英语六级2018年12月(第三套)真题及详细解析翻译
2018年12月六级真题（第三套）
Part I Writing (30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on how to balance academic study and extracurricular activities. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.
Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
1. A) Stop worrying about him.
B) Keep away from the statue.
C) Take a picture of him.
D) Pat on a smile for the photo.
2. A) Gaining great fame on the Internet.
B) Publishing a collection of his photos.
C) Collecting the best photos in the world.
D) Becoming a professional photographer.
3. A) Surfing various websites and collecting photos.
B) Editing his pictures and posting them online.
C) Following similar accounts to compare notes.
D) Studying the pictures in popular social media.
4. A) They are far from satisfactory.
B) They are mostly taken by her mom.
C) They make an impressive album.
D) They record her fond memories.
Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
5. A) A journal reporting the latest progress in physics.
B) An introductory course of modem physics.
C) An occasion for physicists to exchange ideas.
D) A series of interviews with outstanding physicists.
6. A) The future of the physical world.
B) The origin of the universe.
C) Sources of radiation.
D) Particle theory.
7. A) How matter collides with anti-matter.
B) Whether the universe will turn barren.
C) Why there exists anti-matter.
D) Why there is a universe at all
8. A) Matter and anti-matter are opposites of each other.
B) Anti-matter allowed humans to come into existence.
C) The universe formed due to a sufficient amount of matter.
D) Anti-matter exists in very high-temperature environments.
Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.
9. A) She found herself speaking a foreign language.
B) She woke up speaking with a different accent.
C) She found some symptoms of her illness gone.
D) She woke up finding herself in another country.
10. A) It is usually caused by a stroke or brain injury.
B) It has not yet found any effective treatment.
C) It leaves the patient with a distorted memory.
D) It often happens to people with speech defects.
11. A) British.
B) Irish.
C) Russian.
D) Australian.
Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.
12. A) Water sports.
B) Racing in rivers.
C) Stories about women swimmers.
D) Books about swimming.
13. A) She succeeded in swimming across the English Channel.
B) She published a guide to London's best swimming spots.
C) She told her story of adventures to some young swimmers.
D) She wrote a book about the history of swimwear in the UK.
14. A) They loved vacationing on the seashore.
B) They had a unique notion of modesty.
C) They were prohibited from swimming.
D) They were fully dressed when swimming.
15. A) She designed lots of appropriate swimwear for women.
B) She once successfully competed against men in swimming.
C) She was the first woman to swim across the English Channel.
D) She was an advocate of women's right to swim in public pools.
Section C
Directions: In this section, you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by three or four questions. The recordings will be played only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.
16. A) Build a machine that can detect lies.
B) Develop a magnetic brain scanner.
C) Test the credibility of court evidence.
D) Win people's complete trust in them.
17. A) They are optimistic about its potential.
B) They are sceptical of its reliability.
C) They think it is but business promotion.
D) They celebrate it with great enthusiasm.
18. A) It is not to be trusted at all.
B) It does not sound economical.
C) It may intrude into people's privacy.
D) It may lead to overuse in court trials.
Questions 19 to 21 are based on the recording you have just heard.
19. A) Most of its residents speak several languages.
B) Some of its indigenous languages are dying out.
C) Each village there speaks a totally different language.
D) Its languages have interested researchers the world over.
20. A) They are spread randomly across the world.
B) Some are more difficult to learn than others.
C) More are found in tropical regions than in the mild zones.
D) They enrich and impact each other in more ways than one.
21. A) They used different methods to collect and analyze data.
B) They identified distinct patterns of language distribution.
C) Their conclusions do not correspond to their original hypotheses.
D) There is no conclusive account for the cause of language diversity. Questions 22 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.
22. A) Its middle-class is disappearing.
B) Its wealth is rationally distributed.
C) Its population is rapidly growing.
D) Its cherished dream is coming true.
23. A) Success was but a dream without conscientious effort.
B) They could realize their dreams through hard work.
C) A few dollars could go a long way.
D) Wealth was shared by all citizens.
24. A) Better working conditions.
B) Better-paying jobs.
C) High social status.
D) Full employment.
25. A) Reduce the administrative costs.
B) Adopt effective business models.
C) Hire part-time employees only.
D) Make use of the latest technology.
Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
In what's probably the craziest headline I've ever written, I've reported that __26__ in livestock protection are happening with scientists painting eyes on the butts of cows. The experiment is based upon the idea that farmers who're protecting their herd from lions would shoot and kill lions in an effort to protect their livestock. While this makes a lot of sense, it results in many lion deaths that __27__ would have been unnecessary. Researchers in Australia have been __28__ and testing a method of trickery to make lions think they are being watched by the painted eyes on cow butts.
This idea is based on the principle that lions and other __29__ are far less likely to attack when they feel they are being watched. As conservation areas become smaller, lions are increasingly coming into contact with human populations，which are expanding to the __30__ of these protected areas.
Efforts like painting eyes on cow butts may seem crazy at first, but they could make actual headway in the fight for conservation. "If the method works, it could provide farmers in Botswana --and __31__ --with a low-cost, sustainable tool to protect their livestock, and a way to keep lions safe from being killed." Lions are __32__ ambush （埋伏）hunters, so when they feel their prey has __33__ them, they usually give up on the hunt. Researchers are __34__ testing their idea on a select herd of cattle. They have painted half of the cows with eyes and left the other half as normal. Through satellite tracking of both the herd and the lions in the area, they will be able to __35__ if their psychological trickery will work to help keep farmers from
shooting lions.
A) advances
B) boundaries
C) challenging
D) currently
E) determine
F) devising
G) elsewhere
H) nevertheless
I) otherwise
J) predators
K) primarily
L) retorted
M) spotted
N) testimonies
O) wrestle
Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
Resilience Is About How You Recharge, Not How You Endure
A) As constant travelers and parents of a 2-year-old, we sometimes fantasize about how much work we can do when one of us gets on a plane, undistracted by phones, friends, or movies. We race to get all our ground work done: packing, going through security, doing a last-minute work call, calling each other, then boarding the plane. Then, when we try to have that amazing work session in flight, we get nothing done. Even worse, after refreshing our email or reading the same studies over and over, we are too exhausted when we land to soldier on with (继续处理）the emails that have inevitably still piled up.
B) Why should flying deplete us? We're just sitting there doing nothing. Why can't we be tougher, more resilient (有复原力的）and determined in our work so we can accomplish all of the goals we set for ourselves? Based on our current research, we have come to realize that the problem is not our hectic schedule or the plane travel itself; the problem comes from a misconception of what it means to be resilient, and
the resulting impact of overworking.
C) We often take a militaristic, "tough" approach to resilience and determination like a Marine pulling himself through the mud, a boxer going one more round, or a football player picking himself up off the ground for one more play. We believe that the longer we tough it out, the tougher we are, and therefore the more successful we will be. However, this entire conception is scientifically inaccurate.
D) The very lack of a recovery period is dramatically holding back our collective ability to be resilient and successful. Research has found that there is a direct correlation between lack of recovery and increased incidence of health and safety problems. And lack of recovery-whether by disrupting sleep with thoughts of work or having continuous cognitive arousal by watching our phones-is costing our companies $62 billion a year in lost productivity.
E) And just because work stops, it doesn't mean we are recovering. We "stop" work sometimes at 5pm, but then we spend the night wrestling with solutions to work problems, talking about our work over dinner, and falling asleep thinking about how much work we'll do tomorrow. In a study just released, researchers from Norway found that 7. 8% of Norwegians have become workaholics (工作狂）. The scientists cite a definition of "workaholism" as "being overly concerned about work, driven by an uncontrollable work motivation, and investing so much time and effort in work that it impairs other important life areas."
F) We believe that the number of people who fit that definition includes the majority of American workers, which prompted us to begin a study of workaholism in the U. S. Our study will use a large corporate dataset from a major medical company to examine how technology extends our working hours and thus interferes with necessary cognitive recovery, resulting in huge health care costs and turnover costs for employers.
G) The misconception of resilience is often bred from an early age. Parents trying to teach their children resilience might celebrate a high school student staying up until 3am to finish a science fair project.
What a distortion of resilience! A resilient child is a well-rested one. When an exhausted student goes to school, he risks hurting everyone on the road with his impaired driving; he doesn't have the cognitive resources to do well on his English test; he has lower self-control with his friends; and at home, he is moody with his parents. Overwork and exhaustion are the opposite of resilience and the bad habits we acquire when we're young only magnify when we hit the workforce.
