白子墨六级综合讲义(2010.9.25)

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大学英语六级救命班电子讲义

2020 年12 月大学英语六级救命班电子讲义六级时间分配试卷结构测试内容测试题型题目数量分值比例考试时间写作写作短文写作1 15% 30 分钟听力理解长对话选择题（单选）8 8% 30 分钟听力篇章7 7% 讲话/报道/讲座10 20% 阅读理解词汇理解选词填空10 5% 40 分钟长篇阅读匹配10 10% 仔细阅读选择题（单选）10 20% 翻译汉译英段落翻译1 15% 30 分钟合计57 100% 130 分钟第一部分写作六级作文常见题型：论说文谚语警句图画图表书信1. 常见土单词排行榜：1）think have been convinced that be of the opinion that cling to the perspective that maintain contend assert argue assume claim 2) many a sea of multitudes of immense amounts ofnumerous innumerable plentiful 3) people we us private individuals youngsters and teenagers all children and adults experts and professors parents kids offspring businessmen youngsters on campus 4) very exceedingly distinctly strikingly more than extraordinarily outstandingly 5) important significant crucial critical indispensable play a crucial role in sth 句子的分类结构上分为简单句并列句复合句语序上分为倒装和正常语序语态上分为主动和被动一、短句的写法A man comes.He is attractive. I love him. I will give him a dog. It can make him happy. 二、被动很多人认为合作比个人能力更重要。

六级讲义2 (长篇阅读部分)

商志老师 6级课程讲义 2:商志老师六级课程专用讲义第 2部分：阅读理解之 B 部分长篇阅读（匹配）六级考试中的阅读理解部分需要 40 分钟做完。

共分为 3 部分，共计 248.5 分：Section A 是选词填空，占 35.5分；Section B是匹配题，占 71分；Section C是深度阅读，占 142分。

