材料热力学》试题
材料热力学习题集
问：1）当混合气体（97%H2O + 3%H2, 体积）在 1000 K 是否能将 Ni 氧化？ 2）现有 Ni-Au 固溶体(XNi = 0.1)。已知在 1000 K 时, 与此合金平衡的氢气体体积
例题 6-8 右图所示是铜和铜铝合金(18 at.% Al)在 700℃温度下扩散退火 38.4 天的浓度分
布曲线。求当 Al 的浓度为 4 at%时，Al 在 Cu 中的扩散系数。
18
Cu - Al
Cu
16
A
14
C , at.% Al
12
k
Matano interface
10
8 mark interface
.
材料热力学上课题目
例 1-1 已知液体铅在 1 个大气压下的热容量 Cp(l)为 Cp(l)=32.43-3.10×10-3T J/(mol·k)，固 体铅的热容量 Cp(s)为 Cp(s)=23.56+9.75×10-3T J/(mol·k)，已知液体铅在熔点(600 K)凝固为固 体时放热 4811.60 J/mol，求液体铅过冷至 590K 凝固为固体时焓的变化。
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六大 板块
第一章 第二章 第三章 第四章 第五章 第六章
物理化学复习纲要
热力学定律（热力学第一定律、热力学第二定律） 自由能（ΔF、ΔG） 热力学状态函数、关系式及应用 相变热力学 溶液 扩散
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材料热力学习题集
材料热力学习题集液态铅在1个大气压下的热容量Cp(l)称为Cp(L)= 32.43-3.10×10-3TJ/(mol·k)，固态铅的热容量Cp(s)为Cp(S)= 23.56+9.75×10-3TJ/(mol·k)。
众所周知，当液态铅的熔点(600 K)固化成固体时，液态铅释放4811.60 J/mol的热量，并计算了当液态铅过冷到590K并固化成固体时的焓变化。
液态铅固态铅600Kb恒温相变c温升590Ka初始状态相变d最终状态？H示意图实施例1-2众所周知，锡在505K(熔点)时的熔化热为7070.96焦耳/摩尔，厘泊(L) = 34.69-9.20×10-3TJ/(摩尔·K)厘泊(S) = 18.49+26.36×10-3TJ/(摩尔·K)用于计算锡过冷至495 K时自动凝固的比例505K恒温，放热b相变c最终状态吸收热上升温度吸收热相变放热495Ka初始状态1摩尔液体d x摩尔固体(1-x)摩尔液体？H图例1-3铅的熔点为600K，凝固热为4811.6 J/mol，计算了铅在600K 凝固时的熵值变化(在一个大气压下)。
例1-4已知在1个大气压下液态铅的比热为32.43-3.10×10-3tj/(mol·k)CP(s)= 23.56+9.75×10-3tj/(mol·k)液态铅在其熔点(600K)固化成固体时释放4811.6 J/mol的热量。
计算了液态铅过冷到590K凝固时(在一个大气压下)熵值的变化。
1液态铅固态铅恒温相变600Kbc冷却温升590Ka初始相变d最终状态计算？S示意图实施例2-1已知液态锌的Cp(l)为Cp(L)= 29.66+4.81×10-3TJ/(mol·k)，固态锌的Cp(s)为Cp(S)= 22.13+11.05×10-3TJ/(mol·k)，锌的熔点为692.6K，熔化热δH = 6589.8J/mol，自由能差δG(δ的实施例2-2使用第一章中的数据计算铅在590 K(过冷10 K)凝固时的自由能变化δg(590 K)，并将其与简单近似计算的结果(铅在590K 凝固时δH =-4811.6J/mol)进行比较可以从第一章的计算中看出:当铅在590K凝固时，焓变化δH =-4722.56J/mol；熵变化δs =-8.0j/(Mol·k)例2-3已知γ-铁、δ-铁和液态铁的Cp为Cp(γ)= 7.70+19.50×10-3 TJ/Mol·kcp(d)= 43.93j/Mol·k(1674 ~ 1809k)Cp(L)= 41.84j/Mol·k(L)G亚稳态？相的理论熔点？第一阶段？1673年？L1809G？g？GLT/K？阶段225y = 246.65t-34.138 tlnt+9.75？10t 20-32y/100015y = 14861.57t = 1793.82k 105005001000t，k 1500200025003000| 286K时199例4-1，α-Sn β-Sn的δh = 2092j/mol，锡的= 118.7，πα-Sn = 5.75g/mL，ψ计算100个大气压下相变温度的变化值例4-2在95.5℃单斜硫菱形硫中，δV = 0.01395毫升/克，δH = 13.05焦耳/克，找出压力对相变温度的影响例4-3固体锌的蒸气压与温度的关系为:lgp(ATM)=-6850/T-0.755 gt+8.36液态锌的蒸气压与温度的关系为:lgp(ATM)=-6620/T-1.255 LGT+9.46q:1)液态锌在1个大气压下的沸点；2)三点温度；3)1 ATM沸点下的汽化热；4)三相点的熔化热；5)固体锌和液体锌之间的δCp 例4-4锌在610 K时的蒸气压为10 mmHg，镉的计算蒸气压也为10-5 mmHg杜林定律:当相似物质具有相同的蒸汽压时，T1/T2 =常数例4-5碳在1个大气压和25℃下以石墨为稳定相，并试图找出在25℃下将石墨转化为金刚石所需的压力实施例5-1实验测得的镉-镁的摩尔体积如下表所示Cd-镁合金-5实施例5-2已知三元溶液的摩尔体积为VM = 7x1+10 x2+12x 3-2x1x2+3x1x2x 3(cm3/mol)339解决方案:虚拟机∠X1 = x2 = x3 = 1/3 =869 X1 = 1-X2-X3，因为X1+X2+X3 = 1经过取代，我们可以得到:实施例5-3在1075℃下实验测得的氧在银中的溶解度如下表所示，我们可以找出:1)氧在银中的溶解度是否符合西沃特定律，我们可以找出溶解度常数；2)1075℃时空气中氧在银中的溶解度实施例5-4将0.567 g尿素(CON2H4)溶解在500 g水中，测量该水溶液的冰点为-0.0351℃，并计算尿素的分子量。
材料物理化学作业-热力学第一定律
材料物理化学作业第一章 热力学第一定律1．某体系在压力101.3kPa 下，恒压可逆膨胀，体积增大5L ，计算所做的功。
2. 在300K 的常压下，2mol 的某固体物质完全升华过程的体积功为多少？3．2mol H 2在00C ，压力为101.3kPa 下恒压可逆膨胀至100L ，求W 、Q 、ΔU 、ΔH 。
