英语演讲Chapter9OutliningtheSpeech
英语演讲教程EndingtheSpeechText英语演讲1
英语演讲教程EndingtheSpeechText英语演讲1Ladies and gentlemen,As I bring my speech to a close, I would like to emphasize the importance of our topic today and the role each of us can play in making a difference. Ending a speech on a strong note is crucial to leave a lasting impression on the audience. Therefore, in this final part, I will summarize my main points and end with a powerful call to action.In the beginning, I highlighted the significance of our topic and why it is relevant to all of us. I then proceeded to provide a detailed analysis of the issue, presenting factual evidence and real-life examples to support my arguments. I hope that by sharing these insights, I have been able to educate and inform each of you about the pressing need for action.Now, it is time for us to consider the implications of what has been discussed. We have learned that change starts with us and that our actions can have a ripple effect in society. It is not enough to simply be aware of the problem; we must take responsibility and actively work towards a solution. This requires us to step out of our comfort zones, challenge the status quo, and advocate for meaningful change.I urge each and every one of you to join hands in this fight, to become agents of change in our communities and beyond. Whether it is through small acts of kindness, actively participating in local initiatives, or advocating for policy reforms, we can all contribute to creating a better world.Let us remember that the journey towards change may be challenging, but it is not impossible. By uniting our voices and working together, we can overcome any obstacle and make a significant impact. The power lies within each of us to shape the future we want to see.In closing, I would like to express my gratitude to all of you for your attention and support throughout this speech. Today, I have shared my thoughts and ideas on this important topic, but it is up to each of you to take them further. Let us be the catalysts for change and leave a positive mark on this world.Thank you and may our collective actions pave the way for a brighter future.。
新编英语演讲与辩论 Chapter 3 Preparing a Speech
CONTENT
目录
01 Warm-up Questions 02 Outlining the Speech 03 Beginning the Speech 04 Ending the Speech 05 Exercises
Outlining the Speech
Identifying Your Purpose: Write down a clear statement of what you want to achieve. Three general purposes: to inform, persuade, or entertain the audience • What are you informing the
Warm-up Questiones
What is the first step you take when you start
A
writing your speech?
How important do you think are the introduction
B
and conclusion of a speech?
Making an Effective Introduction There are four effective ways to develop an introduction.
01 Asking a Question 02 Citing a Quotation 03 Employing Startling Facts or Statistics 04 Telling Stories
英语演讲选修课Vchapter9supporting
英语演讲选修课Vchapter9supporting第一篇：英语演讲选修课Vchapter 9 supportingchapter 9 supportingThree kinds of supporting materialsν examples 实例ν testimony 证词νstatistics统计数据Hypothetical exampleν An example that describes an imagery or fictitious situation 描述的是想象或虚构的情形Tips for using examplese examples to clarify your ideas说明e examples to reinforce your ideas强化e examples to personalize your ideas使思想个人化II． Testimonyν Testimony---quotations or paraphrases used to support a point.引用或释义的用于支持观点的话---Expert testimony 专家证词---Peer testimony普通人证词Tips for Using testimony1.quote or paraphrase accurately: make sure you do not misquote someone;make sure you do not violate the meaning of statements you paraphrase;make sure you do not quote out of contexte testimony from qualified sources.That is, use testimony from recognized experts or ordinary citizens with special experience on the speech topic.e testimony from unbiasedsources.Be sure to use testimony from credible, competent, objective authorities.4.Identify the people you quote or paraphrase.The usual way to identify your source is to name the person and sketch her or his qualifications before presenting the testimonyask yourself the following two questions:νAre the statistics representative?νAre the statistics from a reliable source?νTips for using statisticse statistics to quantity your idease statistics sparingly3.Identify the source of your statistics4.Explain your statistics5.Round off complicated statisticse visual aids to clarify statistical trends第二篇：英语演讲选修课10informativeLesson 10 Informative Teaching Aim and Requirement Aimed at ensuring the Ss to have a basic knowledge of public speaking.Teaching methods PPt, interact between teacher & student AssignmentsWhat are the essentials of an effective speech? How to overcome nervousness? Teaching proceduresνInformative speech: a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding ν T o enhance the knowledge and understanding of your listeners---to give them information they did not have before νConvey clearly accurately interestingly Organizational methodsν Chronological order编年顺序ν Spatial order空间顺序ν Topical order主题顺序ν Causal order ν Problem-solution orderOther methods of speech organizationν Causal order: A show a cause-effect relationship.method of speech organization in which the main pointsν Problem-solution order: A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.