马斯洛需求层次理论英文版
Motivation管理学英文版
马斯洛认为：
只 有当低层次的需求已经得到满足时，高层次的需求才会对人产生激励；需 求是一个人努力争取现实的愿望；已经满足的需求不再起促进作用，不 再是激励的因素，一种需求得到满足，另一种需求就会取而代之。
马斯洛需求层次综合评价
马斯洛的需求层次理论：在一定程度上反映了人类行为和心理活动的共 同规律。马斯洛从人的需要出发探索人的激励和研究人的行为，抓住 了问题的关键；马斯洛指出了人的需要是由低级向高级不断发展的， 这一趋势基本上符合需要发展规律的。因此，需要层次理论对企业管 理者如何有效的调动人的积极性有启发作用。 同时，其理论也衍生了以人为本的管理。在60年代的美国，管理大师杜 拉克，麦格来高等都将注意力集中于工业化的工作场地时，马里洛却 意识到人本管理的重要性，其是相当难能可贵。
Two-Factor Theory. Ⅰ Hygiene Factor Factors that involve the presence or absence of job dissatisfiers , including working conditions, pay, company policies, and interpersonal relationships. Ⅱ Motivators Factors that influence job satisfaction based on fulfillment of high-level needs such as achievement, recognition, responsibility, and opportunity for growth.
→生理需求:包括维持生活和繁衍后代所必需 的各种物质上的需求，如衣食住行和性欲 等。这些是人类最基本的，也是最推动力 最强的需求，在这一级需求没有得到满足 前，更高级需求就不会发挥作用。
马斯洛需求层次理论（Maslowshierarchyofneeds），
马斯洛需求层次理论（Maslowshierarchyofneeds），马斯洛需求层次理论Maslow's hierarchy of needs马斯洛需求层次理论（Maslow's hierarchy of needs），亦称“基本需求层次理论”，是行为科学的理论之一，由美国心理学家亚伯拉罕·马斯洛于1943年在《人类激励理论》论文中所提出。
名词理解——马斯洛需求层次理论基本内容：马斯洛理论把需求分成生理需求、安全需求、归属与爱的需求、尊重需求和自我实现需求五类，依次由较低层次到较高层次排列。
各层次需要的基本含义如下：生理上的需求：这是人类维持自身生存的最基本要求，包括对以下事物的需求：呼吸水食物睡眠生理平衡分泌性如果这些需要（除性以外）任何一项得不到满足，人类个人的生理机能就无法正常运转。
换而言之，人类的生命就会因此受到威胁。
在这个意义上说，生理需要是推动人们行动最首要的动力。
马斯洛认为，只有这些最基本的需要满足到维持生存所必需的程度后，其他的需要才能成为新的激励因素，而到了此时，这些已相对满足的需要也就不再成为激励因素了。
安全上的需求：这是人类要求对以下事物的需求：人身安全健康保障资源所有性财产所有性道德保障工作职位保障家庭安全马斯洛认为，整个有机体是一个追求安全的机制，人的感受器官、效应器官、智能和其他能量主要是寻求安全的工具，甚至可以把科学和人生观都看成是满足安全需要的一部分。
当然，当这种需要一旦相对满足后，也就不再成为激励因素了。
情感和归属的需求：这一层次包括对以下事物的需求：友情爱情性亲密人人都希望得到相互的关系和照顾。
感情上的需要比生理上的需要来的细致，它和一个人的生理特性、经历、教育、宗教信仰都有关系。
尊重的需求：该层次包括对以下事物的需求：自我尊重信心成就对他人尊重被他人尊重人人都希望自己有稳定的社会地位，要求个人的能力和成就得到社会的承认。
尊重的需要又可分为内部尊重和外部尊重。
马斯洛提出需要的5个层次
马斯洛提出需要的5个层次
马斯洛需求层次理论（Maslow's hierarchy of needs），亦称“基本需求层次理论”，是行为科学的理论之一，由美国心理学家亚伯拉罕·马斯洛于1943年在《人类激励理论》论文中所提出。
将需求分为五种，象阶梯一样从低到高，按层次逐级递升，分别为：生理上的需求，安全上的需求，情感和归属的需求，尊重的需求，自我实现的需求。
另外两种需要：求知需要和审美需要。
这两种需要未被列入到他的需求层次排列中，他认为这二者应居于尊重需求与自我实现需求之间。
还讨论了需要层次理论的价值与应用等。
：
1、生理需要，是个人生存的基本需要。
如吃、喝、住处。
2、安全需要，包括心理上与物质上的安全保障，如不受盗窃和威协，预防危险事故，职业有保障，有社会保险和退休基金等。
3、社交需要，人是社会的一员，需要友谊和群体的归属感，人际交往需要彼此同情互助和赞许。
4、尊重需要，包括要求受到别人的尊重和自己具有内在的自尊心。
5、自我实现需要，指通过自己的努力，实现自己对生活的期望，从而对生活和工作真正感到很有意义。
马斯洛的需求理论