H) As Jim Loehr and Tony Schwartz have written, if you have too much time in the performance zone, you need more time in the recovery zone, otherwise you risk burnout. Gathering your resources to "try hard" requires burning energy in order to
overcome your currently low arousal level. It also worsens exhaustion. Thus the more imbalanced we become due to overworking, the more value there is in activities that allow us to return to a state of balance. The value of a recovery period rises in proportion to the amount of work required of us.
I) So how do we recover and build resilience? Most people assume that if you stop doing a task like answering emails or writing a paper, your brain will naturally recover, so that when you start again later in the day or the next morning, you'll have your energy back. But surely everyone reading this has had times when you lie in bed for hours, unable to fall asleep because your brain is thinking about work. If you lie in bed for eight hours, you may have rested, but you can still feel exhausted the next day. That's because rest and recovery are not the same thing.
J) If you're trying to build resilience at work, you need adequate internal and external recovery periods. As researchers Zijlstra, Cropley and Rydstedt write in their 2014 paper: "Internal recovery refers to the shorter periods of relaxation that take place within the frames of the work day or the work setting in the form of short scheduled or unscheduled breaks, by shifting attention or changing to other work tasks when the mental or physical resources required for the initial task are temporarily depleted or exhausted. External recovery refers to actions that take place outside of work-e.g. in the free time between the work days, and during weekends, holidays or vacations. " If after work you lie around on your bed and get irritated by political commentary on your phone or get stressed thinking about decisions about how to renovate your home, your brain has not received a break from high mental arousal states. Our brains need a rest as much as our bodies do.
K) If you really want to build resilience, you can start by strategically stopping. Give yourself the resources to be tough by creating internal and external recovery periods. Amy Blankson describes how to strategically stop during the day by using technology to control overworking. She suggests downloading the Instant or Moment apps to see how many times you turn on your phone each day. You can also use apps like Offtime or Unplugged to create tech free zones by strategically scheduling automatic airplane modes. The average person turns on their phone 150 times every day. If every distraction took only 1 minute, that would account for 2. 5 hours a day.
L) In addition, you can take a cognitive break every 90 minutes to charge your batteries. Try to not have lunch at your desk, but instead spend time outside or with your friends-not talking about work. Take all of your paid time off, which not only gives you recovery periods, but raises your productivity and likelihood of promotion. M) As for us, we've started using our plane time as a work-free zone, and thus time to dip into the recovery phase. The results have been fantastic. We are usually tired already by the time we get on a plane, and the crowded space and unstable internet connection make work more challenging. Now, instead of swimming upstream, we
relax, sleep, watch movies, or listen to music. And when we get off the plane, instead of being depleted, we feel recovered and ready to return to the performance zone. 36.It has been found that inadequate recovery often leads to poor health and accidents.
37.Mental relaxation is much needed, just as physical relaxation is.
38.Adequate rest not only helps one recover, but also increases one's work efficiency.
39.The author always has a hectic time before taking a flight.
40.Recovery may not take place even if one seems to have stopped working.
41.It is advised that technology be used to prevent people from overworking.
42.Contrary to popular belief, rest does not equal recovery.
43.The author has come to see that his problem results from a misunderstanding of the meaning of resilience.
44.People's distorted view about resilience may have developed from their upbringing.
45.People tend to think the more determined they are, the greater their success will be.
Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
Children with attention problems in early childhood were 40% less likely to graduate from high school, says a new study from Duke University.
The study included 386 kindergarteners from schools in the Fast Track Project, a multi-site clinical trial in the U. S. that in 1991 began tracking how children developed across their lives.
With this study, researchers examined early academic attention and socio-emotional skills and how each contributed to academic success into young adulthood.
They found that early attention skills were the most consistent predictor of academic success, and that likability by peers also had a modest effect on academic performance.
By fifth grade, children with early attention difficulties had lower grades and reading achievement scores than their peers. As fifth-graders, children with early attention problems obtained average reading scores at least 3% lower than their contemporaries' and grades at least 8% lower than those of their peers. This was after controlling for IQ, socio-economic status and academic skills at school entry.
Although these may not seem like large effects, the impact of early attention problems continued throughout the children's academic careers. Lower reading achievement scores and grades in fifth grade contributed to reduced grades in middle school and thereby contributed to a 40% lower high school graduation rate. "The children we identified as having attention difficulties were not diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (注意力缺乏多动症）(ADHD), although some may have had the disorder. Our findings suggest that even more modest attention difficulties can increase the risk of negative academic outcomes", said David Rabiner, an associate dean of Duke's Trinity College of Arts & Sciences, whose research has focused on ADHD and interventions to improve academic performance in children with attention difficulties.