ν(Problem-cause-solution order)Speeches about processνProcess: A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product.νSpeeches of process explain how something is made, how something is done, or how something works.3.Speeches about eventsνEvent: Anything that happens or is regarded as happening.ν chronological order----to recount the history of an event, ν causal order----to explain the causes and effects4.Speech about conceptsνConcept: A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like.ν Speeches about concepts are usually organized in topical order.One common approach is to list the main features or aspects of your concept.Guidelines for informative speaking λDon’t overestimate what the audience knows.* Lead your audience step by step and explain everything thoroughly.2.Relate the subject directly to the audience* What is fascinating to the speaker may not be fascinating to everybody.* Get your listeners involved3.Don’t be too technical* Simple, clear language is needed.4.Avoid abstractions Oneway to avoid abstractions is through description(a statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness) Another way to escape abstraction is with comparisons(A statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.)5.Personalize your ideas第三篇：英语演讲选修课11persuasiveLesson 11 Persuasive Teaching Aim and Requirement Aimed at ensuring the Ss to have a basic knowledge of public speaking.Teaching methods PPt, interact between teacher & student AssignmentsWhat are the essentials of an effective speech? How to overcome nervousness? Teaching proceduresI.Persuasive speeches on questions of factν Questions of fact---A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.νWe do not know enough information to know what it isWill the economy be better or worse next year?Will another earthquake strike California before the year 2010? ν The facts are murky or inclusiveWhat will happen next in the Middle East?Is sexual orientation genetically determined?Speeches On questions of fact are usually organized topically II.Persuasive speeches on questions of valueνQuestions of value?---A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.ν What is the best movie of all time? Is the cloning of human beings morally justifiable? What are the ethical responsibilities of journalists? νMatter of fact, value judgments νSpeeches on questions of value are mostly organizedtopicallyν Your first main point is to establish the standards for your value judgment.树立价值判断的标准ν Your second main point is to apply those standards to the subject.III.Persuasive speeches on questions of policy Questions of policy---A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.是否采取行动What to do during spring vocation? Which strategy to use in selling a product? How to maintain economic growth and protect the enviroment ? ν They are to decide whether something should or should not be anizing speeches on Questions of policyλProblem-solution order λProblem-cause-solution orderλComparative Advantage orderλD.Monroe’s motivated sequenceD.Monroe’s motivated sequence门罗促动顺序νA method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action.ν The five steps of the motivated sequence are:1.attention2.need3.satisfaction4.visualization（形象化）5.actionPart 2: Methods of persuasionListeners will be persuaded by a speaker from one or more of four reasons:I.credibility.II.evidence.III.reasoning.IV.emotionsI.Building credibilityν Factors of credibility:petence---how an audience regards a spe aker’s intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject.B.Character---how an audience regards a speaker’s sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience.2.Establishing common ground with your audience ν Creating common ground---a technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience.3.Deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction ing evidenceTips for using evidence e specific e novel e evidence from credible sources 4.Make clear the point of your evidence.III.Reasoningν Reasoning---the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence.ν Four types of reasoning:1.Reasoning from specific instances2.Reasoning from principle3.Causal reasoning4.Analogical reasoningGuidelines for reasoning from specific instancesA.Avoid generalizing too hastily, make sure your sample of specific instances is large enough to justify your conclusion.B.Be careful with your wording.If your evidence does not justify a conclusion, qualify your argument.C.Reinforce your argument with statistics and testimony 2.Reasoning from principle ν---Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion.For instance: νAll people are mortal.νSocrates is a person.νTherefore, Socrates is mortal.3.Causal reasoning---Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationshipbetween causes and effects.νThere is a patch of ice on the sidewalk.You slip, fall, and break your arm.You reason as follows: “Because that patch of ice was there, I fell and broke my arm.” orν“If the patch of ice hadn’t been there, I wouldn’t have fallen and broken my arm.” ν4.Analogical reasoning（类比推理）---Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.