4．计算1mol 铅由250C 加热到3000C 时所吸收的热。
已知铅的C p =23.55+9.74×10-3T/K J ·K -1·mol -15．1mol 单原子理想气体，温度为250C ，压力为101.3kPa ，经两种过程达到同一末态：Ⅰ、恒压加热，温度上升到12170C ，然后再经恒容降温到250C 。
Ⅱ、恒温可逆膨胀到20.26kPa 。
分别计算两个过程的W 、Q 、ΔU 和ΔH 。
6．已知250C 时下列反应的热效应：2Pb+O 2=2PbO ΔH 1=－438.56kJ ·mol -1 S+O 2=SO 2 ΔH 2=－296.90kJ ·mol -1 2SO 2+ O 2=2SO 3 ΔH 3=－197.72kJ ·mol -1 Pb+S+2O 2=PbSO 4 ΔH 4=－918.39kJ ·mol -1 求反应PbO+SO 3= PbSO 4的热效应。
7．已知250C 时下列反应的热效应：Ag 2O+2HCl （g ）=2Agl+H 2O （l ） ΔH 1=－324.71kJ ·mol -12 Ag+21O 2= Ag 2O ΔH 2=－30.57kJ ·mol -1 21H 2+21Cl 2=HCl （g ） ΔH 3=－92.31kJ ·mol -1 H 2+21O 2= H 2O （l ） ΔH 4=－285.84kJ ·mol -1 求AgCl 的生成热。
安徽工业大学研究生材料热力学考试题
安徽工业大学研究生材料热力学考试题
一、仔细阅读下列论述，判断正误，如果错误，请说明该论述违反了哪些热力学原理，并给出正确的论述。
（20分）
(1) 低压下不可能将石墨转变为金刚石。
(2) 在一炉10 吨的钢水(Fe-C 二元溶体)中加入12 克碳后，使钢水的吉布斯自由能的增加值即为Fe 的
化学位。
(3) 恒温恒压下，如果两相的吉布斯自由能相等，则两相彼此处于平衡状态。
(4) 纯金属中不存在空位时的吉布斯自由能最低。
（20分）
分）
三、（1）固态纯组元的G-T 曲线如下图所示，请判断哪条线正确，并解释原因。
（20
（2）A-B 二元系中，固相和液相的摩尔自由能-成分曲线如下图所示。
请在自由能-成分曲线上，图示出体系成分为X*处，固相纯A和液相纯B混合后的吉布斯自由能的变化量∆Gmix，并说明原因。
（20分）
四、试通过如图所示的A-B二元相图，判断A-B固溶体的性质、溶体组元间的相互作用能。
并请画出T1 温度下所存在的相的自由能-成分曲线。
（20分）。
材料热力学习题答案1
The problems of the first law1. a lead bullet is fired at a frigid surface. At what speed must it travel to melt on impact, if its initial temperature is 25℃ and heating of the rigid surface of the rigid surface is neglected? The melting point of lead is 327℃. The molar heat of fusion of the lead is 4.8kJ/mol. The molar heat capacity C P of lead may be taken as 29.3J/(mol K) (1.1)Solution: )/(5.112.20721]108.4)25327(3.29[2121)(2322s m V v n n WQ nMv mv W H T C n Q Q Q absorb melting p melt increase absorb ==⨯+-⨯===∆+∆=+=2. what is the average power production in watts of a person who burns 2500 kcal of food in a day? Estimate the average additional powder production of 75Kg man who is climbing a mountain at eh rate of 20 m/min (1.2)Solution )/(24560208.975)/(12160602410467000//)(104670001868.4102500sin 3S J t h mg P S J t Q t W P J Q gincrea Burning Burning =⨯⨯=∆==⨯⨯====⨯⨯=3 One cubic decimeter (1 dm 3) of water is broken into droplets having a diameter of one micrometer (1 um) at 20℃. (1.3)(a) what is the total area of the droplets?(b) Calculate the minimum work required to produce the droplets. Assume that the droplets arerest (have zero velocity)Water have a surface tension of 72.75 dyn/cm at 20℃ (NOTES: the term surface energy (ene/cm 2) is also used for surface tension dyn/cm)Solution)(25.218)106103(1075.72)(103)101(4)101(34)101(232523263631J S W m nS S Single total =⨯-⨯⨯⨯=∆=⨯=⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯==-+----σππ4.Gaseous helium is to be used to quench a hot piece of metal. The helium is in storage in aninsulated tank with a volume of 50 L and a temperature of 25℃, the pressure is 10 atm. Assume that helium is an ideal gas.