TOEFL 2004年1月真题2

16. The world's water balance is regulated by the constant circulation of water in

A B C

Liquid and vapor tom among the oceans, the atmospheric, and the land.

17. The major purpose of the United States Department of Education are to ensure

equal educational opportunity for all and to improve the quality of education.

B C D

18. Massive gains in computer speed, power, and reliably have been largely due

A B C

to advances in silicon tec~logics and manufacturing processes.

19. The sunflower, the official state flower of Kansas, and is widespread in

A B

the prairies of the western United States.

C D

20. Lake Superior, part of the United States-Canadian boundary, is a largest

A B C

freshwater lake in the world.

21. The snapper, a large-headed fish with a long dorsal fin, is named to its

A B

characteristic way of suddenly, shutting its mouth.

C D

22. The aim of the decorative arts is to beautiful our surroundings.

A B C D

23. Modern digital synthesizers, based on microprocessors, are virtually unlimited

A B

in the number and range of musical sounds it can

produce.

C D

24. During the years he composed, Charles Ives was isolation from the music world;

A B

none of his major works was publicly performed.

C D

25. Psychoanalysis is a form of therapy that attempts to eliminate conflict by alter the

A B C

personality in a positive way.

26. Globally, the 1990's stood out as the warmest decade for what we have weather records.

A B C D

27. Silicon chips are reliable and cheap to produce in large numbers and are

used them in computers, calculators, programmed household appliances, and

B C

most electronic applications.

28. Because its pitch cannot easily be altered, the oboe serves as the standard

A B

which by the symphony orchestra is tuned.

C D

29. Bursae are fluid-filled sacs that form cushions between tendons and bones and

A B C

protect them while movement.

30. In 1916, United States suffragist Alice Paul founded the National Woman, s Patty,

a political party dedicate to establishing equal rights for women.

B C D

31. The spice cinnamon and the drugs cascara and quinine all come from bark, the

protective out layer of stems and roots of woody plants.

B C D

32. Tunas migrate long distances over all the world's oceans and occupy tropical,

A B C

temperate, and even some the cooler waters.

33. T aste buds, small sensory organ located on the tongue and palate, recognize four

A B

primary tastes: sweet, sour, salty and bitter.

C D

34. Astronauts receive extensive training to prepare themselves both physically and

A B C

psychologically for complexity and rigor of a space mission.

35. By 1900 several prominent technical institutions, including the Massachusetts

Institute of Technology, fashioned its own educational offerings to meet the

B C

industrial needs of the United States.

36. Some of the earliest mechanical devices were designed to raise water from

A B C

streams for the irrigate of crops.

37. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 increased the territory of the United States by

approximate 846,000 square miles, practically doubling the area of the United States.

B C D

38. A most useful tool for analyzing the elemental composition of fossils is the

A B C

electron probe, a modify electron microscope.

39. Few substance on Earth equal the beauty of gemstones such as twinkling

A B C

diamonds, green emeralds, red rubies, blue sapphires, and

multicolored opals.

40. For the purposes of the fine and decorative arts, metals have been used either in

A B C

their simple state and in uncomplicated alloys.

Section Three: Reading Comprehension

Question 1-10

After 1785, the production of children's books in the Untied States increased but

remained largely reprints of British books, often those published by John Newbery, the

first publisher to produce books aimed primarily at diverting a child audience. Ultimate]y,

Line however, it was not the cheerful, commercial-minded Newhery, but Anglo-Irish author

5 Maria Edgeworth who had the strongest influence on this period of American children's

literature. The eighteenth century had seen a gradual shift away from the spiritual intensity

of earlier American religious writings for children, toward a more generalized moralism.