νIf you are good at racquetball, you’ll be great at Ping-Pang.ν In Great Britain the general election campaign fro Prime Minister lasts less than three weeks.Surely we can do the same with the U.S presidential election.IV.Appealing to emotions ν Emotional appeals are intended to make listeners feel sad, angry, guilty, afraid, happy, proud, sympathetic, reverent, or the like.These are often appropriate reactions when the question is one of value or policy.νGuidelines for generating emotional appealν e emotional language 2.Develop vivid example 3.Speak with sincerity and conviction第四篇：英语演讲选修课7language_delivery范文Lesson 7 Language delivery Teaching Aim and Requirement Acquire a basic knowledge of topic，purpose and central idea of a public speech。
英语演讲,发音困难为题的英语作文
英语演讲,发音困难为题的英语作文English speaking, a skill that is increasingly becoming a prerequisite in today's interconnected world, presents a unique challenge to many: pronunciation. Mastering the nuances of English pronunciation can be a daunting task, especially for those whose native language differs significantly from English. However, with dedication and practice, it is entirely possible to overcome these challenges and speak English with confidence.The first step in addressing pronunciation difficulties is to identify the specific areas where improvement is needed. Common challenges include pronouncing certain vowel sounds, mastering consonant blends, and correctly intoning sentences. Once these areas are identified, targeted practice can begin.One effective way to improve pronunciation is through listening. Listening to native speakers, whether through podcasts, movies, or conversation, helps to familiarize oneself with the sound patterns and rhythms of English. By listening intently and模仿the way native speakerspronounce words, individuals can begin to internalize these patterns and apply them to their own speaking.In addition to listening, regular practice is crucial. Speaking English daily, even if it's just for a few minutes, can help to ingrain correct pronunciations. Recording oneself and then listening back, or practicing with a language partner, can provide valuable feedback and opportunities to refine one's speaking skills.Moreover, understanding the structure and rules of English can be helpful. Knowledge of phonology, or thestudy of sound patterns in language, can provide insights into why certain sounds are pronounced the way they are. Understanding the differences between vowel sounds, for example, or the role of consonants in shaping words, can make the process of pronouncing English words more systematic and less arbitrary.It's also important to remember that speaking a second language is a process of continuous learning and improvement. It's okay to make mistakes, and in fact, making mistakes is an integral part of the learning process.The key is to embrace these mistakes, learn from them, and keep practicing.In conclusion, while pronouncing English can indeed be a challenge, it is not an impossible task. With dedication, regular practice, and a willingness to embrace mistakes and learn from them, anyone can improve their pronunciation and speak English with confidence. Remember, the journey of language learning is both rewarding and transformative, and the benefits of being able to communicate effectively in English are countless.**英语演讲：挑战发音困难**在当今这个相互联系的世界里，英语演讲已经成为一项日益重要的技能，但对于许多人来说，这也是一个独特的挑战：发音。
乐学英语演讲教学课件Unit 9
《乐学英语演讲教程》
Unit 9 Proverbs
Task 1 Directions: Please read the following quotes and pay attention to your pronunciation and intonation！Work out the correspondent Chinese of each in pairs!
《乐学英语演讲教程》
Unit 9 Proverbs
Task 3 Directions: Try to write out the equivalent English according to its Chinese meaning.
6. 条条大路通罗马 —A—ll—ro—ad— s le—ad—to—R—om—e.————————————————— 7. 会发光的不都是金子 —A—ll—th— at — glit—te— rs — is n—ot—go—ld—. ——————————————— 8. 人小志大
( A ) 2. A bold attempt is half success.
outlining the speech
• • • •
• • • •
Guidelines for the preparation outline 1. state the specific purpose and central idea 2. label the introduction, body and conclusion 3. use a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation 4. State main points and subpoints in full sentences 5. Label transition, Internal summaries and Internal previews 6. attach a bibliography 7. give your speech title (brief, attractive, encapsulating)
Sample checklist
• • • • • • 1. Does my speech have a title? 2. Do I state the specific purpose before the text of the outline itself? 3. Do I state the central idea before the text of the outline itself? 4. Are the introduction, body and conclusion clearly labeled? 5. Are main points and subpoints written in full sentences? 6. Are transitions, internal summaries and internal previews clearly labeld? • 7. Does the outline follow a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation? • 8. Does the outline provide a clear visual framework that shows the relationships among the idea of my speech? • 9. Does the bibliography identify all the sources I consulted in preparing he outline?