Social acceptance by peers in early childhood also predicted grades in fifth grade. Children not as liked by their first-grade peers had slightly lower grades in fifth grade, while those with higher social acceptance had higher grades.
"This study shows the importance of so-called ‘non-cognitive' or soft skills in contributing to children's positive peer relationships, which, in turn, contribute to their academic success, " said Kenneth Dodge, director of the Duke Center for Child and Family Policy.
The results highlight the need to develop effective early interventions to help those with attention problems stay on track academically and for educators to encourage positive peer relationships, the researchers said.
"We're learning that student success requires a more comprehensive approach, one that incorporates not only academic skills but also social, self-regulatory and attention skills, " Dodge said. "If we neglect any of these areas, the child's development lags. If we attend to these areas, a child's success may reinforce itself with positive feedback loops. "
46. What is the focus of the new study from Duke University?
A) The contributors to children's early attention.
B) The predictors of children's academic success.
C) The factors that affect children's emotional well-being.
D) The determinants of children's development of social skills.
47. How did the researchers ensure that their findings are valid?
A) By attaching equal importance to all possible variables examined.
B) By collecting as many typical samples as were necessary.
C) By preventing them from being affected by factors not under study.
D) By focusing on the family background of the children being studied.
48. What do we learn from the findings of the Duke study?
A) Modest students are generally more attentive thаn their contemporaries.
B) There are more children with attention difficulties than previously thought.
C) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder accounts for most academic failures.
D) Children's academic performance may suffer from even slight inattention.
49. What does the Duke study find about children better accepted by peers?
A) They do better academically. C) They are teachers' favorites.
B) They are easy to get on with. D) They care less about grades.
50. What can we conclude from the Duke study?
A) Children's success is related to their learning environment.
B) School curriculum should cover a greater variety of subjects.
C) Social skills are playing a key role in children's development.
D) An all-round approach should be adopted in school education.
Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
On Jan. 9, 2007, Steve Jobs formally announced Apple's "revolutionary mobile phone"—a device that combined the functionality of an iPod, phone and Internet communication into a single unit, navigated by touch.
It was a huge milestone in the development of smartphones, which are now owned by a majority of American adults and are increasingly common across the globe.
As smartphones have multiplied, so have questions about their impact on how we live and how we work. Often the advantages of convenient, mobile technology are both obvious and taken for granted, leaving more subtle topics for concerned discussion:Are smartphones disturbing children's sleep? Is an inability to get away from work having a negative impact on health? And what are the implications for privacy?
But today, on the 10th anniversary of the iPhone, let's take a moment to consider a less obvious advantage: the potential for smartphone technology to revolutionize behavioral science. That's because, for the first time in human history, a large proportion of the species is in continuous contact with technology that can record key features of an individual's behavior and environment.
Researchers have already begun to use smartphones in social scientific research, either to query people regularly as they engage in their normal lives or to record activity using the device's built-in sensors. These studies are confirming, challenging and extending what's been found using more traditional approaches, in which people report how they behaved in real life or participate in relatively short and artificial laboratory-based tasks.
Such studies are just first steps. As more data are collected and methods for
analysis improve, researchers will be in a better position to identify how different experiences, behaviors and environments relate to each other and evolve over time, with the potential to improve people's productivity and wellbeing in a variety of domains. Beyond revealing population-wide patterns, the right combination of data and analysis can also help individuals identify unique characteristics of their own behavior, including conditions that could indicate the need for some form of intervention—such as an unusual increase in behaviors that signal a period of depression. Smartphone-based data collection comes at an appropriate time in the evolution of psychological science. Today, the field is in transition, moving away from a focus on laboratory studies with undergraduate participants towards more complex, real-world situations studied with more diverse groups of people. Smartphones offer new tools for achieving these ambitions, providing rich data about everyday behaviors in a variety of contexts.
So here's another way in which smartphones might transform the way we live and work: by offering insights into human psychology and behavior and, thus, supporting smarter social science.
51. What does the author say about the negative impact of smartphones?
A) It has been overshadowed by the positive impact.
B) It has more often than not been taken for granted.
C) It is not so obvious but has caused some concern.
D) It is subtle but should by no means be overstated.
52. What is considered a less obvious advantage of smartphone technology?
A) It systematically records real human interactions.