(a) when the valve is opened and the gas escapes into the quench chamber (pressure=1 atm), whatwill be the temperature of the first gas to hit the specimen?(b) As the helium flows, the pressure in the tank drops. What will be the temperature of thehelium entering the quench chamber when the pressure in the tank has fallen to 1 atm? (1.4)Solution: )(180118298)(1185.229810101325501010101325)5500(1)()(118)101(298)()(0334.0/00K T T T K RR nC W T b K T P PT T Adiabatic a p C R P=-=∆-==⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯-⨯==∆=⨯==--5 An evacuated (P=0), insulted tank is surrounded by a very large volume (assume infinite volume) of an ideal gas at a temperature T 0. The valve on the tank is opened and the surrounding gas is allowed to flow quickly into the tank until the pressure inside the tank is equals the pressure outside. Assume that no heat flow takes place. What is the final tempeture of the gas in the tank? The heat capacity of the gas, C p and C v each may be assumed to be constant over the temperature rang spanned by the experiment. You answer may be left in terms of C p and C vhint: one way to approach the problem is to define the system as the gas ends up in the tank. (1.5)solution 0/000/00)0()(T P P T T P PT T Adiabatic PPC R C R ≈-==6. Calculate the heat of reaction of methane with oxygen at 298K, assuming that the products of reaction are CO 2 and CH 4 (gas)[This heat of reaction is also called the low calorific power of methane] convert the answer into unites of Btu/1000 SCF of methane. SCF means standard cubic feet, taken at 298 and 1atmNOTE: this value is a good approximation for the low calorific powder of natural gas (1.6)DA TA:)()()(224g O H g CO g CH FOR80.5705.9489.17]/[0298---•∆mol g Kcal Hsolution)1000/(9.2610252103048.01101076.191)/(76.191)89.1780.57205.94()2(22333332982982224422SCF Btu mol g Kcal H H H H H OH CO O CH CH O H CO =⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯=•=∆+⨯---=∆-∆+∆-=∆+=+-7. Methane is delivered at 298 K to a glass factory, which operates a melting furnace at 1600 K. The fuel is mixed with a quantity of air, also at 298 K, which is 10% in excess of the amount theoretically needed for complete combustion (air is approximately 21% O 2 and 79% N 2) (1.7) (a) Assuming complete combustion, what is the composition of the flue gas (the gas followingcombustion)?(b) What is the temperature of the gas, assuming no heat loss?