全国自考《国际商务英语》历年真题汇编(含部分答案)【圣才出品】
7月国际商务英语全国自学考试试题及答案解析试卷及答案解析
全国2018年7月高等教育自学考试国际商务英语试题课程代码：05844Ⅰ.Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese （10%）1.trade mark2.Gross Domestic Product3.national income4.escape clause5.capital marketmissionance credit8.arbitration9.transshipment10.documentary collectionⅡ.Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English（10%）11.承运人12.发盘（报盘）13.货号14.商业发票15.期权16.清算系统(制度)17.知识产权18.储备货币19.卖出价20.增值税Ⅲ.Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right（10%）21.indemnity a. a person covered by an insurance policy22.ad valorem duties b. the amount paid by an insured for coverage under thecontract23.sight credit c. compensation for loss124.insured d. a credit by which payment can be made uponpresentation of the draft25.specialization e. the main body of a contract26.contract proper f. social or natural calamities that take place beyond thecontrol of a contracting party27.premium g. duties levied on the basis of the price of the goods28.force majeure h. to restrict one’s economic activities to certainparticular fields29.liberalization of trade i. those commodities not processed, or only slightlyprocessed, usually farm produce or raw materials30.primary commodities j. the act of government in lifting controls overimports and exportsⅣ.Make brief explanations of the following terms in English （10%）31.anti-dumping32.acquisition33.devaluation34.subrogate35.confirming bankⅤ.Answer the following questions in English （20%）36.What is licensing? Why do firms sometimes choose it as a means of entering a foreign market?37.What is Comparative Advantage?38.Describe briefly the characteristics of MNEs.39.What is the difference between D/P at sight and D/P after sight? Which is more favourable for the exporter?Ⅵ.Translate the following into Chinese（10%）40.In choosing a transportation mode for a particular product, shippers consider as many as six criteria: speed, frequency, dependability, capability, availability and cost. Thus if a shipper seeks speed, air and truck are the prime contenders. If the goal is low cost, then water and pipeline are the prime contenders. Shippers are increasingly combining two or more transportation modes, thanks to containerization. Containerization consists of putting the goods in boxes or trailers that2are easy to transfer between two transportation modes. Each coordinated mode of transportation offers specific advantages to the shipper.41.The practical advantages exist due to the peculiar environment within which counter trade usually takes place. They quite likely disappear when the environment changes—as is happening now in many countries. Restructuring and the development of markets may therefore mean that the environment within which counter trade usually takes place is changing so as to reduce its frequency. Reduced ownership restrictions are likely to shift the organizational forms toward joint ventures and wholly-owned enterprises which possess production facilities. Improved knowledge, experience, and legal enforcement of contractual obligations will likely mean increasing use of longer term and more sophisticated explicit transaction contracts.Ⅶ.Translate the following into English（30%）42.加入世界贸易组织对中国有益，因为它将促进中国的改革和发展，提高商品和服务的质量，降低商品成本和服务费用，刺激投资和创造就业机会，改善法制。
国际商务英语试题+答案
广东外语外贸大学公开学院辅导资料国际商务英语试卷（一）课程代码：05844I. Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese （10%）1.International business2.GDP3.Free trade area4.Multinational corporation5.Specialization6.specific duty7.roll on roll off8.EDI9.article number10.auctionⅡ. Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English （10%）11.返倾销12.最惠国条款13.贴现14.充分就业15.保兑信用证16.零库存17.代位，取代18.保护主义19.免除条款（豁免条款）20.证券交易所Ⅲ.Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right （10%）21.contracting party a. amount above what is estimated as necessary22.gilts b. a business concern owned or controlled in wholeor in part by another concern23.cyclical c. recurring in cycles24.affiliate d. stocks issued by government25.legal action e. an action taken against some one in accordancewith the law.26.margin f. a country or firm that signs a legal agreement27.pooling g. a trace of land including its buildings28.verified data h. a set of international rules for the interpretation oftrade terms29.Incoterms i. authentic materials30.premises j. a combination of funds formed for common advantageⅣ. Make brief explanations of the following terms in English（10%）31.MFN32. Invisible trade33.firm offer34.open account35.L/CⅤ. Answer the following questions in English（20%）36. Was China a low -income country a few years ago? How about now?37. Can you explain the word “negotiable” in the p hrase “negotiable transport? document” ?38. What is the most common form of non-tariff barriers? Explain it in a few words.39. What is economy of scale? What is the relation between economy of scale and trade?Ⅵ.Translate the following into Chinese（15%）40. Documentary collection is a means of ensuring that the goods are only handed over to the buyer when the amount shown on a bill of exchange is paid or when the customer accepts the bill as a contract to pay by a specified date.The exporter sends the bill of exchange and the shipping documents to his bank, which forwards them to a bank in the customer’s country. This bank, or the exporter’s agents in the country concerned, takes the documents to the customer. If it is a sight bill the customer pays the amount directly. If it is a time bill he signs the bill, which means he has “accepted” it for payment within a certain specified time. In return for either payment or acceptance of payment, the customer is handed the shipping documents which give title to the goods.Ⅶ. Translate the following into English（25%）41. 在国际贸易中进出口双方都面临风险，因为总存在对方不履约的可能42. 对于一笔具体交易来说，信用证不一定是最理想的付款方式。