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Maslow argued that each person has a hierarchy of needs that must be satisfied, ranging from basic physiological requirements to love, esteem, and, finally, self-actualization. As each need is satisfied, the next higher level in the emotional hierarchy dominates conscious functioning. Maslow believed that truly healthy people were self-actualizers because they satisfied the highest psychological needs, fully integrating the components of their personality, or self.
Esteem needs deal with a person's self-confidence and sense of self-worth. Humans have a need for a stable, firmly based, high level of self-respect, and respect from others. Self-actualization needs describe the desire for selffulfillment. According to Maslow, self-actualization is "…the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming."1
Maslow′s hierarchy of needs马斯洛需求分析理论的PPT
福尼亚劳格林慈善基金会第一任常驻评议员。第二次世界大战后转到布兰戴斯大学任心理
学教授兼系主任，开始对健康人格或自我实现者的心理特征进行研究。曾任美国人格与社
会心理学会主席和美国心理学会主席（1967），是<<人本主义心理学>>和<<超个人心理学
>>两个杂志的首任编辑。退休后去了加州。1970年因心脏病于该处去世。
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Self-actualization
The motivation to realize one's own maximum potential and possibilities is considered to be the master motive or the only real motive, all other motives being its various forms. In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need for self-actualization is the final need that manifests when lower level needs have been satisfied. Classical Adlerian psychotherapy promotes this level of psychological development, utilizing the foundation of a 12-stage therapeutic model to realistically satisfy the basic needs, leading to an advanced stage of "meta-therapy," creative living, and self/other/task-actualization. Maslow's writings are used as inspirational resources.
马斯洛需求层次理论英文版PPT课件
Safetห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ needs Financial reserves, safety workplace.
Esteem needs Be respected.
What will motivate you to succeed in life?
External esteem needs Social status and recognition.
SUCCESS
THANK YOU
2019/7/24
Self-actualization needs
The request of reaching one's full potential as a person.
Esteem needs Self-esteem and personal worth.
Self-actualization needs Curiosity about my potential.
Thank you!
SUCCESS
THANK YOU
2019/7/24
Friendship, intimacy, family, romantic attachments, etc.
Esteem needs
Recognition and acknowledgment from others. Internal esteem needs Self-respect and achievement.
Esteem needs Do a good job in team cooperation.
