细胞分子生物学9(英文)
医学细胞生物学英文词汇翻译
医学细胞生物学专业英语词汇acrocentric chromosome 近端着丝粒染色体actin 肌动蛋白actin filament 肌动蛋白丝actinomycin D 放线菌素D activator 活化物active transport 主动运输adenine 腺嘌呤adenosine monophosphate, AMP 腺苷一磷酸, 腺苷酸adenyl cyclase, AC 腺苷酸环化酶adhesion plaque 黏着斑agranular endoplasmic reticulum 无颗粒内质网Alzheimer disease 阿尔茨海默病amino acid 氨基酸aminoacyl site, A site 氨基酰位，A位amitosis; direct division 无丝分裂；直接分裂amphipathic molecule 双型性分子anaphase 后期anchoring junction 锚定连接annular granule 孔环颗粒anticoding strand 反编码链antigen 抗原antiparallel 逆平行性apoptic body 凋亡小体apoptosis 凋亡assembly 组装aster 星体asymmetry 不对称性autolysis 自溶作用autophagolysosome 自噬性溶酶体autophagy 自噬作用autoradiography 放射自显影技术autosome 常染色体B lymphocyte B淋巴细胞bacteria 细菌base substitution 碱基替换belt desmosome 带状桥粒bioblast 生命小体biological macromolecule 生物大分子biomembrane 生物膜biotechnology 生物技术bivalent 二价体breakage 断裂cadherin 钙粘连素calmodulin, CaM 钙调蛋白cAMP 环一磷酸腺苷cAMP-dependent protein kinase 环一磷酸腺苷依赖型蛋白激酶capping 戴帽carrier protein 载体蛋白cat cry syndrome 猫叫综合症cell division cycle gene CDC基因cell 细胞cell and molecular biology 细胞分子生物学cell biology 细胞生物学cell coat; glycocalyx 细胞衣；糖萼cell culture 细胞培养cell cycle 细胞周期cell cycle-regulating protein 细胞周期调节蛋白cell cycle time 细胞周期时间cell determination 细胞决定cell differentiation 细胞分化cell division cycle, CDC 细胞分裂周期cell division cycle gene, CDC gene 细胞分裂周期基因cell engineering 细胞工程cell fractionation 细胞分级分离cell fusion 细胞融合cell junction 细胞连接cell line 细胞系cell membrane; plasma membrane 细胞膜；质膜cell plate 细胞板cell proliferation 细胞增殖cell recognition 细胞识别cell surface antigen 细胞表面抗原cell theory 细胞学说cell strain 细胞株cell aging 细胞衰老cell synchronization 细胞同步化cellular oxidation 细胞氧化cellular respiration 细胞呼吸central granule 中央颗粒centromere 着丝粒chalone 抑素channel protein 通道蛋白chemiosmotic hypothesis 化学渗透假说chiasmata 交叉cholesterol 胆固醇chromatid 染色单体chromatin 染色质chromomere 染色粒chromosome 染色体chromosome arm 染色体臂chromosome banding 染色体带chromosome disease 染色体病chromosome engineering 染色体工程chromosome scaffold 染色体支架chromosome syndrome 染色体综合症cis Golgi network cisterna（pl. cisternae）顺面高尔基网状结构扁平囊clathrin 笼蛋白clone 克隆coated pit 有被小窝coated vesicle 包被小泡coding strand 编码链codon 密码子codon degeneracy 密码子兼并性coenzyme 辅酶collagenfibronectin, FN 纤连蛋白communication junction 通讯连接complementation 互补性condensation stage 凝集期confocal laser scanning microscope 共焦激光扫描显微镜connexin 连接子constitutive heterochromatin 结构异染色质continuous microtubules 极微管converting enzyme 转变酶crista（pl. cristae）嵴cyanine 胞嘧啶cyclin 细胞周期素cydoeximide 放线菌酮cytidine monophosphate, CMP 胞苷一磷酸，胞苷酸cytokinesis 细胞质分裂cytology 细胞学cytoplasm 细胞质cytoplasm engineering 细胞质工程cytoplasm substitution 细胞质代换cytoplasmic plaque 胞质斑cytoskeleton 细胞骨架dark field microscope 暗视野显微镜dedifferentiation 去分化degeneracy 兼并deletion 缺失density gradient centrifugation 密度梯度离心deoxyadenosine monophosphate, dAMP 脱氧腺苷酸deoxycytidine monophosphate, dCMP 脱氧胞苷酸deoxyguanosine monophosphate, dGMP 脱氧鸟苷酸deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA 脱氧核糖核酸deoxythymidine monophosphate, dTMP 脱氧胸苷酸desmosome 桥粒diakinesis 终变期differential centrifugation 差速离心differential expression 差异性表达differentiation induction 分化诱导differentiation inhibition 分化抑制diplococcus pneumonia 肺炎双球菌diplotene 双线期disassembly 去组装DNA probe DNA探针DNA synthesis phase DNA合成期dosage compensation 剂量补偿doublet 二联管duplication 重复effector 效应器electric coupling 电偶联electron microscope 电子显微镜elementary particle 基粒eletronfusion 电融合elongation factor, EF 延长因子embryonic induction 胚胎诱导作用endocytosis 内吞作用endolysosome 内体性溶酶体endomembrane system 内膜系统endoplasmic reticulum, ER 内质网enhancer 增强子enzyme 酶equatorial plane 赤道面eucaryotes 真核生物euchromatin 常染色质eukaryotic cell 真核细胞exocytosis 胞吐作用exon 外显子extracellular matrix, ECM 细胞外基质extrinsic; peripheral protein 外在蛋白；外周蛋白F body 荧光小体facilitated diffusion 易化扩散facultative heterochromatin 兼性异染色质fibrillar component 原纤维成分fibronectin, FN 纤粘连蛋白fibrous actin, F-actin 纤维状肌动蛋白flanking sequence 侧翼顺序fluid mosaic model 液态镶嵌模型fluorescence microscope 荧光显微镜fluorescence recovery after荧光漂白恢复photobleaching, FRAPfork-initiation protein 叉起始蛋白frameshift mutation 移码突变free cell 游离细胞free diffusion 自由扩散free energy 自由能galactocerebroside 半乳糖脑苷脂ganglioside 神经节苷脂gap junction 间隙连接gene 基因gene cluster 基因簇gene engineering 基因工程gene expression 基因表达gene family 基因家族gene mutation 基因突变genetic code 遗传密码genetic message 遗传信息genome 基因组genome engineering 染色体工程genomic DNA library 基因组DNA文库glycogen storage disease typeⅡⅡ型糖原蓄积病glycolipid 糖脂glycoprotein 糖蛋白glycosaminoglycan, GAG 氨基聚糖glycosylation 糖基化Golgi apparatus 高尔基器Golgi body 高尔基体Golgi complex 高尔基复合体granular component 颗粒成分granular drop 脱粒granular endoplasmic reticulum 颗粒内质网growth factor 生长因子GT-AG rule GT-AG法则guanine 鸟嘌呤guanosine monophosphate, GMP 鸟苷一磷酸，鸟苷酸hemidesmosome 半桥粒hereditary factor 遗传因子heterochromatin 异染色质heterogeneous nuclear RNA, hnRNA 不均一核RNA heterokaryon 异核体heterophagolysosome 异噬性溶酶体heterophagy 异噬作用heteropyknosis 异固缩highly repetitive sequence 高度重复序列histone 组蛋白holoenzyme 全酶homokaryon 同核体housekeeping gene 管家基因housekeeping protein 管家蛋白human leukocyte antigen, HLA 人白细胞抗原hyaluronic acid, HA 透明质酸hybrid cell 杂交细胞hyperdiploid 超二倍体hypodiploid 亚二倍体immunofluorescence microscopy 免疫荧光显微镜技术immunoglobulin 免疫球蛋白in vitro 离体的in vivo 体内的inactive X hypothesis 失活X假说inborn errors of metabolism 先天性代谢缺陷病inducer 诱导物induction 诱导inhibitor of mitotic factor, IMF 有丝分裂因子抑制物initiation factor, IF 起始因子inner membrane 内膜inner nuclear membrane 内层核膜insertion sequence, IS 插入顺序Integral protein 整合蛋白integrin 整连蛋白inter membrane space; outer chamber 膜间腔；外室intercellular communication 细胞间通讯intercristal space; inner chamber 嵴间腔；内室intermediate filament 中间纤维internal membrane 内膜internal reticular apparatus 内网器interphase 间期interstitial deletion 中间缺失interzonal microtubules 区间微管intracristal space 嵴内腔intra-nucleolar chromatin 核仁内染色质intrinsic; integral protein 内在蛋白；整合蛋白intron 内含子inversion 倒位inverted repetitive sequence 倒位重复顺序ionic channel 离子通道ionic coupling 离子偶联jumping gene 跳跃基因karyotype 核型kinetochore 着丝点kinetochore microtubules 动粒微管Klinefelter’s syndrome先天性睾丸发育不全症lagging strand 后随链laminin, LN 层粘连蛋白lateral diffusion 侧向扩散leading strand 前导链leptotene 细线期ligand; chemical signal 配体；化学信号light microscope 光学显微镜linear polymer 线性多聚体linker 连接线liposome 脂质体liquid crystal 液晶low density lipoprotein, LDL 低密度脂蛋白luxury gene 奢侈基因luxury protein 奢侈蛋白lymphokine 淋巴激活素lymphotoxin 淋巴毒素lysosome 溶酶体major histocompatibility complex, MHC 组织相容性复合体malignancy 恶性matrical granule 基质颗粒matrix 基质matrix fibronectin, mFN 基质纤连蛋白maturation-prompting factor, MPF 成熟促进因子medial Golgi stack 高尔基中间囊膜meiosis 减数分裂membrane antigen 膜抗原membrane carbohydrate 膜碳水化合物membrane flow 膜流membrane lipid 膜脂membrane protein 膜蛋白membrane receptor 膜受体membranous structure 膜相结构messenger RNA 信使核糖核酸mesosome 中间体metabolic coupling 代谢偶联metacentric chromosome 中央着丝粒染色体metaphase 中期micelle 微团microfilament 微丝microscopy 显微镜技术microsome 微粒体microtrabecular lattice 微梁网格microtubule 微管microtubule associated protein, MAP 微管结合蛋白microtubule organizing centers, MTOC 微管组织中心microvillus 微绒毛middle repetitive sequence 中度重复序列miniband 微带missense mutation 错义突变mitochondria 线粒体mitosis 有丝分裂mitosis phase 有丝分裂期mitotic apparatus 有丝分裂器mitotic factor, MF 有丝分裂因子mobility 流动性model for controlling gene expression 基因表达调控模型molecular biology 分子生物学molecular disease 分子病monopotent cell 单能细胞monosomy 单体性multiple coiling model 多级螺旋模型multipotent cell 多能细胞myasthenia gravis 重症肌无力症mycoplasma 支原体myofibrils 肌原纤维necrosis 坏死neuropeptide 神经肽non-continuation 不连续性non-histone 非组蛋白non-membranous structure 非膜相结构nonsense mutation 无义突变nuclear envelope 核被膜nuclear lamina 核纤层nuclear matrix 核基质nuclear pore 核孔nuclear pore complex 核孔复合体nuclear sap 核液nuclear sex 核性别nuclear skeleton 核骨架nucleic acid 核酸nucleic acid hybridization 核酸分子杂交nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio 核质比nucleoid 类核体nucleoids 拟核nucleolar associated chromatin 核仁相随染色质nucleolar organizing region 核仁组织区nucleolus 核仁nucleosome 核小体nucleotide 核苷酸nucleosome core 核小体核心nucleus 细胞核nucleus transplantation 核移植法nucleus-cytoplasm hybrid 核质杂种Okazaki fragment 岗崎片段oligomer fibronectin,oFN 寡聚纤连蛋白oncogene 癌基因operator gene 操纵基因operon 操纵子operon theory 操纵子学说organelle 细胞器origin 起点outer membrane 外膜outer nuclear membrane 外层核膜overlapping gene 重叠基因oxidative phosphorylation 氧化磷酸化pachytene 粗线期pairing stage 配对期partial monosome 部分单体partial trisomy 部分三体passive transport 被动运输patching 成斑现象peptide bond 肽键peptidyl site, P site 肽基位；P位perinuclear space 核间隙perinucleolar chromatin 核仁周围染色质peripheral granule 周边颗粒peripheral protein 外周蛋白permeability 通透性peroxisome; microbody 过氧化物酶体；微体phagocytosis 吞噬作用phagolysosome 