometheus, we can see the humanity sending out the light of universal love rather than the regal divine. In a way, Prometheus was regarded as a man in god’s coat.Here doesn’t mean a representational existence, but an abstract expression. He is the embodiment of dehumanization.2.2Prometheus steals fireZeus soon noticed that Prometheus created human beings. He asked humans to worship them and obey them. In exchange, he would protect them and their property; he would also bless them harvest to gain. In a party of people and god, they discuss the rights and the obligations together. Prometheus also took part in the party as a human defense attorney in case the gods asked for the moon, increasing the burden on human beings. Finally, the two sides reached an agreement on therespective obligations. However, human have to give gods their best things.Prometheus was given the task of determining how sacrifices were to be made to the gods. He cut up a bull and divided it into two portions. One contained the animal’s flesh and skin, but they were concealed beneath t he bull’s stomach, the least appetizing part of the animal. The other cons isted of the bones, wrapped in a rich layer of fat. Prometheus then asked Zeus to choose a portion for himself, leaving the other for humans. Fool ed by the outward appearance of the portions, Zeus chose the one conta ining the bones and fat. Prometheus thus ensured that humans got the b est meat. Angered by this trick, Zeus punished humans by withholding fi re from them.How very poor and wretched they were! Prometheus found mankind living in caves and in holes of the earth, shivering with the cold because there was no fire, dying of starvation, hunted by wild beasts and by one another—the most miserable of all living creatures. Prometheus thought that if human only had fire, they could at least warm themselves and cook their food; without fire, they were worse off than the beasts. Then he went boldly to Jupiter and begged him to give fire to men, that so they might have a little comfort through the long, dreary months of winter. However, Jupiter was afraid that if men had fire they might become strong and wise like gods, and after a while they could drive thegods out of their kingdom, so he refused it. He thought that it was best for human to be poor and ignorant, that so mighty ones may thrive and be happy. But Prometheus had set his heart on helping mankind, and he didn’t give up. He turned away, and left Jupiter and his mighty company forever.As he was walking by the shore of the sea he found a reed, or, as some say, a tall stalk of fennel, growing; and when he had broken it off he saw that its hollow center was filled with a dry, soft pith which would burn slowly and keep on fire a long time. He took the long stalk in his hands, and started with it towards the dwelling of the sun in the far east. He reached the place of the sun in the early morning just as the glowing, golden orb was rising from the earth and beginning his daily journey through the sky. He touched the end of the long reed to the flames, and the dry pith caught on fire and burned slowly. Then he returned and hastened back to his own land, carrying with him the precious spark hidden in the hollow center of the plant. He called some of the shivering men from their caves and built a fire for them, and showed them how to warm themselves by it and how to build other fires from the coals. Soon there was a cheerful blaze in every rude home in the land, and men and women gathered round it and were warm and happy, and thankful to Prometheus for the wonderful gift which he had brought to them from the sun. It wasn’t long for they learned to cook their food an d so as toeat like men instead of like beasts. They began at once to leave off their wild and savage habits; and instead of lurking in the dark places of the world, they came out into the open air and the bright sunlight, and were glad because life had been given to them. After that, Prometheus taught them, little by little, a thousand things. He showed them how to build houses of wood and stone, and how to melt the ore, and how to hammer it into shape and fashion from it the tools and weapons which they needed in peace and war; and when he saw how happy the world was becoming he cried out:“A new Golden Age shall come, brighter and better by far than the old!”When Zeus discovered what Prmetheus had done, he swore revenge. He ordered Hephaestus to create a woman from clay, and he had the win ds breathe life into her. Athena and other goddesses clothed the woman, whose name was Pandora. Zeus sent Pandora as a gift to Prometheus’s brother Epimetheus, who married her despite warnings from Prometheu s not to accept any gift from Zeus. Pandora brought with her a box contai ning evil, disease, poverty, war, and other troubles. When Pandora open ed the box, she released these sorrows into the world, and Zeus thus gai ned his revenge on humankind.To punish Prometheus, Zeus chained the god to a rock on a