B) It helps people benefit from technological advances.
C) It brings people into closer contact with each other.
D) It greatly improves research on human behavior.
53. What characterizes traditional psychological research?
A) It is based on huge amounts of carefully collected data.
B) It relies on lab observations and participants' reports.
C) It makes use of the questionnaire method.
D) It is often expensive and time-consuming.
54. How will future psychological studies benefit individuals?
A) By helping them pin down their unusual behaviors.
B) By helping them maintain a positive state of mind.
C) By helping them live their lives in a unique way.
D) By helping them cope with abnormal situations.
55. What do we learn about current psychological studies?
A) They are going through a period of painful transition.
B) They are increasingly focused on real-life situations.
C) They are conducted in a more rigorous manner.
D) They are mainly targeted towards undergraduates.
Part IV Translation (30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
近年来，中国政府进一步加大体育馆建设投资，以更好地满足人们快速增长的健身需求。除了新建体育馆外，许多城市还采取了改造旧工厂和商业建筑等措施，来增加当地体育馆的数量。在政府资金的支持下，越来越多的体育馆向公众免费开放，或者只收取少量费用。许多体育馆通过应用现代信息技术大大提高了服务质量。人们可以方便地在线预订场地和付费。可以预见，随着运动设施的不断改善，愈来愈多的人将会去体育馆健身。
答案解析：（UMU访问码dh4528刷题）
Part ⅠWriting
How to Balance Academic Study and Extracurricular Activities Many students and their parents worry that spending time on extracurricular activities will hinder academic study which is understandable. But as for me, as long as we can strike a balance between them, proper participation in extracurricular activities will not only promote academic study, but also enhance our overall abilities.
First of all, it's advisable to schedule our schoolwork reasonably and finish it efficiently, for only in this way can we allocate extra time and energy to take part in extracurricular activities, which will have no negative impact on our academic study. Secondly, we should only spend time on activities we want to participate in, which will bring us enjoyment and relieve the academic pressure to some extent. Thirdly, we can also join clubs where we can meet like- minded people and improve our skills which are useful for our academic study.
In a word, only by studying more efficiently and arranging extracurricular activities more rationally can we achieve a real balance between academic study and extracurricular activities.
Part II Listening Comprehension
Conversation One
对话1
M: Do you mind taking my photo with the statue over there? I think it will make a great shot.
男：能不能帮我和那边的雕像照张相？我觉得这会是一个很棒的照片。
W: Sure, no worries. You're always taking photos. What do you do with all the photos you take?
女：当然，别客气。你总是在拍照。你用你拍的照片做什么？
M: Well, don't laugh. My dream is to become an online celebrity of sorts.
男：别笑我。我的梦想是成为那种网络名人。
W: You are not serious, are you?
女：你不是认真的吧？
M: I am, completely. I just got the idea a few months ago after posting some holiday photos on my social media accounts. A lot of people liked my photos and started asking me for travel tips. So I figured I'd give it a go. I post a lot on social media anyway. So I've got nothing to lose.
男：是啊，我很认真。几个月前，我在社交媒体上发布了一些度假照片，才有了这个想法。很多人喜欢我的照片，开始向我咨询旅行建议。所以我想试试。我在社交媒体上发了很多。我没什么可失去的。
W: I guess that's true. So what do you have to do to become Internet famous?
女：我想确实如此。那么，要想成为网络名人，你需要做些什么呢？
M: Surprisingly a lot more than I did as a hobby. Recently, I've been spending a lot more time editing photos, posting online and clearing storage on my phone. It's always full now.
男：很令人惊讶，如果真的要做的话，需要做的事比纯粹的业余爱好还要多很多。最近，我花了很多时间来编辑照片，在网上发布，清理手机上的存储空间。现在总是满的。
W: That doesn't sound like too much work.
女：听起来工作量不大。
M: Well, there's more to it. I spent all last weekend researching what topics are popular, what words to use in captions and similar accounts to follow. It really was a lot to take in. And I was up well past midnight. I'd say it's paying off though. I increased the number of people following my accounts by 15% already.
男：嗯，还有呢。上周末，我花了整整一个周末的时间来研究哪些话题是受欢迎的，在标题中应该使用哪些词，以及接下来应该关注哪些类似的账户。真的有很多东西要吸收。我一直到半夜还没睡。我想这是值得的。关注我账户的人数已经增加了15%。
W: That is impressive. I guess I never thought much about all the effort behind the scene. Now that I think about it, there's always something wrong with my photos as
it is—half smiles，closed eyes, messy hair. I hope you have better luck than I do. Then again, I think the only person interested in my photos is my mom.