吞噬性溶酶体phagosome 自噬体phase contrast microscope 相差显微镜phenylalanine hydroxylase, PAH 苯丙氨酸羟化酶phenylketonuria, PKU 苯丙酮尿症phosphatidylinositol, PL 磷脂酰肌醇phosphodiester bond 磷酸二酯键phosphodiesterase, PDE 磷酸二酯酶phosphoglyceride 磷酸甘油酯phospholipase C,PLC 磷脂酶C phospholipid 磷脂pinocytosis 胞饮作用pinocytotic vesicle 吞饮泡plasma cell 浆细胞plasma fibronectin, pFN 血浆纤连蛋白plasmid 质粒point mutation 点突变polar microtubule 极间微管polarizing microscope 偏光显微镜polyadenylation 多聚腺苷酸反应polyploid 多倍体polyribosome 多聚核糖体premature condensed chromosome, PCC 早熟染色体premeiosis interphase 减数分裂前间期primary constriction 主缢痕primary culture 原代培养primary culture cell 原代细胞programmed cell death 细胞程序性死亡prokaryotes 原核生物prokaryotic cell 原核细胞promotor 启动子promotor gene 启动基因prophase 前期protein 蛋白质protein kinase C, PKC 蛋白激酶C proteoglycan, PG 蛋白聚糖protofilament 原纤维protooncogene 原癌基因protoplasm 原生质purine 嘌呤碱pyrimidine 嘧啶碱receptor mediated endocytosis 受体介导的内吞作用reciprocal translocation 相互易位recombinant DNA technology 重组DNA技术recombination nodules 重组小节recombination stage 重组期recondensation stage 再凝集期redifferentiation 再分化regulator gene 调节基因release factor, RF 释放因子replication 复制replication eyes 复制眼replication fork 复制叉replicon 复制子repressor 阻碍物resolving power 分辨力residual body 残体respiratory chain 呼吸链restriction endonuclease 限制性内切核酸酶restriction point 限制点reverse transcription 逆转录rho factor, ρρ因子ribonucleic acid, RNA 核糖核酸ribophorin 核糖体结合蛋白ribosomal RNA 核糖体核糖核酸ribosome 核糖核蛋白体RNA polymerase RNA聚合酶rough endoplasmic reticulum, rER sac 粗面内质网扁平囊same sense mutation 同义突变sarcoplasmic reticulum 肌质网satellite 随体scanning electron microscope 扫描电子显微镜scanning tunneling microscope 扫描隧道电子显微镜secondary constriction 次缢痕secondary culture 传代培养semiautonomous organelle 半自主性的细胞器semiconservative replication 半保留复制semidiscontinuous replication 半不连续复制sensor 感受器sequential expression 顺序表达sex chromosome 性染色体signal codon 信号密码子signal hypothesis 信号肽假说signal molecule 信号分子signal peptide 信号肽signal recognition particle, SPR 信号识别颗粒simple diffusion 简单扩散single sequence 单一序列single-stranded DNA binding protein 单链DNA结合蛋白singlet 单管small nuclear RNA, snRNA 小分子细胞核RNA smooth endoplasmic reticulum, sER 滑面内质网solenoid 螺线管sparsomycin 稀疏酶素sphingomyelin 神经鞘磷脂spindle 纺锤体splicing 剪接split gene 断裂基因start codon 起始密码子stem cell 干细胞stress fiber 张力基因structural gene 结构基因submetacentric chromosome 亚中着丝粒染色体supersolenoid 超螺线管suppressor tRNA 校正tRNA synapsis 联会synaptonemal complex 联会复合体synkaryon 合核体synonymous codon 同义密码子synonymous mutation 同义突变T lymphocyte T淋巴细胞tailing 加尾telomere 端粒telophase 末期terminal deletion 末端缺失terminalization 端化terminator 终止子tetrad 四分体tetraploid 四倍体thymine 胸腺嘧啶three dimensional structure,3D 三维结构tight junction 紧密连接tissue cell 组织细胞tissue engineering 组织工程totipotency 全能性trans Golgi network 反面高尔基网状结构transcribed spacer 转录间隔区transcription 转录transdifferentiation 转分化transfer RNA 转运核糖核酸transformation 转化transition 转换translation 翻译translocation 易位transport protein 运输蛋白transposition 转座transversion 颠换transmission electron microscope 透视电子显微镜tricarboxylic acid cycle 三羧酸循环trigger protein 触发蛋白triplet 三联管triploid 三倍体triskelion 三臂蛋白trisomy 三体tubulin 微管蛋白tumor necrosis factor 肿瘤坏死因子Turner’s syndrome先天性卵巢发育不全症tyrosinase, TN 酪氨酸酶ultravoltage electron microscope 超高压电子显微镜unit membrane 单位膜untranscribed spacer 非转录间隔区unwinding protein 解链蛋白uracil 尿嘧啶uridine monophosphate, UMP vacuole 尿苷一磷酸；尿苷酸大囊泡vector vesicle 载体小囊泡vinculin 粘着斑连接蛋白wobble hypothesis 摇摆学说X chromatin X染色质Y chromatin Y染色质zygotene 偶线期。
分子生物学课件 第9章 原核生物基因调控
结合araI时，araI作为正控制的元件，促进araBAD 基 因的表达 。
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9.7 翻译水平的调控
9.7.1反义RNA的调控
聂理
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反义RNA
反义RNA有多种符号 = antisense RNA = -RNA = stRNA(small temporal RNA) = micRNA（ mRNA-interfering complementary RNA） 即 干扰和抑制mRNA翻译的互补RNA片段
为诱导物开启lac操纵子结构基因……。
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9.4.2乳糖操纵子正控制机理
CRP：cyclic AMP receptor protein， =“cAMP受体蛋白”， =“降解物基因活化蛋白（CAP）” ①当环境中有葡糖时： 抑制cAMP 产生，纯CAP是失活态蛋白。 ②当环境中无葡糖时： 有利于 cAMP 产生和cAMP-CAP形成。
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9.5.2 衰减子
衰减子也叫弱化子
attenuator
聂理
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9.5.2.1衰减子组成
trp操纵子前导区L，转录出RNA前导序列161nt。
1~26nt翻译的 SD序列区
27~71nt含14个氨基酸 密码的前导肽区
115~159nt衰减子区
具有终止子 结构特征
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9.5.2.2衰减子调控机制
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9.7.3 核开关 riboswitch
核开关也叫核糖开关。 是mRNA所形成的调节基因表达的结构。 在mRNA的非翻译区（5’-UTR,3’-UTR）， 与小分子效应物可逆结合而改变其结构， 根据构象特征信号来影响mRNA的表达， （如影响转录、翻译等） 从而达到调控基因开关的目的。
医学细胞生物学英文词汇翻译
医学细胞生物学英文词汇翻译acrocentric chromosome 近端着丝粒染色体actin 肌动蛋白actin filament 肌动蛋白丝actinomycin D 放线菌素Dactivator 活化物active transport 主动运输adenine 腺嘌呤adenosine monophosphate, AMP 腺苷一磷酸, 腺苷酸adenyl cyclase, AC 腺苷酸环化酶adhesion plaque 黏着斑agranular endoplasmic reticulum 无颗粒内质网Alzheimer disease 阿尔茨海默病amino acid 氨基酸aminoacyl site, A site 氨基酰位，A位amitosis; direct division 无丝分裂；直截了当分裂amphipathic molecule 双型性分子anaphase 后期anchoring junction 锚定连接annular granule 孔环颗粒anticoding strand 反编码链antigen 抗原antiparallel 逆平行性apoptic body 凋亡小体apoptosis 凋亡assembly 组装aster 星体asymmetry 不对称性autolysis 自溶作用autophagolysosome 自噬性溶酶体autophagy 自噬作用autoradiography 放射自显影技术autosome 常染色体B lymphocyte B淋巴细胞bacteria 细菌base substitution 碱基替换belt desmosome 带状桥粒bioblast 生命小体biological macromolecule 生物大分子biomembrane 生物膜biotechnology 生物技术bivalent 二价体breakage 断裂cadherin 钙粘连素calmodulin, CaM 钙调蛋白cAMP 环一磷酸腺苷cAMP-dependent protein kinase 环一磷酸腺苷依靠型蛋白激酶capping 戴帽carrier protein 载体蛋白cat cry syndrome 猫叫综合症cell division cycle gene CDC基因cell 细胞cell and molecular biology 细胞分子生物学cell biology 细胞生物学cell coat; glycocalyx 细胞衣；糖萼cell culture 细胞培养cell cycle 细胞周期cell cycle-regulating protein 细胞周期调剂蛋白cell cycle time 细胞周期时刻cell determination 细胞决定cell differentiation 细胞分化cell division cycle, CDC 细胞分裂周期cell division cycle gene, CDC gene 细胞分裂周期基因cell engineering 细胞工程cell fractionation 细胞分级分离cell fusion 细胞融合cell junction 细胞连接cell line 细胞系cell membrane; plasma membrane 细胞膜；质膜cell plate 细胞板cell proliferation 细胞增殖cell recognition 细胞识不cell surface antigen 细胞表面抗原cell theory 细胞学讲cell strain 细胞株cell aging 细胞衰老cell synchronization 细胞同步化cellular oxidation 细胞氧化cellular respiration 细胞呼吸central granule 中央颗粒centromere 着丝粒chalone 抑素channel protein 通道蛋白chemiosmotic hypothesis 化学渗透假讲chiasmata 交叉cholesterol 胆固醇chromatid 染色单体chromatin 染色质chromomere 染色粒chromosome 染色体chromosome arm 染色体臂chromosome banding 染色体带chromosome disease 染色体病chromosome engineering 染色体工程chromosome scaffold 染色体支架chromosome syndrome 染色体综合症cis Golgi network cisterna（pl. cisternae）顺面高尔基网状结构扁平囊clathrin 笼蛋白clone 克隆coated pit 有被小窝coated vesicle 包被小泡coding strand 编码链codon 密码子codon degeneracy 密码子兼并性coenzyme 辅酶collagenfibronectin, FN 纤连蛋白communication junction 通讯连接complementation 互补性condensation stage 凝集期confocal laser scanning microscope 共焦激光扫描显微镜connexin 连接子constitutive heterochromatin 结构异染色质continuous microtubules 极微管converting enzyme 转变酶crista（pl. cristae）嵴cyanine 胞嘧啶cyclin 细胞周期素cydoeximide 放线菌酮cytidine monophosphate, CMP 胞苷一磷酸，胞苷酸cytokinesis 细胞质分裂cytology 细胞学cytoplasm 细胞质cytoplasm engineering 细胞质工程cytoplasm substitution 细胞质代换cytoplasmic plaque 胞质斑cytoskeleton 细胞骨架dark field microscope 暗视野显微镜dedifferentiation 去分化degeneracy 兼并deletion 缺失density gradient centrifugation 密度梯度离心deoxyadenosine monophosphate, dAMP 脱氧腺苷酸deoxycytidine monophosphate, dCMP 脱氧胞苷酸deoxyguanosine monophosphate, dGMP 脱氧鸟苷酸deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA 脱氧核糖核酸deoxythymidine monophosphate, dTMP 脱氧胸苷酸desmosome 桥粒diakinesis 终变期differential centrifugation 差速离心differential expression 差异性表达differentiation induction 分化诱导differentiation inhibition 分化抑制diplococcus pneumonia 肺炎双球菌diplotene 双线期disassembly 去组装DNA probe DNA探针DNA synthesis phase DNA合成期dosage compensation 剂量补偿doublet 二联管duplication 重复effector 效应器electric coupling 电偶联electron microscope 电子显微镜elementary particle 基粒eletronfusion 电融合elongation factor, EF 延长因子embryonic induction 胚胎诱导作用endocytosis 内吞作用endolysosome 内体性溶酶体endomembrane system 内膜系统endoplasmic reticulum, ER 内质网enhancer 增强子enzyme 酶equatorial plane 赤道面eucaryotes 真核生物euchromatin 常染色质eukaryotic cell 真核细胞exocytosis 胞吐作用exon 外显子extracellular matrix, ECM 细胞外基质extrinsic; peripheral protein 外在蛋白；外周蛋白F body 荧光小体facilitated diffusion 易化扩散facultative heterochromatin 兼性异染色质fibrillar component 原纤维成分fibronectin, FN 纤粘连蛋白fibrous actin, F-actin 纤维状肌动蛋白flanking sequence 侧翼顺序fluid mosaic model 液态镶嵌模型fluorescence microscope 荧光显微镜fluorescence recovery after荧光漂白复原photobleaching, FRAPfork-initiation protein 叉起始蛋白frameshift