Newbery notwithstanding, Americans still looked on children's books as vehicles for

instruction, not amusement, though they would accept a moderate amount of fictional

10 entertainment for the sake of more successful instruction. As the children's book market

expanded, then, what both public and publishers wanted was the kind of fiction Maria

Edgeworth wrote: stories interesting enough to attract children and morally instructive

enough to allay adult distrust of fiction,

American reaction against imported books for children set in after the War of 1812

15 with the British. A wave of nationalism permeated everything,and the self-conscious new

nation found foreign writings (particularly those from the British monarchy) unsuitable for

the children of a democratic republic, a slate of self-governing, equal citizens. Publishers

of children's books began to encourage American writers

to write for American children.

When they responded, the pattern established by Maria Edgeworth was at hand, attractive

20 to most of them for both its rationalism and its high moral tone. Early in the 1820's,

stories of willful children learning to obey, of careless children learning to take care,

of selfish children learning to "tire for others," started to flow from American presses,

successfully achieving Edgeworth's tone, though rarely her lively style. Imitative as

they were, these early American stories wee quite distinguishable from their British

25 counterparts. Few servants appeared in them, and if class distinctions had by no means

disappeared, there was much democratic insistence on the worthiness of every level of

birth and work. The characters of children in this fiction were serious, conscientious.

self-reflective, and independent-testimony to the continuing influence of the earlier

American moralistic tradition in children's books.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The career of Maria Edgeworth as an author of children's books

(B) The development of children's literature in the United States

(D) Basic differences between British and American literature for children

2. The publisher John Newbery is principally known for which of the following reasons?

(A) He produced and sold books written by Maria Edgeworth.

(B) He had more influence on American children's literature than any other publisher.

(D) He was commercially minded and cheerfu l.

3. The word "notwithstanding" in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) in spite of

(B) in addition to

(D) as a part of

4. The word "they" in line 9 refers to

(A) children

(B) Americans

(D) vehicles

5. The word "allay" in line 13 is closest in meaning to

(A)clarify

(B) attack

(C)reduce

(D) confirm

6: It can be inferred from the passage that American children's books sold before 1785 were almost always

(A) written by Maria Edgeworth

(B) attractive and interesting to children

(D) intended only for religious and moral instruction

7. By the end of the eighteenth century, the pub lishers of children’s looks in the United States were most concerned about which of the following?

(A) Attracting children with entertaining stories that provided lessons of correct behavior

(B) Publishing literature consisting of exciting stories that would appeal to both children and adults

(D) Reprinting fictional books from earlier in the century

8. The word "permeated" in line 15

(A) opposed

(B) improved

(D) spread through

9. According to the passage, American children's stories differed from their British equivalents in that the characters in American stories were

(A) children who showed a change of behavior

(B) children who were well behaved

(D) generally not from a variety of social classes

10. The word" testimony to" in line 28 is closest in meaning to

(A) inspiration for

(B) evidence of

(D) development of

Question 11 -21

Lichens. probably the hardiest of all plants, live where virtually nothing else can---not

just on rugged mountain peaks but also on sunbaked desert rocks. They are usually the

first life to appear on a mountainside that has been scraped bare by an avalanche.

Line Unlike other members of the plant kingdom, lichens are actually a partnership between

5 two plants. The framework of a lichen is usually a network of minute hairlike fungus that

anchors the plant, The other component is an alga (similar to the green film of plant life

that grows on stagnant pools) that is distributed throughout the fungus. Being green plants,

algae are capable of photosynthesis--that is, using energy from the Sun to manufacture

their own food. The fungi arc believed to supply water, minerals, and physical support to

10 the partnership.

Lichens are famous for their ability to survive ~ water shortage. When water is scarce

(as is often the case on a mountain), lichens may become dormant and remain in that

condition for prolonged periods of time. Some lichens can even grow where there is no

rain at all, surviving on only occasional dew--the moisture that condenses on the surface

15 of the plants at night, And unlike most other plants, lichens are little affected by the strong

ultraviolet rays in the mountains.

Lichens use little energy, for they grow slowly. Some grow so slowly and are so old

that they are called "time stains." You may find lichens that are centuries old; certain of

these lichen colonies have been established for an estimated 2,000 years.