Self-actualization needs Take something I like and get really good at it.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow's Hierarchy of NeedsAbraham Harold Maslow (April 1, 1908 – June 8, 1970): an American professor of psychology at Brandeis University, Brooklyn College, New School for Social Research and Columbia University who created Maslow's hierarchy of needs. He stressed the importance of focusing on the positive qualities in people, as opposed to treating them as a “bag of symptoms.”Maslow's hierarchy of needs (马斯洛需求层次理论)is a theory in psychology, proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper A Theory of Human Motivation (人类激励理论). Maslow subsequently extended the idea to include his observations of humans' innate (天生的) curiosity. His theories parallel (与…平行/相当) many other theories of human developmental psychology, all of which focus on describing the stages of growth in humans. Maslow use the terms Physiological, Safety, Belongingness and Love, Esteem, and Self-Actualization needs to describe the pattern that human motivations generally move through.Physiological needsFor the most part, physiological needs are obvious – they are the literal requirements for human survival. If these requirements are not met, the human body simply cannot continue to function.Air, water, and food are metabolic (新陈代谢的) requirements for survival in all animals, including humans. Clothing and shelter provide necessary protection from the elements. Theintensity of the human sexual instinct is shaped more by sexual competition than maintaining a birth rate adequate to survival of the species.Safety needsWith their physical needs relatively satisfied, the individual's safety needs take precedence and dominate behavior. In the absence of physical safety – due to war, natural disaster, or, in cases of family violence, childhood abuse, etc. – people (re-)experience post-traumatic stress disorder (创伤后应激障碍/创伤后压力心理障碍症) and trans-generational trauma transfer (跨代外伤转移). In the absence of economic safety – due to economic crisis and lack of work opportunities – these safety needs manifest themselves in such things as a preference for job security, grievance procedures (申诉程序) for protecting the individual from unilateral authority, savings accounts, insurance policies, reasonable disability accommodations (残疾人住宿), and the like.Safety and Security needs include:•Personal security•Financial security•Health and well-being•Safety net against accidents/illness and their adverse impactsLove and belongingAfter physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, the third layer of human needs are interpersonal and involve feelings of belongingness. The need is especially strong in childhood and can override the need for safety as witnessed in children who cling to abusive parents. Deficiencies (缺乏、不足) with respect to this aspect of Maslow's hierarchy can impact individual's ability to form and maintain emotionally significant relationships in general, such as:•Friendship•Intimacy•FamilyHumans need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance, whether it comes from a large social group, such as clubs, office culture, religious groups, professional organizations, sports teams, gangs, or small social connections (family members, intimate partners, mentors (导师、顾问), close colleagues, confidants (知己) ). They need to love and be loved (sexually and non-sexually) by others. In the absence of these elements, many people become susceptible (易受影响的) to loneliness, social anxiety, and clinical depression (临床忧郁症). This need for belonging can often overcome the physiological and security needs, depending on the strength of the peer pressure; an anorexic (厌食的), for example, may ignore the need to eat and the security of health for a feeling of control and belonging.EsteemAll humans have a need to be respected and to have self-esteem and self-respect. Esteem presents the normal human desire to be accepted and valued by others. People need to engage themselves to gain recognition and have an activity or activities that give the person a sense of contribution, to feel self-valued, be it in a profession or hobby. Imbalances at this level can result in low self-esteem or an inferiority complex (情结，夸大的情绪反应). People with low self-esteem need respect from others. They may seek fame or glory, which again depends on others. Note, however, that many people with low self-esteem will not be able to improve their view of themselves simply by receiving fame, respect, and glory externally, but must first accept themselves internally. Psychological imbalances such as depression can also prevent one from obtaining self-esteem on both levels.Most people have a need for a stable self-respect and self-esteem. Maslow noted two versions of esteem needs, a lower one and a higher one. The lower one is the need for the respect of others, the need for status, recognition, fame, prestige, and attention. The higher one is the need for self-respect, the need for strength, competence, mastery, self-confidence, independence and freedom. The latter one ranks higher because it rests more on inner competence won through experience. Deprivation (丧失) of these needs can lead to an inferiority complex, weakness and helplessness.Maslow also states that even though these are examples of how the quest for knowledge is s eparate from basic needs he warns that these “two hierarchies are interrelated rather tha n sharply separated”. This means that this level of need, as well as the next and highest level, are not strict, separate levels but closely related to others, and this is possibly the reason that these two levels of need are left out of most textbooks.Self-actualizationThis