mutation 移码突变free cell 游离细胞free diffusion 自由扩散free energy 自由能galactocerebroside 半乳糖脑苷脂ganglioside 神经节苷脂gap junction 间隙连接gene 基因gene cluster 基因簇gene engineering 基因工程gene expression 基因表达gene family 基因家族gene mutation 基因突变genetic code 遗传密码genetic message 遗传信息genome 基因组genome engineering 染色体工程genomic DNA library 基因组DNA文库glycogen storage disease typeⅡⅡ型糖原蓄积病glycolipid 糖脂glycoprotein 糖蛋白glycosaminoglycan, GAG 氨基聚糖glycosylation 糖基化Golgi apparatus 高尔基器Golgi body 高尔基体Golgi complex 高尔基复合体granular component 颗粒成分granular drop 脱粒granular endoplasmic reticulum 颗粒内质网growth factor 生长因子GT-AG rule GT-AG法则guanine 鸟嘌呤guanosine monophosphate, GMP 鸟苷一磷酸，鸟苷酸hemidesmosome 半桥粒hereditary factor 遗传因子heterochromatin 异染色质heterogeneous nuclear RNA, hnRNA 不均一核RNA heterokaryon 异核体heterophagolysosome 异噬性溶酶体heterophagy 异噬作用heteropyknosis 异固缩highly repetitive sequence 高度重复序列histone 组蛋白holoenzyme 全酶homokaryon 同核体housekeeping gene 总管基因housekeeping protein 总管蛋白human leukocyte antigen, HLA 人白细胞抗原hyaluronic acid, HA 透亮质酸hybrid cell 杂交细胞hyperdiploid 超二倍体hypodiploid 亚二倍体immunofluorescence microscopy 免疫荧光显微镜技术immunoglobulin 免疫球蛋白in vitro 离体的in vivo 体内的inactive X hypothesis 失活X假讲inborn errors of metabolism 先天性代谢缺陷病inducer 诱导物induction 诱导inhibitor of mitotic factor, IMF 有丝分裂因子抑制物initiation factor, IF 起始因子inner membrane 内膜inner nuclear membrane 内层核膜insertion sequence, IS 插入顺序Integral protein 整合蛋白integrin 整连蛋白inter membrane space; outer chamber 膜间腔；外室intercellular communication 细胞间通讯intercristal space; inner chamber 嵴间腔；内室intermediate filament 中间纤维internal membrane 内膜internal reticular apparatus 内网器interphase 间期interstitial deletion 中间缺失interzonal microtubules 区间微管intracristal space 嵴内腔intra-nucleolar chromatin 核仁内染色质intrinsic; integral protein 内在蛋白；整合蛋白intron 内含子inversion 倒位inverted repetitive sequence 倒位重复顺序ionic channel 离子通道ionic coupling 离子偶联jumping gene 跳跃基因karyotype 核型kinetochore 着丝点kinetochore microtubules 动粒微管Klinefelter’s syndrome先天性睾丸发育不全症lagging strand 后随链laminin, LN 层粘连蛋白lateral diffusion 侧向扩散leading strand 前导链leptotene 细线期ligand; chemical signal 配体；化学信号light microscope 光学显微镜linear polymer 线性多聚体linker 连接线liposome 脂质体liquid crystal 液晶low density lipoprotein, LDL 低密度脂蛋白luxury gene 奢侈基因luxury protein 奢侈蛋白lymphokine 淋巴激活素lymphotoxin 淋巴毒素lysosome 溶酶体major histocompatibility complex, MHC 组织相容性复合体malignancy 恶性matrical granule 基质颗粒matrix 基质matrix fibronectin, mFN 基质纤连蛋白maturation-prompting factor, MPF 成熟促进因子medial Golgi stack 高尔基中间囊膜meiosis 减数分裂membrane antigen 膜抗原membrane carbohydrate 膜碳水化合物membrane flow 膜流membrane lipid 膜脂membrane protein 膜蛋白membrane receptor 膜受体membranous structure 膜相结构messenger RNA 信使核糖核酸mesosome 中间体metabolic coupling 代谢偶联metacentric chromosome 中央着丝粒染色体metaphase 中期micelle 微团microfilament 微丝microscopy 显微镜技术microsome 微粒体microtrabecular lattice 微梁网格microtubule 微管microtubule associated protein, MAP 微管结合蛋白microtubule organizing centers, MTOC 微管组织中心microvillus 微绒毛middle repetitive sequence 中度重复序列miniband 微带missense mutation 错义突变mitochondria 线粒体mitosis 有丝分裂mitosis phase 有丝分裂期mitotic apparatus 有丝分裂器mitotic factor, MF 有丝分裂因子mobility 流淌性model for controlling gene expression 基因表达调控模型molecular biology 分子生物学molecular disease 分子病monopotent cell 单能细胞monosomy 单体性multiple coiling model 多级螺旋模型multipotent cell 多能细胞myasthenia gravis 重症肌无力症mycoplasma 支原体myofibrils 肌原纤维necrosis 坏死neuropeptide 神经肽non-continuation 不连续性non-histone 非组蛋白non-membranous structure 非膜相结构nonsense mutation 无义突变nuclear envelope 核被膜nuclear lamina 核纤层nuclear matrix 核基质nuclear pore 核孔nuclear pore complex 核孔复合体nuclear sap 核液nuclear sex 核性不nuclear skeleton 核骨架nucleic acid 核酸nucleic acid hybridization 核酸分子杂交nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio 核质比nucleoid 类核体nucleoids 拟核nucleolar associated chromatin 核仁相随染色质nucleolar organizing region 核仁组织区nucleolus 核仁nucleosome 核小体nucleotide 核苷酸nucleosome core 核小体核心nucleus 细胞核nucleus transplantation 核移植法nucleus-cytoplasm hybrid 核质杂种Okazaki fragment 岗崎片段oligomer fibronectin,oFN 寡聚纤连蛋白oncogene 癌基因operator gene 操纵基因operon 操纵子operon theory 操纵子学讲organelle 细胞器origin 起点outer membrane 外膜outer nuclear membrane 外层核膜overlapping gene 重叠基因oxidative phosphorylation 氧化磷酸化pachytene 粗线期pairing stage 配对期partial monosome 部分单体partial trisomy 部分三体passive transport 被动运输patching 成斑现象peptide bond 肽键peptidyl site, P site 肽基位；P位perinuclear space 核间隙perinucleolar chromatin 核仁周围染色质peripheral granule 周边颗粒peripheral protein 外周蛋白permeability 通透性peroxisome; microbody 过氧化物酶体；微体phagocytosis 吞噬作用phagolysosome 吞噬性溶酶体phagosome 自噬体phase contrast microscope 相差显微镜phenylalanine hydroxylase, PAH 苯丙氨酸羟化酶phenylketonuria, PKU 苯丙酮尿症phosphatidylinositol, PL 磷脂酰肌醇phosphodiester bond 磷酸二酯键phosphodiesterase, PDE 磷酸二酯酶phosphoglyceride 磷酸甘油酯phospholipase C,PLC 磷脂酶C phospholipid 磷脂pinocytosis 胞饮作用pinocytotic vesicle 吞饮泡plasma cell 浆细胞plasma fibronectin, pFN 血浆纤连蛋白plasmid 质粒point mutation 点突变polar microtubule 极间微管polarizing microscope 偏光显微镜polyadenylation 多聚腺苷酸反应polyploid 多倍体polyribosome 多聚核糖体premature condensed chromosome, PCC 早熟染色体premeiosis interphase 减数分裂前间期primary constriction 主缢痕primary culture 原代培养primary culture cell 原代细胞programmed cell death 细胞程序性死亡prokaryotes 原核生物prokaryotic cell 原核细胞promotor 启动子promotor gene 启动基因prophase 前期protein 蛋白质protein kinase C, PKC 蛋白激酶C proteoglycan, PG 蛋白聚糖protofilament 原纤维protooncogene 原癌基因protoplasm 原生质purine 嘌呤碱pyrimidine 嘧啶碱receptor mediated endocytosis 受体介导的内吞作用reciprocal translocation 相互易位recombinant DNA technology 重组DNA技术recombination nodules 重组小节recombination stage 重组期recondensation stage 再凝集期redifferentiation 再分化regulator gene 调剂基因release factor, RF 开释因子replication 复制replication eyes 复制眼replication fork 复制叉replicon 复制子repressor 阻碍物resolving power 辨论力residual body 残体respiratory chain 呼吸链restriction endonuclease 限制性内切核酸酶restriction point 限制点reverse transcription 逆转录rho factor, ρρ因子ribonucleic acid, RNA 核糖核酸ribophorin 核糖体结合蛋白ribosomal RNA 核糖体核糖核酸ribosome 核糖核蛋白体RNA polymerase RNA聚合酶rough endoplasmic reticulum, rER sac 粗面内质网扁平囊same sense mutation 同义突变sarcoplasmic reticulum 肌质网随体scanning electron microscope 扫描电子显微镜scanning tunneling microscope 扫描隧道电子显微镜secondary constriction 次缢痕secondary culture 传代培养semiautonomous organelle 半自主性的细胞器semiconservative replication 半保留复制semidiscontinuous replication 半不连续复制sensor 感受器sequential expression 顺序表达sex chromosome 性染色体signal codon 信号密码子signal hypothesis 信号肽假讲signal molecule 信号分子signal peptide 信号肽signal recognition particle, SPR 信号识不颗粒simple diffusion 简单扩散single sequence 单一序列single-stranded DNA binding protein 单链DNA结合蛋白singlet 单管small nuclear RNA, snRNA 小分子细胞核RNA smooth endoplasmic reticulum, sER 滑面内质网solenoid 螺线管sparsomycin 稀疏酶素sphingomyelin 神经鞘磷脂spindle 纺锤体splicing 剪接split gene 断裂基因start codon 起始密码子stem cell 干细胞stress fiber 张力基因structural gene 结构基因submetacentric chromosome 亚中着丝粒染色体supersolenoid 超螺线管suppressor tRNA 校正tRNA synapsis 联会synaptonemal complex 联会复合体synkaryon 合核体synonymous codon 同义密码子synonymous mutation 同义突变T lymphocyte T淋巴细胞tailing 加尾端粒末期terminal deletion 末端缺失terminalization 端化terminator 终止子tetrad 四分体tetraploid 四倍体thymine 胸腺嘧啶three dimensional structure,3D 三维结构tight junction 紧密连接tissue cell 组织细胞tissue engineering 组织工程totipotency 全能性trans Golgi network 反面高尔基网状结构transcribed spacer 转录间隔区transcription 转录transdifferentiation 转分化transfer RNA 转运核糖核酸transformation 转化transition 转换translation 翻译translocation 易位transport protein 运输蛋白transposition 转座transversion 颠换transmission electron microscope 透视电子显微镜tricarboxylic acid cycle 三羧酸循环trigger protein 触发蛋白triplet 三联管triploid 三倍体triskelion 三臂蛋白trisomy 三体tubulin 微管蛋白tumor necrosis factor 肿瘤坏死因子Turner’s syndrome先天性卵巢发育不全症tyrosinase, TN 酪氨酸酶ultravoltage electron microscope 超高压电子显微镜unit membrane 单位膜untranscribed spacer 非转录间隔区unwinding protein 解链蛋白uracil 尿嘧啶uridine monophosphate, UMP vacuole 尿苷一磷酸；尿苷酸大囊泡vector vesicle 载体小囊泡vinculin 粘着斑连接蛋白wobble hypothesis 摇摆学讲X chromatin X染色质Y chromatin Y染色质zygotene 偶线期。
分子生物学名词解释(英文)