英语演讲与辩论
英语演讲与辩论各位读友大家好，此文档由网络收集而来，欢迎您下载，谢谢课程编号:100191英文名:The Art of English Public Speaking and debating课程类别:专业选修学分:2学分课时:32课时主讲教师:韩静等选定教材:Stephen E. Lucas,《演讲的艺术》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2004年课程概述:《英语演讲与辩论》课程是一门语言技能和专业知识相结合的课程,在一定程度上实现相关专业与外语专业之间的复合、交融和渗透,使学生从语言的单一性向知识的多元化、宽厚型方向转化.该课程有助于提高学生综合应用英语的能力,有助于学生综合素质的培养,是英语教学改革的新课型通过该课程的学习不仅能帮助学生进一步提高英语表达能力、英语口语交际能力,更有利于学生开拓思路、掌握沟通技巧;引导学生体会演讲魅力、提高演讲技巧、展示演讲才能,有利于他们早日掌握这门适用于各种领域的沟通艺术.这门课程的学习需要一定程度的语言技能以外的知识积累.通过这门课程的学习,学生能够系统地了解英语演讲的技巧,英语演讲稿的写作方法以及英语演讲技巧在现代交际中的作用.本课程采用理论传授与实际操练相结合;教师讲解和学生参与相结合;教师点评和学生试评相结合的教学方法.本课程授课内容主要包括两大块,均采用多媒体、互动式授课.第一部分包括英语演讲课程的理论教学,采用范例录像观摩和阐释理论知识点相结合的方法;第二部分包括学生操练并辅助以课堂讨论及对学生操练和作业进行评析等方法.考查方法采用课堂参与和考试相结合.教学目的:通过本课程的学习,使学生全面、系统地掌握英语演讲和辩论的理论知识与艺术特点以及在现实交际生活的作用及在一定程度上实现相关专业与外语专业之间的复合、交融和渗透,使学生从语言的单一性向知识的多元化、宽厚型方向转化,并且提高学生综合应用英语的能力和综合素质的培养.教学方法:本课程授课内容主要包括两大块,均采用多媒体、互动式授课.第一部分包括英语演讲辩论课程的理论教学,采用示范录像观摩和阐释理论知识点相结合的方法;第二部分包括学生操练并辅助以课堂讨论及对学生操练和作业进行评析等方法.考查采用课堂参与记录与考试相结合的方法,课堂参与记录占50%,考试占50%.1)教学原则a.教师为主导,学生为主体,训练为主线;b.运用激励策略,营造宽松型、学生友好型氛围;c.语境教学法;d.过程教学法.2)课堂组织形式a. 精讲多练,突出学生参与;b. 运用视听演示材料供学生观摩;c. 鼓励学生制作视觉辅助材料;d. 运用摄像设备拍录学生演讲实景;e. 先讲后评,组织讨论;f. 运用评估表分析学生演讲;g.大班与小班授课应有区别.各章教学要求及教学要点第一章Speaking And Listening教学要求:本章教学要求学生比较全面了解演讲的基本理论和概念,演讲中的道德准则以及倾听在言语交流中的重要性.教学内容:一、Speaking in Public1. The Power of Public Speaking2. The Tradition of Public Speaking3. Similarities Between Public Speaking and Conversation4. Differences Between Public Speaking and Conversation5. Developing Confidence: Your Speech Class6. Public Speaking and Critical Thinking7. The Speech Communication Process8. Public speaking in a Multicultural World二、Ethics and Public Speaking1. The Importance of Ethics2. Guidelines for Ethical Speaking3. Plagiarism4. Guidelines for Ethical Listening三、Listening1. Listening Is Important2. Listening and Critical Thinking3. Four Causes of Poor Listening4. How to Become a Better Listener思考题:1. In what way is public speaking likely to make a difference in your life?2. How is public speaking different from everyday conversation?3. How can you control your nervousness and make it work for you in your speeches?4. What are the seven elements of the speech communication process? How do they interact to determine the success or failure of a speech?第二章Speech Preparation: Getting Started教学要求:本章教学要求学生了解在演讲的准备阶段如何选题和立意,如何分析听众的特点,如何收集资料和如何规范地使用所搜集到的论据来说明自己的想法.教学内容:Selecting a Topic and Purpose1. Choosing a Topic2. Determining the General Purpose3. Determining the Specific Purpose4. Phrasing the Central Idea二、Analyzing the Audience1. Audience-Centeredness2. Your Classmates as an Audience3. The Psychology of Audiences4. Demographic Audience Analysis5. Situational Audience Analysis6. Getting Information About the Audience7. Adapting to the Audience三、Gathering Materials1. Using Your Own Knowledge and Experience2. Doing Library Research3. Searching the Internet4. Interviewing5. Tips for Doing Research四、Supporting Your Ideas1. Supporting Materials and CriticalThinking2. Examples3. Statistics4. Testimony5. Sample Speech with Commentary思考题:1. What is the difference between the specific purpose and the central idea of a speech? What are four guidelines for an effective central idea?2. What methods can you use to adapt your speech to your audience before the speech? During the speech?3. What five things should you do to take research notes efficiently?4. What are five tips for using examples in your speeches?第三章Speech Preparation: Organizing and Outlining教学要求:本章教学要求学生系统掌握英语演讲稿的写作方法和写作规范.教学内容:Organizing the Body of the Speech1. Organization Is Important2. Main Points3. Supporting Materials4. Connectives二、Beginning and Ending the Speech1. The Introduction2. The Conclusion三、Outlining the Speech1. The Preparation Outline2. The Speaking Outline思考题:1. What are the five basic patterns of organizing main points in a speech? Which are appropriate forinformative speeches? Which is used only in persuasive speeches? Which is used most often?2. What are seven methods you can use in the introduction to get the attention and interest of your audience?3. What are four ways to reinforce the central idea when concluding your speech?4. What is a preparation outline? What are the eight guidelines discussed in the chapter for writing a preparation outline?5. What is a speaking outline? What are four guidelines for your speaking outline?第四章Presenting The Speech教学要求:本章教学要求学生基本掌握演讲写作中的语言技巧,演讲的不同形式,以及直观教具的制作和用法. 