is the highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. The self-actualization needs will appear if all of the fourth previous level of human needs has been fulfilled or satisfied well. The self-actualization needs is the way people need to understand what is their full potential is and realizing that potential. Maslow describes this desire as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming.Unlike the other levels that can be fully satisfied, the self-actualization needs is never fully satisfied, because as a human, one grows psychologically then there are always new opportunities that always grow continually.The self-actualization needs is also including several aspects like other basic needs levels such as truth, justice, wisdom and meaning. The self-actualized persons will have lots of chance to reach peak experiences, which are encouraging moments of happiness and harmony. According to Maslow’s theory there are only a small number of the people that can reach the level of self actualization.。
马斯洛需要层次理论
Maslow's hierarchy of needsAn interpretation of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, represented as a pyramid with the more basic needs at the bottom[1]Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper "A Theory of Human Motivation" in Psychological Review.[2] Maslow subsequently extended the idea to include his observations of humans' innate curiosity. His theories parallel many other theories of human developmental psychology, some of which focus on describing the stages of growth in humans. Maslow used the terms Physiological, Safety, Belongingness and Love, Esteem, Self-Actualization and Self-Transcendence needs to describe the pattern that human motivations generally move through.Maslow studied what he called exemplary people such as Albert Einstein, Jane Addams, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Frederick Douglass rather than mentally ill or neurotic people, writing that "the study of crippled, stunted, immature, and unhealthy specimens can yield only a cripple psychology and a cripple philosophy."[3] Maslow studied the healthiest 1% of the college student population.[4]Maslow's theory was fully expressed in his 1954 book Motivation and Personality.[5] While the hierarchy remains a very popular framework in sociology research, management training[6] and secondary and higher psychology instruction, it has largely been supplanted by attachment theory in graduate and clinical psychology and psychiatry.[7][8]HierarchyMaslow's hierarchy of needs is often portrayed in the shape of a pyramid with the largest, most fundamental levels of needs at the bottom and the need forself-actualization at the top.[1][9] While the pyramid has become the de facto way to represent the hierarchy, Maslow himself never used a pyramid to describe these levels in any of his writings on the subject.The most fundamental and basic four layers of the pyramid contain what Maslow called "deficiency needs" or "d-needs": esteem, friendship and love, security, and physical needs. If these "deficiency needs" are not met – with the exception of the most fundamental (physiological) need – there may not be a physical indication, but the individual will feel anxious and tense. Maslow's theory suggests that the most basic level of needs must be met before the individual will strongly desire (or focus motivation upon) the secondary or higher level needs. Maslow also coined the term Metamotivation to describe the motivation of people who go beyond the scope of the basic needs and strive for constant betterment.[10]The human mind and brain are complex and have parallel processes running at the same time, thus many different motivations from various levels of Maslow's hierarchy can occur at the same time. Maslow spoke clearly about these levels and their satisfaction in terms such as "relative," "general," and "primarily." Instead of stating that the individual focuses on a certain need at any given time, Maslow stated that a certain need "dominates" the human organism.[11] Thus Maslow acknowledged the likelihood that the different levels of motivation could occur at any time in the human mind, but he focused on identifying the basic types of motivation and the order in which they should be met.Physiological needsPhysiological needs are the physical requirements for human survival. If these requirements are not met, the human body cannot function properly, and will ultimately fail. Physiological needs are thought to be the most important; they should be met first.Air, water, and food are metabolic requirements for survival in all animals, including humans. Clothing and shelter provide necessary protection from the elements. While maintaining an adequate birth rate shapes the intensity of the human sexual instinct, sexual competition may also shape said instinct.