Structure and Function of Nucleic Acid1．The primary structure of nucleic acid is the sequence of nucleoside monophosphates from 5’ end to 3’ end in nucleic acid . (usually written as the sequence of bases).2．DNA denaturation：A DNA has lost its’ native conformation and double strand DNA is separated to single strand DNA by exposed to a destabilizing factor such as heat, acid, alkali,urea or amide. (when high temperature is used to denature DNA, the DNA is said to be melted). 3．Tm：is melting temperature at which half (50%) of DNA molecules are denatured.4. Annealing ：The process of renaturation of heat denatured DNA by slowly cooling is called annealing.5．Hyperchromic effect: the absorbance at 260nm of a DNA solution increases when the double helix is melted into single strands.6．Hybridization: when heterogeneous DNA or RNA are put together, they will become to heteroduplex via the base-pairing rules during renaturation if they are complementary in parts (not complete). This is called molecular hybridization.Replication1．The Central Dogma：It described that the flow of genetic information is from DNA to RNA and then to protein. According to the central dogma of molecular biology, DNA directs the synthesis of RNA, and RNA then directs the synthesis of proteins.2．Semiconservative replication：* The two parental strands separate and that each then serves as a template;* 4 kinds of dNTP as the stock;* Catalyzed by DNA polymerase;* Follow the usual base-pairing rules of A with T and G with C;* Each daughter duplex has one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand.3．Okazaki fragments ：The Short segments of DNA (1000－2000 bases in bacteria, 150-200 bases in eukaryotes) formed in the discontinuous lagging strand synthesis of DNA and are rapidly joined by DNA ligase to form a continuous DNA strand.4．Replicon：A unit of DNA that is replicated from one replication origin. 5．Primosome：The protein complex containing DnaB, DnaC, primase (DnaG), DNA oriC sequence and other factors that initiates synthesis of DNA.DNA synthesis proceeds in a 5'→3' direction and is semidiscontinuous. One of the new DNA strands is synthesized continuously and the other discontinuously in short pieces：6．Leading strand ：The strand that is continuously synthesized (in the same direction as replication fork movement).7．Lagging strand：The strand that is synthesized discontinuously in short pieces (Okazaki fragments) in a direction opposite to the direction of replication fork movement. The Okazaki fragments are then spliced together by DNA ligase.8．Telomere：Specialized structure at the end of a linear eukaryotic chromosome, which consists of tandem repeats of a short T,G-rich sequence on the 3’ ending strand and its complementary sequence on the 5' ending strand, allows replication of 5' ends of the DNA without loss of genetic information and maintains the stability of eukaryotic chromosome.9．Telomerase：An RNA-containing reverse transcriptase that using the RNA as a template, adds nucleotides to the 3’ ending strand and thus prevents progressive shortening of eukaryotic linear DNA molecules during replication. Human telomerase contains three parts:Human telomerase RNA, hTRHuman telomerase associated protein 1, hTP1Human telomerase reverse transcriptase, hTRT10．Reverse Transcription：Synthesis of a double-strand DNA from an RNA template. 11．Reverse transcriptase：A DNA polymerase that uses RNA as its template.RNA-dependent DNA polymeraseRNaseDNA-dependent DNA polymeraseGene Recombination and Genetic Engineering1. DNA Cloning:To clone a piece of DNA, DNA is cut into fragments using restriction enzymes. The fragments are pasted into vectors that have been cut by restriction enzyme to form recombinant DNA. The recombinant DNA are needed to transfer and replicate DNA in a host cell.This serial process and related technique are called DNA cloning, also called gene cloning.2. Genomic DNA library:The collection of bacteria clones that contain all the DNA in the organism’s genome on vector of plasmids or bacteriophage.3. α-complementation:some plasmid vectors (eg,pUC19) carry lacZ gene, whose product αfragment is the N-terminal of the β-galactosidase. Whereas, the mutant E.coli strain only synthesize the ω fragment, which is the C-terminal of the enzyme. Eitherα or ω fragment alone is nonfunctional. When the vector containing lacZ is introduced into mutant E.coli, both theαand ωfragments are present. So there is an interaction and a functionally intact β-galactosidase can form. This interaction is called α- complementation.Regulation of Gene Expression1. Housekeeping gene: It is the genes coding for proteins that are needed for basic life processes in all kinds of cells(such as enzymes for citric acid cycle).2. Operon:consists of more than 2 coding sequences, promoter, operator and other regulatory sequences clustered in the genome.3. Promoter: It is the specific DNA sequence binding to RNA-pol to initiate transcription.4. Enhancer: consisting of several functional elements, apart from transcriptional initiation site, enhancing the activity of promoter, determining the stage and spatial specificity, functioning in different direction and distance on upstream or downstream。
细胞生物学英文注释及名词解释教学文案
细胞生物学英文注释及名词解释细胞生物学英文注释及名词解释1．Cell biology：细胞生物学以“完整细胞的生命活动”为着眼点，从分子、亚细胞、细胞和细胞社会的不同水平，用动态的和系统的观点来探索和阐述生命这一基本单位的特性。
2．RNA interference：通过促使特定基因的miRNA降解来高效、特异地阻断体内特定基因表达，这种现象称为RNA干扰。
3．Cell membrane：细胞膜是包围在细胞质表面的一层薄膜，又称质膜（plasma membrane）。
4．Lipid rafts：由于鞘脂的脂肪酸尾比较长，因此这一区域比膜的其他部分厚，更有秩序且较少流动，被称为“脂筏”。
5．Endomembrane system：人们把细胞内在结构、功能以及发生上相互密切关联的其他所有膜性结构细胞器统称为内膜系统。
6．Endoplasmic reticulum（ER）：在细胞质的内质区分布着一些由小管、小泡相互连接吻合形成的网状结构，称为内质网。
7．Molecular chaperone：热激蛋白虽然能够通过对其各自作用对象的识别、结合来协助它们的折叠组装和转运，但其本身却不参与最终作用产物的形成，也不会改变其自身的基本分子生物学特性，由此被称之为分子伴侣。
8．Signal peptid：指导蛋白多肽链在糙面内质网上进行合成的决定因素，是被合成肽链N 端的一段特殊氨基酸序列，即信号肽。
9．Nuclear import signal：核输入信号是指凡是在细胞质中合成的核蛋白质，其肽链中均含有由7个氨基酸组成的特异性信号序列，负责分拣并指导蛋白质从细胞质通过核孔复合体输入到细胞核内。
又称为核定位信号（nuclear localization signal，NLS）10．Golgi complex （高尔基复合体）11．Lysosome （溶酶体）12．Peroxisome （过氧化物酶体）13．Cytoskeleton：细胞骨架是指真核细胞中与保持细胞形态结构和细胞运动有关的纤维网络，包括微管、微丝、中间丝。
医学细胞生物学英文词汇翻译
医学细胞生物学英文词汇翻译Prepared on 21 November 2021医学细胞生物学专业英语词汇acrocentricchromosome近端着丝粒染色体actin肌动蛋白actinfilament肌动蛋白丝actinomycinD放线菌素Dactivator活化物activetransport主动运输adenine腺嘌呤adenosinemonophosphate,AMP腺苷一磷酸,腺苷酸adenylcyclase,AC腺苷酸环化酶adhesionplaque黏着斑agranularendoplasmicreticulum无颗粒内质网Alzheimerdisease阿尔茨海默病aminoacid氨基酸aminoacylsite,Asite氨基酰位，A位amitosis;directdivision无丝分裂；直接分裂amphipathicmolecule双型性分子anaphase后期anchoringjunction锚定连接annulargranule孔环颗粒anticodingstrand反编码链antigen抗原antiparallel逆平行性apopticbody凋亡小体apoptosis凋亡assembly组装aster星体asymmetry不对称性autolysis自溶作用autophagolysosome自噬性溶酶体autophagy自噬作用autoradiography放射自显影技术autosome常染色体Blymphocyte B淋巴细胞bacteria细菌basesubstitution碱基替换beltdesmosome带状桥粒bioblast生命小体biologicalmacromolecule生物大分子biomembrane生物膜biotechnology生物技术bivalent二价体breakage断裂cadherin钙粘连素calmodulin,CaM钙调蛋白cAMP环一磷酸腺苷cAMP-dependentproteinkinase环一磷酸腺苷依赖型蛋白激酶capping戴帽carrierprotein载体蛋白catcrysyndrome猫叫综合症celldivisioncyclegene CDC基因cell细胞cellandmolecularbiology细胞分子生物学cellbiology细胞生物学cellcoat;glycocalyx细胞衣；糖萼cellculture细胞培养cellcycle细胞周期cellcycle-regulatingprotein细胞周期调节蛋白cellcycletime细胞周期时间celldetermination细胞决定celldifferentiation细胞分化celldivisioncycle,CDC细胞分裂周期celldivisioncyclegene,CDCgene细胞分裂周期基因cellengineering细胞工程cellfractionation细胞分级分离cellfusion细胞融合celljunction细胞连接cellline细胞系cellmembrane;plasmamembrane细胞膜；质膜cellplate细胞板cellproliferation细胞增殖cellrecognition细胞识别cellsurfaceantigen细胞表面抗原celltheory细胞学说cellstrain细胞株cellaging细胞衰老cellsynchronization细胞同步化cellularoxidation细胞氧化cellularrespiration细胞呼吸centralgranule中央颗粒centromere着丝粒chalone抑素channelprotein通道蛋白chemiosmotichypothesis化学渗透假说chiasmata交叉cholesterol胆固醇chromatid染色单体chromatin染色质chromomere染色粒chromosome染色体chromosomearm染色体臂chromosomebanding染色体带chromosomedisease染色体病chromosomeengineering染色体工程chromosomescaffold染色体支架chromosomesyndrome染色体综合症cisGolginetworkcisterna（pl.cisternae）顺面高尔基网状结构扁平囊clathrin笼蛋白clone克隆coatedpit有被小窝coatedvesicle包被小泡codingstrand编码链codon密码子codondegeneracy密码子兼并性coenzyme辅酶collagenfibronectin,FN纤连蛋白communicationjunction通讯连接complementation互补性condensationstage凝集期confocallaserscanningmicroscope共焦激光扫描显微镜connexin连接子constitutiveheterochromatin结构异染色质continuousmicrotubules极微管convertingenzyme转变酶crista（pl.cristae）嵴cyanine 胞嘧啶cyclin细胞周期素cydoeximide放线菌酮cytidinemonophosphate,CMP胞苷一磷酸，胞苷酸cytokinesis细胞质分裂cytology细胞学cytoplasm细胞质cytoplasmengineering细胞质工程cytoplasmsubstitution细胞质代换cytoplasmicplaque胞质斑cytoskeleton细胞骨架darkfieldmicroscope暗视野显微镜dedifferentiation去分化degeneracy兼并deletion缺失densitygradientcentrifugation密度梯度离心deoxyadenosinemonophosphate,dAMP脱氧腺苷酸deoxycytidinemonophosphate,dCMP脱氧胞苷酸deoxyguanosinemonophosphate,dGMP脱氧鸟苷酸deoxyribonucleicacid,DNA脱氧核糖核酸deoxythymidinemonophosphate,dTMP脱氧胸苷酸desmosome桥粒diakinesis终变期differentialcentrifugation差速离心differentialexpression差异性表达differentiationinduction分化诱导differentiationinhibition分化抑制diplococcuspneumonia肺炎双球菌diplotene双线期disassembly去组装DNAprobe