之前的课上我们已经讲过了选词填空部分（Section A），现在我们先来讲第二部分（Section B），即长篇阅读（匹配题）。

特别提醒：虽然很多同学是考六级，但是其真实水平是：即使过四级也未必过得了--------上次过了四级很大程度上纯属偶然。

再考一次四级，他都未必能过得了了。

对这种考六级的同学来说，必须先做四级题热身，而后才能碰六级的题，不然六级根本搞不动。

具体操作起来，必须先把四级的题先做了，听我的讲解；然后再做六级的题，之后听我对六级题的讲解。

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.6级练习题1 （2016年12月多题多卷之一）Are We in an Innovation Lull?[A]Scan the highlights of this year’s Consumer Electronics Show (CES), and you may get a slight feeling of having seen them before. Many of the coolest gadgets this year are the same as the coolest gadgets last year—or the year before, even. The booths are still exciting, and the demos are still just as crazy. It’s still easy to be dazzled by the display of drones（无人机）, 3D printers, virtual reality goggles（眼镜）and more “smart” devices than you could ever hope to catalog. Upon reflection, however, it‘s equally easy to feel like you have seen it all before. And it’s hard not to think: Are we in an innovation lull（间歇期）?[B]In some ways, the answer is yes. For years, smartphones, televisions, tablets, laptops and desktops have made up a huge part of the market and driven innovation. But now these segmentsare looking at slower growth curves—or shrinking markets in some cases—as consumers are not as eager to spend money on new gadgets. Meanwhile, emerging technologies—the drones, 3D printers and smart-home devices of the world—now seem a bit too old to be called “the next big thing.”[C]Basically the tech industry seems to be in an awkward period now. “There is not any one-hit wonder, and there will not be one for years to come,” said Gary Shapiro, president and chief executive of the Consumer Technology Association (CTA). In his eyes, however, that doesn’t necessarily mean that innovation has stopped. It has just grown up a little. “Many industries are go ing out of infancy and becoming adolescents,” Shapiro said.[D]For instance, new technologies that are building upon existing technology haven not found their footing well enough to appeal to a mass audience, because, in many cases, they need to work effectively with other devices to realize their full appeal. Take the evolution of the smart home, for example. Companies are pushing it hard but make it almost overwhelming even to dip a toe in the water for the average consumer, because there are so many compatibility issues to think about. No average person wants to figure out whether their favorite calendar software works with their fridge or whether their washing machine and tablet get along. Having to install a different app for each smart appliance in your home is annoying; it would be nicer if you could manage everything together. And while you may forgive your smartphone an occasional fault, you probably have less patience for error messages from your door lock.[E]Companies are promoting their own standards, and the market has not had time to choose a winner yet as this is still very new. Companies that have long focused on hardware now have to think of ecosystems instead to give consumers practical solutions to their everyday problems. “The dialogue i s changing from what is technologically possible to what is technologically meaningful,” said economist Shawn DuBravac. DuBravac works for CTA—which puts on the show each year—and said that this shift to a search for solutions has been noticeable as he researched his predictions for 2016.[F]“So much of what CES has been about is the cool. It is about the flashiness and the gadgets,”said John Curran, managing director of research at Accenture. “But over the last couple of years, and in this one in particular, we are starting to see companies shift from what is the largest screen size, the smallest form factor or the shiniest object and more into what all of these devices do that is practical in a consumer’s life.” Even the technology press conferences, which have been high profile in the past and reached a level of drama and theatrics fitting for a V egas stage, have a different bent to them. Rather than just dazzling with a high cool factor, there is a focus on the practical. Fitbit, for example, released its first smartwatch Monday, selling with a clear purpose—to improve your fitness—and promoting it as a “tool, not a toy.”Not only that, it supports a number of platforms: Apple’s iOS, Google’s Android and Microsoft’s Windows phone.[G]That seems to be what consumers are demanding, after all. Consumers are becoming increasingly bored with what companies have to offer: A survey of 28,000 consumers in 28 countries released by Accenture found consumers are not as excited about technology as theyonce were. For example, when asked whether they would buy a new smartphone this year, only 48 percent said yes—a six-point drop from 2015.[H]And when it comes to the hyper-connected super-smart world that technology firms are painting for us, it seems that consumers are growing more uneasy about handing over the massive amounts of consumer data needed to provide the personalized, customized solutions that companies need to improve their services. That could be another explanation for why companies seem to be strengthening their talk of the practicality of their devices.[I]Companies have already won part of the battle, having driven tech into every part of our lives, tracking our steps and our very heartbeats. Yet the persistent question of “Why do I need that?” —or, perhaps more tellingly, “Why do you need to know that?”—dogs the steps of many new ventures. Only 13 percent of respondents said that they were interested in buying a smartwatch in 2016, for example—an increase of just one percent from the previous year despite a year of high-profile launches. That's bad news for any firm that may hope that smartwatches can make up ground for maturing smartphone and tablet markets. And the survey found flat demand for fitness monitors, smart thermostats (恒温器) and connected home cameras, as well.[J]According to the survey, that lack of enthusiasm could stem from concerns about privacy and security. Even among people who have bought connected devices of some kind, 37 percent said that they are going to be more cautious about using these devices and services in the future. A full 18 percent have even returned devices until they feel they can get safer guarantees against having their sensitive information hacked.[K]That, too, explains the heavy Washington presence at this year’s show, as these new technologies intrude upon heavily regulated areas. In addition to a full slate of senior officials from the Federal Trade and Federal Communications commissions, this year’s list of policy makers also includes appearances from Transportation Secretary Anthony Foxx, to talk about smart cities, and Federal Aviation Administration Administrator Michael Huerta, to talk about drones.[L]Curran, the Accenture analyst, said that increased government interest in the show makes sense as technology becomes a larger part of our lives. “There is an incompatibility in the rate at which these are advancing relative to the way we’re digesting it,” he said. “Technology is becoming bigger and more aspirational, and pervasive in almost every aspect of our lives. We have to understand and think about the implications, and balance these great innovations with the potential downsides they naturally carry with them.”36.Consumers are often hesitant to try smart-home devices because they are worried about compatibility problems.37.This year’s e lectronics show featured the presence of many officials from the federal government.38.The market demand for electronic devices is now either declining or not growing as fast as before.39.One analyst suggests it is necessary to accept both the positive and negative aspects of innovative products.40.The Consumer Electronics Show in recent years has begun to focus more on the practical value than the showiness of electronic devices.41.Fewer innovative products were found at this year’s elect ronic products show.42.Consumers are becoming more worried about giving personal information to tech companies to get customized products and services.43.The Consumer Technology Association is the sponsor of the annual Consumer Electronics Show.44.Many consumers wonder about the necessity of having their fitness monitored.45.The electronic industry is maturing even though no wonder products hit the market.6级练习题2 （2016年12月多题多卷之二）The American Workplace Is Broken. Here’s How We Can Start Fixing It.[A]Americans are working longer and harder hours than ever before. 83% of workers say they’re stressed about their jobs, nearly 50% say work-related stress is interfering with their sleep, and 60% use their smartphones to check in with work outside of normal working hours. No wonder only 13% of employees worldwide feel engaged in their occupation.[B]Glimmers (少许) of hope, however, are beginning to emerge in this bruising environment: Americans are becoming aware of the toll their jobs take on them, and employers are exploring ways to alleviate the harmful effects of stress and overwork. Yet much more work remains to be done. To call stress an epidemic isn’t hyperbole. The 83% of American employees who are stressed about their jobs—up from 73% just a year before—say that poor compensation and an unreasonable workload are their number-one sources of stress. And if you suspected that the workplace had gotten more stressful than it was just a few decades ago, you’re right. Stress levels increased 18% for women and 24% for men from 1983 to 2009. Stress is also starting earlier in life, with some data suggesting that today’s teens are even more stressed than adults.[C]Stress is taking a significant toll on our health, and the collective public health cost may be enormous. Occupational stress increases the risk of heart attack and diabetes, accelerates the aging process, decreases longevity, and contributes to depression and anxiety, among numerous other negative health outcomes. Overall, stress-related health problems account for up to 90% of hospital visits, many of them preventable. Your job is “literally killing you,” as the Washington Post put it. It’s also hurting our relationships. Working parents say they feel stressed, tired, rushed and short on quality time with their children, friends and partners.[D]Seven in 10 workers say they struggle to maintain work-life balance. As technology (and with it, work emails) seeps (渗入) into every aspect of our lives, work-life balance has become an almost meaningless term. Add a rapidly changing economy and an uncertain future to this 24/7 connectivity, and you’ve got a recipe for overwork, according to Phyllis Moen.“There’s risingwork demand coupled with the insecurity of mergers, takeovers, downsizing and other factors,” Moen said. “Part of the work-life issue has to talk about uncertainty about the future.”[E]These factors have converged to create an increasingly impossible situation with many employees overworking to the point of burnout. It’s not only unsustainable for workers, b ut also for the companies that employ them. Science has shown a clear correlation between high stress levels in workers and absenteeism (矿工), reduced productivity, disengagement and high turnover. Too many workplace policies effectively prohibit employees from developing a healthy work-life balance by barring them from taking time off, even when they need it most.[F]The U.S. trails far behind every wealthy nation and many developing ones that have family-friendly work policies including paid parental leave, paid sick days and breast-feeding support, according to a 2007 study. The U.S. is also the only advanced economy that does not guarantee workers paid vacation time, and it’s one of only two countries in the world that d oes not offer guaranteed paid maternity leave. But even when employees are given paid time off, workplace norms and expectations that pressure them to overwork often prevent them from taking it. Full-time employees who do have paid vacation days only use half of them on average.[G]Our modern workplaces also operate based on outdated time constraints. The practice of clocking in for an eight-hour workday is a leftover from the days of the Industrial Revolution, as reflected in the then-popular saying, “Eight hours labor, eight hours recreation, eight hours rest.”[H]W e’ve held on to this workday structure—but thanks to our digital devices, many employees never really clock out. Today, the average American spends 8.8 hours at work daily, and the the majority of working professionals spend additional hours checking in with work during evenings, weekends and even vacations. The problem isn’t the technology itself, but that t he technology is being used to create more flexibility for the employer rather than the employee. In a competitive work environment, employers are able to use technology to demand more from their employees rather than motivating workers with flexibility that benefits them.[I]In a study published last year, psychologists coined the term “workplace telepressure” to describe an employee’s urge to immediately respond to emails and engage in obsessive thoughts about returning an email to one’s boss, colleagues or clients. The researchers found that telepressure is a major cause of stress at work, which over time contributes to physical and mental burnout. Of the 300 employees participating in the study, those who experienced high levels of telepressure were more likely to agree with statements assessing burnout, like “I have no energy for going to work in the morning,” and to report feeling fatigued and unfocused. Telepres sure was also correlated with sleeping poorly and missing work.[J]Harvard Business School professor Leslie Perlow explains that when people feel the pressure to be always “on,” they find ways to accommodate that pressure, including altering their schedules, work habits and interactions with family and friends. Perlow calls this vicious cycle the “cycle of responsiveness”: Once bosses and colleagues experience an employee’s increased responsiveness, they increase their demands on the employee’s time. And because a failure to accept theseincreased demands indicates a lack of commitment to one’s work, the employee complies.[K]To address skyrocketing employee stress levels, many companies have implemented workplace wellness programs, partnering with health care providers that have created programs to promote employee health and well-being. Some research does suggest that these programs hold promise. A study of employees at health insurance provider Aetna revealed that the roughly one quarter of those taking in-office yoga and mindfulness classes reported a 28% reduction in their stress levels and a 20% improvement in sleep quality. These less-stressed workers gained an average of 62 minutes per week of productivity. While yoga and meditation （静思）are scientifically proven to reduce stress levels, these programs do little to target the root causes of burnout and disengagement. The conditions creating the stress are long hours, unrealistic demands and deadlines, and work-life conflict.[L]Moen and her colleagues may have found the solution. In a 2011 study funded, she investigated the effects of implementing a Results Only Work Environment (ROWE) on the productivity and well-being of employees at Best Buy’s corporate headquarters.[M]For the study, 325 employees spent six months taking part in ROWE, while a control group of 334 employees continued with their normal workflow. The ROWE participants were allowed to freely determine when, where and how they worked—the only thing that mattered was that they got the job done. The results were striking. After six months, the employees who participated in ROWE reported reduced work-family conflict and a better sense of control of their time, and they were getting a full hour of extra sleep each night. The employees were less likely to leave their jobs, resulting in reduced turnover. It’s important to note that the increased flexibility didn’t encourage them to work around the clock. “They didn’t work anywhere and all the time—they were better ab le to manage their work,” Moen said. “Flexibility and control is key,” she continued.36.Workplace norms pressure employees to overwork, deterring them from taking paid time off.37.The overwhelming majority of employees attribute their stress mainly to low pay and an excessive workload.38.According to Moen, flexibility gives employees better control over their work and time.39.Flexibility resulting from the use of digital devices benefits employers instead of employees.40.Research finds that if employees suffer from high stress, they will be less motivated, less productive and more likely to quit.41.In-office wellness programs may help reduce stress levels, but they are hardly an ultimate solution to the problem.42.Health problems caused by stress in the workplace result in huge public health expenses.43.If employees respond quickly to their job assignments, the employers is likely to demand more from them.44.With technology everywhere in our life, it has become virtually impossible for most workers to keep a balance between work and life.45.In America today, even teenagers suffer from stress, and their problem is even more serious than grown-ups’.6级练习题3 （2016年12月多题多卷之三）Countries Rush for Upper Hand in Antarctica[A]On a glacier-filled island with fjords(峡湾)and elephant seals, Russia has built Antarctica’s first Orthodox church on a bill overlooking its research base. Less than an hour away by snowmobile. Chinese laborers have updated the Great Wall Station, a vita l part of China’s plan to operate five basses on Antarctica, complete with an indoor badminton court and sleeping quarters for 150 people. Not to be outdone, India’s futuristic new Bharathi base, built on stills(桩子)using 134 interlocking shipping containers, resembles a spaceship. Turkey and Iran have announced plans to build bases, too.[B]More than a century has passed since explorers raced to plant their flags at the bottom of the world, and for decades to come this continent is supposed to be protected as a scientific preserve, shielded from intrusions like military activities and mining . But an array of countries are rushing to assert greater influence here, with an eye not just towards the day those protective treaties expire, but also for the strategic and commercial that already exist.[C]The newer players are stepping into what they view as a treasure house of resources. Some of the ventures focus on the Antarctic resources that are already up for grabs, like abundant sea life. South Korea, which operates state-of–the-art bases here, is increasing its fishing of krill(磷虾)，found in abundance in the Southern Ocean, while Russia recently frustrated efforts to create one of the world’s largest ocean sanctuaries here.[D]Some scientists are examining the potential for harvesting icebergs form Antarctica, which is estimated to have the biggest reserves of fresh water on the planet. Nations are also pressing ahead with space research and satellite projects to expand their global navigation abilities.[E]Building on a Soviet-era foothold, Russia is expanding its monitoring stations for Glonass, its version of the Global Positioning System(GPS). At least three Russian stations are already operating in Antarctica, part of its effort to challenge the dominance of the American GPS, and new stations are planned for sites like the Russian base, in the shadow of the Orthodox Church of the Holy Trinity.[F]Elsewhere in Antarctica, Russian researchers boast of their recent discovery of a freshwater reserve the size of L ake Ontario after drilling through miles of solid ice. “You can see that we’re here to stay,” said Vladimir Cheberdak, 57, chief of the Bellingshausen Station, as he sipped tea under a portrait of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, a high-ranking officer in the Imperial Russian Navy who explored the Antarctic coast in 1820.[G]Antarctica’s mineral, oil and gas wealth are a longer-term prize. The treaty banning mining here, shielding coveted(令人垂诞的)reserves of iron ore, coal and chromium, comes up for review in 2048. Researchers recently found kimberlite(金伯利岩) deposits hinting at the existence of diamonds. And while assessments vary widely, geologists estimate that Antarctica holds at least 36 billion barrels of oil and natural gas.[H]Beyond the Antarctic treaties, huge obstacles persist to tapping these resources, like drifting icebergs that could jeopardize offshore platforms. Then there is Antarctic’s remoteness, with some mineral deposits found in windswept locations on a continent that is larger the Europe and where winter temperatures hover around minus 55 degrees Celsius.[I]But advances in technology might make Antarctica a lot more accessible three decades from now. And even before then, scholars warn, the demand for resources in an energy-hungry world could raise pressure to renegotiate Antarctica’s treaties, possibly allowing more commercial endeavours here well before the prohibitions against them expire. The research stations on King George lsland offer a glimpse into the long game on this ice-blanketed continent as nations assert themselves, eroding the sway long held by countries like the United States, Britain. Australia and New Zealand.[J]Being stationed in Antarctica involves adapting to life on the planet’s driest, windiest and coldest continent, yet each nation manages to make itself at home. Bearded Russian priests offer regular services at the Orthodox church for the 16 or so Russian speakers who spend the winter at the base, largely polar scientists in fields like glaciology and meteorology. Their number climbs to about 40 in the warmer summer months. China has arguably the fastest growing operations in Antarctica. It opened its fourth station last year and is pressing ahead with plans to build a fifth. It is building its second ice-breaking ship and setting up research drilling operations on an ice dome 13,422 feet above sea level that is one the planet’s coldest places. Chinese officials say the expansion in Antarctica prioritises scientific research. But they also acknowledge that concerns about “resource security” influence their moves.[K]China’s newly renovated Great Wall Station on King George lsland makes the Russian and Chilean bases here seem outdated. ”We do weather monitoring here and other research.” Ning Xu, 53, the chief of the Chinese base, said over tea during a fierce blizzard(暴风雪) in late November. The large base he leads resembles a snowed-in college campus on holiday break, with the capacity to sleep more than 10 times the 13 people who were staying on through the Antarctic winter. Yong Yu, a Chinese microbiologist, showed off the spacious building, with empty desks under an illustrated timeline detailing the rapid growth of China’s Antarctic operations since the 1980s “We now feel equipped to grow,” he said.[L]As some countries expand operations in Antarctica, the United States maintains three year-round stations on the continent with more than 1,000 people during the southern hemisphere’s summer, including those at the Amundsen Scott station, built in 1956 at an elevation of 9,301 feet on a plateau at the South Pole. But US researchers quietly complain about budget restraints and having far fewer icebreakers the Russia, limiting the reach of the United States in Antarctica.[M]Scholars warn that Antarctica’s political drif t could blur the distinction between military and civilian activities long before the continent’s treaties come up for renegotiation, especially in parts of Antarctica that are ideal for intercepting(拦截) signals from satellites or retasking satellite systems, potentially enhancing global electronic intelligence operations.[N]Some countries have had a hard time here, Brazil opened a research station in 1984, but it was largely destroyed by a fire that killed two members of the navy in 2012, the same year that a diesel-laden Brazilian barge sank near the base. As if that were not enough. a Brazilian C-130 Hercules military transport plane has remained stranded near the runway of Chile’s air base here since it crash-landed in 2014.[O]However, Brazil’s stretch of misfortune has created opportunities for China, with a Chinese company winning the $100 million contract in 2015 to rebuild the Brazilian station.[P]Amid all the changes, Antarctica maintains its allure. South Korea opened its second Antarctic research base in 2014, describing it as a way to test robots developed by Korean researchers for use in extreme conditions. With Russia’s help, Belarus is preparing to build this first Antarctic base. Colombia said this year that it planned to join other South American nations with bases in Antarctica.[Q]“The old days of the Antarctic being dominated by the interests and wishes of white men from European. Australasian and North American states are over.” Said Klaus Dodds, a politics scholar at the University of L ondon who specialises in Antarctica. “The reality is that Antarctica is geopolitically contested.”36.According to Chinese officials, their activities in Antarctica lay greater emphasis on scientific research.37.Efforts to create one of the world’s largest ocean sanctuaries failed because of Russia’s obstruction.38.With several monitoring stations operating in Antarctica, Russia is trying hard to counter America’s dominance in the field of worldwide navigational facilities.39.According to geo logists’ estimates. Antarctica has enormous reserves of oil and natural gas.40.It is estimated that Antarctica boasts of the richest reserves of fresh water on earth.41.The demand for energy resources may compel renegotiation of Antarctica’s treati es before their expiration.42.Many countries are racing against each other to increase their business and strategic influence on Antarctica.43.Antarctica’s harsh natural conditions constitute huge obstacles to the exploitation of its resources.44.With competition from many countries, Antarctica is no longer dominated by the traditional white nations.45.American scientists complain about lack of sufficient money and equipment for their expansion in Antarctica.6级练习题4 （2016年6月多题多卷之一）Can societies be rich and green?[A]“If our economi es are to flourish, if global poverty is to be eliminated and if the well-being of the world’s people enhanced—not just in this generation but in succeeding generations—we must make sure we take care of the natural environment and resources on which our economic activity depends.” That statement comes not, as you might imagine, from a stereotypical tree-hugging, save-the-world greenie (环保主义者), but from Gordon Brown, a politician with a reputation for rigour, thoroughness and above all, caution.[B]A surp rising thing for the man who runs one of the world’s most powerful economies to say? Perhaps; though in the run-up to the five-year review of the Millennium (千年的) Goals, he is far from alone. The roots of his speech, given in March at the roundtable meeting of environment and energy ministers from the G20 group of nations, stretch back to 1972, and the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm.[C]“The protection and improvement of the human environment is a major issue which affects the well-being of peoples and economic development throughout the world,” read the final declaration from this gathering, the first of a sequence which would lead to the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit in 1992 and the World Development Summit in Johannesburg three years ago.[D]Hunt through the reports prepared by UN agencies and development groups—many for conferences such as this year’s Millennium Goals review—and you will find that the linkage between environmental protection and economic progress is a common thread.[E]Managing ecosystems sustainably is more profitable than exploiting them, according to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. But finding hard evidence to support the thesis is not so easy. Thoughts turn first to some sort of global statistic, some indicator which would rate the wealth of nations in both economic and environmental terms and show a relationship between the two.[F]If such an indicator exists, it is well hidden. And on reflection, this is not surprising; the single word “environment” has so many dimensions, and there are so many other factors affecting wealth—such as the oil deposits—that teasing out a simple economy-environment relationship would be almost impossible.[G]The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, a vast four-year global study which reported its initial conclusions earlier this year, found reasons to believe that managing ecosystems sustainably—working with nature rather than against it—might be less profitable in the short term, but certainly brings long-term rewards.[H]And the World Resources Institute (WRI) in its World Resources 2005 report, issued at the end。