(c) The furnace processes 2000kg of glass hourly, and its heat losses to the surroundings average400000 kJ/h. calculate the fuel consumption at STP (in m 3/h) assuming that for gas H 1600-H 298=1200KJ/KG(d) A heat exchanger is installed to transfer some of the sensible heat of the flue gas to thecombustion air. Calculate the decrease in fuel consumption if the combustion air is heated to 800KDA TA STP means T=298K, P=1atm22224O N O H CO CH for 2.82.89.117.1316)/(C mol cal C P •Solution)(210448.1125.9100076.191298)/(25.9)]87.012.72(2.843.179.1171.87.13[01.0)(%87.0%%12.72%%43.17%2%%71.8)11.1(221791.1231%22)(0,,222222224K T T T C mol cal X C C b O N CO O H CO O H CO O CH a i i p p p =⨯⨯+=∆+=•=+⨯+⨯+⨯=======-⨯+⨯⨯+=+=+∑)/(1644)0224.011868.448.11)8001600(48.1125.9189570(102800000)/(189570)298800)](48.1187.8)48.1125.9[(100076.191)()/(87.848.11/]211002.22.816[)()/(3214)0224.011868.448.11)2981600(48.1125.9100076.191(102800000)/(280000040000020001200)(33min ,,,,298,,33min h m V mol g cal dTn C n C H H C mol cal X C C d h m V h KJ P C gConsu i i r p i i p p i i p r p g Consu =⨯⨯-⨯-⨯=•=-⨯-⨯-⨯=--∆=∆•=⨯⨯+===⨯⨯-⨯-⨯⨯==+⨯=⎰∑∑∑8.In an investigation of the thermodynamic properties of a-manganese, the following heat contents were determined:H 700-H 298=12113 J/(g atom) H 1000-H 298=22803 J/(g atom)Find a suitable equation for H T -H 298 and also for C P as a function of temperature in the form (a+bT) Assume that no structure transformation takes place in the given tempeture rang. (1.8)Solution )298(0055.0)298(62.35011.062.35011.062.3522803)2981000(2)2981000(12113)298700(2)298700(]2[2229822222982---=∆-=-===-+-=-+-+=+==∆⎰⎰T T H TC b a ba ba T baT bTdT a dT C H TP T P9.A fuel gas containing 40% CO, 10% CO 2, and the rest N 2 (by volume) is burnt completely with air in a furnace. The incoming and ongoing temperatures of the gases in the furnace are 773K and 1250K,respectively. Calculate (a) the maximum flame temperature and (b) heat supplied to the furnace per cu. ft of exhaust gas (1.9)molJ Hmol J H CO f CO f /393296/1104580,298,0,298,2-=∆-=∆)/(10184.403.29)/(1067.11010.492.19)/(1037.81020.935.44)/(1042.01097.345.283,253,253,253,222molK J T C molK J T T C molK J T T C molK J T T C N P O P CO P CO P -------⨯+=⨯-⨯+=⨯-⨯+=⨯-⨯+=Solution?0)499.0321.018.1()1067.01019.277.28(28.282831067.01038.477.289.0)1019.01058.528.33(2.0282838)()/(1019.01058.528.33722.0278.0)/(1067.01038.477.281.065.005.02.0)()/(282838110458393296%2.72%8.27%10%65%5%20)4/(1122298127332981523733253253298,,,,298,253,,,,,253,,,,,,,0,298,0,298,298,22222222222222==+--⨯+⨯++⨯=⨯-⨯++⨯⨯-⨯+-⨯=--∆=∆⨯-⨯+=+==⨯-⨯+=+++===-=∆-∆=∆========+-----------⎰⎰⎰∑∑⎰∑∑∑∑T T T T T T T dTT T dTT T dT n C n C n H H molK J T T C C n C C molK J T T C C C C n C C a mol J n H n H H N CO production O N CO CO reation then O N air mole need fuel mole when CO O CO T TT i i r p i i p p i i N P CO P i i p p r p O P N P CO P CO P i i p p r p i p f i r f idTT T Q dT T T Q b T T T T T T T dT T T dTT T dT n C n C n H H T TT i i r p i i p p i i 