20 For decades, scientists wondered how the offspring of an alga and a fungus got together

to form a new lichen, it seemed unlikely that they would just happen lo encounter one

another. It was finally discovered that in many cases the two partners have never been

separated. Stalklike "buds" that form on certain lichens are broken off by the wind or by

animals; these toll or are blown to a new location

11. Which of the following questions does the passage answer?

(A) Where can the oldest lichens be found?

(B) How long does it take for lichens to establishthemselves?

(D) Where do lichens usually occur?

12. The word "hardiest" in line I is closest in meaning to

(A) most unusual

(B) most basic

(D) most vigorous

13. The word "framework" in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(A) structure

(B) fragment

(D)environment

14, The author mentions "the green film of p lant life that grows on stagnant pools" (lines 6-7) in order to explain

(A) how the sun affects lichens

(B) why plants depend on water

(D) what algae arc

15. It can be inferred from the passage that lichens use less energy and grow more slowly when

(A) the environment is polluted

(B) they are exposed to ultraviolet rays

(D) the supply of water is inadequate

16: Which of file following terms is defined in the passage?

(A) "anchors" (line 6)

(B) "stagnant" (line 7)

(D) "ultraviolet" (line 16)

17. The word "prolonged" in line 13 is closest in meaning to

(A)precise

(B) extended

(D)regular

18. All of the following are mentioned in the discussion of lichens EXCEPT:

(A) They are capable of producing their own food.

(B)They require large amounts of minerals lo prosper.

(C)They are a union of two separate plants.

(D) They can live thousands of years.

19. What does the phrase "lichen colonies (line

19)suggest?

(A) Nothing but lichens live insome locations.

(B) Many lichens live together in one area.

(D)Certain groups of lichens have never been separated.

20. The word "encounter" in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) lose

(B) support

(D) create

21. The word "these" in line 24 refers to

(A)partners

(B) buds

(D) animals

Question 22-31

The languages spoken by early Europeans are still shrouded in mystery. There is no

linguistic continuity between the languages of Old Europe (a term sometimes used for

Europe between 7000 and 3000 B.C.) and the languages of the modem world, and we

Line cannot yet translate the Old European script, Scholars have deciphered other ancient

5 languages, such as Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian, which used the cuneiform

script, because of the fortuitous discovery of bilingual inscriptions, When cuneiform

tablets were first discovered in the eighteenth century, scholars could not decipher them.

Then inscriptions found in baa at the end of the eighteenth century provided a link: these

inscriptions were written in cuneiform and in two other ancient languages, Old Persian

10 and New Elamite--languages that had already been deciphered. It took several decades,

but scholars eventually translated the ancient cuneiform script via the more familiar

Old Persian language:

Similarly, the hieroglyphic writing of the Egyptians remained a mystery until French

troops unearthed the famous Rosetta stone in the late eighteenth century. The stone carried

15 the same message written in ancient Greek, Egyptian hieroglyphs, and Egyptian hieratic,

a simplified form of hieroglyphs. The Rosetta stone thwarted scholars' efforts for several

decades until the early nineteenth century when several key hieroglyphic phrases were

decoded using the Greek inscriptions. Unfortunately, we

have no Old European Rosetta

stone to chart correspondences between Old European script and the languages that

20 replaced it.

Tim incursions of Indo-European tribes into Old Europe from the late fifth to the

early third millennia B.C. caused a linguistic and cultural discontinuity. These incursions

disrupted the Old European sedentary farming lifestyle that had existed for 3,000 years

As the Indo-Europeans encroached on Old Europe from the east, the continent underwent

25 upheavals. These severely affected the Balkans, where the Old European cultures

abundantly employed script. The Old European way of life deteriorated rapidly, although

pockets of Old European culture remained for several millennia, ~ new peoples spoke

completely different languages belonging to the Indo-European linguistic family. The

Old European language or languages, and the script used to write them, declined and

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