全新版大学进阶英语综合教程I04-B2-U6 Text with Translation_6

In China,Lessons of a“Hackerspace”By Emily Parker1Several years ago,Peng Ziyun was at the Shanghai Conservatory of Music,studying music and technology.She learned about sound engineering and wanted to build something of her own.But she didn’t know how,and she didn’t have anyone to teach her.An Internet search led her to Xinchejian,China’s first formal“hackerspace,”a community-run workshop where ordinary people tinker with everything from art projects to robots.2Ms.Peng,now23,wanted to make a tree that could talk.With the encouragement of others at Xinchejian,she learned to drill and solder and to work with Arduino,an open-source microcontroller board that is user-friendly.Her new skills helped her to attach sensors and colored lights to an actual tree so that it would react to human touch.The tree spoke both English and Chinese:The more you interacted with it,the more it talked,its sound growing richer and its lights flashing vividly.3Ms.Peng’s work,a meditation on the relationship between nature and man,was later shown in an art gallery and spent a month on display in a mall.“It definitely changed me,”Ms.Peng says of the experience.“It’s given me the confidence to build things like that in the future.”4Already booming in the U.S.,the maker movement(or DIY,for“do it yourself”)is now gaining ground in China,challenging assumptions about the country’s capacity for innovation.Make magazine co-founder Dale Dougherty defines a maker as someone who builds,creates or hacks physical materials,whether food,clothing or gadgets.Makers often gather at hackerspaces,or makerspaces,real-world locations where they can learn and work together.There are hundreds of hackerspaces world-wide and over a dozen now in China.5Lone inventors have long tinkered in garages.But today,inventors can use software to design objects to be produced by desktop machines like3-D printers.And thanks to the Internet,DIY is thoroughly collaborative.Rather than work on projects in secret,people freely share their ideasand designs online.Chris Anderson,former editor in chief of Wired,describes makers as“the Web generation creating physical things rather than just pixels on screens.”6Xinchejian,founded in2010,means“new workshop.”It occupies a rented room in a Shanghai warehouse.Members pay around$16a month to use the space and tools,and on Wednesday nights it is open to the public.The Taiwan-born David Li,a40-year-old programmer and a co-founder of Xinchejian,wants to lower the barriers for experimentation and play.“It’s not about getting together a group of geeks doing something.It’s a conduit for people to say,‘This interactive stuff is not that scary,not that difficult.’”7One of these tinkerers might develop the next groundbreaking technology,or at least that is the hope of Chinese policy makers.“Chinese industry has to change.It has to migrate to the next stage.Right now it’s purely contract-based.We execute what other people design,”says Benjamin Koo,an associate professor of industrial engineering at Beijing’s Tsinghua University. Others wonder why China doesn’t have more internationally celebrated brands or a homegrown innovator like Steve Jobs.8The Chinese government has taken an interest in the maker movement.Not long after Xinchejian opened its doors,Shanghai officials announced a plan to build100 government-supported innovation st November,according to Mr.Li,the Communist Youth League of Shanghai helped to attract over50,000visitors to a Maker Carnival,where makers exhibited their creations to the public.9In the city of Shenzhen,Seeed Studio works with global makers to transform their hardware designs into prototypes and samples.Seeed specializes in the small-scale manufacturing of experimental,niche-market products.The Sichuan-born Seeed Studio founder Pan Hao,also known as Eric Pan,doesn’t aim to replace big manufacturing but to complement it.“When designs go big,the traditional manufacturer will have new products to make,”Mr.Pan told me.“We are providing more candidates.”10Seeed Studio may be a business,but it still sees itself as a frontier in China’s maker revolution. Its recruitment poster for new employees features a picture of the South American revolutionary Che Guevara,his head sprouting electronic components instead of hair.The poster calls for people to come together to“challenge the hegemony of industrialized mass production in an unprecedented way!”11Some observers see China’s maker movement as yet another instance of the country’s tendency to produce shanzhai,or copycat goods.But Mr.Pan advises patience.“China is just on the way,”he said.“The first time you learn to write,you cannot write novels.You have to copy from the textbook to learn to write A,B,C,D.”12For now,hackerspaces give Chinese inventors a community.Ms.Peng,the maker of the interactive tree,says that her life changed when she went to Xinchejian and realized there are “people out there that are sort of like me,they just want to build things,and learn.”中国创客空间的经验埃米莉·帕克1几年前，彭紫云（音译）在上海音乐学院学习音乐和技术。

2010年春季六级冲刺辅导讲义

2010年春季六级冲刺辅导讲义一、试题结构六级考试试卷结构二、项目突破1．写作Q1：写作话题一、校园话题Example:读书学习：1.2006年12月CET-6：The Importance of Reading Classics2.2007年12月CET-4：What Electives to Choose课余生活：1.2006年6月CET-4：V olunteers Wanted2.2007年6月CET-4：Welcome to our club3.2008年6月CET-4：On Recreational Activities4.2009年12月CET-4：Create a green campus心态处事：1.2008年12月CET-6：How to Improve Student's Mental Health?二、社会话题Example:环境保护：1.2008年12月CET-4：On Disposable Plastic Bags文化生活：1.2008年6月CET-6：Will E-books Replace Traditional Books?2.2009年6月CET-4：Free Admission to Museums3.2009年12月CET-6：Should Parents Send Their Kids to Art Classes?社会风尚：1.2006年6月CET-6：Traveling Abroad2.2007年6月CET-6：Should One Expect Reward When Doing a Good Deed?3.2007年12月CET-6：The Digital Age4.2009年6月CET-6：On the Importance of a NameQ2：命题形式一、现象评说二、观点对比三、问题解决四、图表阐释五、应用文体六、综合篇章Example：现象评说2007年12月CET-6The Digital Age1. 如今，数字化产品越来越多，如…2. 使用数字化产品对于人们学习工作和生活的影响；3. 你对数码产品的看法。

Energy gap and London penetration depth of MgB_2 films determined by microwave resonator me

Submitted to Physical Review Letters,ondon penetration depth of MgB2 films determined by microwave resonator measurements N. Klein, B.B. Jin, J. Schubert, M. Schuster, H.R. Yi Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Thin Films and Interfaces, D-52425 Jülich, Germany, A. Pimenov, A. Loidl Universität Augsburg, Experimentalphysik V, EKM, 86135 Augsburg, Germany S.I. Krasnosvobodtsev P.N. Lebedev Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117924 Moscow, Russia
Eq.1
with G = 740 Ω being a geometrical factor determined by numerical simulation of the electromagnetic field distribution in the cavity and Qniobium( 4.2 K) = 92000 representing the unloaded qualtity factor measured by employing a high-quality niobium thin film as sample. For temperature below 30 K Eq. 1 allows for the determination of Rs with a systematic error of about 0.1 mΩ, which is due to neglecting the temperature dependent background losses of the cavity and the small microwave losses (Rs ≈ 10-5Ω) of the niobium film. The temperature dependence of the penetration depth was determined from the temperature dependence of the resonant frequency f(T) using G f (T ) − f (4.2 K ) πµ 0 f 2 (4.2 K )

GESE6考纲

第二部分：对话
● 正确理解考官的提问，回答切题 ● 提供相关信息, 并表达自己的观点 ● 主动与考官开展对话 ● 向考官提出至少两个与对话话题相关的问题
新增对话题目
● 旅游 Travel
● 有关金钱的相关话题 Money
● 时尚（如les and regulations
语音
● 避免出现背诵式的演讲语调 ● 正确使用与自选话题和对话话题相关词汇的发音 ● 正确使用句子重音明确语义 ● 掌握语句层面的语调和语流特点 ● 掌握较为复杂的疑问句句型的语调特别提示：除上述要求外，本级考试中还包括前面各级别的所有要求
语言功能
● 描述过去一段时间内的活动 ● 表达个人的观点和印象,询问他人观点和印象 ● 表达意向和目的 ● 表达义务和必要性 ● 表述确定性与不确定性
词汇
● 常用动词短语 ● 与自选话题相关的词汇 ● 与对话话题相关的词汇 ● 表达将来时的词语，如：the day after tomorrow, in a year’s time
● 健康与健身 Health and fitness
● 学习一门外语 Learning a foreign language
新增语法项目
● if 和when引导的条件句 ● 过去进行时 ● 与本级语言功能相关的情态词，如： must, need to, might, don’t have to ● 不定式用于表示目的
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● 正确理解考官的提问，回答切题 ● 能持续针对思维图表中所列的讲述点提供信息、阐述
观点 ● 清晰描述事情发生的前后顺序 ● 与考官就准备的话题进行轻松随意的讨论。讨论中考
官可能要求考生进一步提供信息、事实和细节 ● 向考官提出至少一个与自选话题相关的问 ● 尽可能运用本级所要求的语言功能