9.0)1019.01058.528.33(2.02828389.0)1019.01058.528.33(2.0282838)(0)499.0321.018.1()1067.01019.277.28(28.282831067.01038.477.289.0)1019.01058.528.33(2.0282838)(253125029812502982531250298125029829812125029815231250253253298,,,,298,⨯⨯-⨯++⨯-=⨯⨯-⨯++⨯-===+--⨯+⨯++⨯=⨯-⨯++⨯⨯-⨯+-⨯=--∆=∆-----------⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰∑∑⎰10. (a) for the reaction 2221CO O CO →+,what is the enthalpy of reaction (0H ∆) at 298 K ? (b) a fuel gas, with composition 50% CO, 50% N 2 is burned using the stoichiometric amount of air. What is the composition of the flue gas?(c) If the fuel gas and the air enter there burner at 298 K, what is the highest temperature theflame may attain (adiabatic flame temperature)? DA TA :standard heats of formation f H ∆ at 298 K (1.10))/(393000)/(1100002mol J CO mol J CO -=-=Heat capacities [J/(mol K)] to be used for this problem N 2=33, O 2=33, CO=34, CO 2=57 Solution)(21100)298)(39889.0(222.02830000)/(3975.03325.057)/(33111.034222.033666.033)(%,75%%,251.111002.22%%1.11%%,6.66%%,2.222.0/25.015.0%)()/(283000393000110000)(,0,,,,,,22220,298,0,298,0K T T dT C n H H K mol J X C C K mol J X C C C N CO product O N CO fuel b mol J n H n H H a P p p i P r i P r i P p i P p i P f i r f ==-⨯-⨯=-∆=∆•=⨯+⨯==•=⨯+⨯+⨯====-====+==+-=∆-∆=∆⎰∑∑∑∑11.a particular blast furnace gas has the following composition by (volume): N 2=60%, H 2=4, CO=12%, CO 2=24%(a) if the gas at 298K is burned with the stochiometric amount of dry air at 298 K, what is the composition of the flue gas? What is the adiabatic flame temperature? (b) repeat the calculation for 30% excess combustion air at 298K(C)what is the adiabatic flame temperature when the blast furnace gas is preheated to 700K (the dry air is at 298K)(d) suppose the combustion air is not dry ( has partial pressure of water 15 mm Hg and a total pressure of 760 mm Hg) how will the flame temperature be affected? DA TA(k J/mol) （1.11）2CO CO FOR513.393523.110)/(--∆mol kJ H f 2222,)(O N g O H CO CO FOR34505733]/[K mol J C P •Solution)(1052)(75438286370])295.03450(241604[026.0])335.03457(110523393513[079.0])([%8.66%%,8.6%%,6.2%%,8.15%%,9.72.0/83.110012%)()(1122)(82538313430])295.03450(241604[029.0])335.03457(110523393513[086.0])([%7.65%%,7.5%%,9.2%%,1.17%%,6.82.0/810012%2121)(,,,,,,,02222,,,,,,,0222222222K T K T T n C T T X C dT n C n C H x H N O H CO CO b K T K T T n C T T X C dT n C n C H x H N O H CO CO OH O H CO O CO a i i r P ii P i i r P i i p P i i i i r P ii P i i r P i i p P i i ===∆=∆-∆-⨯--+∆-⨯---=+--∆=∆=====⨯+====∆=∆-∆-⨯--+∆-⨯---=+--∆=∆=====+=→+→+∑∑∑⎰∑∑∑∑∑⎰∑∑)(1419),(11213842594034286.0)402(2.39714.0])295.03450(241604[029.0])335.03457(110523393513[086.0)3(K T K T T T T T H ===∆=∆⨯--∆⨯-∆-⨯--+∆-⨯---=∆12．