教学内容:一、Using Language1. Language Is Important2. Meanings of Words3. Using Language Accurately4. Using Language Clearly5. Using Language Vividly6. A Note on Inclusive Language二、Delivery1. What is a Good Delivery?2. Methods of Delivery3. The Speaker’s V oice4. The Speaker’s Body5. Practicing Delivery6. Answering Audience Questions三、Using Visual Aids1. Advantages of Visual Aids2. Kinds of Visual Aids3. Guidelines for Preparing Visual Aids4. Guidelines for Presenting Visual Aids思考题:1. What are three things you should do to use language clearly in your speeches?2. Why is it important for a public speaker to use inclusive language? What are five usages of inclusive language which have become so widely accepted that no speaker can afford to ignore them?3. What are the eight aspects of voice usage you should concentrate on in your speeches?4. What are the five steps you should follow when practicing your speech delivery?5. What steps should you take when preparing for a question-and-answer session? What should you concentrate on when responding to questions during the session?6. What are the major advantages of using visual aids in your speeches?第五章Varieties of Public Speaking教学要求:本章教学要求学生掌握演讲的几种主要的体裁,能够在不同的场合选择不同的方式进行有效演讲. 教学内容:教学内容:Speaking to Inform1. Types of Informative Speeches: Analysis and Organization2. Guidelines for Informative Speaking3. Sample Speech with Commentary4. The Importance of Persuasion5. Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Fact6. Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Value7. Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Policy二、Methods of Persuasion1. Building Credibility2. Using Evidence3. Reasoning4. Appealing to emotions三、Speaking on Special Occasions1. Speeches of Introduction2. Speeches of Presentation3. Speeches of Acceptance4. Commemorative Speeches5. After-Dinner Speeches四、Speaking in Small Groups1. What Is a Small Group?2. Leadership in Small Groups3. responsibilities in a Small Group4. The Reflective-Thinking Method5. Presenting the Recommendations of the Groups思考题:1. Why must informative speakers be careful not to overestimate what the audience knows about the topic? What can you do to make sure your ideas don’t pass over the heads of your listeners?2. What are three methods you can use to avoid abstractions in your informative speech?3. Explain the difference between passive agreement and immediate action as goals for persuasive speeches on questions of policy.4. What four methods of organization are used most often in persuasive speeches on questions of policy?5. What are four tips for using evidence effectively in a persuasive speech?6. What are the three major traits of a good acceptance speech?7. What are the five major responsibilities of every participant in a small group?参考书目:1)Lucas, Stephen E. The Art of Public Speaking. 8th Ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 2004. 配有Instructor’s Manual.2)Verderber, Rudolph F. The Challenge of Effective Speaking. 10th Ed. Boston: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1997.3) Collins, Patrick. Say It with Power & Confidence. Paramus: Prentice Hall, 1998.4)Kay, Sue:《实用演讲技巧》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2004.5)亚历山大,《英语辩论手册》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1999.Chinese universities should/should not allow mix-genderdormitories.Ladies and Gentlemen, Good evening! I’m very glad to stand here and give you a shortI will argue from the following two aspects about Chinese universities should not allow mix-gender dormitories.First of all,we should seriously think about the existence value of mix-gender dormitories. According to the published study of Journal of American College Health, they investigated more than 500 students of five American universities,and about 90% of which living in the mix-gender dormitories. In the dormitory, men and women are not necessarily in the same room, many of them just live on the different floors. The results of the survey show that 41% of the students,living in the mix-gender dormitories,admit that they arepromiscuity in astudents,living in a single gender dormitory,of the ratio is 17%.The study also points that living in the mix-gender dormitory is easier to promiscuity. The proportion of having three or more sexual partners in the past year is three times as much as students who live in the single-gender ,with the number increasing,the account of promiscuity will be make us more embarrassed in the future. Secondly, it also has a great effect on students’ living. For example,when I want to take a bath after busy work and have a deep sleep wearing pajamas,I find that I can’t do it because I have a maleI was a man,I would even worried If I would be sued for obscene or not ,just because I wear a short pants and my shake-feathering is too long. And all this is the embarrassment due to allow mix-genderwhen you live with the students in common sex,girls could not worry aboutthe position which underwear hang on, let alone whether they are less wear at night. Meanwhile boys can play games loudly and don’t have to worry about the girl. Some privacy is able to accept by the people,having common sex,but the opposite sex ismany students aren’t lover in min-gender dorm. Therefore privacy protection has become an embarrassing problem,but also making life into inconvenience.新课程标准/ 演讲/ 辩论/ 教学设计英语演讲与辩论是英语语言综合能力的体现。