TeV scale partial mirage unification and neutralino dark matter

a rXiv:076.4349v1[he p-ph]29J un27YITP-07-37KAIST-TH 2007/04KUNS-2081TeV scale partial mirage uniﬁcation and neutralino dark matter Hiroyuki Abe 1,∗,Yeong Gyun Kim 2,3†,Tatsuo Kobayashi 4,‡,and Yasuhiro Shimizu 2,§1Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics,Kyoto University,Kyoto 606-8502,Japan 2Department of Physics,Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology,Daejeon 305-701,Korea 3ARCSEC,Sejong University,Seoul 143-747,Korea 4Department of Physics,Kyoto University,Kyoto 606-8502,Japan Abstract We study the TeV scale partial mirage uniﬁcation scenario,where the gluino and wino masses are degenerate around a TeV scale,but the bino mass is not degenerate.This scenario has phenomenologically interesting aspects.First,because of the degeneracy between the gluino and wino masses,this scenario does not have the little hierarchy problem,that is,the higgisino mass is around 150GeV.The lightest superparticle is a mixture of the bino and higgsino,and can lead to a right amount of thermal relicdensity as a dark matter candidate.1IntroductionSupersymmetric extension of the standard model(SM)is one of the most promising can-didates for a new physics at the TeV scale.In particular,the minimal supersymmetric standard model(MSSM)is interesting from the viewpoint of its minimality.The MSSM has several attractive aspects.The MSSM realizes the uniﬁcation of three gauge cou-plings at the grand uniﬁed theory(GUT)scale M GUT∼2×1016GeV.Supersymmetry can stabilize the huge hierarchy between the weak scale and the GUT/Planck scale.Su-persymmetric models with R-parity have a good candidate for dark matter,that is,the lightest superparticle(LSP).However,these attractive aspects are not perfectly satisfying.First of all,there is still aﬁne-tuning problem as follows.By minimizing the Higgs scalar potential,the Z boson mass is obtained as14π2m2˜tlnΛ4π2v2lnm2˜tM mir=O(TeV),i.e.,the TeV scale mirage model,is interesting as a solution of the little hierarchy problem.In the TeV scale mirage model,the superparticle spectrum derived from the pure modulus mediation appears at the TeV scale through the cancellation between the anomaly mediation and RG eﬀects.In particular,the modulus mediation leading to|m H u|∼µ∼M Z,m˜t=O(1)TeV(1) is interesting.Indeed,concrete models realizing the above spectrum have been studied in Ref.[3,5].In those models,gauge kinetic functions for three MSSM vector multiplets are universal and three gaugino masses are universal at M mir.In addition,the universal gaugino mass is of O(1)TeV.One of interesting aspect in SUSY models is that they have a good candidate for the dark matter as the LSP.In the above TeV scale mirage scenario,the value ofµis of O(M Z)to avoidﬁne-tuning,while the gaugino masses are universal around a TeV scale and it is of O(1)TeV.Thus,the LSP is higgsino-like in the TeV scale mirage scenario.In this case,the thermal relic density of the LSP is much lower than cosmological observation [10].Recently,the bottom-up analysis[11]showed that the degeneracy between the wino and gluino masses is most important to avoidﬁne-tuning in the Higgs sector,but the bino mass can vary with keeping the same degree ofﬁne-tuning.When the bino mass varies, several phenomenological aspects would change.The LSP is a mixture of the higgsino and bino,and its thermal relic density would be totally diﬀerent from one of higgsino-like LSP. Hence,in this paper we study the TeV scale partial mirage uniﬁcation,where the wino and gluino masses are degenerate around O(1)TeV,but the bino mass is diﬀerent.We study phenomenological aspects of this scenario,in particular the thermal relic density and direct detection possibility for the neutralino LSP.1Several authors have investigated phenomenological and cosmological aspects of mi-rage mediation[14,15,16,17,18,10,19,20].In particular,it has been noticed that moduli decay in the early universe can produce so many gravitinos and neutralino LSPs that successful Big Bang nucleosynthesis might be ruined and/or too large dark matter abundance would be obtained[16].A possible way out of the cosmological moduli problem is to dilute the primordial moduli and the subsequently produced gravitinos and LSPs, through some mechanism such as the thermal inﬂation[21].In this work,we assume that such a mechanism is realized and the neutralino dark matter is generated through the conventional thermal production mechanism.This paper is organized as follows.In section2,we study a concrete model leading to the TeV scale partial mirage uniﬁcation.In section3,we study phenomenological aspects of our scenario,in particular,the thermal relic density of the LSP.Section4is devoted to conclusion and discussion.2TeV scale partial mirage uniﬁcation2.1Moduli stabilization in the generalized KKLT scenario Indeed,our model is quite similar to the model for the TeV scale mirage[5],which is a generalization of the KKLT scenario for moduli stabilization[9,23,24].We consider the IIB string model with the dilaton S,a single K¨a hler modulus T and complex structure moduli Zα.First,we assume that the dilaton S and complex structure moduli Zαare stabilized by theﬂux-induced superpotential Wﬂux(S,Zα)[25],that is,they have heavy masses of O(M P),where M P is the Planck scale.At this stage,the K¨a hler modulus T is not stabilized.To stabilize T,we introduce a T-dependent non-perturbative eﬀect in the superpotential.In the original KKLT model,a simple term is considered asW np=Ae−aT,(2)where A=O(M3P)and a is a constant.Here and hereafter we use the unit,where M P=1. Such non-perturbative eﬀect can be generated by a gaugino condensation of the hidden gauge sector on D7branes,whose gauge kinetic function is proportional to T.In general, the gauge kinetic function is a linear combination of S and T as,f a=k a T+ℓa S,(3)e.g.on magnetized D-branes,where k a andℓa are rational numbers[26].The gaugino condensation in the hidden gauge sector may generate a non-perturbative term like W np∼e−8π2(k h T+ℓh S).Thus,we consider the superpotential[23]W= Wﬂux −A h e−8π2(k h T+ℓh S),(4)where A h=O(1)and8π2k h=O(10).In the second term of the right hand side,the dilaton S is replaced by its vacuum expectation value(VEV)S0,because S is assumed to be stabilized with a mass of O(M P)by theﬂux-induced superpotential Wﬂux.2With this superpotential and the K¨a hler potential,K0=−3ln(T+T∗),(5)we can write the scalar potential,V F=e K0 K T T∗0|D T W|2−3|W|2 ,(6) whereD T W≡(∂T K0)W+∂T W.(7) The K¨a hler modulus T is stabilized at the SUSY point D T W=0,where we can estimate W ≈ Wﬂux because8π2k h=O(10).At this SUSY point,the vacuum energy is negative,V F=−3m23/2,(8)where m3/2denotes the gravitino mass,m3/2=e K0/2W.The modulus T has a mass of O(8π2m3/2),which is much larger than the gravitino mass.To obtain a de Sitter(Minkowski)vacuum,we add the uplifting potential,V lift=e2K0/3P lift.(9)Such potential can be generated by putting anti D3-brane at a tip of warp throat[9],and the warp factor leads to a suppressed value of P lift[25],P lift∼e−32π2K Re(S0)/3M,(10)where K and M are integer-valued NS and R3-formﬂuxes.We tune our parameters to realize almost vanishing vacuum energy,i.e.V F+V lift≈0.Since V F≈−3e K0|Wﬂux|2,the aboveﬁne-tuning requires|Wﬂux|2∼P lift∼e−32π2K Re(S0)/3M.Hence,we can parameterize Wﬂux asWﬂux=A0e−8π2ℓ0S0,(11) whereℓ0is a rational number and A0=O(1).We consider the low-energy SUSY breaking, i.e.m3/2=O(10)TeV.That requires8π2ℓ0Re(S0)≃ln(M P/m3/2)∼4π2.(12)At the minimum of V F+V lift,the values of T and the F-term F T are obtained ask h T≃(ℓ0−ℓh)S0,(13)m3/2F Tℓ0−ℓhwhere ℓis a rational number.The gauge coupling uniﬁcation in the MSSM,g −2GUT ≃2,requires Re(T )+ℓRe(S 0)≃2.The modulus-mediated contributes to the gluino and wino masses are obtained as M 0=F T ∂T ln(Re(f v ))=F T ℓ0−ℓh +k h ℓ.(16)Since F T /(T +T ∗)=O (m 3/2/(4π2)),the contributions due to the anomaly mediation are comparable.Thus,just below M GUT the gluino mass M 3and wino mass M 2are obtained as M a =M 0+b a 8π2b a g 2a (Q )ln (M mir /Q ) ,(18)where the so-called mirage scale M mir is deﬁned asM mir =M GUTM 0ln(M P /m 3/2)=ℓ0−ℓh +k h ℓ16π2g 2GUT m 3/2,(22)where b 1=33/5.Obviously the bino mass M 1is not degenerate at M mir unless k Y =1.Next,we consider soft SUSY breaking scalar masses as well as A-terms.Such SUSY breaking terms are determined by the kinetic term of chiral superﬁeld Φi ,d 4θCC ∗e −K 0/3Z i Φi ∗Φi ,(23)where Z i is the K¨a hler metric of the matterﬁeldΦi.Here,C denotes the chiral compen-sator superﬁeld,i.e.C=C0+F Cθ2,and its F-component is obtained as F C/C0=m∗3/2inour model.Then,the modulus-mediated contributions to A-terms and soft scalar masses are obtained as˜Aijk=a ijk M0=F T∂T ln(e K0Z i Z j Z k),(24)˜m2i=c i M20=−|F T|2∂T∂¯T ln(e−K0/3Z i),(25) where we have assumed that holomorphic Yukawa couplings are independent of the mod-ulus T.Here we take the following form,e−K0/3Z i=(T+T∗)n i,(26) where n i is a rational number.Then,a ijk and c i are obtained asa ijk=(n i+n j+n k) ℓ0−ℓh+k hℓhℓ0−ℓh 2.(28) A-terms and soft scalar masses have contributions due to the anomaly mediation.Thus, these values at M GUT are given asA ijk=˜A ijk−132π2dγi4|y ijk|2˜A ijk− a g2a C a2(Φi)r a M0 m3/2,(30)with r2,3=1and r1=k Y,whereγi denotes the anomalous dimension ofΦi and y ijk is Yukawa couplings.In addition,C a2(Φi)denotes quadratic Casimir of theﬁeldΦi under the gauge group G a.We include RG eﬀects to obtain A-terms and soft scalar masses at the energy scale Q.If k Y=1and the following relationsa ijk=c i+c j+c k=1,(31) are satisﬁed for large Yukawa couplings y ijk,RG eﬀects and the anomaly mediation contri-butions cancel each other at M mir.Then,we have A ijk(M mir)=˜A ijk and m2i(M mir)=˜m2i. Even for k Y=1,this spectrum is realized approximately because RG eﬀects due to U(1)Y are not important except for right-handed slepton masses unless|k Y|≥O(1).We takec H u=0,c tL =c tR=1With the above assignment of a ijk and c i,we have a smaller higgsino massµ=100−200 GeV.Thus,a small value of|k Y|,|k Y|<1,is interesting because in such a case the LSP would be a mixture between the higgsino and bino.If k Y and the bino mass are quite small,right-handed slepton masses for cℓ=1/2may become tachyonic at the weak scale. Thus,we take cℓ=1for both left-handed and right-handed slepton masses.At any rate, slepton masses are irrelevant to theﬁne-tuning problem of the Higgs sector.Alternatively,in order to increase slepton masses we could consider the scenario with an extra(anomalous)U(1)gauge group.We assume that such U(1)sector is separated away from the SUSY breaking anti D3brane,and U(1)is broken at a certain scale,e.g. M GUT.Such breaking induces another source of soft scalar masses,which are proportional to U(1)charge q i of theﬁeldsΦi,m2i(D)=q i D.(33) The size of D is model-dependent.3This type of contribution could also increase slepton masses.The size of sleton masses are important for analysis on the thermal relic density of the LSP as shown in the next section.Hence,in the following section we consider two cases for slepton masses,1)the case that slepton masses are determined from cℓ=1 and2)the case that slepton masses vary.The latter case can be realized by the D-term contributions.3Neutralino Dark MatterIn this section,we consider neutralino dark matter phenomenology.Recent WMAP and other observations imply that the cold dark matter abundance is[34]0.085<ΩDM h2<0.119(95%CL),(34) where h≃0.7is the scaled Hubble constant.We assume that the neutralino LSPs were in thermal equilibrium when the temperature of the Universe is larger than the LSP mass mχ.As the temperature drops below mχ,the number density of the LSP is exponentially suppressed.At some point neutralino LSP annihilation rate becomes smaller than the Hubble expansion rate.Then the neutralino LSPs fall out of equilibrium and the LSP number density in a comoving volume remains constant[35].We also assume that the neutralino LSP constitutes all the cold dark matter in the Universe at the current epoch.In the TeV scale mirage mediation,in which all three gaugino masses are uniﬁed at TeV scale,it turns out that the neutralino LSP is higgsino-like[10].This is because the gluino mass M3is smaller than bino mass M1(and wino mass M2)at higher energy scales. (Notice that M3:M2:M1≃(1−0.3α)g23:(1+0.1α)g22:(1+0.66α)g21,andα∼2for the TeV scale mirage mediation.)Such a small M3gives a small stop mass squared and|and thus|µ|at the weak scale,compared to bino mass M1 in turn leads to a small|m2Huand wino mass M2.For higgsino-like LSP,the lighter charginoχ±1and the two light neutralinosχ01,χ02are nearly degenerate.In this case dominant annihilation processes for the neutralinos andFigure1:(a)sparticle masses at the weak scale and(b)thermal relic densityΩχh2of neutralino LSP,as a function of M1(M GUT).chargino are neutralino pair annihilation into gauge bosons,and the neutralino-neutralino and neutralino-chargino coannihilations into fermion pair[36].These annihilation pro-cesses are so eﬀective that the thermal relic density of the neutralino LSP is too smallunless neutralino LSP is rather heavy(mχ01∼|µ|∼1TeV).Therefore,the higgsinoLSP with|µ|∼O(M Z),which avoidsﬁne-tuning in the Higgs sector,cannot provide the correct amount of thermal relic density in Eq.(34).On the other hand,the TeV scale partial mirage uniﬁcation scenario can provide not only a solution of the little hierarchy problem but also a right amount of thermal relic density.As a speciﬁc numerical example,we choose a parameter set;α=2,M0=800GeV,c H u=0,c Hd=1/2,c q=1/2,c l=1,tanβ=10,(35) while varying the bino mass at the GUT scale within some range,100GeV<M1(M GUT)< 2TeV.Figures1show(a)sparticle masses at the weak scale and(b)thermal relic density Ωχh2of the neutralino LSP,as a function of M1(M GUT).One can notice thatµvalues at weak scale remain small i.e,130 µ 160GeV so that there is no little hierarchy problem in this case.Our model leads to the CP even Higgs mass,m h∼116GeV.For a large M1(M GUT)value,µis much smaller than M1at the weak scale implying higgsino-like LSP.It leads to a very small relic densityΩχh2∼O(10−3).The bino mass at the weak scale decreases as M1(M GUT)decreases,and becomes similar toµvalue at the weak scale when M1(M GUT)∼350GeV.In the bino-higgsino mixed region of LSP,the relic densityΩχh2increases rapidly as M1(M GUT)decreases,due to the enhanced bino-component of neutralino LSP.When M1(M GUT)∼300GeV,Ωχh2≃0.1,thus providing a right amount of relic density which is consistent with the WMAP bound on the dark matter density.As M1(M GUT)further decreases,the neutralino LSP becomes bino-like and the relic densityΩχh2gets too large and increases until M1(M GUT)∼200GeV.Below this point,an interesting annihilation channel for neutralino LSP is open.For the region around M1(M GUT)≃160GeV,the mass of the neutralino LSP is equal to the half of the lightCP even higgs mass,i.e,mχ01∼m h/2.In this case the neutralino pair annihilation throughs-channel higgs exchange becomes very eﬃcient so that the relic densityΩχh2is reducedto a very small values O(10−3),passing acceptable ones O(10−1).When mχ01∼m Z/2,Zresonance eﬀect is dominant for reducing the relic density.Figure2:(a)slepton masses at the weak scale and(b)thermal relic densityΩχh2of neutralino LSP,as a function of m slepton(GUT).As we discussed in the last section,for the scenario with an extra(anomalous)U(1) gauge group,additional D-term contributions to soft terms would make slepton mass a free parameter in practice.In order to see possible eﬀects of the D-term contributions, weﬁx M1(M GUT)=200GeV with the parameter set(35)while varying m sl(M GUT),the slepton mass at the GUT scale.Notice that in this case,the neutralino LSP is bino-like and mχ01≃75GeV.Figures2show(a)slepton masses at weak scale and(b)thethermal relic densityΩχh2,as a function of m sl(M GUT).When the slepton mass is large (m eR≃500GeV),the relic density is quite large(Ωχh2≃0.6),as expected for the bino-like LSP with rather heavy sparticle mass spectrum.As m sl(M GUT)decreases,however, slepton masses at weak scale decrease.Accordingly,the relic densityΩχh2decreases and gets close to the WMAP bound(34)when m eR∼150GeV.It is known that in this case, the LSP relic density is mainly determined from neutralino pair annihilation into lepton pair through t-channel exchange of SU(2)singlet sleptons[37].For m sl(M GUT) 115GeV,the neutralino LSP and the lighter stau are almost degen-erate.Then LSP-stau coannihilation[38]becomes very eﬀective to reduce thermal relic density of the neutralino LSP.¿From the Fig.2(b),one can notice that the thermal relic densityΩχh2reaches the WMAP range and then drops quickly below0.01in the small m sl(M GUT)region.Our model has also an interesting aspect for the direct detection search of neutralino dark matter.For the spin-independent cross section of neutralino-proton scattering,theFigure3:(a)spin-independent cross section of neutralino and proton and(b)b→sγbranching ratio,as a function of M1(M GUT).contributions from t-channel CP even Higgs exchanges are usually dominant[35].The cross sectionσSI would enhance if neutralino LSP is a mixed state of gaugino and higgsino, due to the nature of neutralino-neutralino-Higgs couplings.Figure3(a)shows the spin-independent scattering cross section as a function of M1(M GUT)with the parameters(35). TheσSI is quite small(∼5×10−9pb)for large M1(M GUT)region i.e,higgsino-like LSP case.There is,however,about one order of magnitude increase ofσSI in the bino-higgsino mixed region.For M1(M GUT)≃300GeV,which provides a right amount of thermal relic densityΩχh2≃0.1,the spin-independent scattering cross section isσSI≃4×10−8pbwith m˜χ01≃105GeV.This cross section value is quite close to the current limit fromXENON experiment[39],i.e.,8.8×10−8pb for a WIMP mass of100GeV.Therefore, our model would be explored in the near future experiments on the direct searches.Before closing this section,we comment on experimental constraints.Our benchmark point(35)satisfy the experimental bounds on particle masses such as mχ+>104GeV for chargino and m h>114GeV for light Higgs boson.Figure3(b)shows b→sγbranching ratio BR(b→sγ)for the parameter choice(35),as a function of M1(M GUT).The NLO calculation for BR(b→sγ)gives about3×10−4for our parameter choice,insensitive to M1(M GUT).These predictions are rather smaller than the current world average of experimental values[40],BR(b→sγ)exp=(3.55±0.26)×10−4,due to large contribution from chargino-stop loop which adds destructively to Standard Model contribution for our choice on the sign ofµ(>0).Considering theoretical and experimental uncertainties,it turns out that the calculated branching ratio is consistent with the measured one within 2σrange.4ConclusionsWe have studied the TeV scale partial mirage uniﬁcation scenario,where the gluino and wino masses are degenerate,but the bino mass is not degenerate.We have shown an example leading to such a spectrum.This spectrum has phenomenologically interesting aspects.First,there is noﬁne tuning problem because of the degeneracy of the gluino and wino masses,that is,our model leads to130 µ 160GeV.The LSP is the mixture of the bino and higgsino.In the TeV scale partial mirage uniﬁcation,a right amount of thermal relic density of neutralino LSP can be obtained through various channels for neutralino annihilations.A mixed bino-higgsino LSP,which is available through adjusting the bino mass at the GUT scale,may lead to an appropriate neutralino annihilation rate into gauge bosons and so the right amount of the relic density.The neutralino pair annihilation via s-channel higgs exchange play an important role for obtaining the suitable relic density, when mχ∼m h/2in bino-like LSP region.Furthermore,if the slepton mass can vary independently,LSP annihilations through t-channel SU(2)singlet slepton exchange or LSP-stau coannihilation can make the thermal relic density satisfy the WMAP bound on dark matter density.The TeV scale partial mirage uniﬁcation scenario also provides a sizable spin-independent scattering cross section between neutralino dark matter and nucleon,which can be explored in near future experiments,when the neutralino dark matter is a mixture of bino and higgsino.AcknowledgementH.A.and T.K.are supported in part by the Grand-in-Aid for Scientiﬁc Research #182496,#17540251,respectively.T.K.is also supported in part by the Grant-in-Aid for the21st Century COE“The Center for Diversity and Universality in Physics”from the Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology of Japan.This work was supported by the KRF Grant KRF-2005-210-C000006funded by the Korean Government and the Grant No.R01-2005-000-10404-0from the Basic Research Program of the Korea Science&Engineering Foundation(Y.G.K.and Y.S.).References[1]Y.Okada,M.Yamaguchi and T.Yanagida,Phys.Lett.B262,54(1991);H.E.Haberand R.Hempﬂing,Phys.Rev.Lett.66,1815(1991);J.R.Ellis,G.RidolﬁandF.Zwirner,Phys.Lett.B262,477(1991).[2]R.Barbieri and G.F.Giudice,Nucl.Phys.B306,63(1988);P.H.Chankowski,J.R.Ellis and S.Pokorski,Phys.Lett.B423,327(1998);P.H.Chankowski, J.R.Ellis,M.Olechowski and S.Pokorski,Nucl.Phys.B544,39(1999);G.L.Kane and S.F.King,Phys.Lett.B451,113(1999);M.Bastero-Gil,G.L.Kane and S.F.King,Phys.Lett.B474,103(2000);G.L.Kane,J.D.Lykken,B.D.Nelson and L.T.Wang,Phys.Lett.B551,146(2003).[3]K.Choi,K.S.Jeong,T.Kobayashi and K.i.Okumura,Phys.Lett.B633,355(2006)[hep-ph/0508029].[4]R.Kitano and Y.Nomura,Phys.Lett.B631,58(2005)[hep-ph/0509039].[5]K.Choi,K.S.Jeong,T.Kobayashi and K.i.Okumura,hep-ph/0612258.[6]L.Randall and R.Sundrum,Nucl.Phys.B557,79(1999)[arXiv:hep-th/9810155];G.F.Giudice,M.A.Luty,H.Murayama and R.Rattazzi,JHEP9812,027(1998)[arXiv:hep-ph/9810442].[7]K.Choi,A.Falkowski,H.P.Nilles and M.Olechowski,Nucl.Phys.B718,113(2005)[hep-th/0503216].[8]K.Choi,K.S.Jeong and K.i.Okumura,JHEP0509,039(2005)[hep-ph/0504037].[9]S.Kachru,R.Kallosh,A.Linde and S.P.Trivedi,Phys.Rev.D68,046005(2003)[arXiv:hep-th/0301240].[10]K.Choi,K.Y.Lee,Y.Shimizu,Y.G.Kim and K.i.Okumura,JCAP0612,017(2006)[arXiv:hep-ph/0609132].[11]H.Abe,T.Kobayashi and Y.Omura,arXiv:hep-ph/0703044.[12]A.Corsetti and P.Nath,Phys.Rev.D64,125010(2001)[arXiv:hep-ph/0003186],R.Kitano and Y.Nomura,Phys.Lett.B632,162(2006)[arXiv:hep-ph/0509221];hep-ph/0606134.[13]R.Dermisek and H. 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大家网_新东方2010年12月六级预测卷第六套