mountain peak. Every day an eagle tore Prometheus’s body and ate his liver, and ev ery night the liver grew back. Because Prometheus was immortal, he could not die. But he suffered endlessly. Prometheus remained chained and in agony for thousands of years. The other gods begged Zeus to show me rcy, but he refused. Finally, Zeus offered Prometheus freedom if he woul d reveal a secret that only he knew. Prometheus told Zeus that the sea n ymph Thetis would bear a son who would become greater than his father . This was important information. Both Zeus and his brother Poseidon de sired Thetis, but they arranged for her to marry a mortal so that her son would not pose a challenge to their power.Zeus sent Hercules to shoot the eagle that tormented Prometheus and to break the chains that bound him. After his years of suffering, Prometh eus was free. To reward Hercules for his help, Prometheus advised him h ow to obtain the golden Apples of Hesperides, one of the 12 labors the f amous hero had to accomplish.Compared to other bigwigs, Prometheus is characterized for his spirit —courage.If there were some one to ask him weather it is worthy for stranger and t iny people to do such things, and if another chance in front of him, what will be his choice? No one could give the answer immediately. But I belie ve he will choose to answer that “it is worthy and he will do the same ch oice again.”Prometheus’s body was chained, but his soul and spirit of struggling are detached. His spirit fully demonstrates the self-awareness and the impulse of life. Prometheus' sacrifice was voluntary. What heshowed is not surrendering but struggling, in this way, he let people see the value of great strength and dedication.III .ConclusionWe can see that in different periods of history, or in a certain time, people knew they always needed a fearless and creative man to fight for those normal people, to make them feel that there were still hopes in the near future, just like Prometheus, People cooked up such stories and heroes and let them hand down to generations, which I believed to a certain extent showed the ancestors’ in western countries endless endeavor to chase after wonderful life and freedom. I think I can make it believable that the story of Prometheus is an antitype of way people want the heroes to save the world. Prometheus is the earliest hero that western countries people cry for.References1.James Baldwin, Unveiling Greek Mythology2.Gustav Schwab, Gods and heroes3.Li Nan, Myths of Greece and Rome。
希腊神话与西方文化源头第十二讲英雄传说
希腊罗马神话与西方文化源头第十二讲:英雄传说之俄耳普斯与欧律狄克Orpheus & Eurydice俄耳普斯与欧律狄克Orpheus & Eurydice 爱是生命的火焰, 没有它, 一切变成黑夜。
――法罗曼??罗兰爱别人, 也被别人爱, 这就是一切, 这就是宇宙的法则。
为了爱, 我们才存在。
有爱慰籍的人, 无惧于任何事物, 任何人。
――法彭沙尔There is only onehappiness----to love and to be loved 俄耳普斯 Orpheus , 大音乐家,音乐之神阿波罗的儿子。
拒另一说，他是色雷斯国王俄尔戈斯的儿子。
他的母亲是九缪斯之一的卡利俄珀。
阿波罗送给俄耳普斯一把里拉琴，众缪斯亲自教授他弹奏。
自然他就成了一名出色的音乐家，当他唱歌或弹奏时，野兽都会安静下来，失去兽性，顽石也会变软，树木也会点头，河水也会停止流淌―就连风儿也会驻足聆听他的歌喉或琴声。
俄耳普斯曾与阿尔戈众英雄一同远征，帮助众英雄抵御了塞壬的诱惑。
塞壬是海岛上的女妖，她们的歌声甜美异常，过往的水手往往经不住诱惑，被迷惑得如醉如痴，失去理性，将船儿驶向塞壬所居住的海岛，结果船只触礁沉没，所有船员葬身鱼腹。
阿尔戈号返航途径塞壬的岛屿时，俄尔普斯弹起里拉琴，美妙的琴声比塞壬的歌声略胜一筹，使之丧失了致命的诱惑力。
俄耳普斯的妻子是可爱而又美丽非凡的女仙欧律狄克，夫妻情爱甚笃，让所有认识他们的人羡慕不已，连众神灵都希望能像他们那样相亲相爱。
但他们命中注定不能白头偕老。
婚后不久，欧律狄克在野外草丛中游戏时不小心踩踏了一条毒蛇，被咬伤后很快死去。
另据一说，养蜂与狩猎之神阿里斯塔俄斯见到欧律狄克，心生爱意而欲非礼，欧律狄克在仓皇奔逃中踏在毒蛇身上。
俄耳普斯闻讯后痛不欲生，最后决心到冥界去索要回妻子。
这种事尚无人胆敢尝试，因为凡人下到冥界是无法返回人间的。
他穿过泰那洛斯一个幽深的洞穴，来到了冥河斯堤克斯河岸，可是如何才能渡过冥河到对岸的哈得斯的冥国呢？这时他身边很快就聚集其一大群鬼魂，这些鬼魂是因为死后未能得到适当的葬礼而不能进入哈得斯的冥国的。
希腊罗马神话对英语语言文学的启示
希腊罗马神话对英语语言文学的启示希腊罗马神话被认为是世界上最为重要的神话之一，不仅对古希腊罗马文化产生了深远的影响，而且对现代英语语言和文学也产生了重大的启示。
希腊罗马神话中充满了各种丰富的故事和传说，这些故事不仅给人们带来乐趣，还蕴含着深刻的思想和智慧，对英语语言文学的发展产生了深远的影响。
希腊罗马神话在英语语言文学中起到了重要的启示作用，这一点体现在英语词汇中。
许多英语词汇和短语都来源于希腊罗马神话中的神、英雄和传说。
我们常用的词汇“narcissism”即来源于希腊神话中的纳西索斯故事，意指自恋。
“titanic”（泰坦）一词也来源于希腊神话中的泰坦神族，用来形容巨大或有力量的事物。
希腊罗马神话不仅在语言上丰富了英语词汇，更为英语语言文学注入了文化的底蕴。
希腊罗马神话对英语文学产生了深远的影响。
众所周知，古希腊罗马神话中有许多传奇的英雄和故事，如奥里昂，奥德修斯，以及特洛伊战争等，这些故事不仅成为了英雄史诗的灵感来源，也为英语文学创作提供了丰富的素材。
《奥德修斯》是荷马史诗《奥德赛》中的主人公，在英语文学中被广泛引用并成为永恒的经典。
英国诗人约翰·米尔顿在其史诗《失乐园》中重新诠释了上帝、撒旦、亚当和夏娃等角色，这些角色的形象均来源于希腊罗马神话。
希腊罗马神话为英语文学提供了丰富的想象空间，激发了无数作家的创造力。
希腊罗马神话对英语文学的启示还体现在其强大的叙事能力上。
希腊罗马神话中的故事情节精彩纷呈，充满了戏剧性和悲剧性，这不仅使得神话故事成为人们口口相传的传说，更为英语文学提供了宝贵的叙事经验。
英语文学中的许多史诗和传奇故事均吸取了希腊罗马神话中的叙事特点，增加了英语文学的辉煌。
希腊罗马神话对英国文学的启示还表现在其对道德和价值观念的影响。
希腊罗马神话中的众神、英雄和人类之间的情感纠葛和人性的弱点，无一不在深刻地反映了人类的道德观念和价值取向。
希腊神话中的宙斯即是众神之王，他的合理与仁慈、正义与宽容等道德观念为英语文学中的众多作品提供了道德标杆。
希腊十二神英文演讲
Apollo 阿波罗
• The sun god，In poetry and art expression in the light, the youth and the God of music ， As a musician, poet and Sagittarius protection of god. His typical image is right hand with the lyre, left hand symbol of the golden ball
• 她是宙斯的姐姐，三处女神之一 ，不 涉政务，是灶神及健康之神，主管家
庭事务。
赫斯提亚
Aphrodite
• Love, beauty and desire of God ，from the sea foam which. Her symbol of love and the beauty of a woman ，In ancient Greece, she has the perfect body and face ， Has been considered to be the supreme symbol of female physical beauty
• 他是火神，亦是诸神的铁匠，阿 波罗驾驶的日车，厄洛斯的金箭、 银箭都是他铸制的。
Hermes 赫耳墨斯
• Than in Perth mountain as an angel of god Zeus and the and interpretation， He walked quickly, energetic, versatile.