女：太棒了。我想我从来没有想过所有幕后的努力。现在我想想，我的照片总是有问题，因为照片里我总是似笑非笑，闭着眼睛，头发凌乱。我希望你的运气比我好。而且，我想唯一对我的照片感兴趣的人是我妈妈。
Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
请根据你刚刚听到的对话回答第1题至第4题。
1. What does the man ask the woman to do?
1. 男士让女士做什么？
C.Take a picture of him.
帮他拍一张照片
2. What does the man dream of?
2. 男士的梦想是什么？
A.Gaining great fame on the Internet.
成为知名网红
3. What has the man been busy doing recently?
3. 男士最近在忙什么？
B.Editing his pictures and posting them online.
编辑他的照片并在线发布
4. What does the woman say about her photos?
4. 关于她的照片，女士说了什么？
A.They are far from satisfactory.
这些照片远远不能令人满意
Conversation Two
对话2
M: Good evening and welcome to Physics Today. Here we interview some of the greatest minds in physics as they help us to understand some of the most complicated theories. Today, I'm very pleased to welcome Dr. Melissa Phillips, professor of theoretical physics. She's here to tell us a little about what it is she studies. Dr. Phillips, you seem to study everything.
男：晚上好，欢迎来到今日物理。今天，我们采访了一些最伟大的物理学家，他们帮助我们理解一些最复杂的理论。今天，我很高兴地欢迎理论物理学教授梅丽莎·菲利普斯博士。她今天将为我们讲述她的研究。菲利普斯博士，你好像什么都研究过了。
W: I guess that would be fair to say I spent most of my time studying the Big Bang theory and where our universe came from.
女：准确说，我大部分时间都在研究宇宙大爆炸理论和宇宙的起源。
M: Can you tell us a little about that?
男：你能给我们讲讲吗？
W: Well, I'm very interested in why the universe exists at all. That may sound odd, but the fact is at the moment of the Big Bang, both matter and anti-matter were created for a short time, and I mean just a fraction of a second. The whole universe was a super-hot soup of radiation filled with these particles. So what's baffled scientists for so long is "why is there a universe at all?"
女：嗯，我对宇宙存在的原因很感兴趣。这听起来可能很奇怪，但事实是在大爆炸的那一刻，物质和反物质都是在很短的时间内被创造出来的，我的意思是只有几分之一秒。整个宇宙就像一碗充满这些粒子的超热辐射汤。因此，让科学家们困惑了这么久的是“为什么会有宇宙呢?”
M: That's because matter and anti-matter are basically opposites of each other. They are exactly alike except that they have opposite electrical charges. So when they collide, they destroy each other?
男：那是因为物质和反物质基本上是对立的。除了电荷相反外，它们完全一样。所以当它们碰撞时，它们会互相毁灭吗？
W: Exactly. So during the first few moments of the Big Bang, the universe was extremely hot and very small. Matter and the now more exotic anti-matter would have had little space to avoid each other. This means that they should have totally wiped each other out, leaving the universe completely barren.
女：没错。所以在大爆炸的最初几分钟，宇宙非常热，非常小。物质和现在更奇特的反物质将几乎没有空间相互回避。这意味着它们应该完全相互毁灭，让宇宙完全荒芜。
M: But a recent study seems to point to the fact that when matter and anti-matter were first created, there were slightly more particles of matter, which allowed the universe we all live in to form?
男：但是最近的一项研究似乎指出了一个事实，当物质和反物质最初被创造出来的时候，有更多的物质粒子，这使得我们生活的宇宙得以形成。
W: Exactly. Because there was slightly more matter, the collisions quickly depleted all the anti-matter and left just enough matter to create stars, planets and eventually us. 女：没错。因为有更多的物质，碰撞很快耗尽了所有的反物质，只留下足够的物质来创造恒星、行星和我们。
Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
请根据你刚刚听到的对话回答第5题至第8题。
5. What does the man say is Physics Today?
5. 男士说的今日物理是什么？
D.A series of interviews with outstanding physicists.
D.对杰出物理学家的一系列采访。
6. What is the woman physicist's main research area?
6. 女物理学家的主要研究领域是什么？
B.The origin of the universe.