大家论坛大学英语六级2010年12月精品资料汇总为12月考六级的同学另外整理一些最新最实用的资料，不断更新中，系统的资料看原帖：大学英语六级考试分类资料下载汇总（语法、词汇、写作、阅读、听力等）2010年12月大学英语六级考试60天备考方案-回帖报道送勋章2010年12月四六级内容区别与备考要点大总结2010年大家网首发新书：【大家网首发】《星火英语新题型大学英语6级考试一本全》(2010.12)【大家网首发】新东方2010年12月大学英语六级考试全真预测试卷十套文本及听力【大家网首发】2010版《新东方六级词汇词根+联想记忆法(乱序版)》电子书+MP3【大家网首发】马晓燕《大学英语六级考试精品范文100篇》之热点话题篇【大家网首发】马晓燕《大学英语六级考试精品范文100篇》之求职工作篇电子书下载【大家网首发】马晓燕《大学英语六级考试精品范文100篇》之学习篇电子书下载真题与模拟：历年大学英语六级真题试卷word+答案+听力原文+MP3（1990-2010.6）综合：2010年新东方英语六级精品全程班课件及讲义大全下载新东方大学英语六级四十天突破：讲义与笔记六级考试终极答题技巧词汇：大学六级英语词汇星火式巧记速记精1-6级 pdf 下载CET-6 淘金式巧攻大学英语词汇6级分册(MP3+LRC)胡敏练口语记单词大学英语六级(CET-6)词汇(mp3+文本)含音标大纲全部词汇：权威解释+科学记忆+形似总结（excel版）六级必考词500！（真的很有用，我做阅读理解时很多陌生词都在里面）CET-6重点词汇精彩归纳张亚哲六级词汇笔记美化打印版英语六级核心词汇完美版英语四六级历年真题词汇汇编(word版)作文：英语六级作文万能句型[CET6网络课程][新题型][新东方教育在线]王兆飞写作新东方六级写作_内部资料听力：2010年12月英语六级听力考前串讲备考资料2010年版星火《大学英语六级考试听力直通249分》mp3含字幕下载2009版《星火大学英语六级考试听力满分15天》硬盘安装版(已测试)2009版《星火大学英语6级考试听力满分15天》（含字幕）MP3及机考模拟题（已测试）王长喜2008.12六级加赠5套标准听力（全书+音频）全套命题改革与预测试卷08.12六级标准预测试卷全套MP3（上海交大）全套已发布阅读：2010年12月大学英语六级阅读理解题通关秘籍王长喜-六级考试标准阅读60篇[CET6网络课程][新题型][新东方教育在线]张登阅读完型：2010年12月英语六级完型填空解题方法及复习策略。