英语演讲,发音困难为题的英语作文
英语演讲,发音困难为题的英语作文英文回答：In the realm of human communication, the spoken word reigns supreme as a conduit for exchanging ideas, expressing emotions, and forging connections. Yet, for countless individuals, the path to fluency in a spoken language is fraught with obstacles, particularly when confronted with the intricacies of pronunciation.Pronunciation, the art of articulating words and producing intelligible speech sounds, poses a significant challenge for non-native speakers, especially in English. The complexities of the English language, with its vast array of vowel sounds, consonant combinations, and stress patterns, can create an insurmountable barrier for those seeking to master its spoken form.Vowel sounds, the core building blocks of words, pose a particular difficulty. English boasts a bewildering numberof vowel sounds, each with subtle variations in pronunciation. These sounds can be elusive for non-native speakers, whose native languages may not possess the same array of vowel qualities. For instance, the differentiation between the "ee" sound in "meet" and the "i" sound in "mit" can be a daunting task, as these sounds often overlap in many other languages.Consonant combinations, another hallmark of English pronunciation, can also present formidable challenges. The combination of consonants, such as "th" in "think" or "tr" in "tree," requires precise articulation and control of the vocal apparatus. Non-native speakers may struggle to produce these sounds accurately, as they are unfamiliar with the precise placement of the tongue, lips, and teeth necessary for proper pronunciation.Stress patterns, the emphasis placed on certain syllables in words, add another layer of complexity to English pronunciation. In English, stress can significantly alter the meaning of words. For instance, the word "record" has different meanings depending on which syllable isstressed. Pronouncing the stress incorrectly can lead to misunderstandings and communication breakdowns.The challenges of English pronunciation can be attributed to a myriad of factors, including the influence of native languages, the lack of exposure to native speakers, and inadequate instruction. Non-native speakers often rely on the pronunciation patterns of their native languages, which can lead to errors in English pronunciation. For example, a Spanish speaker may pronounce the "th" sound in "think" as a "z" sound, as "th" does not exist in Spanish.Exposure to native speakers plays a crucial role in acquiring accurate pronunciation. Immersion in a native English-speaking environment allows learners to observe and imitate the pronunciation of native speakers. Without sufficient exposure, non-native speakers may struggle to develop the necessary neuromuscular coordination for producing English sounds correctly.Inadequate instruction can also contribute topronunciation difficulties. Traditional language teaching methods often focus on grammar and vocabulary, with less emphasis on pronunciation. As a result, students may lack the proper guidance and practice necessary to master the intricacies of English pronunciation.Addressing the challenges of English pronunciation requires a multifaceted approach that involves targeted instruction, consistent practice, and exposure to native speakers. Pronunciation-specific courses or workshops can provide learners with the necessary knowledge and techniques to improve their pronunciation skills. Regular practice, using resources such as pronunciation apps or online videos, can help learners refine their articulation and develop greater fluency. Immersion in a native English-speaking environment, whether through study abroad programs or online language exchange platforms, allows learners to interact with native speakers and observe their pronunciation firsthand.Overcoming the hurdles of English pronunciation is a gradual process that requires patience, dedication, and awillingness to embrace the challenges. By addressing the underlying factors that contribute to pronunciation difficulties, non-native speakers can unlock the doors to improved communication and enhanced confidence in their spoken English abilities.中文回答：对于许多人来说，流利使用口语是一件困难的事情，尤其是在遇到发音的复杂性时。
英语演讲Chapter 9 Outlining the Speech
Transitions,Internal Summaries and Previe
Include them in your preparation outline to make sure they are strong
Give your Speech a Title
Be brief. Attract the attention of your audience. Encapsulate the main thrust of your speech.