A bath of molten copper is super cooled to 5℃ below its true melting point. Nucleation of solid copper then takes place, and the solidification proceeds under adiabatic conditions. What percentage of the bath solidifies?DA TA: Heat of fusion for copper is 3100 cal/mol at 1803℃(the melting point of copper) C P,L =7.5(cal/mol ℃), C P,S =5.41+(1.5*10-3T )(cal/mol ℃) （1.12） Solution)/(310355.75.0)17981803(105.1541.5310002231798,1798,17981803,18031798,1803,mol cal H H dT C dT C H L S SL L P S P L S =⨯-⨯-⨯+⨯+==+++-⎰⎰13．Cuprous oxide (Cu 2O) is being reduced by hydrogen in a furnace at 1000K, (a)write the chemical reaction for the reduced one mole of Cu 2O(b)how much heat is release or absorbed per mole reacted? Given the quantity of heat and state whether heat is evolved (exothermic reaction) or absorbed (endothermic reaction)DA TA: heat of formation of 1000K in cal/mol Cu 2O=-41900 H 2O=-59210 （1.13） solution)/(173104190059210222mol cal H OH Cu H O Cu =-=∆+=+,exothermic reaction14. (a) what is the enthalpy of pure, liquid aluminum at 1000K?(b) an electric resistance furnace is used to melt pure aluminum at the rate of 100kg/h. the furnace is fed with solid aluminum at 298K. The liquid aluminum leaves the furnace at 1000K. what is the minimum electric powder rating (kW) of furnace.DA TA : For aluminum : atomic weight=27g/mol, C p,s =26(J/molK), C p,L =29(J/molK), Melting point=932K, Heat of fusion=10700J/mol (1.14)Solution )(28.0)(7.2793600110002727184)/(2718410700)9321000(29)298932(261000932,932298,1000,kW W P mol J H dT C dT C H SLL P S P l ==⨯⨯==+-⨯+-⨯=++=⎰⎰15 A waste material (dross from the melting of aluminum) is found to contain 1 wt% metallic aluminum. The rest may be assumed to aluminum oxide. The aluminum is finely divided and dispersed in the aluminum oxide; that is the two material are thermally connected.If the waster material is stored at 298K. what is the maximum temperature to which it may rise if all the metallic aluminum is oxidized by air/ the entire mass may be assumed to rise to the same temperature. Data : atomic weight Al=27g/mol, O=16g/mol, C p,s,Al =26(J/molK), C p,s,Al2O3=104J/mol, heat formation of Al 2O 3=-1676000J/mol (1.15)Solution;)(600)(3021041029927275.116122711676000K T K T T ==∆∆⨯⨯++⨯⨯=⨯⨯16 Metals exhibit some interesting properties when they are rapidly solidified from the liquid state. An apparatus for the rapid solidification of copper is cooled by water. In the apparatus, liquid copper at its melting point (1356K) is sprayed on a cooling surface, where it solidified and cools to 400K. The copper is supplied to the apparatus at the rate of one kilogram per minute. Cooling water is available at 20℃, and is not allowed to raise above 80℃. What is the minimum flow rate of water in the apparatus, in cubic meters per minute?DA TA; for water: C p =4.184J/g k, Density=1g/cm 3; for copper: molecular weight=63.54g/mol C p =7cal/mol k, heat of fusion=3120 cal/mol (1.16)Solution:min)/(10573.2)2080(1min /min54.631000)]4001356(73120[min /33m V VQ Q Water