DNA探针DNAsynthesisphase DNA合成期dosagecompensation剂量补偿doublet二联管duplication重复effector效应器electriccoupling电偶联electronmicroscope电子显微镜elementaryparticle基粒eletronfusion电融合elongationfactor,EF延长因子embryonicinduction胚胎诱导作用endocytosis内吞作用endolysosome内体性溶酶体endomembranesystem内膜系统endoplasmicreticulum,ER内质网enhancer增强子enzyme酶equatorialplane赤道面eucaryotes真核生物euchromatin常染色质eukaryoticcell真核细胞exocytosis胞吐作用exon外显子extracellularmatrix,ECM细胞外基质extrinsic;peripheralprotein外在蛋白；外周蛋白Fbody荧光小体facilitateddiffusion易化扩散facultativeheterochromatin兼性异染色质fibrillarcomponent原纤维成分fibronectin,FN纤粘连蛋白fibrousactin,F-actin纤维状肌动蛋白flankingsequence侧翼顺序fluidmosaicmodel液态镶嵌模型fluorescencemicroscope荧光显微镜荧光漂白恢复fluorescencerecoveryafterphotobleaching,FRAPfork-initiationprotein叉起始蛋白frameshiftmutation移码突变freecell游离细胞freediffusion自由扩散freeenergy自由能galactocerebroside半乳糖脑苷脂ganglioside神经节苷脂gapjunction间隙连接gene基因genecluster基因簇geneengineering基因工程geneexpression基因表达genefamily基因家族genemutation基因突变geneticcode遗传密码geneticmessage遗传信息genome基因组genomeengineering染色体工程genomicDNAlibrary基因组DNA文库glycogenstoragediseasetypeⅡⅡ型糖原蓄积病glycolipid糖脂glycoprotein糖蛋白glycosaminoglycan,GAG氨基聚糖glycosylation糖基化Golgiapparatus高尔基器Golgibody高尔基体Golgicomplex高尔基复合体granularcomponent颗粒成分granulardrop脱粒granularendoplasmicreticulum颗粒内质网growthfactor生长因子GT-AGrule GT-AG法则guanine鸟嘌呤guanosinemonophosphate,GMP鸟苷一磷酸，鸟苷酸hemidesmosome半桥粒hereditaryfactor遗传因子heterochromatin异染色质heterogeneousnuclearRNA,hnRNA不均一核RNA heterokaryon异核体heterophagolysosome异噬性溶酶体heterophagy异噬作用heteropyknosis异固缩highlyrepetitivesequence高度重复序列histone组蛋白holoenzyme全酶homokaryon同核体housekeepinggene管家基因housekeepingprotein管家蛋白humanleukocyteantigen,HLA人白细胞抗原hyaluronicacid,HA透明质酸hybridcell杂交细胞hyperdiploid超二倍体hypodiploid亚二倍体immunofluorescencemicroscopy免疫荧光显微镜技术immunoglobulin免疫球蛋白invitro离体的invivo体内的inactiveXhypothesis失活X假说inbornerrorsofmetabolism先天性代谢缺陷病inducer诱导物induction诱导inhibitorofmitoticfactor,IMF有丝分裂因子抑制物initiationfactor,IF起始因子innermembrane内膜innernuclearmembrane内层核膜insertionsequence,IS插入顺序Integralprotein整合蛋白integrin整连蛋白intermembranespace;outerchamber膜间腔；外室intercellularcommunication细胞间通讯intercristalspace;innerchamber嵴间腔；内室intermediatefilament中间纤维internalmembrane内膜internalreticularapparatus内网器interphase间期interstitialdeletion中间缺失interzonalmicrotubules区间微管intracristalspace嵴内腔intra-nucleolarchromatin核仁内染色质intrinsic;integralprotein内在蛋白；整合蛋白intron内含子inversion倒位invertedrepetitivesequence倒位重复顺序ionicchannel离子通道ioniccoupling离子偶联jumpinggene跳跃基因karyotype核型kinetochore着丝点kinetochoremicrotubules动粒微管Klinefelter’ssyndrome先天性睾丸发育不全症laggingstrand后随链laminin,LN层粘连蛋白lateraldiffusion侧向扩散leadingstrand前导链leptotene细线期ligand;chemicalsignal配体；化学信号lightmicroscope光学显微镜linearpolymer线性多聚体linker连接线liposome脂质体liquidcrystal液晶lowdensitylipoprotein,LDL低密度脂蛋白luxurygene奢侈基因luxuryprotein奢侈蛋白lymphokine淋巴激活素lymphotoxin淋巴毒素lysosome溶酶体majorhistocompatibilitycomplex,MHC组织相容性复合体malignancy恶性matricalgranule基质颗粒matrix基质matrixfibronectin,mFN基质纤连蛋白maturation-promptingfactor,MPF成熟促进因子medialGolgistack高尔基中间囊膜meiosis减数分裂membraneantigen膜抗原membranecarbohydrate膜碳水化合物membraneflow膜流membranelipid膜脂membraneprotein膜蛋白membranereceptor膜受体membranousstructure膜相结构messengerRNA信使核糖核酸mesosome中间体metaboliccoupling代谢偶联metacentricchromosome中央着丝粒染色体metaphase中期micelle微团microfilament微丝microscopy显微镜技术microsome微粒体microtrabecularlattice微梁网格microtubule微管microtubuleassociatedprotein,MAP微管结合蛋白microtubuleorganizingcenters,MTOC微管组织中心microvillus微绒毛middlerepetitivesequence中度重复序列miniband微带missensemutation错义突变mitochondria线粒体mitosis有丝分裂mitosisphase有丝分裂期mitoticapparatus有丝分裂器mitoticfactor,MF有丝分裂因子mobility流动性modelforcontrollinggeneexpression基因表达调控模型molecularbiology分子生物学moleculardisease分子病monopotentcell单能细胞monosomy单体性multiplecoilingmodel多级螺旋模型multipotentcell多能细胞myastheniagravis重症肌无力症mycoplasma支原体myofibrils肌原纤维necrosis坏死neuropeptide神经肽non-continuation不连续性non-histone非组蛋白non-membranousstructure非膜相结构nonsensemutation无义突变nuclearenvelope核被膜nuclearlamina核纤层nuclearmatrix核基质nuclearpore核孔nuclearporecomplex核孔复合体nuclearsap核液nuclearsex核性别nuclearskeleton核骨架nucleicacid核酸nucleicacidhybridization核酸分子杂交nucleo-cytoplasmicratio核质比nucleoid类核体nucleoids拟核nucleolarassociatedchromatin核仁相随染色质nucleolarorganizingregion核仁组织区nucleolus核仁nucleosome核小体nucleotide核苷酸nucleosomecore核小体核心nucleus细胞核nucleustransplantation核移植法nucleus-cytoplasmhybrid核质杂种Okazakifragment岗崎片段oligomerfibronectin,oFN寡聚纤连蛋白oncogene癌基因operatorgene操纵基因operon操纵子operontheory操纵子学说organelle细胞器origin起点outermembrane外膜outernuclearmembrane外层核膜overlappinggene重叠基因oxidativephosphorylation氧化磷酸化pachytene粗线期pairingstage配对期partialmonosome部分单体partialtrisomy部分三体passivetransport被动运输patching成斑现象peptidebond肽键peptidylsite,Psite肽基位；P位perinuclearspace核间隙perinucleolarchromatin核仁周围染色质peripheralgranule周边颗粒peripheralprotein外周蛋白permeability通透性peroxisome;microbody过氧化物酶体；微体phagocytosis吞噬作用phagolysosome吞噬性溶酶体phagosome自噬体phasecontrastmicroscope相差显微镜phenylalaninehydroxylase,PAH苯丙氨酸羟化酶phenylketonuria,PKU苯丙酮尿症phosphatidylinositol,PL磷脂酰肌醇phosphodiesterbond磷酸二酯键phosphodiesterase,PDE磷酸二酯酶phosphoglyceride磷酸甘油酯phospholipaseC,PLC磷脂酶C phospholipid磷脂pinocytosis胞饮作用pinocytoticvesicle吞饮泡plasmacell浆细胞plasmafibronectin,pFN血浆纤连蛋白plasmid质粒pointmutation点突变polarmicrotubule极间微管polarizingmicroscope偏光显微镜polyadenylation多聚腺苷酸反应polyploid多倍体polyribosome多聚核糖体prematurecondensedchromosome,PCC早熟染色体premeiosisinterphase减数分裂前间期primaryconstriction主缢痕primaryculture原代培养primaryculturecell原代细胞programmedcelldeath细胞程序性死亡prokaryotes原核生物prokaryoticcell原核细胞promotor启动子promotorgene启动基因prophase前期protein蛋白质proteinkinaseC,PKC蛋白激酶C proteoglycan,PG蛋白聚糖protofilament原纤维protooncogene原癌基因protoplasm原生质purine嘌呤碱pyrimidine嘧啶碱receptormediatedendocytosis受体介导的内吞作用reciprocaltranslocation相互易位recombinantDNAtechnology重组DNA技术recombinationnodules重组小节recombinationstage重组期recondensationstage再凝集期redifferentiation再分化regulatorgene调节基因releasefactor,RF释放因子replication复制replicationeyes复制眼replicationfork复制叉replicon复制子repressor阻碍物resolvingpower分辨力residualbody残体respiratorychain呼吸链restrictionendonuclease限制性内切核酸酶restrictionpoint限制点reversetranscription逆转录rhofactor,ρρ因子ribonucleicacid,RNA核糖核酸ribophorin核糖体结合蛋白ribosomalRNA核糖体核糖核酸ribosome核糖核蛋白体RNApolymerase RNA聚合酶roughendoplasmicreticulum,rER sac 粗面内质网扁平囊samesensemutation同义突变sarcoplasmicreticulum肌质网satellite随体scanningelectronmicroscope扫描电子显微镜scanningtunnelingmicroscope扫描隧道电子显微镜secondaryconstriction次缢痕secondaryculture传代培养semiautonomousorganelle半自主性的细胞器semiconservativereplication半保留复制semidiscontinuousreplication半不连续复制sensor感受器sequentialexpression顺序表达sexchromosome性染色体signalcodon信号密码子signalhypothesis信号肽假说signalmolecule信号分子signalpeptide信号肽signalrecognitionparticle,SPR信号识别颗粒simplediffusion简单扩散singlesequence单一序列single-strandedDNAbindingprotein单链DNA结合蛋白singlet单管smallnuclearRNA,snRNA小分子细胞核RNA smoothendoplasmicreticulum,sER滑面内质网solenoid螺线管sparsomycin稀疏酶素sphingomyelin神经鞘磷脂spindle纺锤体splicing剪接splitgene断裂基因startcodon起始密码子stemcell干细胞stressfiber张力基因structuralgene结构基因submetacentricchromosome亚中着丝粒染色体supersolenoid超螺线管suppressortRNA校正tRNAsynapsis联会synaptonemalcomplex联会复合体synkaryon合核体synonymouscodon同义密码子synonymousmutation同义突变Tlymphocyte T淋巴细胞tailing加尾telomere端粒telophase末期terminaldeletion末端缺失terminalization端化terminator终止子tetrad四分体tetraploid四倍体thymine胸腺嘧啶threedimensionalstructure,3D三维结构tightjunction紧密连接tissuecell组织细胞tissueengineering组织工程totipotency全能性transGolginetwork反面高尔基网状结构transcribedspacer转录间隔区transcription转录transdifferentiation转分化transferRNA转运核糖核酸transformation转化transition转换translation翻译translocation易位transportprotein运输蛋白transposition转座transversion颠换transmissionelectronmicroscope透视电子显微镜tricarboxylicacidcycle三羧酸循环triggerprotein触发蛋白triplet三联管triploid三倍体triskelion三臂蛋白trisomy三体tubulin微管蛋白tumornecrosisfactor肿瘤坏死因子Turner’ssyndrome先天性卵巢发育不全症tyrosinase,TN酪氨酸酶ultravoltageelectronmicroscope超高压电子显微镜unitmembrane单位膜untranscribedspacer非转录间隔区unwindingprotein解链蛋白uracil尿嘧啶uridinemonophosphate,UMP vacuole 尿苷一磷酸；尿苷酸大囊泡vector载体vesicle小囊泡vinculin粘着斑连接蛋白wobblehypothesis摇摆学说Xchromatin X染色质Ychromatin Y染色质zygotene偶线期麻醉学PublicHealth公共健康Cancer/Oncology癌症/肿瘤PulmonaryDisease肺脏疾病CardiacElectrophysiology心脏电生理Radiation辐射病学Cardiology-Interventional心脏病-介入Radiology放射病学Cardiology-Noninvasive心脏病-无创介入ReproductiveEndocrinology生殖内分泌病学CardiologyandCirculation 心脏与循环系统疾病Respiratory呼吸科ClinicalGenetics临床遗传学Rheumatology风湿病学ClinicalImmunology临床免疫学Stomatology口腔医学clinicallaboratory检验科SexualDysfunction性功能障碍医学ClinicalPharmacology临床药理学SpinalCordInjury脊髓损伤病学ClinicalPsychology临床心理学Surgery-General普通外科CriticalCareMedicine 