宙斯是众神之王，他具有最大权威，能 够使用可怕的雷电惩罚神与人，他知道
希腊罗马神话英文讲义
1 The Beginning of the worldBefore earth and sea and heavens became known the face of nature was one crude, formless mass. Land and sea and air were mingled together. The universe was a uniform darkness, without sun and moon, and the earth was no more than an embryo heap. In the middle of the pervading gloom sat Chaos and his wife, the goddess of Night (Nyx), who reigned but did not rule, for the whole space was lifeless. Centuries later, with the birth of Light and Day, earth and sea and air came into existence. Still later, the union of Gaea (Earth) and Uranus (Heaven) gave birth to the Titans, the Cyclopes and the Centimani, all giants in stature and strength. Afraid that his own gigantic children might usurp his throne, Uranus drove them all back to the earth, and thus roused the resentment of the mother Gaea. At her instigation one of her sons, Kronus (Saturn), attacked and wounded Uranus with a sickle he had taken from his mother, and took over as supreme ruler of the universe. He married his own sister Rhea and entrusted the management of the sun to his brother Hyperion and the moon to his sister Phoebe. He ruled his realm peacefully until an oracle prophesied that he would one day be dethroned by one of his own children. To avert the disaster he took the excessive precaution of swallowing up all his five children one by one immediately after their birth. These were Hestia (Vesta), Demeter (Ceres), Hera (Juno), Poseidon (Neptune) and Hades (Pluto). When Rhea bore the last child, Zeus (Jupiter) by name, Kronus wanted to get rid of him in the same fashion. But the mother wrapped up a piece of stone in the infant’s swathes and handed it over to the unsuspecting father. Thus Zeus was saved, and sent to Mt Ida, where the mountain nymphs did all their power to protect him from any harm. By the time Kronus became aware of the deception it was too late, for young Zeus suddenly appeared before him and easily deposed him. With the help of a nauseous potion, Zeus forced his father to disgorge his five brothers and sisters. But Kronus and his Titans were not reconciled to their defeat. They made war on Zeus and his brothers and sisters. Acting on the advice of his mother Rhea, Zeus released the Cyclopes from under the earth and armed himself of their thunderbolts, for the Cyclopes were thunderbolt-makers. The rebellious Titans were soon reduced to submission and cast down into Tartarus. Zeus became the undisputed ruler on Olympus. He made his sister Hera his queen, and distributed power among his brothers and sisters and his sons and daughters. Among others, Poseidon ruled over the vast expanse of seas and oceans, and Pluto was created lord of the lower world. Thus, for untold centuries, the Olympians reigned supreme in the universe, lording it over man and beast alike, until they were dethroned and superseded by a new, monotheistic faith.2 The Olympian GodsBetween Macedon and Thessaly of northern Greece there stood a lofty mountain range whose cloudy summit rushed into the very heavens. On the culminating point of the range, Mt Olympus, was bathed in bliss and brightness the home of the gods,where Zeus ruled as the father of gods and men. Zeus was not an autocrat by any standards. All the gods submitted to his final word, it was true, but Zeus made them all sit on a committee, a council of twelve members, embracing six gods and six goddesses. First in the Olympian crowd sat Zeus himself, the overlord of gods and men and the wielder of the thunderbolt. Next to him was Hera, his proud and jealous queen. Poseidon, as has been told earlier, was ruler of the sea, and Hades, king of the lower world, had no seat in the council chamber. Apollo was the god of the sun, music, poetry and prophecy, while his twin sister Artemis (Diana) was the goddess of the moon and the chase. Athena (Minerva), the goddess of wisdom and patroness of domestic arts, personified pure intellect; Hestia, the goddess of the hearth, represented home life and family happiness. The blustering Ares (Mars) was the god of war, and the charming Aphrodite (Venus) the goddess of love and beauty. The lame god of fire, Hephaestus (Vulcan), was the forger of the thunder-bolts of Zeus and the fashioner of arms and all sorts of metal work for the gods and heroes. The wing-footed messenger Hermes (Mercury) was the god of invention and commerce and patron of thieves. And the goddess of grains and harvests, Demeter, supervised agriculture and stood for mother of civilization.All the major gods mentioned above assumed human forms of peerless beauty and grace. Often moved by human feelings and desires, they frequently gave way to fits of anger and jealousy and became involved in the ceaseless brawls of the world of man. Among themselves at Olympus they intrigued and scrambled for supremacy; down in the world of mortals they experienced rivalries and frustrations, and enjoyed earthly friendships and loves. A crowed of immortal celestials who looked and behaved in a perfectly human fashion-- that is what the pantheon at Olympus actually was.3 PrometheusPrometheus (forethought) was a Titan. In the war between Zeus and the giants he had stood on the side of the new Olympian gods. Out of clay he fashioned the first man, to whom. Athena gave soul and holy breath. Prometheus bestowed on his creation the gift of fire, which raised man above all animals. Later, at a joint meeting of gods and men held to decide what part of burnt offerings should be allotted to the gods and what to men, Prometheus cut up an ox and divided it into two portions: under the skin he placed the flesh, and under the fat he put the bones, for he new the greedy Zeus loved fat, Zeus saw through the trick and felt displeased at the Titan’s favor towards men. So in a masterful fashion he deprived mankind of the gift of fire. However, Prometheus managed to steal fire from heaven and secretly brought it down to men. Flying into a rage at this wanton act of defiance, Zeus had him chained to a rock on Mount Caucasus, where a ravenous vulture ever tore at his liver which ever grew again. His period of ordeal was to be thirty thousand years. Prometheus faced his bitter fate firmly and never quailed before all the fiery majesty of Zeus. The two were at last reconciled by Heracles (Hercules), who, coming over in quest of the golden apples (see p.164), slew the eagle and set the benefactor of mankind free.4 PandoraAfter the theft of fire Zeus became increasingly hostile to men. One day he commanded his son Hephaestus to mold an image of a beautiful maiden out of clay and asked the gods and goddesses to endow her with different kinds of