宇宙的起源。
7. What is the woman interested in?
7. 女士对什么感兴趣？
D.Why there is a universe at all
为什么会有宇宙
8. What seems to be the finding of the recent study?
8. 最近的研究有什么发现？
C.The universe formed due to a sufficient amount of matter.
宇宙是由于足够的物质而形成的。
Passage One
短文1
In this week's edition of special series on Bizarre Medical Conditions, there is a report of the case of Michelle Myers.
在本周的《奇异医疗事件》特别系列中，有一篇关于米歇尔·迈尔斯病例的报道。Myers is an American woman who woke up one day speaking with a British accent, even though she's lived in the United States all her life.
迈尔斯是一名美国女子，尽管她一直生活在美国，但有一天她醒来时说话带着英国口音。
In 2015, Myers went to bed with a terrible headache. She woke up sounding like someone from England. Her British accent has remained for the past two years. 2015年，迈尔斯头非常疼，就上床睡觉。她醒来时说话听起来就像个英国人。过去两年来她的英国口音一直没有变。
Previously, Myers had woken up speaking in Irish and Australian accents. However, on both of those occasions, the accents lasted for only a week.
此前，迈尔斯一觉醒来说话就带着爱尔兰和澳大利亚口音。然而，在这两种情况下，口音都只持续了一周。
Myers has been diagnosed with Foreign Accent Syndrome. It's a disorder in which a person experiences a sudden change to their speech so that they sound like they're speaking in a foreign accent.
迈尔斯被诊断出患有外国口音综合症。这是一种障碍，一个人突然改变了说话方式，听起来就像在用外国口音说话。
The condition is most often caused by a stroke or traumatic brain injury.
这种情况通常是由中风或创伤性脑损伤引起的。
Although people with the syndrome have intelligible speech, their manner of speaking is altered in terms of timing and tongue placement, which may distort their pronunciation.
尽管患有这种综合症的人说话容易理解，但他们说话的方式会因时间和舌头的位置而改变，这可能会使他们的发音发生变化。
The result is that they may sound foreign when speaking their native language.
结果就是说母语时，他们听起来可能像外国人。
It's not clear whether Myers has experienced a stroke or other brain damage, but she also has a separate medical condition, which can result in loose joints, easily bruised skin and other problems.
目前还不清楚迈尔斯是否经历过中风或其他脑损伤，但她也有其他健康问题，可能导致关节松动、皮肤容易擦伤和其他问题。
Foreign Accent Syndrome is rare, with only about 60 cases reported within the past century.
外国口音综合症很少见，在过去的一个世纪里只报告了大约60例。However, a different American woman reportedly spoke with the Russian accent in 2010 after she fell down the stairs and hit her head.
然而，据报道，还有一名美国女子在2010年从楼梯上摔下来撞到头后，说话带着俄罗斯口音。
Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.
请根据你刚刚听到的短文回答第9题至第11题。
9. What happened to Michelle Myers one day?
9. 米歇尔·迈尔斯怎么了？
B.She woke up speaking with a different accent.
她醒来时说的是种不同的口音。
10. What does the passage say about Foreign Accent Syndrome?
10. 关于外国口音综合症，文章说了什么？
A.It is usually caused by a stroke or brain injury.
它通常是由中风或脑损伤引起的。
11. What accent did another American woman speak with after a head injury?
11. 另一位美国妇女头部受伤后说话是什么口音？
C.Russian.俄语口音
Passage Two
短文2
There is something about water that makes it a good metaphor for life. That may be one reason why so many people find relief in swimming when life's seas get rough.
水的某种特质让它成为生命的一个很好的隐喻。这也许就是为什么当生活的海洋变得波涛汹涌时，那么多人在游泳中找到了解脱。
And it goes some way towards explaining why books about swimming, in which people tackle icy lakes, race in rivers and overcome oceans while reflecting on their lives, have recently become so popular.
这在一定程度上解释了为什么关于游泳的书最近变得如此受欢迎。在书中，人们
在反思自己生活的同时，应对结冰的湖泊，在河流中赛跑，征服海洋。
These books reflect a trend, particularly strong in Britain, where swimming in pools is declining, but more and more folks are opting for open water.
这些书反映了一种趋势，尤其是在英国，游泳池里游泳的人数正在减少，但越来越多的人选择开放水域。
"Wild swimming" seems to be especially popular among women. Jenny Landreth recently published a guide to the best swimming spots in London.