ppic9k_man

pPIC9KVersion E03040225-0106pPIC9KA Pichia Vector for Multicopy Integration and Secreted Expression Catalog no. V175-20tech_service@iiINDIVIDUAL PICHIA EXPRESSION KIT LICENSE AGREEMENTThe Pichia Expression Kit is based on the yeast Pichia pastoris. Pichia pastoris was developed into an expression system by scientists at Salk Institute Biotechnology/Industry Associates (SIBIA) for high-level expression of recombinant proteins. All patents for Pichia pastoris and licenses for its use as an expression system are owned by Research Corporation Technologies, Inc. Tucson, Arizona. Invitrogen has an exclusive license to sell the Pichia Expression Kit to scientists for research purposes only, under the terms described below. Use of Pichia pastoris by commercial corporations requires the user to obtain a commercial license as detailed below. Before using the Pichia Expression Kit, please read the following license a greement. If you do not agree to be bound by its terms, contact Invitrogen within 10 days for authorization to return the unused Pichia Expression Kit and to receive a full credit. If you do agree to the terms of this Agreement, please complete the User Registration Card and return it to Invitrogen before using the kit.INDIVIDUAL PICHIA EXPRESSION KIT LICENSE AGREEMENTInvitrogen Corporation (INVITROGEN) grants you a non-exclusive license to use the enclosed Pichia Expression Kit (EXPRESSION KIT) for academic research or for evaluation purposes only. The EXPRESSION KIT is being transferred to you in furtherance of, and reliance on, such license. You may not use the EXPRESSION KIT, or the materials contained therein, for any commercial purpose without a license for such purpose from RESEARCH CORPORATION TECHNOLOGIES, INC., Tucson, Arizona. Commercial purposes include the use in or sale of expressed proteins as a commercial product, or use to facilitate or advance research or development of a commercial product. Commercial entities may conduct their evaluation for one year at which time this license automatically terminates. Commercial entities will be contacted by Research Corporation Technologies during the evaluation period regarding the purchase of a commercial license.Access to the EXPRESSION KIT must be limited solely to those officers, employees and students of your institution who need access thereto in order to perform the above-described research or evaluation. You must inform each of such officer, employee and student of the provisions of this Agreement and require them to agree, in writing, to be bound by the provisions of this Agreement. You may not distribute the EXPRESSION KIT to others, even those within your own institution. You may transfer modified, altered or original material from the EXPRESSION KIT to a third party following notification of INVITROGEN such that the recipient can be licensed. You may not assign, sub-license, rent lease or otherwise transfer this License or any of the rights or obligation hereunder, except as expressly permitted.This License is effective until terminated. You may terminate it at any time by destroying all Pichia expression products in your control. It will also terminate automatically if you fail to comply with the terms and conditions of the Agreement. You shall, upon termination of the License, destroy all Pichia Expression Kits in your control, and so notify INVITROGEN in writing.This License Shall be governed in its interpretation and enforcement by the laws of the State of California.Product User Registration CardPlease complete and return the enclosed Product User Registration Card for each Pichia Expression Kit that you purchase. This will serve as a record of your purchase and registration and will allow Invitrogen to provide you with technical support and manual updates. It will also allow Invitrogen to update you on future developments of and improvements to the Pichia Expression Kit. The agreement outlined above becomes effective upon our receipt of your User Registration Card or 10 days following the sale of the Pichia Expression Kit to you. Use of the kit at any time results in immediate obligation to the terms and conditions stated in this Agreement.Technical ServicesInvitrogen provides Technical Services to all of our registered Pichia Expression Kit users. Please contact us if you need assistance with the Pichia Expression Kit.United States Headquarters:Japanese HeadquartersEuropean Headquarters:Invitrogen Corporation1600 Faraday AvenueCarlsbad, CA 92008 USATel: 1 760 603 7200Tel (Toll Free): 1 800 955 6288 Fax: 1 760 602 6500E-mail:tech_service@ Invitrogen Japan K.K.Nihonbashi Hama-Cho Park Bldg. 4F2-35-4, Hama-Cho, NihonbashiTel: 81 3 3663 7972Fax: 81 3 3663 8242E-mail: jpinfo@Invitrogen Ltd3 Fountain DriveInchinnan Business ParkPaisley PA4 9RF, UKTel (Free Phone Orders): 0800 269 210Tel (General Enquiries): 0800 5345 5345Fax: +44 (0) 141 814 6287E-mail: eurotech@iiiivTable of ContentsTable of Contents (v)Important Information (vi)Introduction (1)Overview (1)Materials (4)pPIC9K (6)Methods (8)Cloning into pPIC9K (8)Analysis of E. coli Transformants (11)Transformation into Pichia (12)pPIC9K: In Vivo Screening of Multiple Inserts (14)Appendix (18)Recipes (18)Pichia Genomic DNA Isolation (19)Easy-DNA™ Protocol for Isolation of DNA from Pichia (21)Determination of Copy Number of Multiple Integrants (22)Technical Service (24)Purchaser Notification (26)References (28)vImportant InformationContents 20 µg of lyophilized pPIC9K is supplied.Add 20 µl of sterile, deionized water to resuspend to a final concentration of 1 µg/µl.Store at -20°C.Storage Conditions Lyophilized vectors are stored at -20°C.Resuspend in sterile, deionized water and store at -20°C.Product Qualification pPIC9K is qualified by restriction digest. Restriction digests must demonstrate the correct banding pattern when electrophoresed on an agarose gel. The table below lists the restriction enzymes used to digest the vector and the expected fragments.Vector Restriction Enzyme Expected Fragments (bp) pPIC9K Eco R IXho IBgl IIHin d III92764759, 45176874, 24024959, 3596, 370, 339, 12vi1IntroductionOverviewIntroduction Multiple copy integration of recombinant genes in Pichia has been demonstrated to increase expression of the desired gene in some cases (Brierley, et al., 1994; Clare, et al.,1991a; Cregg, et al., 1993; Romanos, et al., 1991; Scorer, et al., 1993; Scorer, et al., 1994; Thill, et al., 1990; Vedvick, et al., 1991.). The vector included in this kit allows isolation of multicopy inserts by an in vivo method, in order to test whether increasing the copy number of your recombinant gene will lead to a subsequent increase in secreted protein expression. This in vivo method utilizes resistance to Geneticin ® (G418 sulfate) to screen for possible multicopy inserts. Frequency of Multicopy Inserts Multiple plasmid integration events occur spontaneously in Pichia at a frequency between 1 and 10% of all His + transformants. The in vivo method allows you to screenfor the His + transformants that may have multiple inserts of your gene.Generation of Multicopy Inserts in vivo pPIC9K contains the bacterial kanamycin gene (kan from Tn 903) that confers resistance to Geneticin ® in Pichia . Note that kan does not confer resistance to kanamycin in Pichia . The level of Geneticin ® resistance roughly depends on the number of kanamycin genesintegrated. A single copy of pPIC9K integrated into the Pichia genome confers resistance to Geneticin ® to a level of ~0.25 mg/ml. Multiple integrated copies of pPIC9K canincrease the Geneticin ® resistance level from 0.5 mg/ml (1-2 copies) up to 4 mg/ml (7-12 copies). Because of the genetic linkage between the kanamycin gene and the "expression cassette" (P AOX1 and your gene of interest), one can infer that Geneticin ® resistant clones contain multiple copies of your gene. Secreted protein expression may increase because of a gene dosage effect. Thus, the presence of the kan gene on pPIC9K can be used as a tool to detect pPIC9K transformants that harbor multiple copies of the your gene. The graphic below shows multiple insertion of your expression cassette linked to the kan gene.(2nd Insertion Event3rd Insertion Event, etc.((continued on next pageScreening on Geneticin®Direct selection of Geneticin® resistance in yeast does not work well because newly transformed cells need time to express sufficient amounts of the resistance factor. Since yeast grow much more slowly than bacteria, significant numbers of recombinant yeast are killed before they accumulate enough of the resistance factor to survive direct plating on antibiotic. Do not use Geneticin® resistance as a selectable marker. The procedure to generate Geneticin® resistant clones requires an initial selection of His+ transformants followed by a screen for varying levels of Geneticin® resistance. Resistance to Geneticin® conferred by the kanamycin gene present on pPIC9K is used as a SCREEN, not as a SELECTION for multicopy integrants.Alternatives for Generating Multicopy Inserts In addition to this vector for secreted expression, Invitrogen has available two othervectors, pPIC3.5K and pAO815. These vectors are designed for intracellular expressionof recombinant proteins. pPIC3.5K also uses Geneticin® resistance to screen formulticopy inserts. pAO815 is used to construct multiple copies of your gene in vitro priorto transformation into Pichia. Multiple copies are cloned in tandem into pAO815, thentransformed into Pichia. When His+ transformants are selected, they will contain multiplecopies of your gene. A summary of the advantages and disadvantages of each method ispresented in the table below. The "best" method is the one that works for your protein; unfortunately, there is no way to predict beforehand which method will work for you.In vitro Method (pAO815)Advantages Disadvantages • Quantitative--construction of adefined number of multimers• More work up front to clone definednumber of multimers• Most of the His+ transformants willcontain the proper, defined number ofinserts• Size of the vector may become quitelarge depending on the size of yourgene and the number of copies youcreate• Isolation of recombinants withmultiple inserts is easier because mostof the His+ transformants will containmultiple copies of your gene• RearrangementsinE. coli may occur• In vitro construction allows step-wiseanalysis of copy number effects onprotein expression• Multiple inserts are located at a singlelocus• No need for a second drug resistancemarker in the vectorcontinued on next page2Alternatives for Generating Multicopy Inserts, continuedIn vivo Method (pPIC3.5K and pPIC9K)Advantages Disadvantages• Easier to initiate experiment because only one copy of your gene is clonedinto pPIC3.5K or pPIC9K beforetransforming into Pichia • Qualitative screen-- Geneticin®resistance roughly correlates with thenumber of copies of your gene.• Identifies the 1-10% of spontaneous His+ transformants that have multipleinserts • ScreeningHis+ transformants may involve more work because you willneed thousands of His+ transformantsto generate enough Geneticin®resistant colonies to test• Average size of vector is similar to other Pichia expression vectors • The number of multiple inserts is unknown (although this can bedetermined through Southern or dotblot analysis)• Multiple inserts are located at a single locus • Screening on Geneticin® is sensitiveto the density of the cells and mayresult in the isolation of false positives3MaterialsContents 20 µg of lyophilized pPIC9K is supplied.Add 20 µl of sterile, deionized water to resuspend to a final concentration of 1 µg/µl.Store at -20°C.Materials Supplied by the User For the procedures described in this manual, you will need:• Manual from the Pichia Expression System• Microbiological equipment• Electrocompetent or chemically competent E. coli (must be rec A, end A) for transformation. You will need 3-4 tubes of competent cells per experiment. For protocols to prepare competent E. coli and transformation protocols, see Current Protocols (Ausubel, et al., 1990) or Molecular Biology: A Laboratory Manual (Sambrook, et al., 1989)• Sterile water• Phenol/chloroform• 3 M sodium acetate• 100% ethanol• 80% ethanol• T4 Ligase (2.5 units/µl)• 10X Ligation Buffer (with ATP)• LB medium• LB-ampicillin plates (50-100 µg/ml ampicillin)• 16°C, 37°C, and 65°C water baths or temperature blocks• Geneticin®• YPD- Geneticin® plates (see Recipes, page 18)• 50 ml conical centrifuge tubes• Hemacytometer• 30°C and 37°C incubator• Microtiter plates (optional)Important Registered Pichia users should already have the Pichia Expression System and the current manual. Procedures for transformation into E. coli and Pichia, analysis of recombinants, and expression are described in the Pichia manual. This manual is available for downloading from our Web site () or by contacting Technical Service (page 24).continued on next page4Materials, continuedOther PichiaProductsOther Pichia products available from Invitrogen are described below:Item PurposeReactionsorAmountCatalog no.Pichia Expression Kit Complete Kit for GeneExpression in Pichia pastoris10-50 K1701-01Pichia Spheroplast Module Preparation of Pichiaspheroplasts10-50 K1720-015´ and 3´ AOX1 Primers PCR to confirm Pichiarecombinants2 µg each N740-02pPIC3.5K Forin vivo isolation of multiplecopy inserts for intracellularexpression20 µg V173-20 pAO815 Forin vitro construct ofmultiple copy inserts forintracellular expression20 µg V180-20pPIC9KFeatures of pPIC9K The table below describes the features of the pPIC9K expression vector.Feature Description Benefit5´ AOX1An ~1000 bp fragment containingthe AOX1 promoterAllows methanol-inducible high levelexpression in PichiaTargets plasmid integration to theAOX1 locus.