gifts. Among others, Athena clothed her in a gorgeous robe and Hermes gave her the power of telling lies. A charming young lady, she was the first woman that ever lived. Zeus called her Pandora, for she had received from each of the gods and goddesses a gift which was harmful to men.Zeus decided to send her down to men as a present. So Hermes the messenger brought her to Epimetheus (afterthought), brother of Prometheus. The greatness of her beauty enslaved the hearts of all who looked upon her, and Epimetheus joyfully received her into his house. He had quiet forgotten Prometheus’warning never to accept anything from Zeus. The pair lived a happy life for some time. Then misfortune befell the human world.When he was preoccupied with teaching men the art of living, Prometheus had left a big cask in the care of Epimetheus. He had warned his brother not to open the lid. Pandora was a curious woman, and had been feeling bitterly frustrated that her husband had repeatedly forbidden het to take a look at the contents of the cask. One day, when Epimetheus was out, she lifted the lid and out from it came strife and war, plague and all the sickness, theft and violence, grief and sorrow, and all the other evils that the human world was henceforward to experience. Only hope stayed within the mouth of the jar and never flew out. So men always have hope within their bosoms.5 The Four AgesThere had been four ages since the human world first came into existence, the Golden Age, the Silver Age, the Age of Bronze and the Age of Iron.The Golden Age was the best of all. It was an age when Kronus sat on the throne. Bounteous nature satisfied all the wants of men. There were no extremes of cold and heat. And the evils of the human world were still kept in the cask which Epimetheus guarded and Pandora was not yet made to open. Men lived a blissful life, for ever young, always feasting and revelling, and knowing neither toil nor sorrow. When death came it came like a peaceful sleep, and they became good spirits watching over mortal men.The Silver Age was one in which the human race was somewhat inferior in body and mind. The period of helpless infancy lasted a hundred years, and the time of manhood, short and troubled, men spent in ignorance and evil. They no longer worshipped the gods and offered no sacrifices. However, as the race of the Silver Age was not entirely devoid of virtue, they had some honor and lived on as spirits under the earth. During the Age of Bronze men further degenerated. Clad in bronze and armed with weapons of bronze, they lived in houses of bronze. Ruthless and ferocious, theydelighted in war and perished in ceaseless internecine strife. When they died they descended into the darkness of the lower world.The last age, that of Iron, was one of endless care and grief. There was no family love, no sense of filial duty, and no friendship and hospitality. Nor was there any faith, truth and justice. Evil was rampant, might was right, and the flames of war scorched the earth. It was a race of men deserted by gods.6 The FloodTowards the end of the Age of Bronze the human world became very wicked. Men grew greedy, insolent and impious. Neither right nor law respected any longer, and the rule of hospitality was forgotten. Disguised in human form, Zeus visited Arcadia and Thessaly, and was disguised with the deadly sins of men. He decided to clear the earth of them all. Without hesitation he released the rainy south wind and called upon the merciless Poseidon to help. Soon the whole world was submerged in a boundless ocean, and the entire human race perished in the unprecedented flood, all but two humble Thessalians.These were an old childless couple, kind and pious and contented with life. The man was called Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha. Son of Prometheus, Deucalion had been forewarned by his father of the forthcoming flood and had made himself a huge chest. When the roaring deluge came the couple took refuge in it and floated for nine days until it touched land again on Mt Parnassus.The once bustling world presented an unnerving sight. It was now all death and devastation. Feeling lonely and insecure, the old couple prayed to the gods for help. An oracle instructed them to cast the bones of their mother about. The son of the wise Titan, having divined the true meaning of the mysterious command, started throwing stones behind him. A miracle occurred. The stones that the man cast became men; those that the woman threw were turned into women. To Deucalion a son was born later, Hellene by name, who had three sons, Aeolus, Dorus and Xuthus. Aeolus and Dorus became the ancestors respectively of the Aeolians and Dorians. Xuthus had two sons, Ion and Achaeus: the former the progenitor of the Ionians, and the latter of the Achaeans. The land was repeopled, and the Heroic Age had begun.7 Zeus and HeraAfter he had deposed his father, Zeus looked about for a spouse. And one of his sisters, the beautiful and majestic Hera, won his heart. He wooed the lady and was only too readily accepted. At the marriage feast, to which all the residents of Olympus were invited, Hera was declared queen of Heaven and goddess of marriage. They were perfectly happy for a time, but not for long. For Zeus was somewhat lecherous while Hera was intolerably jealous. Despite the fact that Zeus was all-ruling and all powerful, he frequently found it necessary to be on the look-out for his queen. Whenever he slipped down Olympus to seek new love, he saw to it that someclouds were spread to throw his wife off the scent. Hera, for her part, while ultimately submitting to the will of Zeus, kept the father of gods and men under close and constant observation, and was never accommodating enough to reconcile herself with her husband’s new attachments. She had been for ever on the run, trying to keep track of Zeus and devise ways of revenge not always on the all-conquering god, but rather on his hopeless mistresses. Zeus was always able to get away, but the ladies were often left behind to the tender mercies of the queen. Zeus’ zest for life knew no limits, while Hera’s persecution of her rivals and their children were relentless and not at all always justifiable. She viciously transformed comely Callisto into an ungainly bear; she maliciously kept Io wandering in the form of a heifer, giving her no peace; and she spared no effort to molest Heracles until the hero was tormented to a miserable death. Not infrequently did she inflame the rage of Zeus so that the father of gods and men punished her severely. On one occasion Zeus hung her in the clouds, tying two heavy anvils to her dangling feet. But apart from these petty