[2]Safety needsWith their physical needs relatively satisfied, the individual's safety needs take precedence and dominate behavior. In the absence of physical safety – due to war, natural disaster, family violence, childhood abuse, etc. – people may (re-)experience post-traumatic stress disorder or transgenerational trauma. In the absence of economic safety – due to economic crisis and lack of work opportunities – these safety needsmanifest themselves in ways such as a preference for job security, grievance procedures for protecting the individual from unilateral authority, savings accounts, insurance policies, reasonable disability accommodations, etc. This level is more likely to be found in children because they generally have a greater need to feel safe. Safety and Security needs include:∙Personal security∙Financial security∙Health and well-being∙Safety net against accidents/illness and their adverse impactsLove and belongingAfter physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, the third level of human needs is interpersonal and involves feelings of belongingness. This need is especially strong in childhood and can override the need for safety as witnessed in children who cling to abusive parents. Deficiencies within this level of Maslow's hierarchy – due to hospitalism, neglect, shunning, ostracism, etc. – can impact the individual's ability to form and maintain emotionally significant relationships in general, such as: ∙Friendship∙Intimacy∙FamilyAccording to Maslow, humans need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance among their social groups, regardless if these groups are large or small. For example, some large social groups may include clubs, co-workers, religious groups, professional organizations, sports teams, and gangs. Some examples of small social connections include family members, intimate partners, mentors, colleagues, and confidants. Humans need to love and be loved – both sexually and non-sexually – by others.[2] Many people become susceptible to loneliness, social anxiety, and clinical depression in the absence of this love or belonging element. This need for belonging may overcome the physiological and security needs, depending on the strength of the peer pressure.EsteemAll humans have a need to feel respected; this includes the need to have self-esteem and self-respect. Esteem presents the typical human desire to be accepted and valued by others. People often engage in a profession or hobby to gain recognition. These activities give the person a sense of contribution or value. Low self-esteem or an inferiority complex may result from imbalances during this level in the hierarchy. People with low self-esteem often need respect from others; they may feel the need to seek fame or glory. However, fame or glory will not help the person to build theirself-esteem until they accept who they are internally. Psychological imbalances such as depression can hinder the person from obtaining a higher level of self-esteem or self-respect.Most people have a need for stable self-respect and self-esteem. Maslow noted two versions of esteem needs: a "lower" version and a "higher" version. The "lower" version of esteem is the need for respect from others. This may include a need for status, recognition, fame, prestige, and attention. The "higher" version manifests itself as the need for self-respect. For example, the person may have a need for strength, competence, mastery, self-confidence, independence, and freedom. This "higher" version takes precedence over the "lower" version because it relies on an inner competence established through experience. Deprivation of these needs may lead to an inferiority complex, weakness, and helplessness.Maslow states that while he originally thought the needs of humans had strict guidelines, the "hierarchies are interrelated rather than sharply separated".[5] This means that esteem and the subsequent levels are not strictly separated; instead, the levels are closely related.Self-actualizationMain article: Self-actualization"What a man can be, he must be."[12] This quotation forms the basis of the perceived need for self-actualization. This level of need refers to what a person's full potential is and the realization of that potential. Maslow describes this level as the desire to accomplish everything that one can, to become the most that one can be.[13] Individuals may perceive or focus on this need very specifically. For example, one individual may have the strong desire to become an ideal parent. In another, the desire may be expressed athletically. For others, it may be expressed in paintings, pictures, or inventions.[14] As previously mentioned, Maslow believed that to understand this level of need, the person must not only achieve the previous needs, but master them.ResearchRecent research appears to validate the existence of universal human needs, although the hierarchy proposed by Maslow is called into question.[15][16] Other research indicates that Maslow's explanations of the hierarchy of human motivation reflect a binary pattern of growth as seen in math. The individual's awareness of first, second, and third person perspectives, and of each one's input needs and output needs, moves through a general pattern that is basically the same as Maslow's.[17]Following World War II, the unmet needs of homeless and orphaned children presented difficulties that were often addressed with the help of attachment theory, which was initially based on Maslow and others' developmental psychology work byJohn Bowlby.[18] Originally dealing primarily with maternal deprivation and concordant losses of essential and primal needs, attachment theory has since been extended to provide explanations of nearly all the human needs in Maslow's hierarchy, from sustenance and mating to group membership and justice.[8] While Maslow's hierarchy remains a very popular framework in sociology research and secondary and postsecondary psychology instruction, it has largely been supplanted by attachment theory in graduate and clinical psychology and psychiatry.[7]CriticismIn their extensive review of research based on Maslow's theory, Wahba and Bridwell found little evidence for the ranking of needs that Maslow described or for the existence of a definite hierarchy at all.[19]The order in which the hierarchy is arranged (with self-actualization described as the highest need) has been criticized as being ethnocentric by Geert Hofstede.