Give Your Speech a Title
Group1
Outlinging
the Speech
The outline for your speech
is just like your house buildi
You can't build an
apartment without
a floor plan or an
architect's blue prAinst for building
They are not incorporated into the system but are labeled separatly and are inserted in the outline where they will appear in the speech
Attach a Bibliography
Make sure your statement of sources is clear,accurate,and consistent.
英语演讲Chapter-9-Outlining-the-Speech
I.Main point A.Subpoint B.Subpoint 1.Sub-sub point 2.Sub-sub point
II.Main point A.Subpoint
They are not incorporated into the system but are labeled separatly and are inserted in the outline where they will appear in the speech
Attach a Bibliography
3.Keep the Outline as Brief as Possible.
The best rule is that your notes should be the minimum you need to jog your memory and keep you on track.
4.Give Yourself Cues for Delivering the Speech.
essential quotations statisthtiacts you don’t want
to risk forgetting.
It should contain key words or phrases to jog your memory,as well as essential statistics and quotations that you don’t want to risk forgetting.
Outlinging
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Be brief. Attract the attention of your audience. Encapsulate the main thrust of your speech.
Give Your Speech a Title
Group1
Label the Intreduction,Body,and Conclusion
Label the parts meas you will be sure that you indeed have an introduction and conclusion of this part
They are technical labels and are not included in the system of symbolization used to identify main points and supporting materials
As for speech
The detail one for planning and preparation,and a brief one for delivery of
Twspoeekcihnds outlines
Preperation outline
An outline that helps you prepare the speech.That means putting your speech together,deciding what you will say in the introduction,how to organize the main points and supporting materials and what to say in th
Group2
Unsafe Drinking Water Toxins on Tap
Living with Deafness
The Sounds of Slience
The Rage to Diet
The Art of Wishful Shrinking
Give Your Speech a Title
Outlinging
the Speech
The outline for your speech
is just like your house building
You can't build an
apartment without
a floor plan or an
architect's blue print As for building
Tip:Phrasing your title as a question. Gncorporated into the system but are labeled separatly and are inserted in the outline where they will appear in the speech
Attach a Bibliography
Make sure your statement of sources is clear,accurate,and consistent.
Check the Bibliography Formats on the CD-ROM. Use the Bibliomaker on the CD-ROM
Stating main points and subpoints in full sentences will ensure that you develop your idea fully.
Transitions,Internal Summaries and Previews
Include them in your preparation outline to make sure they are strong
1.Sub-sub point
B.Subpoint
State Main and Sub points in Full Scentences
You can't state main points or subpoints with a single word or short phrase in your preparation outline.
An outline is like a blueprint for your speech.It allows you to see the full scope and content
*Fully develope *Suppoeting material *Main point *Stand uo not collape
Use a Consistent Pattern of Symbolization and Indentation
Main points are aligned down the page
Components of the mainpoint are also aligned
with each other
conclusion.
State the Specific Purpose and Central Idea
Separate units that appear before the text of the outline itself
Makes it easier to assess how well you have constructed the speech to accomplish your purpose
There may be subpoint,subsub point,sub-sub-sub point,which is based on importance
I.Main point A.Subpoint B.Subpoint 1.Sub-sub point 2.Sub-sub point
II.Main point A.Subpoint