squabbles and miner imperfections of character, they were quite a happy, almighty couple, revered as king and queen of heaven, he, a sky-god, bringer of light, arbiter of right and wrong and giver of reward and punishment, and she, a special guardian of women and a goddess who presided over childbirth.Zeus and Hera had three children, Ares, Hephaestus and Hebe. Ares (Mars) was the hateful god of war and Hephaestus the physically handicapped god of forge. But Hebe was for ever young, rosy and blooming, representing youth and happiness. At the celestial table on Olympus she had served to bear cups of wine to the gods and was ever at the wish of Zeus to pour out nectar. On one solemn occasion, however, the goodness tripped over something and fell, and was thus forced to resign her office. She was endowed with the power of restoring youth and vigor to gods and men. When Heracles had lived out his earthly life span and his soul had come up to Olympus to take his rightful seat there, she married the hero and lived a blissful life .8 IoIo was the daughter of a river-god. She was loved, wooed and won by Zeus. Hera became so jealous that she flew down from Olympus one day to wreak vengeance on her rival. Zeus, however, had foreseen her arrival and changed Io into a beautiful white heifer. Seeing the deceit, Hera requested the heifer as a present and Zeus had to yield to her wish. Then she entrusted the heifer to the care of a hundred-eyed monster, Argus, from whose ever-wakeful eyes no escape was possible. Unable to endure to see her so unhappy, Zeus sent Hermes down to destroy the monster. Disguised as a shepherd, Hermes lulled Argus to sleep with his dulcet songs and tedious stories, then slew him and set Io free. But Hera’s jealous wrath was not to be appeased yet. She sent a gadfly to harry the heifer and drive her from land to land. In her agony the heifer passed over the strait which divides Europe and Asia. Whence the stripe of water got its name Bosporus, the way of the cow. She wandered over the sea, which incidentally derived from her its name the Ionian Sea. Eventually she arrived in Egypt where she was restored to her natural form. She settled downand gave birth to a son. Some of her descendants remained in Egypt and ruled as kings for a long time.9 CallistoIn the charming retinue of Artemis (Diana) there was a beautiful nymph called Callisto. Zeus loved her passionately and often sought her company. Before the year was out she bore him a son, Arcas by name, who later became the eponymous ancestor of the Archadians. Zeus’frequent absences from Mt Olmpus aroused Hera’s suspicions. In time the vengeful queen discovered the truth and devised an effectual scheme of retaliation. One day Callisto suddenly found herself changed into a bear, with monstrous bushy jaws and blood-shot eyes, though she remained human in heart. She instantly left her son and went into hiding in the forest.Years passed. Little Arcas had matured to youthful manhood. He was hunting merrily in the woods one day when a huge gray bear suddenly appeared before him. Both were amazed, he terrified at the sight of the grisly bear, and the bear having recognized her own son in the young hunter. The young man leveled his spear at the slowly approaching bear and was about to pounce upon it when Zeus intervened to stop the folly. For he had not been able to find the whereabouts of his beloved mistress until quite recently and he had been secretly shielding her from all danger and harm. Now he transformed his son into a little bear, and sent both mother and son into the high heavens, where they have remained to this day, known as the constellation of the Great and Little Bear.10 AthenaOn one occasion Zeus suffered a racking headache. When all the gods, including Apollo, the god of medicine, had tried in vain to offer an efficacious remedy, the father of gods and men summoned Hephaestus to split open his head. This the god of fire did, and to the wonder of all the Olympians, a goddess, full-grown and full-armed, issued from the cleavage, radiating light and splendor. She was Athena, goddess of wisdom and knowledge and patroness of Athens.The story of Athena becoming patron goddess of Athens concerns the rivalry between the goddess and Poseidon. When the city of Athens was first built by a Phoenician, both Poseidon and Athena vied for the honor of naming it. It was then agreed that whoever offered the most useful object for men would became the patron of the city. Poseidon struck the ground with his trident and produced a horse, whereas Athena had an olive tree to present, an emblem of peace and plenty. As the horse was deemed as signifying strife and sorrow. Athens was named after the goddess, who forthwith took the city under her protection.Athena was the goddess of arts and crafts and woman’s handiwork. She was so deft with her hands the she tolerated no challenge to her skill in this respect. A Lydian maid, Arachne by name, did not seem to think much of A thena’s dexterity, for she frequently boasted that she could beat the goddess if she had the opportunity to doso. The goddess was quite irritated. Disguised as an old woman, she went to advise Arachne to be modest. But the ignorant craftswoman wantonly dared the goddess herself to come down and compete with her. At this blatant piece of defiance the goddess cast down her disguise and accepted the challenge. The two contestants immediately set about embroidering different designs. While the goddess worked on the story of her rivalry with Poseidon, Arachne began to weave a delicate web. When both pieces were finished, Arachne saw, to her surprise, that she had been beaten, for the goddess’ design was infinitely superior. She felt so chagrined that she tied a piece of silk to hang herself. But just before she breathed her last the goddess changed her into a spider, condemning her to weave for ever.Though often represented as fully armed, helmet and breastplate and all that, she favored patriotic defence. Almost the only goddess who was virgin and free of scandal, Athena seldom exhibited the weaknesses of the gentler sex. She cut a pretty martial figure in the world of myth, and enjoyed worship among the ancients.11 ApolloAmong the crowed of Olympian gods the one most widely worshipped was Apollo, son of Zeus and Leto (Latona). According to Greek mythology, Leto was driven by Hera from land to land until at last Poseidon took pity on her and brought the island of Delos out of water for her to live on. There she gave birth to the twins, Apollo and Artemis.Apollo was the sun-god. Dressed in a purple robe, he sat in his bright eastern palace at dawn and made ready to start his