[20]Maslow's hierarchy of needs fails to illustrate and expand upon the difference between the social and intellectual needs of those raised in individualistic societies and those raised in collectivist societies. The needs and drives of those in individualistic societies tend to be more self-centered than those in collectivist societies, focusing on improvement of the self, with self-actualization being the apex of self-improvement. In collectivist societies, the needs of acceptance and community will outweigh the needs for freedom and individuality.[21] The term"Self-actualization" may not universally convey Maslow's observations; this motivation refers to focusing on becoming the best person that one can possibly strive for in the service of both the self and others.[11] Maslow's term of self-actualization might not properly portray the full extent of this level; quite often, when a person is at the level of self-actualization, much of what they accomplish in general may benefit others or, "the greater self".The position and value of sex on the pyramid has also been a source of criticism regarding Maslow's hierarchy. Maslow's hierarchy places sex in the physiological needs category along with food and breathing; it lists sex solely from an individualistic perspective. For example, sex is placed with other physiological needs which must be satisfied before a person considers "higher" levels of motivation. Some critics feel this placement of sex neglects the emotional, familial, and evolutionary implications of sex within the community, although others point out that this is true of all of the basic needs.[22][23]Changes to the hierarchy by circumstanceThe higher-order (self-esteem and self-actualization) and lower-order (physiological, safety, and love) needs classification of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is not universal and may vary across cultures due to individual differences and availability of resources in the region or geopolitical entity/country.In one study, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of a thirteen item scale showed there were two particularly important levels of needs in the US during the peacetime of 1993 to 1994: survival (physiological and safety) and psychological (love, self-esteem, and self-actualization). In 1991, a retrospective peacetime measure was established and collected during the Persian Gulf War and US citizens were asked to recall the importance of needs from the previous year. Once again, only two levels of needs were identified; therefore, people have the ability and competence to recall and estimate the importance of needs. For citizens in the Middle East (Egypt and Saudi Arabia), three levels of needs regarding importance and satisfaction surfaced during the 1990 retrospective peacetime. These three levels were completely different from those of the US citizens.Changes regarding the importance and satisfaction of needs from the retrospective peacetime to the wartime due to stress varied significantly across cultures (the US vs. the Middle East). For the US citizens, there was only one level of needs since all needs were considered equally important. With regards to satisfaction of needs during the war, in the US there were three levels: physiological needs, safety needs, and psychological needs (social, self-esteem, and self-actualization). During the war, the satisfaction of physiological needs and safety needs were separated into two independent needs while during peacetime, they were combined as one. For the people of the Middle East, the satisfaction of needs changed from three levels to two during wartime.[24][25][26]A 1981 study looked at how Maslow's hierarchy might vary across age groups.[27] A survey asked participants of varying ages to rate a set number of statements from most important to least important. The researchers found that children had higher physical need scores than the other groups, the love need emerged from childhood to young adulthood, the esteem need was highest among the adolescent group, young adults had the highest self-actualization level, and while old age had the highest level of security, it was needed across all levels comparably. The authors argued that this suggested Maslow's hierarchy may be limited as a theory for developmental sequence since the sequence of the love need and the self-esteem need should be reversed according to age.。
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How are you motivated to satisfy these unmet needs in your life today?
Esteem needs Do a good job in team cooperation.
Self-actualization needs Take something I like and get really good at it.
Self-actualization needs
The request of reaching one's full potential as a person. Never fully satisfied. Realising personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth, peak experiences, etc.
Esteem needs Be respected.
What will motivate you to succeed in life?
Esteem needs Self-esteem and personal worth.
Self-actualization needs Curiosity about my potential.
Living in a safe area, medical insurance, job security, financial reserves, etc.
Social needs (Love and belonging needs)
Interpersonal and feelings of belongingness. Friendship, intimacy, family, romantic attachments, etc.
When you start your first job, what kinds of motivation will you seek?
Physiological needs Meet my basic needs.
Safety needs Financial reserves, safety workplace.
Esteem needs
Recognition and acknowledgment from others. Internal esteem needs Self-respect and achievement. External esteem needs Social status and recognition.
Maslow's hierarchy of nneeds
Physical requirements for human survival. Air, water, nourishment, sleep, etc.
Safety needs
The need to feel secure at work and at home.
Thank you!