危重病医学Toxicology毒理学Dentistry牙科Urology泌尿科Dermatology皮肤科VeterinaryScience兽医学Dermatopathology皮肤病理学Virology病毒学Diabetes糖尿病OccupationalMedicine职业医学EmergencyMedicine 急诊医学Oncology-Medical 肿瘤医学Endocrinology内分泌医学Oncology-Radiation 放射肿瘤学Epidemiology流行病学Oncology-Surgical 肿瘤外科手术学FamilyPractice家庭实践医学Ophthalmology眼科Gastroenterology 胃肠病学Orthopedics骨科学Geriatrics老年病学OtherClinicalMedicine 其他临床医学Gynecology妇产科学Otorhinolaryngology 耳鼻咽喉科Hematology血液学PainMedicine疼痛医学Hematology-Oncology 血液肿瘤学PalliativeMedicine姑息医学Hepatology肝脏病学Pathology病理学Hypertension高血压Pediatrics小儿科InfectiousDiseases传染病学PhysicalMedicine&Rehab 理疗与康复InternalMedicine内科学Physiology生理学Maternal&FetalMedicine 孕产妇和胎儿医学plasticsurgery整形外科Microbiology微生物学PreventiveMedicine预防医学Nephrology肾脏病学Psychiatry精神病学Neurology神经病学Psychiatry-Addiction 精神病学-成瘾学Neurology-Child儿童神经病学Psychiatry-Child精神病学-儿童NuclearMedicine核医学Psychiatry-General精神病学-一般Nursing护理学Psychiatry-Geriatric 精神病学-老年Nutrition营养学Pharmacology药理学Obstetrics&Gynecology 妇产科学PlantScience植物科学OccupationalMedicine职业医学Zoology动物学麻醉学PublicHealth公共健康Cancer/Oncology癌症/肿瘤PulmonaryDisease肺脏疾病CardiacElectrophysiology 心脏电生理Radiation辐射病学Cardiology-Interventional 心脏病-介入Radiology放射病学Cardiology-Noninvasive心脏病-无创介入ReproductiveEndocrinology生殖内分泌病学CardiologyandCirculation 心脏与循环系统疾病Respiratory呼吸科ClinicalGenetics临床遗传学Rheumatology风湿病学ClinicalImmunology临床免疫学Stomatology口腔医学clinicallaboratory检验科SexualDysfunction性功能障碍医学ClinicalPharmacology临床药理学SpinalCordInjury脊髓损伤病学ClinicalPsychology临床心理学Surgery-General普通外科CriticalCareMedicine 危重病医学Toxicology毒理学Dentistry牙科Urology泌尿科Dermatology皮肤科VeterinaryScience兽医学Dermatopathology皮肤病理学Virology病毒学Diabetes糖尿病OccupationalMedicine职业医学EmergencyMedicine 急诊医学Oncology-Medical 肿瘤医学Endocrinology内分泌医学Oncology-Radiation 放射肿瘤学Epidemiology流行病学Oncology-Surgical 肿瘤外科手术学FamilyPractice家庭实践医学Ophthalmology眼科Gastroenterology 胃肠病学Orthopedics骨科学Geriatrics老年病学OtherClinicalMedicine 其他临床医学Gynecology妇产科学Otorhinolaryngology 耳鼻咽喉科Hematology血液学PainMedicine疼痛医学Hematology-Oncology 血液肿瘤学PalliativeMedicine姑息医学Hepatology肝脏病学Pathology病理学Hypertension高血压Pediatrics小儿科InfectiousDiseases传染病学PhysicalMedicine&Rehab 理疗与康复InternalMedicine内科学Physiology生理学Maternal&FetalMedicine 孕产妇和胎儿医学plasticsurgery整形外科Microbiology微生物学PreventiveMedicine预防医学Nephrology肾脏病学Psychiatry精神病学Neurology神经病学Psychiatry-Addiction 精神病学-成瘾学Neurology-Child儿童神经病学Psychiatry-Child精神病学-儿童NuclearMedicine核医学Psychiatry-General精神病学-一般Nursing护理学Psychiatry-Geriatric 精神病学-老年Nutrition营养学Pharmacology药理学Obstetrics&Gynecology 妇产科学PlantScience植物科学OccupationalMedicine 职业医学Zoology动物学s。
分子生物学英文试题
Multiple Choice(1) The attachment site for RNA polymerase in bacteria is called the:a. Initiatorb. Operatorc. Promoterd. Start codon(2) The specificity of bacterial RNA polymerase for their promoters is due to which subunit?a. αb. βc. γd. σ(3) The first protein complex to bind to the core promoter for a protein-coding gene in eukaryotes is;a. RNA polymerase IIb. General transcription factor TFIIBc. General transcription factor TFIIDd. General transcription factor TFIIE(4) Which modification must be made to RNA polymerase II in order to activate the preinitiation complex?a. Acetylationb. Methylationc. Phosphorylationd. Ubiquitination(5) What is the name of the DNA sequence that is located near the promoter of the lactose operon, and which regulates expression of the operon in E. coli?a. Activatorb. Inducerc. Operatord. Repressor(6) Which of the following types of sequence module enables transcription to respond to general signals from outside of the cell?a. Cell-specific modulesb. Developmental modulesc. Repression modulesd. Response modules(7) Which of the following is NOT a type of activation domain?a. Acidic domainsb. Glutamine-rich domainsc. Leucine-zipper domainsd. Proline-rich domains(8) Which of the following is NOT a experiment used to define the site on a DNA molecule to which a protein binds?a. Gel retardation assayb. DNA footprinting assayc. Modification interference assayd. Y east two hybrid assay(9) Which of the following DNA sequences can increase the rate of transcription initiation of more than one gene/promoter?a. Activatorsb. Enhancersc. Silencersd. T erminators(10) Approximately how many base pairs form the attachment between the DNA template and RNA transcript during transcription?a. 8b. 12-14c. 30d. The entire RNA molecule remains base-paired to the template until transcription is finished.(11) Which factor is thought to be most important in determining whether a bacterial RNA polymerase continues or terminates transcription?a. Nucleotide concentrationb. Structure of the polymerasec. Methylation of termination sequencesd. Thermodynamic events(12) What is the role of the Rho protein in termination of transcription?a. It is a helicase that actively breaks base pairs between the template and transcript.b. It id s DNA-binding protein that blocks the movement of RNA polymerase along the template.c. It is a subunit of RNA polymerase that binds to RNA hairpins and stalls transcription.d. It is a nuclease that degrades the 3’ ends of RNA transcripts.(13) Antitermination is involved in regulation of which of the following?a. Operons encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of amino acids with regulation dependent on the concentration of the amino acids.b. Operons encoding enzymes involved in the degradation of metabolites, regulation dependent on the presence of the metabolitec. Genes present in the upstream region of the operond. Genes present in the downstream region of the operon.(14) What is the major transcriptional change that occurs during the Stringent Response in E. coli?a. Transcription rates are increased for most genes.b. Transcription rates are increased only for the amino acid biosynthesis operons.c. Transcription rates are decreased for most genes.d. Transcription rates are decreased only for the amino acid biosynthesis operons.(15) Which of the following is necessary for the RNA endonuclease activity of RNA polymerase that occurs when RNA polymerase is stalled during transcription?a. Rhob. RelAc. GreAd. RNAse H(16) How is the lariat structure formed during splicing of a GU-AG intron?a. After cleavage of the 5’ splice site, a new phosphodiester bond is formed between the 5’ nucleotide and the 2’ carbon of the nucleotide at the 3’ splice site.b. After cleavage of the 5’ splice site, a new phosphodiester bond is formed between the 5’ nucleotide and the 2’ carbon of an internal adenosine.c. After cleavage of the 5’ splice site, a new phosphodiester bond is formed between the 5’ nucleotide and the 2’ carbon of the nucleotide at the 5’ splice site.d. After cleavage of the 3’ splice site, a new phosphodiester bond is formed between the 5’ nucleotide and the 2’ carbon of an internal adenosine.(17) What are cryptic splice sites?a. These are splice sites that are used in some cells, but not in others.b. These are splice sites that are always used.c. These are splice sites that are involved in alternative splicing, resulting in the removal of exons from some mRNA molecules.d. These are sequences within exons or introns that resemble consensus splicing signals, but are not true splice sites.(18) What statement correctly describes trans-splicing?a. The order of exons within an mRNA transcript is rearranged to yield a different mRNA sequence.b. Exons are deleted from some mRNA transcripts but not others.c. Intron sequences are not removed from RNA transcripts and are translated into proteins.d. Exons from different RNA transcripts are joined together.(19) The chemical modification of eukaryotic rRNA molecules takes place in the:a. Cytoplasm.b. Endoplasmic reticulum.c. Nuclear envelope.d. Nucleolus.(20) Which of the following is an example of RNA editing?a. Removal of introns from an RNA transcript.b. Degradation of an RNA molecule by nucleases.c. Alteration of the nucleotide sequence of an RNA molecule.d. Capping of the 5’ end of an RNA transcript.(21) Nonsense-mediated RNA decay (NMD) is a system for the degradation of eukaryotic mRNA molecules with what features?a. NMD degrades mRNA molecules with stop codons at incorrect positions.b. NMD degrades mRNA molecules that encode nonfunctional proteins.c. NMD degrades mRNA molecules that lack a start codon.d. NMD degrades mRNA molecules that lack a stop codon.