daily journey across the sky. During the day he rode in his chariot of gold and ivory, and brought light, life and love to the vast world below. At dusk he came to the end of his journey in the far western sea and got on his golden boat to return to his eastern abode.Apollo was the god of music and poetry. He was the inspirer of all emotions which find expression in lofty song. With his lyre of gold and the harmonious accents of his god-like voice he led the choir of the muses at Olympus . The dulcet music from his lyre was so inspiring that stones marched into their places in rhythmic time and of their own volition when he help Poseidon build up the walls of Troy . On one occasion, challenged to a contest by the mortal musician Marsyas, he first excelled him and then flayed him to death for his presumption. On another he lost out to Pan at a musical contest and transformed the ears of the judge, King Midas, into those of an ass.His son, Orpheus, inherited such skill from the father that his harp moved man and beast alike .Apollo was the god of prophecy. As revealer he made known the hidden things of Zeus. Men turned to him for advice and guidance in cases of perplexity. Though seldom in direct intercourse with mortals, he granted a special communication of counsel through oracles. His oracle at Delphi was the most renowned because the most stoutly believed of all.Apollo represented youthful, manly beauty. His golden hair, stately bearing andradiant air all combined to make him the admiration of the world. A fair maiden, by the name of Clytie, was so enamoured of his beauty and glory that from dawn to dusk she knelt on the ground, her hands outstretched towards the sun-god, and her eyes gazing at his golden-wheeled carriage racing across the azure sky. Though her love was not requited she had never changed her mind about Apollo. The gods were moved at the pathetic sight, and metamorphosed her into a sunflower.Apollo was also the god of health and healing. His son, Aesculapius, possessed such magic power to call back the dead to life that Zeus felt it advisable to get rid of the mortal physician with his thunderbolt and thus put an end to such interference with his divine authority. Apollo was not happy about this at all. As the Cyclopes had helped make the thunderbolts for Zeus, Apollo would have certainly slain the meddlesome giants had the father of gods and men not intervened himself. Apollo was banished from Olympus to serve a mortal on earth for a year . Because of his more intimate intercourse with the human world he knew more about the bitter life of the mortals, and he was obviously more sympathetic towards them. He slew Python, the monster, which made havoc on a vast area around, and was incidentally known at times by the alias Pythia. “The fire-robed god” thus was a blessing to the world of man.12 DaphneDaphne was a lovely blooming nymph. As she was frolicking in the woods one day she saw Apollo the sun-god gazing at her with more than amazement and admiration in his eye. The beaming face of the sun put her to flight. The eager Apollo followed her closely behind, calling out to her to stop. His passion having been kindled by her beauty and grace, he was afraid that this might be the last time he saw her. The nimble nymph made the best of her legs, but the ardent Apollo pressed hard upon her. Through rough fields and pathless woods she ran, but the sound of his pursuing feet ever grow nearer. As he ran he entreated his beloved to slow down, for he feared that she might tumble over and bruise her sparkling skin on the rugged roads. But the fugitive nymph never cared so much as to throw one glance backwards. At last she was quite breathless and cried to her father, a river-god, for help. No sooner had prayer been uttered than answered, for she had instantly found herself glued to the ground and a layer of soft bark growing over her fair skin. She had been turned into a laurel tree. Sighing, Apollo embraced the tree trunk, which responded by shrinking back. To show his undying love for the nymph, he decided that the laurel would be his favourite tree and should be the prize of honour and renown for deathless poets and poetry. Thus the most accomplished poet always desires to be made a poet laureate.13 NiobeNiobe, the queen of Thebes, had indeed good reason to be proud of herself. On both sides of her family, she was descended from the gods. Her husband was a gifted andaccomplished musician. And she was both wealthy and powerful. But what made her the happiest lady in the world was her fourteen children, seven manly sons and seven beautiful daughters. They were all so strong and fair that the whole world looked upon them with admiration.It happened at the time that every spring the Theban women gathered at the temple of Leto to offer laurels at the altars of the great mother who had given birth to two grand children, Apollo and Artemis. The piety and reverence shown by her women made Niobe jealous and wrathful. When the priestess of Leto called the women again to the shrine of the mistress of Zeus one spring, Niobe decided to put an end to the folly once and for all. In her pretty flowing robe she came to the gathering and reproached the crowd for their fanatical faith in a goddess whom they had never seen. She declared herself nobler and greater, and demanded to be worshipped in place of Leto, who, she said, was no more than a humble mother of two children. The frightened women yielded their allegiance to the queen, and left the shrine in silence. Leto was neglected.Standing on top of a hill overlooking Thebes, Leto saw all this and was bent on her vengeance. She sought out Apollo and Artemis and told them the story. Before long, the impatient avengers arrived outside Thebes in hidden clouds. The seven sons of Niobe were frolicking on the playground, two practising horsemanship and two wrestling while the other princes happily stood by. Apollo held out his bow. One by one the princes fell under his unfailing shafts. Even the youngest, who prayed for mercy, was not spared.Niobe was utterly changed. She was all sorrow and grief, but her insolent spirit was not subdued. She came to the dead bodies of her sons with her daughters and let out a torrent of irreverent language at Leto and her children. This time it was Artemis’turn to draw her bowstring. Almost in a twinkling of an eye all the seven vivacious daughters fell, weltering in their blood, and soon ceased to breathe. Niobe became numb of feeling. She sat amidst the fourteen dead bodies, motionless, her eyes blank, her tears coursing down her cold cheeks. Her excruciating anguish had turned her into a stone! Later, a gust of