α-FactorSignalSequence269 bp fragment encoding theα-factor signal sequence forsecretion in PichiaAllows secretion of desired proteininto the mediumMCS Multiple Cloning Site Allows insertion of your gene into theexpression vectorTT Native transcription terminationand polyadenylation signal fromAOX1 gene (~260 bp)Permits efficient transcriptiontermination and polyadenylation ofthe mRNAHIS4Pichia wild-type gene coding forhistidinol dehydrogenase (~2.4 kb)and used to complement Pichiahis4 strainsProvides a selectable marker to isolatePichia recombinant strains3´ AOX1Sequences from the AOX1 genethat are further 3´ to the TTsequences (~650 bp)Targets plasmid integration at theAOX1 geneAmppBR322originAmpicillin resistance geneE. coli origin of replicationAllows selection, replication, andmaintenance in E. coliNot IBgl IISac ISal IUnique restriction sites Permits linearization of vector forefficient integration into the Pichiagenome and generation of either Mut+or Mut S recombinantskan Kanamycin resistance gene fromTn903 which confers resistance toGeneticin® in Pichia andkanamycin resistance in E. coliAllows in vivo screening formulticopy inserts by increasedresistance to Geneticin®Also allows selection for kanamycinresistance in E. coliThere is no yeast origin of replication in any of the Pichia expression vectors included in this kit. His+ transformants can only be isolated if recombination occurs between the plasmid and the Pichia genome.continued on next pagepPIC9K, continuedDescription The vector pPIC9K is identical to pPIC9 except for the presence of the kanamycinresistance gene for in vivo screening of multiple copy inserts. pPIC9K is functional inPichia strains GS115 and KM71. Other details are:• 9276 bp fusion vector• Four unique restriction sites for cloning in frame with the α-factor secretion signal:Sna B I, Eco R I, Avr II, Not I• Secreted expression of your gene using the α-factor secretion signal• For expression, your gene must be cloned in frame with the initiation codon of thesignal sequence.• HIS4 selection in Pichia• For gene replacement at AOX1 in GS115, linearize with Bgl II (generates His+ Mut S)• For insertion at AOX1 in GS115 or KM71, linearize with Sac I (generates His+ Mut+in GS115 and His+ Mut S in KM71)• For insertion at HIS4, linearize with Sal I (generates His+ Mut+ in GS115 and His+Mut S in KM71)See page 12 for alternate restriction sites if your insert DNA has a Bgl II, Sac I, or Sal Isite.Map of pPIC9K The figure below shows the map of pPIC9K. Details of the multiple cloning site and the α-factor secretion signal are shown on page 10. The complete sequence of pPIC9K isavailable for downloading from our Web site () or bycontacting Technical Service (page 24).Comments for pPIC9K:9276 nucleotides5´ AOX1 promoter fragment: bases 1-9485´ AOX1 primer site: bases 855-875a-Factor secretion signal(s): bases 949-1218 a-Factor primer site: bases 1152-1172 Multiple Cloning Site: bases 1192-12413´ AOX1 primer site: bases 1327-13473´ AOX1 transcriptiontermination (TT): bases 1253-1586 HIS4 ORF: bases 4514-1980Kanamycin resistance gene: bases 5743-4928 3´ AOX1 fragment: bases 6122-6879pBR322 origin: bases 7961-7288 Ampicillin resistance gene: bases 8966-8106aBIoRIrIItISal IMethodsCloning into pPIC9KIntroduction It is important to clone your gene in frame with the α-factor signal sequence. Below are some guidelines to consider when developing a cloning strategy for this vector. Refer topage 10 for the multiple cloning site of pPIC9K.We recommend that you transform pPIC9K into E. coli, so that you have a permanentstock and a way to make more plasmid.• Dilute 1 µl of the plasmid (1 µg/µl) to 10-100 pg/µl using sterile water or TE buffer.• Transform competent E. coli with 1-2 µl of the diluted plasmid and select on LB with50-100 µg/ ml ampicillin (LB-Amp).GeneralConsiderationsThe following are some general considerations applicable to pPIC9K.• The codon usage in Pichia is believed to be the same as Saccharomyces cerevisiae.• Many Saccharomyces genes have proven to be cross-functional in Pichia.• Plasmid constructions should be maintained in a rec A, end A mutant E. coli strain suchas TOP10. Electrocompetent TOP10 cells are available from Invitrogen.Item AmountCatalogno.10 x 50 µl (500 µl total) C4040-50One Shot® Top 10 Electrocomp™20 x 50 µl (1 ml total) C4040-525 x 80 µl (400 µl total) C664-55TOP10 Electrocomp™10 x 80 µl (800 µl total) C664-11• The native 5´ end of the AOX1 mRNA is noted in the multiple cloning site (see page10). This is needed to calculate the size of the expressed mRNA of the gene of interestif you need to analyze mRNA for any reason.• Translation termination is determined by either stop codons in the gene of interest or inthe 3´ AOX1 sequence. The stop codons in the 3´ AOX1 sequence are noted in themultiple cloning site (see page 10).• The premature termination of transcripts because of "AT rich regions" has beenobserved in Pichia and other eukaryotic systems (Henikoff and Cohen, 1984; Irniger,et al., 1991; Scorer, et al., 1993; Zaret and Sherman, 1984). If you have problemsexpressing your gene, check for premature termination and AT rich regions. It may benecessary to change the sequence in order to expressed your gene (Scorer, et al.,1993).• The predicted protease cleavage sites for the α-factor signal sequences are indicated inin the multiple cloning site (see page 10).• The open reading frame (ORF) of the mature gene of interest should be cloned inframe and downstream of the α-factor signal sequence.continued on next pageGeneral Cloning Strategies Strategies generally fall into three different categories:1. Ligation of a compatible restriction fragment:a) Forced (directional) insertion involving the use of two different sites in themultiple cloning site.b) Ligation of the fragment with the same restriction end on both ends into asingle, compatible site.2. PCR amplification of the fragment containing the gene of interest in such a way thatcompatible restriction ends are generated for ligation into the appropriate vector. 3. Direct cloning of an amplified fragment containing the gene of interest via the TACloning® Kit (Catalog no. K2000-01), followed by subcloning of a compatiblefragment into pPIC9K.Cloning Procedures Refer to (Ausubel, et al., 1990), pages 3.16.1 to 3.17.3. or (Sambrook, et al., 1989), pages 5.10 to 5.13. for help with cloning.Signal Sequence Processing The processing of the α-factor mating signal sequence in pPIC9K occurs in two steps: 1. The preliminary cleavage of the signal sequence by the KEX2 gene product, withthe final Kex2 cleavage occurring between arginine and glutamine in the sequence Glu-Lys-Arg * Glu-Ala-Glu-Ala, where * is the site of cleavage.2. The Glu-Ala repeats are further cleaved by the STE13 gene product.Optimization of Signal Cleavage In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it has been noted that the Glu-Ala repeats are not necessary for cleavage by Kex2, but cleavage after Glu-Lys-Arg may be more efficient when followed by Glu-Ala repeats. A number of amino acids are tolerated at site X instead of Glu in the sequence Glu-Lys-Arg-X. These amino acids include the aromatic amino acids, small amino acids, and histidine. Proline, however, will inhibit Kex2 cleavage. For more information on Kex2 cleavage, see Brake, et al., 1984.There are some cases where Ste13 cleavage of Glu-Ala repeats is not efficient, and Glu-Ala repeats are left on the N-terminus of the expressed protein of interest. This is generally dependent on the protein of interest.Bacterial Transformation Once you have decided on a cloning strategy, you will need to prepare competent E. coli cells for transformation before setting up your ligation reactions. See Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (Ausubel, et al., 1990) or Molecular Biology: A Laboratory Manual (Sambrook, et al., 1989) for preparation of electrocompetent or chemically competent E. coli or use your laboratory's procedure.continued on next pageP AOX1 and Multiple Cloning Site of pPIC9K The sequence below shows the detail of the multiple cloning site and surrounding sequences.Sna BI AOX1 mRNA 3' end (1418)AGGCTTCATT TTTGATACTT TTTTATTTGT AACCTATATA GTATAGGATTSpecial Considerations • The fragment containing the gene of interest must be cloned in frame with the secretion signal open reading frame.• An initiating ATG is provided by the signal sequence. Translation will initiate at the ATG closest to the 5´ end of the mRNA.• If your insert has a Bgl II site, see page 12 for alternate restriction sites to linearize your plasmid for Pichia transformation.Analysis of E. coli TransformantsIntroduction At this point you should have ligation reactions that you will transform by chemicalmeans or electroporation into competent E. coli cells (TOP10 or equivalent) using yourmethod of choice.Analysis of Transformants 1. After transformation, plate 10 µl and 100 µl of the transformation mix onto LBplates with 50-100 µg/ml ampicillin (see Recipes, page 18) and select ampicillin resistant colonies.2. Pick 10 ampicillin resistant transformants and inoculate into 2 ml LB medium with50-100 µg/ml ampicillin. Grow overnight at 37°C with shaking.3. Isolate plasmid DNA by miniprep for restriction analysis and sequencing (seebelow). To sequence your construct in pPIC9K, use the α-factor and the 3´ AOX1 primer sequences (see below).4. Make a glycerol stock of your desired clone for safekeeping by combining 0.85 mlof a overnight bacterial culture with 0.15 ml of sterile glycerol. Mix by vortexing and transfer to a labeled storage tube. Freeze the tube in liquid nitrogen or a dry ice/ethanol bath and store at -70°C.Sequencing Recombinant Clones We strongly recommend that you sequence your construct before transforming into Pichia to confirm that your gene is in frame with the α-factor secretion signal ATG. We suggest using the α-factor and 3´ AOX1 primer sequences to sequence your construct. Refer to the diagram on the previous page for the sequence and location of these primer binding sites.For sequencing protocols, refer to Unit 7 in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (Ausubel, et al., 1990) or Chapter 13 in Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Sambrook, et al., 1989).After Sequencing Once you have cloned and sequenced your insert, proceed to Transformation intoPichia, page 12. You will need to generate enough plasmid DNA to transform Pichia (5-10 µg of each plasmid per each transformation).Transformation into PichiaIntroduction At this point you will have your gene cloned in pPIC9K. You should also have about 5-10 µg of each construct for each transformation into Pichia. For methods to transformPichia and select His+ transformants, refer to the Pichia Expression System manual. Tolinearize your construct prior to transformation into Pichia, see below.Linearization of Plasmid DNA It is recommended that you linearize your vector in such a manner to generate both Mut+ and Mut S recombinants. It is possible that one phenotype will express your multicopy integrant better than the other. To linearize pPIC9K containing one copy of your gene: • Bgl II for replacement at AOX1 (GS115, Mut S)• Sac I for insertion at AOX1 (GS115, Mut+ or KM71, Mut S)• Sal I for insertion at HIS4 (GS115, Mut+ or KM71, Mut S)Use strain KM71 if you only want Mut S recombinants. If your insert contains any of the above restriction sites, see the table below for alternate sites.Alternate Restriction SitesThe table below describes alternate restriction sites for linearizing your construct before transformation into Pichia.pPIC9K. Note that an additional Stu I site was added with the inclusion of the kan gene, eliminating the unique Stu I site in HIS4.RestrictionEnzyme5´ AOX1 3´AOX1 Vectorbackbone HIS4 geneSac I 209 -- -- --Pme I 414 -- -- --Bpu 1102 I 589 -- -- --Xcm I 699 -- -- --Aat II* (9102) -- -- --Tth III I* -- (7034) -- --Bgl II† 2 6875 -- -- Dra I†414 6713 6855, 8046, 8065,8757--Sal I -- -- -- 3178Bsp E I-- -- -- 3845 *Restriction sites are outside the AOX1 sequences in the vector backbone, but they are closeenough for efficient recombination to occur.†Restriction sites are used to generate gene replacements at AOX1 in GS115 only.continued on next page。