(22) Which of the following describes RNA interference?a. Antisense RNA molecules block translation of mRNA molecules.b. Double-stranded RNA molecules are bound by proteins that block their translation.c. Double-stranded RNA molecules are cleaved by a nuclease into short interfering RNA molecules.d. Short interfering RNA molecules bind to the ribosome to prevent the translation of viral mRNAs.(23) How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus?a. Passive diffusion through the membrane.b. Through the membrane pores in an energy-dependent process.c. Through membrane pores in an energy independent process.d. Through a channel in the membrane that leads to the endoplasmic reticulum.(24) Match protein/RNA with its function (answers can be used more than once or not at all)Spliceosome a. small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNP)microRNAs b. guanylyl transferasemRNA capping c. ribozymeautocatalytic RNA splicing d. dicere. poly-A polymerase(25) Match protein with its function (answers can be used more than once or not at all)JAK a. G-proteinGlucocorticoid receptor b. EndonucleaseRAS c. DNA-binding proteinIF-2 d. RNA binding proteine. Kinase(26) Match lambda gene with its function (answers can be used more than once or not at all)cI a. Anti-terminationN b. Transcriptional repressorCRO c. Transcriptional activatorcII d. Transcriptional terminatore. Translation factorAnswers to practice exam #3How is it possible for microRNAs to regulate eukaryotic gene expression by binding to the 3’ untranslated end of an mRNA ?Binding to the 3’-UTR initiates an RNA cleavage event that removes the polyA tail and begins the mRNA degradation processWhy is attenuation absent in eukaryotic organisms ?Attenuation is the mechanism whereby amino acid biosynthesis operons are regulated by the cellular concentration of the amino acid that is the product of the genes in the operon by transcription termination. The attenuation mechanism requires that translation by ribosomes and transcription occur in the same subcellular compartment. In eukaryotes transcription and translation are carried out in different compartments, so attenuation would not be possible in eukaryo tes.What are the differences between activator and coactivator proteins ?An activator is a DNA binding protein that stabilizes construction of the RNA polymerase II transcription initiation complex. A coactivator is a protein that stimulates transcription initiation by binding nonspecifically to DNA or via protein-protein interactions.Explain what a “modification protection assay” is intended to discover and how it is carried out .Modification protection is a technique used to identify nucleotides i nvolved in interactions with a DNA-binding proteinHow are Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster good model organisms for development in higher eukaryotes ?Developmental pathways in animals utilize similar regulators, therefore discovery of regulators in lower animals can reveal how development is controlled in higher animals.How does the anchor cell of C. elegans induce the vulva progenitor cells to differentiate into vulva cells? Why do the vulva progenitor cells follow different pathways upon receiving the signal from the anchor cell ?The anchor cell produces a diffusible signal that stimulates differentiation of vulva cells. Different vulva cells undergo different differentiation pathways because they are exposed to differing concentr ations of the signal molecule, and the vulva cells themselves produce secondary signaling molecules that control differentiation in nearby vulva cells.The process of excision of a GU-AG intron and splicing of exons is defined as requiring two transesterification reactions. What does this mean ?A transesterification reaction is the simultaneous cleavage and reformation of a phosphodiester bond. During intron splicing the donor site phosphodiester bond is cleaved and then reformed with the branchpoint nucleotide within the intron, forming a lariat structure. In the second transesterification, the branch point phospodiester bond I cleaved and simultaneously formed between the donor and acceptor sites. The net effect is that there is no change in the number of phosphodiester bonds. During sporulation in Bacillus σE and σF are present in both the prespore and mother cells. How is σF activated in the prespore?Sigma F is activated in the prespore by when it is released from protein-protein interaction with AB. Sigma F is inactive when it is bound to AB.Explain how the iron response protein (IRP) functions to activate expression of Ferritin and at the same time inhibit expression of Transferrin.The iron response protein can bind to iron response elements in RNA only when it is not bound to iron. In the case of ferritin, binding of IRP to the 5’-IRE blocks translation of the ferritin mRNA, so when it is not bound ferritin protein is produced. In the case of transferrin, binding to the 3’-IRE blocks degradation of the transferrin mRNA thereby increasing half life of the mRNA and stimulating transferrin protein production.。
各专业课程英文翻译
各专业课程英⽂翻译各专业课程英⽂翻译（精⼼整理）⽣物及医学专业课程汉英对照表细胞⽣物学和分⼦⽣物学 Celluar and Molecular Biology 精神病护理学 Psychiatric Nursing⼒学专业⾼等代数与⼏何 Advanced Algebra and Geometry 数学物理⽅法 Methods in Mathematical Physics理论⼒学 Theoretical Mechanics 弹性⼒学 Elasticity⼒学实验 Experiments in Solid Mechanics ⼒学概论Introduction to Mechanics 计算流体⼒学 Computational Fluid Mechanics 粘性流体⼒学Viscous Fluid Flow弹性⼒学变分原理 Variational Principles inElasticity有限元法 Finite Element Method进化⽣物学 Evolutionary Biology ⼝腔外科学 Oral Surgery海洋⽣物学 Marine Biology ⼝腔 / ⽛科科学 Oral/Dental Sciences 微⽣物学 Microbiology⾻科医学 Osteopathic Medicine 分⼦⽣物学 Molecular Biology ⽿科学 Otology医学微⽣物学 Medical Microbiology 理疗学 Physical Therapy ⼝腔⽣物学 Oral Biology ⾜病医学Podiatric Medicine寄⽣物学 Parasutology眼科学 Ophthalmology 植物⽣物学 Plant Physiology 预防医学Preventive Medicine ⼼理⽣物学 Psychobiology 放射学 Radiology放射⽣物学 Radiation Biology 康复咨询学 Rehabilitation Counseling 理论⽣物学 Theoretical Biology 康复护理学Rehabilitation Nursing 野⽣⽣物学 Wildlife Biology 外科护理学 Surgical Nursing 环境⽣物学 Environmental Biology 治疗学Therapeutics 运动⽣物学 Exercise Physiology 畸形学 Teratology有机体⽣物学 Organismal Biology 兽医学 Veterinary Sciences ⽣物统计学 Biometrics ⽛科卫⽣学 Dental Sciences ⽣物物理学 Biophysics ⽛科科学 Dentistry ⽣物⼼理学 Biopsychology ⽪肤学 Dermatology ⽣物统计学 Biostatistics 内分泌学Endocrinology ⽣物⼯艺学 Biotechnology 遗传学 Genetics ⽣物化学 Biological Chemistry解剖学 Anatomy⽣物⼯程学 Biological Engineering ⿇醉学 Anesthesia ⽣物数学 Biomathematics临床科学 Clinical Science应⽤⽣物学 Applied Biology 细胞⽣物学 Cell Biology ⽣物学 Biology⽣物医学科学 Biomedical Science临床⼼理学 Clinical Psychology 医学技术 Medical Technology 医学 Medicine护理⿇醉学 Nurse Anesthesia 数学分析 Mathematical Analysis 常微分⽅程 Ordinary Differential Equation 计算⽅法Numerical Methods 材料⼒学 Mechanics of Materials 流体⼒学Fluid Mechanics 机械制图 Machining Drawing ⽓体⼒学 Gas Dynamics 弹性板理论 Theory of Elastic Plates塑性⼒学Introduction of Plasticity经典⼒学中的数学⽅法 Mathematical Methods of ClassicalMechanics机器⼈动⼒学 Dynamics of Robots ⾃动控制原理 Principles of Automatic Control优化计算与最化控制 Optimization and OptimalControl计算机图形学 Computer Graphics 概率与统计 Probability and Statistics 专业英语 English for Mechanics 振动理论 Theory of Vibration 程序设计⽅法 (C 和 FORTRAN) Programming in C & FORTRAN ⽔动⼒学 Hydrodynamics 计算机图象处理 Image Processing 光测⼒学 Photo Mechanics断裂⼒学 Fracture Mechanics⾼等动⼒学 Advanced Dynamics 摄动⽅法 Perturbation Methods 机械设计与 Auto CADMachinery Designing and AutoCAD 信息显⽰ (可视化 ) Visualization 微机原理 Principles of Personal Computer 复变函数Complex Function企业管理专业微观经济学 Microeconomics管理信息系统 Systems of Management Information 财务管理 Financial Management 战略管理 Strategic Management 国际商务谈判 Negotiation on BusinessAffairs跨国公司专题研究 Special Researchof multinational corporation国际贸易 InternationalTrade 国际营销研究 International Marketing Research 公司组织与管理 Organization and Managementof Corporate信息管理概论 Introduction to InformationManagement信息经济学 Information Economics 企业信息化⼯程管理学原理 Principles of Management 信息政策与法规 Information Policy and Law 管理信息系统 Management Information System 线性代数 Linear Algebra决策分析 Policy Making 离散数学 Discrete Mathematics概率统计 Statistics and ProbabilityTheory ⽣产与运作管理 Production Management 电⼦商务Electronic Commerce 信息系统安全与保密 Information System Security政府信息化⼯程 Government Informationalization ⼴告实务 Practice of Advertisement 操作系统 Operating System 信息科学基础Foundations of InformationScience 经济信息管理 Economic Information Management 专业英语 Specialty English 微机基础Principles of Microcomputers ⽂献计量学 Bibliometrics电⼦出版技术 Electronic Publishing ⼴告概论 Introduction to Advertisement管理学 Principles of Management 宏观经济学 Macroeconomics 产业经济学 Industrial