“野泳”似乎特别受女性欢迎。珍妮·兰德里斯最近出版了一本关于伦敦最佳游泳地点的指南。
Her new book, Swell, interweaves her own story with a history of female pioneers who accomplished remarkable feats and paved the way for future generations.
她的新书《膨胀》(Swell)将她自己的故事与女性拓荒者的历史交织在一起，这些女性拓荒者取得了非凡的成就，为后代铺平了道路。
Notions of modesty restricted women in the Victorian era, but they still swam. A "bathing machine" was rolled down to the seashore so women would not be seen in swimwear.
在维多利亚时代，谦逊的观念限制了女性，但她们仍然会游泳。一个“沐浴机”被推到海边，这样就不会有人看到妇女们穿着泳装。
In 1892, The Gentlewoman's Book of Sport described a woman swimming in a heavy dress, boots, hat, gloves and carrying an umbrella.
1892年，《贵妇人运动手册》(The Gentlewoman's Book of Sport)描述了一位女士穿着厚重的连衣裙、靴子、帽子、手套，手持雨伞游泳。
Eventually, swimming became freer. Mixed bathing was permitted on British beaches in 1901.
最终，游泳变得更加自由。1901年，英国海滩允许混合沐浴。
Women won the right to swim in public pools, learned to swim properly, created appropriate swimwear and, in time, even competed against men.
女性赢得了在公共泳池游泳的权利，学会了正确地游泳，设计了合适的泳衣，最终甚至与男性竞争。
The first woman to cross the English Channel was Gertrude Ederle in 1926. She beat the record by almost two hours and her father rewarded her with a red sports car. 1926年，格特鲁德·埃德尔成为第一位横渡英吉利海峡的女性。她以将近两个小时的优势打破了纪录，她父亲奖励她一辆红色跑车。
Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.
请根据你刚刚听到的短文第12题至第15题。
12. What has become so popular recently?
12. 什么最近变得如此流行？
D.Books about swimming.关于游泳的书。
13. What did Jenny Landreth do recently?
13. 珍妮·兰德里斯最近做了什么？
B.She published a guide to London's best swimming spots.
她出版了伦敦最佳游泳场所指南。
14. What do we learn about women in the Victorian era?
14. 我们了解到了关于维多利亚时代女性的什么事？
D.They were fully dressed when swimming.
游泳时他们穿着整齐。
15. What does the passage say about Gertrude Ederle?
15. 这篇文章提到了关于格特鲁德·埃德尔的什么事？
C.She was the first woman to swim across the English Channel.
她是第一个穿越英吉利海峡游泳的女人。
Recording One
录音1
Today I'm going to talk about a very special kind of person. Psychologists call them "masters of deception," those rare individuals with a natural ability to tell with complete confidence when someone is telling a lie.
今天我要讲的是一种非常特别的人。心理学家称他们为“欺骗大师”，这种人非常罕见，当别人说谎时，他们有一种天生的能力，能够完全自信地识破。
For decades, researchers and law enforcement agencies have tried to build a machine that will do the same thing.
几十年来，研究人员和执法机构一直在尝试制造一种能做同样事情的机器。Now a company in Massachusetts says that by using magnetic brain scans they can determine with 97% accuracy whether someone is telling the truth.
现在，马萨诸塞州的一家公司表示，通过使用磁脑扫描，他们可以以97%的准确率确定某人是否在说真话。
They hope that the technology will be cleared for use in American courts by early next year. But is this really the ultimate tool for you, the lawyers of tomorrow?
他们希望这项技术能在明年初在美国法庭上得到应用。但这真的是未来律师的终极工具吗？
You'll not find many brain scientists celebrating this breakthrough.
你会发现很多大脑科学家对这一突破并不乐观。
The company might be very optimistic, but the ability of their machine to detect deception has not provided credible proof.
该公司可能非常乐观，但他们的机器检测欺骗的能力并没有提供可信的证据。That's because the technology has not been properly tested in real-world situations. In life, there are different kinds of lies and diverse context in which they're told.
这是因为这项技术还没有在现实世界中得到适当的测试。在生活中，有各种各样的谎言，还有不同的说谎背景。
These differences may elicit different brain responses. Does their hypothesis behind the test apply in every case?
这些差异可能引起不同的大脑反应。他们的假设是否适用于所有情况？