wind swept her to her homeland in Asia, where she could still be seen sitting on top of a hill, tears of bitterness streaming out of her strong sockets.14 ArtemisJust as Apollo drove his golden chariot across the heavens during the day, worshipped as the sun-god, so Artemis raced across the sky in solemn pomp at night, revered as the moon-goddess. Sitting in an airy chariot drawn by milk-white steeds, “the queen of wide air” shed silver light all over the sleeping world below. Though she remained single all her life the maiden heart of the goddess was at least for once thrilled as she saw the beautiful youth Endymion sleeping. She might have felt tenderness towards Orion, but she had probably regarded him more as a hunting companion. She was chaste and fair and serene. She was the paragon of maiden modesty andgrace. Just as Apollo represents manly beauty, so Artemis stands for feminine chastity and virginity. As their patron goddess she took it upon herself to protect marrying girls and young women in trouble. It was to her altar that those maidens turned for love and happiness.The twin sister of Apollo was also the goddess of hunting and wild life. Dressed in a short hunting-suit coming up to the knee and followed by a team of boisterous lovely nymphs, Artemis had always her bow of pearl and crystal-shining quiver with her and roamed the forest in pursuit of game. When she felt hot and tired she would retire to a spring to bathe. It was here that young Actaeon inadvertently came and suffered cruel treatment at the hands of the goddess. Indeed, the goddess could be thoroughly ruthless and ceased to be lovely the moment the wicked side of her nature got the upper hand in her. The tragedy of Niobe was just a case in point.15 ActaeonWhen she was tired with hunting Artemis used to bathe in a little mountain spring．One hot summer afternoon she was refreshing herself in the cool，quiet brook with her nymphs when she heard a rustle behind the bushes ．She felt quite annoyed to find that a young hunter was peeping admiringly at her naked form．Her nymphs gave a shrill cry and crowded around the goddess．But young Actaeon had seen the huntress．Actaeon loved the chase．He had been scouring the woods every day．On this particular afternoon he felt so tired with running about that he unwittingly came over to the spring in search of water，and thus surprised t Artemis bathing．The irritated goddess was not to be appeased．She splashed water in the hunter's face，and no sooner had the water drops fallen on Actaeon than he was transformed into a stag ．Just at this moment he heard the howling of his pack of fifty hounds coming up to him．He was suddenly seized with fear ，and presently fled．The dogs，all driven mad by the goddess，pursued him closely behind．Running as fast as his legs could carry him，Actaeon was soon out of breath ．Feeling certain that he was doomed，he dropped to the ground and made no further attempt to stir．The dogs closed in on their former master and tore him to pieces．16 OrionOrion was a giant hunter．He was the beautiful son of Poseidon．One day，when hunting in the forest，he caught sight of Artemis' nymphs，the seven Pleiades．He was so fascinated with their beauty that he started chasing them．In despair the charming maidens prayed to Artemis for help and were sent up by the goddess to the heavens as a constellation. Later he fell in love with another maiden，Merope by name，but impetuous and impatient，he ravished the maiden and enraged her father，King Oenopion of Chios．The king made him drunk and put out his eyes ．Following the sound of the Cyclopes' hammer，he went to Hephaestus，who sent a guide to travel。
希腊神话人物英语作文高中
希腊神话人物英语作文高中Greek Mythological Figures。
Greek mythology is a vast and fascinating subject that has captured the imaginations of people for centuries. The stories of the gods, heroes, and monsters of ancient Greece have been passed down through the ages and continue to be a source of inspiration for writers, artists, and filmmakers today. In this essay, we will explore some of the most famous figures from Greek mythology.Zeus, the king of the gods, is perhaps the most well-known figure from Greek mythology. He was the son of Cronus and Rhea and overthrew his father to become the ruler of the gods. Zeus was known for his lightning bolt, which he wielded as a weapon and symbol of his power. He was also notorious for his numerous affairs, which often resulted in the birth of demigods like Hercules and Perseus.Hera, Zeus's wife and queen of the gods, was known forher jealousy and vengefulness. She was often depicted as a peacock and was the protector of marriage and childbirth. Hera was also the mother of Ares, the god of war, and Hephaestus, the god of fire and blacksmithing.Poseidon, the god of the sea, was one of Zeus's brothers. He was known for his trident, which he used to control the waves and create storms. Poseidon was also the patron of horses and was often depicted riding a chariot pulled by sea horses.Hades, another of Zeus's brothers, was the god of the underworld. He was often portrayed as a dark and sinister figure, ruling over the dead and the souls of the damned. Hades was married to Persephone, the goddess of spring and vegetation, who he abducted and brought to the underworld to be his queen.Athena, the goddess of wisdom and warfare, was born fully grown and armored from the head of Zeus. She was known for her intelligence, strategic thinking, and skill in battle. Athena was also the patron of craftspeople andwas often depicted with a shield and spear.Apollo, the god of music, poetry, and prophecy, was the son of Zeus and Leto. He was known for his beautiful singing voice and his ability to play the lyre. Apollo was also the god of healing and was often associated with the sun.Artemis, Apollo's twin sister, was the goddess of the hunt and the moon. She was known for her skill with a bow and arrow and was often depicted with a pack of hunting dogs. Artemis was also the protector of young women and was associated with childbirth.These are just a few of the many fascinating figures from Greek mythology. Their stories have inspired countless works of art and literature and continue to captivate audiences today. Whether you are interested in the gods, heroes, or monsters of ancient Greece, there is always something new to discover in the rich and complex world of Greek mythology.。
希腊英雄Achilles英文介绍
A chille s
in the Trojan War
A c h ille s ’ re v e n g e
►
Achilles killed Hector , a warrior of Trojan, and then dishonored the body by dragging it around and tied back to a chariot in front of the walls of Troy for 9 days. Why? Because Hector killed his best friend Patroclus !