Economics 项⽬评估 Projects Appraisal 管理沟通Management Negotiation战略管理 Strategic Management ⽣产管理研究 Operation Management 企业伦理 Enterprise Ethics 运筹学 Operational Research 信息管理专业⾼等数学 Higher Mathematics数据库系统 Database 组织⾏为学 Organizational Behavior⼈⼒资源管理 Human Resource Management信息存储与检索信息服务与Information Retrieval andStorage information Service and UserStudy社会实践 Practical Work信息分析与决策 Information Analysis andPolicy Making Enterprise Informationalization 信息组织 Information Organization 计算机⽹络 Computer Networks 多媒体技术 Multimedia信息环境论 Information Environments 传播学原理 Principles of CommunicationTheory 知识产权法学 Law of Intelligence Property 组织⾏为学 Studies of Organization 货币银⾏学专业货币银⾏学 Money and Banking 宏观经济学 Macroeconomics 策略管理 Strategic Management 银⾏会计 Bank Accounting 运筹学 Operational Research 财务管理Financial Management 租赁与信托 Hiring and Affiancing 商业银⾏实务 Practice of Business Bank项⽬评估 Projects Appraisal ⾦融市场学⼈⼒资源管理 Human ResourceManagement 财务报告分析 A nalysis of Financial Statement财务案例分析 Case Analysis of FinancialManagement物理专业热学 Thermodynamics ⼒学 Mechanics光学 Optics电磁学 Electromagnetism计算概论 Computing Generality 普通物理实验 General Physics Laboratory固体磁性及应⽤基础 Magnetism of the Solid Stateand its Application衍射物理(固体结构分析)Diffraction Physics (Structureof Solid Analysis)科研实⽤软件 Utility Software for ScientificResearch 计算机模拟⽅法 Computer SimulationMethods 激光原理、技术与应⽤ The Principle, Techniqueand Application of Laser材料物理 Materials Physics 近代光学和光电⼦学 Modern Optics and Optoelectronics现代固体物理 Modern Solid State Physics粒⼦物理 Particle Physics 物理宇宙学基础 Elements of Cosmology Physics 固体物理 Solid State Physics 原⼦物理 Atomic Physics量⼦⼒学 Quantum Mechanics 理论⼒学 Theoretical Mechanics电动⼒学 Electrodynamics普通物理综合实验 Synthetical Experiments ofGeneral Physics市场营销学专业营销管理 Marketing Management 公共关系 Public Relationship 国际贸易 International Trade 消费者⾏为 Consumer Behavior 管理信息系统 Systems of Management Information 营销调研Marketing Research 推销学 Sales Strategies 国际⾦融 International Finance 营销预测与规划 Marketing Forecasting andPlanning 销售渠道管理 ales Channels Management 管理学 Principles of Management 国际市场营销 International Marketing 商业谈判 Business Negotiation ⼴告管理 Advertising Management 营销案例分析 Case Studies of Marketing 国际贸易实务 Practice of InternationalTrade 服务业营销 Service Industry Marketing企业伦理 Enterprise Ethics 新产品开发 New Products Development管理信息系统 System of Management Information 运筹学 Operational Research 保险学 Insurance管理会计 Managerial Accounting 国际贸易 International Trade国际⾦融 International Finance证券投资学 Security Analysis and Investment 国际结算 International BalanceFinancial Marketing证券投资学Security Analysis and Investment 财务学专业财务报告分析Analysis of Financial Statement 国际⾦融International Finance保险学Insurance 财务案例分析Case Analysis of FinanceManagement 国际财务管理International Financial Management 资产评估Assets Appraisal项⽬评估Projects Appraisal 财务管理Financial Management 运筹学Operational Research 管理会计Managerial Accounting 管理学Principles of Management 统计学Principles of Statistics宏观经济学Macroeconomics管理信息系统Systems of Management Information 策略管理Strategic Management 微观经济学Microeconomics 微积分Calculus会计专业会计学Accounting Principles 管理会计Managerial Accounting 会计信息系统Accounting Information Systems 财务管理Financial Management 财务报告分析Analysis of Financial Statement 国际会计International Accounting成本会计Cost Accounting 审计学Auditing Principles 投资学Investment Principles 货币银⾏学Money and Banking国际⾦融International Finance 统计学Principle of Stat财税法规与税务会计Laws and Regulations of Financeand Taxes预算会计Budget Accounting 会计研究⽅法Accounting Research Methods 内部审计与政府审计Internal Auditing and GovernmentAuditing会计审计实务Accounting and Auditing Practice 经济计量学Economic Metrology会计职业道德与责任Accounting Ethics and Responsibilities国际会计专题International AccountingSpecial Subject 微观经济学Microeconomics 货币银⾏学Money and Banking。
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2. Regulated Protein Phosphorylation and Degradation Control Passage through the Cell Cycle cyclin Any of several related proteins whose concentrations rise and fall during the course of the eukaryotic cell cycle. Cyclins form complexes with cyclin-dependent kinases, thereby activating and determining the substrate specificity of these enzymes. cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) A protein kinase that is catalytically active only when bound to a cyclin. Various Cdk-cyclin complexes trigger progression through different stages of the eukaryotic cell cycle by phosphorylating specific target proteins.
In vertebrates and diploid yeasts, cells in G1 have a diploid number of chromosomes (2n), one inherited from each parent.
In haploid yeasts, cells in G1 have one of each chromosome (1n).
D. Molecular Mechanisms for Regulating Mitotic Events E. Cell-Cycle Control in Mammalian Cells
A. The Cell Cycle and Its Control Cell: cycling cell and quiescent cell (G0 state). Cell cycle:
Chapter 9: Regulation of the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
A. The Cell Cycle and Its Control B. Bioche and Early Embryos
C. Genetic Studies with S. pombe
Where are Postmitotic cells going?
Postmitotic cells in multicellular organisms can "exit" the cell cycle and remain for days, weeks, or in some cases (e.g., nerve cells and cells of the eye lens) even the lifetime of the organism without proliferating further.
1. The Cell Cycle Is an Ordered Series of Events Leading to Replication of Cells
Cell division
Life Cycle of a Cell.
Diagram showing the three sets of microtubules (MTs) in the mitotic apparatus.
Current model for regulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle. ( Illustration )
Passage through the cycle is controlled by G1, S-phase, and mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase complexes (CdkCs) highlighted in green. These are composed of a regulatory cyclin subunit and a catalytic cyclin-dependent kinase subunit. Protein complexes (orange) in the Cdc34 pathway and APC pathway polyubiquitinate specific substrates including the S-phase inhibitor, anaphase inhibitor, and mitotic cyclins, marking these substrates for degradation by proteasomes. These pathways thus drive the cycle in one direction because of the irreversibility of protein degradation. Proteolysis of anaphase inhibitors inactivates the protein complexes that connect sister chromatids at metaphase, thereby initiating anaphase.
Interphase ( I ), comprises the G1, S, and G2 phases. Mitotic phase (M), comprises the prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
The eukaryotic cell cycle.
There are three classes of cyclin-Cdk complexes that control passage through the cell cycle:
1. the G1 Cdk complexes; 2. the S-phase Cdk complexes; 3. the mitotic Cdk complexes.
cell cycle Ordered sequence of events in which a cell duplicates its chromosomes and divides into two. Most eukaryotic cell cycles can be commonly divided into four phases: G1 before DNA synthesis occurs; S when DNA replication occurs; G2 after DNA synthesis; and M when cell division occurs, yielding two daughter cells. Under certain conditions, cells exit the cell cycle during G1 and remain in the G0 state as nongrowing, nondividing (quiescent) cells. Appropriate stimulation of such cells induces them to return to G1 and resume growth and division. cell division Separation of a cell into two daughter cells. In higher eukaryotes, it involves division of the nucleus (mitosis) and of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis); mitosis often is used to refer to both nuclear and cytoplasmic division.
Most postmitotic cells in vertebrates exit the cell cycle in G1, entering a phase called G0 . G0 cells returning to the cell cycle enter into the S phase; this reentry is regulated, thereby providing control of cell proliferation.
Rapidly replicating human cells progress through the full cell cycle in about 24 hours: mitosis : 30 minutes;
G1: 9 hours;
the S phase : 10 hours; G2 : 4.5 hours. In contrast, the full cycle takes only ≈90 minutes in rapidly growing yeast cells.
Function of the G1 Cdk complexes
When cells are stimulated to replicate, G1 Cdk complexes are expressed first. These prepare the cell for the S phase by activating transcription factors that cause expression of enzymes required for DNA synthesis and the genes encoding S-phase Cdk complexes. The activity of S-phase Cdk complexes is initially held in check by a specific inhibitor. Then, in late G1, G1 Cdk complexes induce the degradation of the S-phase inhibitor, releasing the activity of the S-phase Cdk complexes, which stimulate entry into the S phase.