GESE_6_money_&_shopping(二)1

GESE6级---综合篇MONEY & SHOPPING（二）引言:关于情感和金钱的关系是六级得高分必须涉及的话题请同学说说家庭、友谊、爱情等与金钱的关系。

About love、friendship、family relationship :if money is the most important and can buy love freely, and then only rich people get married?then all poor people becomes extinct? but then in real life it actually not.There are also poor people married, isn’t it?no matter what it will still hurt you if the one you love suffer with you because of lack of money.∙What do you spend most of your money on?Well, it’s an open question. Because of my parents’ job, they work for banks and financial constitution, which stir me to have a wise brain in chrematistics. First I would like to make money work for me. Naturally I will choose some access to invest on, esp, some stable funds and stocks. The left of money I will open an account to have a time deposit. The proper rate will also maximize my overall income.∙What is something that you want to buy, but don't have enough money to buy.As a primary student, I definitely have a lot of imagination on buying a flat of toys. However, the reality is the reality, I can’t ask my parents for more and more. Just like last week, I am strongly stick to buying a barely brazil turtle, its price read 10,000RMB, for a common family no parents would buy their children a luxury They have to pay for my education fee and daily expense. I know it, so I want to save money for them.∙What is something that you want to buy, but think you never will.My dream is to buy my own country and I am the king of the empire. I desire to buy Bali island in Indonesia. But I think I will never carry the dream out. After reading Robinson Crusoe’s wonderful and exotic drifting to an isolated island. He gradually becomes my first idol. His assistant Mr. Friday is also my favorite personal assistant. How much should I take to buy all these? It is impossible for a common Chinese primary student to overcome it. That’s the dream in my mind.∙What is the most expensive thing you've ever bought?How much did it cost?Since Harry Potter came to the public I insist requiring my mom to buy an authorized HP1-7 matched with DVD, its price is too high to accept which would cost 3000RMB as a collection. My parents promised me if got the marks of 100 in Math, you would get a collection of that. I believed that and kept studying. Last month I eventually fulfilled my dreams.∙What is your opinion of discount stores?The problem I have with the discount stores is some of the stuff they sell is inappropriate for growing where the store is located. Mainly that means that they sell stuff that is not hardy. For example I have seen evergreen holly sold at a discount store in DONGWUYUAN XIZHIMEN. They also sell some plants that are really not appropriated for the average house lot.So I would see what they have and if you are not sure about it, do a little research before you buy. Unfortunately at many of those stores, there won't be anyone with the knowledge to properly answer any questions you might have.∙What kind of things do you often shop for?∙What was the last thing you bought for yourself?o Where did you buy it?o why did you buy it?∙What's your favorite place to shop?My favorite place to shop is forever 21. All shirts come in a variety of colors from bold ones to caught attention to light colors. Girls love to have things that are the same but in different colors. The price of the clothing is very affordable and very trendy. it has many styles tosuit your fashion taste. Plus its super bright so you can see everything.the accessories are a must too.∙Where did you buy ___? (your shoes / your watch / etc.) o How much did you pay?o When did you buy it/them?I used to buy shoes/clothes in a boutique near Shuang’an shopping mall which name is Hongying. But now, I changed my style into a more fashionable one VERYMODA. It will display varied sorts of items in seasons. Whatever style you want, if you preview on their websites and choose it in advantage of, you will get it at last. Moreover, sometimes if you are lucky enough to buy discount one, you will buy clothes in a half price or at least 70% percent on sale.∙Which do you think is more important, love or money?Q1: Recently there is much discussion about love and money whichis more important during break times. The option vary from personto person.On one hand, some students think that money is more importantthan love. they feel money means everything, no money is notpermit. Money is important for day to day living, it's the truelife that urge us to owe the money. Besides, money can give youa good social status, stability. What's more, they even say thatmarriage is marriage, love is love, reality is reality. You canfind a boyfriend who love you but you should find a rich husbandor you will regret in the future.Q2: On the other hand, some students in favor of love. A reasonis that by having a rich husband, you may buy all things but youmay miss the most important one-love which your boyfriend has inplenty for you. The other reason is that when love really existsand the feeling is deep, you don't care how much money he havein his pocket. Furthermore, they believe love can work miracle.The two will try their best to make more money because of love.以下可以单独做一个答案，也可以和上面任何一个MATCHIn my opinion, we should take a correct attitude towards wealthas it is necessary in our life but not all powerful as other factorswhich are more important than money such as being love, being happyin life.∙How do you think money helps to make us happy?To be honest，I realize that money is not everything，really. it can not make you happy forever . only for some special time. you know, just like we always say that:" money ,it is ALMIGHTY, But ,it is definitely terrible if we do not have any money.∙What qualities must a person have to make BIG money?For a wise person who can make big money has to develop one’s property as the following: The one thing is the quality of sharing. As a successful man, sharing means you have a broad mind. Next you have to expand your horizon which will help you improve your judgment on investment. In a word big money comes from little money, how to collect more money, I suggest you have to follow the rule which the Jews believe in.∙Should children get an allowance (pocket money) from their parents?You know, a coin has two sides. But as a student I would rather choose the side of supporting getting an monthly or weekly allowance from my parents. For the reason I can figure out how to spend money properly and prepared to live a independent life in my future.What’s more, Allowances give children a chance to experience the three things they can do with money. They can share it in the form of gifts or giving to a good cause. They can spend it by buying things they want. Or they can save itThe other side why you think it is a disadvantage for children may be young children spend all of their allowance soon after they receive it. If they do this, they will learn the hard way that spending must be done within a budget. Parents are usually advised not to offer more money until the next allowance.∙When do you get your allowance?o How long does it last? oo Is it enough money?My parents give nothing to me in terms of allowance, but probably in spring festival or Holidays.We are given by the following:10 a week for yard cleanup, weed pulling (modest amount) and kitchen cleanup. Your bedroom being clean, etc. are not paid forwhen I am 12Years Old –25RMB a week for pool sweeping and skimmer cleaning (plus backwash when needed), garage and driveway sweeping and power washing, plus patio clean up and put away.When I am very young I was given 5 Yuan per day for snacks. Allowance was paid at bedtime if they hadn't forfeited it on the basis of behavior. It wasn't much money but it added up for them until they were 10 years old when a more standard chores for pay system was created.I think it’s enough for me to deal with daily life.∙When you buy something, what is most important to you: price, quality, fashion trend, status/image?When I buy something I will select the fact according to different situations. If I buy sth in supermarket, it will undoubtedly stress on the price. Because I don’t care about the brand or fashion whatever, the supermarket like Wal-Mart promise the quality that I needn’t to worry about.∙Your rich uncle just died and gave you 50,000,000 won. (or local currency)o How would you spend it?o What would you buy?o Would you spend it on yourself, put it in the bank or buy something for your family?o Would you spend it all?∙Have you or your family ever won any money in a lottery?It‘s an very interesting question. To win in a lottery seems to be one of the greatest dreams for a nobody. My father always dreams of beinga rich man as Bill Gates overnight, for achieving the goal. He boughtlottery tickets every week one year ago. However, after reading a book named The Truth of Lottery, my father gave up buying these mean less waste paper. Thus never imagine that if you won a million, you would be a wealthy man. You get what u do and obtain what you plant.∙Why do people often want more money, no matter how much they have got?The most important thing for people who want more money is their desire for life. I can see it on one side people need money for education, daily life, launching their careers, and building up their personal relationship. On the other side, people just need money for vanity. So many people struggle to make every possible way to get money. Whatever they do to make money, they will never feel satisfied about the so-called number in the account. The only measurement of value of a person in the world is money.∙Why are poor people in many cases more generous than rich people?There are poor people and rich people in our society. We often say that rich people are not generous persons. Why do we say that? Why do poor people seem to be more generous than rich people?think that it is true what they say about rich and poor people. Poor people are more generous because they know what it is to feel the lack of money. Rich people do not know that because they have not felt it ever. On the other hand, they could guide themselves by the words that everyone should work for what he wants. I also agree that nothing is for free. What do you think of that? Do you think that poor people are more generous than rich people∙What are some reasons for people being poor? Can poverty be avoided?I once thought this question in my mind. There are real several reasons for people being poor definitely. I would like to show you 3 facts that will support my opinion. For the fist one, someone who is lack of knowledge will make one be poor. They may try hard to plant crops on the farmland, but they can’t get away from the barren soil. And the next is short of diligence which will lead the person stuck to a bad condition. Finally, it is the vital point they have no courage to change the status in quo. In all, once the poor people changed their subject thought, they would find their own way to be successful. I insist on believing poverty can be avoided in this world. Do you agree with me?。

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2010年12月六级综合讲义白子墨编完型专项特训篇解题秘笈：“黄金”五原则①逻辑关联原则②语义限定原则③语法约束原则④语段复现原则⑤选项淘汰原则实战演练：TEST 1Individuals and businesses have legal protection for intellectual property they create and own. Intellectual property ___62___ from creative thinking and may include products, ___63___, processes, and ideas. Intellectual property is protected ___64___ misappropriation(盗用). Misappropriation is taking the intellectual property of others without ___65___ compensation and using it for monetary gain.Legal protection is provided for the ___66___of intellectual property. The three common types of legal protection are patents, copyrights, and trademarks.Patents provide exclusive use of inventions. If the U.S. Patent Office ___67___ a patent, it is confirming that the intellectual property is ___68____. The patent prevents others from making, using, or selling the invention without the owner’s __69___ for a period of 20 years.Copyrights are similar to patents ___70___ that they are applied to artistic works. A copyright protects the creator of an ___71___ artisitic or intellectual work, such as a song or a novel. A copyright gives the owner exclusive rights to copy, ___72___, display, or perform the work. The copyright prevents others from using and selling the work. The ___73___ of a copyright is typically the lifetime of the author ___74___ an additional 70 years.Trademarks are words, names, or symbols that identify the manufacturer of a product and ___75___ it from similar goods of others. A servicemark is similar to a trademark ___76____ is used to identify services. A trademark prevents others from using the ___77___ or a similar word, name, or symbol to take advantage of the recognition and ___78___ of the brand or to create confusion in the marketplace. ___79___ registration, a trademark is usually granted for a period of ten years. It can be ___80___ for additional ten-year periods indefinitely as ___81___ as the mark’suse continues.TEST 2Seven years ago, when I was visiting Germany, I met with an official who explained to me that the country had a perfect solution to its economic problems. Watching the U.S. economy62 during the 90s, the Germans had decided that they, too, needed to go the high-technology63 . But how? In the late 90s, the answer seemed obvious: Indians.64 all, Indian entrepreneurs accounted for one of every three Silicon Valley start-ups. So the German government decided that it would65 Indians to Germany just as America does: by66 green cards. Officials created something called the German Green Card and67 that they would issue 20,000 in the first year.68 , the Germans expected that tens of thousands more Indians would soon be begging to come, and perhaps the69 would have to be increased. But the program was a failure. A year later70 half of the 20,000 cards had been issued. After a few extensions, the program was71 .I told the German official at the time that I was sure the72 would fail. It’s not that I had any particular expertise in immigration policy,73 I understood something about green cards, because I had one (the American74 ). The German Green Card was misnamed, I argued,75 it never, under any circumstances, translated into German citizenship. The U.S. green card, by contrast, is an almost76 path to becoming American (after five years and a clean record). The official77 my objection, saying that there was no way Germany was goingto offer these people citizenship. “We need young tech workers,” he said. “That’s what this program is still all78 .” So Germany was asking bright young79 to leave their country, culture and families, move thousands of miles away, learn a new language and work in a strange land—but without any80 of ever being part of their new home. Germany was sending a signal, one that was81 received in India and other countries, and also by Germany’s own immigrant翻译专项特训篇解题秘笈：①structure ②logical words and verbs ③completing实战演练：1.With the oil prices ever rising, she tried to talk ____________（说服他不买车）.2.____________（保持幽默感有助于）reduce stress and promote creative thinkingin today’s competitive society.3.When confronted with the evidence, ____________（他不得不坦白自己的罪行）4.When people say, “I can feel my ears burning,” it means they think ____________（一定有人在说他们的坏话）.5.She has decided to go on a diet, but ____________（很难抵制冰激凌的诱惑）.6.He designed the first suspension bridge, which ____________（把美观与功能完美地结合起来）.7.It was very dark, but Mary seemed to ____________（本能地知道该走哪条路）.8.I don’t think it advisable that parents ____________（剥夺孩子们的自由）tospend their spare time as they wish.9.Older adults who have a high level of daily activities have more energy and____________（与不那么活跃的人相比死亡率要低）.10.Your resume should attract a would-be boss’s attention by demonstrating____________（为什么你是某个特定职位的最佳人选）.11.We can say a lot of things about those ____________（毕生致力于诗歌的人）:they are passionate, impulsive, and unique.12.Mary couldn’t have received my letter, ____________（否则她上周就该回信了）.13.Nancy is supposed to ____________（做完化学实验）at least two weeks ago.14.Never once ____________（老两口互相争吵）since they were married 40 yearsago.15.____________（一个国家未来的繁荣在很大程度上有赖于）the quality ofeducation of its people.16.But for mobile phones, ____________（我们的通信就不可能如此迅速和方便）.17.In handling an embarrassing situation, ____________（没有什么比幽默感更有帮助的了）.18.The Foreign Minister said he was resigning, ____________（但他拒绝进一步解释这样做的原因）.19.Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, ____________（而动物的行为主要依靠本能）20.The witness was told that under no circumstances ____________（他都不应该对法庭说谎）.21.The auto manufacturers found themselves ____________（正在同外国公司竞争市场的份额）.22.Only in the small town ____________（他才感到安全和放松）.23.It is absolutely unfair that these children ____________（被剥夺了受教育的权利）.24.Our years of hard work are all in vain, ____________（更别提我们所花费的大量金钱了）.25.The problems of blacks and women ____________（最近几十年受到公众相当大的关注）.。