Copper -⨯=-=⨯⨯-⨯+=17 water flowing through an insulated pipe at the rate of 5L/min is to be heated from 20℃ to 60℃ b an electrical resistance heater. Calculate the minimum power rating of the resistance heater in watts. Specify the system and basis for you calculation. DA TA; For water C p =4.184J/g k, Density=1g/cm 3 (1.17)Solution: )(139476010005)2060(184.4W W =⨯⨯-⨯=18 The heat of evaporation of water at 100℃ and 1 atm is 2261J/mol (a) what percentage of that energy is used as work done by the vapor?(b)if the density of water vapor at 100℃ and 1 atm is 0.597kg/m 3 what is the internal energy change for the evaporation of water? (1.18)Solution: )/(375971822613101%6.71822613101%)/(31010224.0273373101325mol J Q W U mol J V P =⨯+-=+=∆=⨯==⨯⨯=∆19 water is the minimum amount of steam (at 100℃ and 1 atm pressure) required to melt a kilogram of ice (at 0℃)? Use data for problem 1.20 (1.19) Solution )(125,3341000)10018.42261(g m m =⨯=⨯+20 in certain parts of the world pressurized water from beneath the surface of the earth is available as a source of thermal energy. To make steam, the geothermal water at 180℃is passed through a flash evaporator that operates at 1atm pressure. Two streams come out of the evaporator, liquid water and water vapor. How much water vapor is formed per kilogram of geothermal water? Is the process reversible? Assume that water is incompressible. The vapor pressure of water at 180℃is1.0021 Mpa( about 10 atm) Data: C P,L=4.18J/(g k), C P,v=2.00J/(g k), △H V=2261J/g, △H m=334 J/g (1.20)Solution:leirreversibgxxx)(138),1000(8018.4)8018.48022261(=-⨯⨯=⨯-⨯+。
材料热力学习题解答
《材料热力学》复习思考题解答3. 在1560℃时，C 在液态铁中的活度系数和偏摩尔超额焓由下列式表示： 2l n 0.37711.7c C C X X γ=-++25.415.017.25E C C C H X X =++(K Cal) 其标准态为纯石墨，计算1560℃时液相与石墨平衡的相线的斜率。
解：以石墨为标准态时，C 在液态铁中的化学位为：l n (1)LC CC R T a μμ=+ 石墨 当液相与石墨平衡时，L C Cμμ=石墨。
即ln 0C α=。
又ln ln ln C C C X αγ=+ln ln 0(2)C C X γ∴+=由(2)式得：平衡时0.2067C X =两边取微分得：(ln )(ln )1[](1/)[]0(1/)C C C X T C C C C d T dX dX T X X γγ∂∂++=∂∂ (ln )[](1/)ln ln 1(1/)[()]1()CC X EC C C C C T C TC C CdX H X T d T R X X X X γγγ∂-∂∴==⋅∂∂-++∂∂2(5.415.017.25) 4.1810000.20678.311(723.4)278.6C C CC X X X X ++⨯⨯=-⋅++=- 2C dX T dT=-CdX 又d(1/T)5221278.68.310(1560273)C dX dT T -∴=-==⨯+C dX d(1/T) 1()K - 4. 在1000K 时，A-B 二元溶液中，当0.01B X =时，0.1B a =。
在盛有大量A 的量热计中加入少量的B 组元时，测得吸热7000Cal/mol ，假定2ln ln B A B X γγ=。
求1500K 时，当0.02B X =时，B 组元的活度。
解：在1000K 时，当0.01B X =时，0.1B a =0.1100.01B γ∴== 又022ln ln10ln 2.3490.99B B A X γγ=== 又ln [](1/)ii P H R T γ∂∆=∂15001500010001000l n (1/)BBH d d T Rγ∆∴=⎰⎰1500100011[ln ][ln ]()15001000B B B H R γγ∆∴=+-7000 4.18112.349()8.31150010001.175⨯=+-= 202l n (l n )0.981.175B A B X γγ∴==⨯ 1.128= l n 3.09B γ∴= 3.090.020.0B B B a X γ==⨯=7. 若A-B 二元合金系在液、固态两组元均能无限互溶，且均为理想溶液。
材料热力学考试习题