A word and a phrase
• Achilles:阿基里斯（小行星588号） • Achilles’ feet:唯一致命的弱点
Thank you for listening!------李东
Hero---Achilles
1.Birth of Achilles 2.Character of Achilles 3.Achilles in the Trojan War 4.Warship of Achilles 5.Achilles in later art
阿喀琉斯
Birth of Achilles
Mother：Thetis 忒提斯 Father： Peleus 佩琉
斯
Mother tried to make him immortal， so＾＿＾→→→→→ Dip him in magical river Styx 冥河
Achilles and Chrion
Raised by a mortalChrion 人马喀戎 Battleskills,singing,art, especially how to teach people
古希腊,古罗马神话演化来的英语单词和词组
古希腊,古罗马神话演化来的英语单词和词组1.水仙花Narcissus纳西索斯(Narcissus)是希腊最俊美的男子,无数的少女对他一见倾心,可他却自负地拒绝了所有的人。
这当中包括美丽的山中仙女伊可(Echo)。
伊可十分伤心,很快地消瘦下去。
最后,她的身体终于完全消失,只剩下忧郁的声音在山谷中回荡。
此后,希腊人便用伊可的名字(Echo)来表示“回声”。
众神愤怒了,决定让纳西索斯去承受痛苦:爱上别人,却不能以被爱作为回报。
有一天纳西索斯在水中发现了自己的影子,然而却不知那就是他本人,爱慕不己、难以自拔,终于有一天他赴水求欢溺水死亡。
众神出于同情,将他死后化为水仙花。
2.皮格马利翁Pygmalion1.Thanks to her agent,a veritable Pygmalion,she was transfomed from an ugly duckling into a Hollywood beauty.皮格马利翁(Pygmalion)是塞浦路斯国(Cyprus)国王,也是一位雕刻家。
他爱上了自己所雕塑的少女像(Galatea),爱与美的女神阿佛洛狄特(Aphrodite)见其感情真挚,赋予雕像以生命,使两人结为夫妻。
Pygmalion现在喻指“对他人或物抱有积极主动、热切期盼态度的人”。
例句中Pygmalion正是取了该意。
1968年罗森塔尔(R.Rosenthal)与雅各布森(K.Jacobson)发表了一份名为《教室中的皮格马利翁》(Pygmalion in the Classroom)的研究报告。
这项研究的目的在于纠正教师的偏见。
实验开始时,研究者对l~6年级的学生实施智力测验。
然后他们在每个班级挑选出一些儿童,挑选标准不是根据智力测验的成绩,而是把出身贫穷家庭的学生挑选出来,因为研究者知道他们平常在班上遭受教师的歧视。
研究者把挑选出来的学生名单交给教师,告诉他们这些是特殊儿童,智商高,而且还有提高的可能性。
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外国语学院
Sy1301
20130375
张姚海岛
The above two types of heroes have something in common, but because of the different nationalities,social environment, thinking and imagination,they can not be completely consistent with each other.These differences are embodied in the following parts:
1. Different characters
(1)When comes to character,Chinese heroes are absolutely otherworldly.They are the symbol of not only supreme power,but also virtue and omnipotent.The atmosphere of Chinese mythology is heavy and solemn,which filled with awareness of potential dangers and the spirit of rational reflection.
(2)Greek hero has the character of human beings.Just like people,they have emotions,passions and desires.They have enjoyment,
vanity, jealousy and more stronger vindictiveness than us.Heroes have a supernatural spirit of adventure and conquest. They are free, independent. Think they are I won't change any day, They believe that rather than remaining anonymous all their lives,gaining temporary and great happiness in the glorious victory is much more significant. For example,the great hero -- Hercules. These heroes are not the pink of perfection,but in Greek mythology,they are brave,honorable and worth praised.
2.Different motives
In General, people's behavior is somewhat motivated, and mythology is a product of people. Thus,heroes in myths having some motives like human beings is well-reasoned and easily accepted.
(1)The Chinese myth heroes fight through hardships in order to improve the human living environment and their quality of life. They don't have any selfish ideas and personal considerations which makes their motives noble.Nüwa,for example,use all her energy to save human beings from disaster.
(2)such a model of selfless dedication is rarely seen in ancient Greek mythology(except Prometheus).In their mind,the interests of the individual lie before the interests of the collective .They highlight the individual pursuit of life value,or love,throne, property, as well as
revenge.
The mythical heroes’behavior reflects a core difference between the two major ancient myths in spirit and attitudes towards life,namely,the ancient Chinese advocate altruism, the ancient Greeks address the pursuit of self-interest.
3.Behave different
In ancient Chinese mythology,it is diligence that echo resounded through history,but the heroes of Greek mythology is not the same, they rely more on adventurous,rap and rend,and conquest.The famous Greek hero Odysseus came up with the "Trojan horse" trick and gained the final victory of the Trojan War.
4.Different outcomes
(1) Mythical hero in China eventually became a kind of virtues and ideals incarnation because of their actions and selfless dedication.Nuwa completed Sky Reclamation,therefore,she is regarded as a loving mother of mankind and receives admiration and affection of generations.
(2) Although the vast majority of the mythical heroes in ancient Greek once succeeded, their outcomes were unfortunately tragic.Despite his mother's warnings,Achilles persist in returning to the battlefield after
Hector got killed, but he was also killed by Hector's brother Paris with an arrow shot into his heel(heel is his weak point).
In all,Greek mythology heroes affected the entire world, anyone who can be called a hero in the Western world, must have the spirit of adventure and extreme pursuit of personal values,as well as varying degrees of unscrupulous.In China,they are sure to be blame and couldn’t be eulogized as positive images,but no matter from the point of motivation or life value, the behavior of these characters is closer to the essence of human nature.We can say that it’s the ancient Greeks created heroes from people's feelings in real world,rather than god created them.Heroes are the concentrated reflection of humanity.
2014-4-29。