材料热力学考试习题6、10个小球分配在4个完全相同的容积中，试求4个小容积中各分得3、2、0、5个小球的微观状态数为多少？7、由5个粒子所组成的体系，其能级分别为0、、2及3，体系的总能量为3试分析5个粒子可能出现的分布方式；求出各种分布方式的微观状态数及总微观状态数。
8、有6个可别粒子，分布在4个不同的能级上(、2、3及4)，总能量为10，各能级的简并度分别为2、2、2、1，计算各类分布的j及总。
9、振动频率为的双原子分子的简谐振动服从量子化的能级规律。
有N个分子组成玻耳兹曼分布的体系。
求在温度T时，最低能级上分子数的计算式。
10、气体N2的转动惯量I=1.39410-46kgm2，计算300K时的qJ。
11、已知NO分子的=2696K，试求300K时的q~如12、已知下列各双原子分子在基态时的平均核间距r0及振动波数下：分子H2O2COHIr0/10-10m0.7511.2111.1311.615~/(0.01m)-14395158021702310计算各分子的转动惯量、J及13、计算300K时，1molHI振动时对内能和熵的贡献。
14、在298K及101.3kPa条件下，1molN2的qt等于多少？15、在300K时，计算CO按转动能级的分布，并画出分子在转动能级间的分布曲线。
16、计算H2及CO在1000K时按振动能级的分布，并画出分子在振动能间的分布曲线；再求出分子占基态振动能级的几率。
17、已知HCl在基态时的平均核间距为1.26410-10m，振动波数~=2990m。
计算298K时的Sm-118、证明1mol理想气体在101.3kPa压力下qt=bLM3/2(T/K)5/2(b为常数)19、计算1molO2在25C及101.3kPa条件下的Gm、Sm及Hm。
设U0等于零。
20、已知300K时金刚石的定容摩尔热容CV,m=5.65Jmol-1K-1，求E及21．已知300K时硼的定容摩尔热容CV,m=10.46Jmol-1K-1，求(1)D；(2)温度分别为30K、50K、100K、700K、1000K时的CV,m值；(3)作CV,m值T图形。
材料热力学：热力学第一定律单元测验
一、单选题1、下列过程中，系统内能变化不为零的是（）A.两种理想气体的等温混合过程B.可逆循环过程C. 纯液体的真空蒸发过程D.不可逆循环过程正确答案：C2、在实际气体的节流膨胀过程中，哪一组描述是正确的（）A.Q ＝0, DH ＝0, Dp <0B.Q <0, DH ＝0, Dp <0C.Q >0, DH ＝0, Dp < 0D.Q ＝0, DH <0, Dp >0正确答案：A3、关于热平衡，下列说法中正确的是（）A.并不是所有热力学平衡系统都必须满足热平衡的条件B.系统处于热平衡时，系统的温度一定等于环境的温度C.在等温过程中系统始终处于热平衡D. 若系统A与B成热平衡，B与C成热平衡，则A与C直接接触时也一定成热平衡正确答案：D4、将1 mol 373 K，标准压力下的水，分别经历：(1) 等温等压可逆蒸发，(2) 真空蒸发，变成373 K，标准压力下的水气。
这两种过程的功和热的关系为：A. W1>W2 Q1<Q2B. W1=W2 Q1=Q2C.W1<W2 Q1>Q2D.W1<W2 Q1<Q2正确答案：C5、对有分子间相互作用的实际气体绝热自由膨胀过程，描述错误的是（）A.一定是热力学能不变的过程B.不一定是温度降低的过程C.一定是温度降低的过程D.一定是体积增大的过程正确答案：B6、下面的说法符合热力学第一定律的是（）A.气体在绝热膨胀或绝热压缩过程中, 其内能的变化值与过程完成的方式无关B.在无功过程中, 内能变化等于过程热, 这表明内能增量不一定与热力学过程无关C.封闭系统在指定的两个平衡态之间经历绝热变化时, 系统所做的功与途径无关D.在一完全绝热且边界为刚性的密闭容器中发生化学反应时,其内能一定变化正确答案：C7、下列过程中, 系统内能变化不为零的是（）A.两种理想气体的混合过程B.纯液体的真空蒸发过程C.可逆循环过程D.不可逆循环过程正确答案：B8、关于焓的性质, 下列说法中正确的是（）A. 焓是能量, 它遵守热力学第一定律B.焓是系统内含的热能, 所以常称它为热焓C. 系统的焓值等于内能加体积功D.焓的增量只与系统的始末态有关正确答案：D9、下列哪个封闭体系的内能和焓仅是温度的函数？（）A.理想气体B.理想溶液C.所有气体D.稀溶液正确答案：A10、关于节流膨胀, 下列说法正确的是（）A.节流膨胀中系统的焓值改变B.节流过程中多孔塞两边的压力不断变化C.节流膨胀中系统的内能变化D.节流膨胀是绝热可逆过程正确答案：C11、关于热力学可逆过程,下面的说法中不正确的是（）A.在等温可逆过程中,系统做功时,系统损失的能量最小B.可逆过程中的任何一个中间态都可从正逆两个方向到达C.在等温可逆过程中,环境做功时,系统得到的功最小D.可逆过程不一定是循环过程正确答案：A12、一定量的理想气体，从同一初态分别经历等温可逆膨胀、绝热可逆膨胀到具有相同压力的终态，终态体积分别为V1、V2。
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2. 已知纯钛α/β平衡相变温度为882℃，相变焓为
14.65kJ.mol-1,试求将βTi过冷到800℃时，β→α的相变 驱动力。
3.试用正规溶体模型计算一个IAB＝16.7kJ.mol-1成分为XB
＝0.4的二元固溶体，其发生Spinodal分解的上限温度
是多少？
4.试根据AI-Mg二元相图中Mg17Al12在Mg基固溶体(β)中的
《材料热力学》试题
2007级
一、计算题
1.已知液体锌的Cp(l)为
Cp(l)＝29.66＋4.81×10-3T J/mol.K 固体密排六方锌的Cp(l)为 Cp(l)＝22.13＋11.05×10-3T J/mol.K 锌的熔点692.6K，熔化热ΔH＝6589.9J/mol，求固、 液相之间随温度变化自由能差值ΔG（T）。
（模型的建立、主要结论、适用对象）
3. 试画出如下共晶相图T2、T3、T5温度 下各相的自由能-成分曲线。
4. 试用摩尔自由能-成分图说明，为什么碳 素钢在淬火之后回火时，渗碳体的粒子越 细，其周围的铁素体中的含碳量越高？
三. 问答题
结合自己的研究课题，试述热力学
在材料中的应用。
谈谈本课程的学习体会以及对本课程
溶解度曲线数据(见下表)，求Mg17Al12的生成自由能。 温度/℃ 400 11 350 8.2 300 6.1 250 4.3 200 2.9 150 1.7
溶解度(Al)/at.%
二、简答题
1. 用正规溶体近似解释二元合金固溶体的illiams近似和双亚点阵模型。
的建议。