2023年自考专业(国贸)《国际商务英语》考试历年真题摘选附带答案
2023年自考专业(国贸)《国际商务英语》考试历年真题摘选附带答案第1卷一.全考点综合测验(共20题)1.【单选题】We take the liberty____writing to you with a hope to get your best offers for Chinese bicycles.A.toB. inC.ofD.with2.【单选题】The letter we sent last week is an enquiry _______ color TV sets.A.aboutB. forC.ofD.as3.【单选题】Please see to it that the goods we ordered are shipped as soon as the covering letter of credit ______ you.A.getsesC.arrivesD. reaches4.【单选题】We agree to the amendments to the contract _____requested in your letter of May5.A.asB.likeC. to beD. when5.【单选题】Our bank offers minimum interest ______ for seller financing and for loans of cash.A.levelsB.ratesC.basesD.percentage6.【单选题】We regret the need for you to write to us and hope the steps we are taking____the safe arrival of all your orders in the future.A.insureB. assureC.sureD.ensure7.【单选题】On receipt of your instruction, we shall carry out this order ______.A.in returnB.without least delayC.with least delayD.without delays8.【单选题】The importer will go to the wharf and____delivery of the goods.A.makeB.effectC.fulfillD.take9.【单选题】After unpacking the case we found the goods did not____with the original sample.pareB. matchC.agreeD.measure10.【单选题】____shipment, please amend the L/C to allow transshipment.A.RegardingB.CoveringC.ConcerningD. Referring11.【单选题】We cannot accept any fresh orders _______ heavy commitments.A.due toB.owing toC.becauseD.on account of12.【单选题】Because there is no direct steamer from here to your port, we suggest that you____trans-shipment at Hong Kong.A.may acceptB.acceptC.must acceptD. can accept13.【单选题】Many international companies produce a large number of products, often divided into product________.A.categoriesB.mixC.brandsD.lines14.【单选题】We would like to take this ______ to establish business relations with you.A.openingB.opportunityC. stepD.advantage15.【单选题】We have received your enquiry of October 15_____we learn that you are interested in our Sewing Machines.A.from whichB.in whichC. whichD.at which16.【单选题】______our catalogues for your reference.A.EnclosingB. Please find encloseC.Enclosed please findD.Enclosure17.【单选题】No discount will be allowed ____ you could place an order for more than 5,000pcs.A.untilB. exceptC.besidesD.unless18.【单选题】The credit of letter will be confirmed by the Bank of China, Shanghai, that will _______your draft on the documents at sight for the amount of your invoice.A. acceptB.pay forC. receiveD.obtain19.【单选题】To comply with your request, we are quoting you _____.A.as followingB.as followC. as followsD.follow20.【单选题】As we are ____ the market for Table cloth, we should be glad if you would send us your best quotation。
自学考试国际商务英语历年真题及答案(2006年4月—2013年7月)
全国2013年7月高等教育自学考试国际商务英语试题课程代码：05844课程代码：05844请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案写在答题纸上。
注意事项：1. 答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。
2. 用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在试题卷上。
Ⅰ. Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese （10%）1. territory economies 区域经济体2. absolute advantage 绝对利益3. double assurance of payment 双重保证付款4. counter trade 对销贸易5. contract carrier 契约承运人6. transferable credit 可转让信用证7. anti-dumping measures 反倾销措施8. certificate of quality 质量证明书9. value chain 价值链10. clean draft 光票Ⅱ. Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English（10%）11. 优惠期/宽限期grace period12. 清关custom clearance13. 分批装运partial shipment14. 即期信用证sight credit15. 保险单insurance policy16. 买入价buying rate17. 所得税income tax18. 消费主义/消费Consumerism19. 许可经营licensing20. 投资收益return on investmentⅢ. Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right（10%）e21. specific duties a. purchasing power parityd22. gold reserves b. getting goods off a carrieri23. royalty c. money in the hands of the public and being used to pay for goods and servicesa24. PPP d. the stock of gold coin and bullion (gold bars) held by a note-issuing bank in a country on the gold standardj25. clean credit e. duties levied on the basis of quantity, weight, size, etc. of the goodsh26. intellectual property f. absolutely necessaryb27. unload g. the person to whom a draft is drawng28. drawee h. certain non-tangible assets held, principally covering the areas of patent protection, registered trade marks and designs, and copyrightc29. money circulation i. money paid to the owner of a copyright for permission to publish copyright material and to the owner of a patent for permission to use a patented design, usu., at an agreed percentage of the selling price of the productf 30. indispensable j. a credit that does not require shipping documents for paymentⅣ. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English （10%）31. shipping markswhat is printed on the outer packing of goods as symbol for identification in the course of transportation32. underwritera person who carries on insurance as a business33. mobilitycapacity that can move or be moved easily and quickly from place to place34. reimbursepay back to somebody for the expenses he has spent35. CIFCost Insurance and FreightⅤ. Answer the following questions in English（20%）36. What does the term “Triad” refer to? What is meant by Quad?The term Triad refers to the three richest regions of the world the United States, the European Union and Japan that offer the most important business opportunities.Some people extend the scope of Triad to include Canada and name the broadened grouping Quad.37. What is the most common form of non-tariff barriers? Explain it in a few words.Quotas or quantitative restrictions are the most common form of non-tariff barriers.A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time.38. Why is it necessary to have Incoterms?The prupose of Incoterms is to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade39. What are the major factors that may influence the exchange rate?a.international balance of payment. It has a direct bearing on the supply and demand offoreign exchange.b.Inflation. It is closely related to the real value of the currencyand the competitiveness of the commodity.c.Interest rate. Under specific conditions, high interest rate will attractshort term international fund, increasing the exchange rate o f one’s own currency and viceversa.The above factors may work alone or collectively.Ⅵ. Translate the following into Chinese （15%）40. MFN means most-favored-nation which is a tariff treatment. It is bilaterally given and provides for the lowest tariff in the tariff code. It is important to understand that the term most-favored-nation gives the impression that the tariffs involved are the lowest, it is in fact not the cast. MFN is not really special but is just normal trading status. GSP(generalized system of preferences) establishes even lower tariffs than MFN.最惠国待遇意味着大多数最惠国关税待遇，这是一个。
商务英语自考试题及答案
商务英语自考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "B2B" refers to:A. Business to BusinessB. Business to ConsumerC. Consumer to ConsumerD. None of the above2. In a business context, "ROI" stands for:A. Return on InvestmentB. Risk of InvestmentC. Rate of IncreaseD. Revenue on Investment3. Which of the following is not a function of a marketing department?A. Product developmentB. Market researchC. AdvertisingD. Sales promotion4. The phrase "due diligence" in business is associated with:A. The process of verifying the accuracy of informationB. The process of making a paymentC. The process of closing a dealD. The process of opening a new account5. What does "P/E ratio" mean in financial terms?A. Price to Earnings ratioB. Product to Equipment ratioC. Performance to Expectation ratioD. Profit to Expense ratio6. The acronym "SWOT" in business analysis stands for:A. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, ThreatsB. Systems, Workforce, Organization, TechnologyC. Sales, Workload, Operations, TechnologyD. Strategy, Workforce, Opportunities, Technology7. Which of the following is a type of financial statement?A. Balance sheetB. Business planC. Marketing strategyD. Project proposal8. The term "inventory" in business refers to:A. The process of buying goodsB. The process of selling goodsC. The goods that a business has on handD. The money that a business has in reserve9. "EBITDA" is an acronym for:A. Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and AmortizationB. Economic Business Income, Taxes, Depreciation, and AmortizationC. Effective Business Income, Taxes, Depreciation, and AmortizationD. Earnings Before Income, Taxes, Depreciation, andAmortization10. In international trade, "FOB" stands for:A. Free on BoardB. Full of BenefitsC. Future of BusinessD. First of Business二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）11. The process of a company becoming more focused on its core business activities is known as ________.12. When a company's stock price rises above the initial offering price, it is said to be ________.13. A contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties, which is ________.14. In business, "synergy" refers to the benefits that result when two or more ________ work together.15. The term "vertical integration" refers to a company's control over several stages of the ________ process.三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）16. Define the term "corporate social responsibility" and explain its importance in today's business environment.17. What are the key components of a business plan? Briefly describe each component.18. Explain the concept of "branding" and its role in business marketing.19. Describe the role of a financial analyst in a company and the tasks they typically perform.四、案例分析题（每题15分，共30分）20. Case Study: ABC Company is considering entering a new market. They have identified several potential risks and opportunities. Analyze the situation and provide a recommendation for ABC Company, including a brief SWOT analysis.21. Case Study: XYZ Corporation has recently experienced a decline in sales. The management team is looking for ways to improve the company's financial performance. Discuss possible strategies XYZ Corporation could implement to address the issue, including cost reduction and revenue enhancement measures.五、论述题（每题30分，共30分）22. Discuss the impact of globalization on international business. Include examples of how companies can leverage globalization to expand their market reach and the challenges they may face.参考答案：一、选择题1. A2. A3. A4. A5. A6. A7. A8. C9. A 10. A二、填空题11. Downsizing or refocusing12. Trading at a premium13. enforceable14. businesses or systems15. supply chain三、简答题16. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) refers to a company's commitment to manage its operations in an ethical and sustainable manner while contributing to the well-being of society. It is important because it helps to。
国际商务英语历年真题及答案
Ⅰ. Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese. (10%)1. in a detour 迂回2. competitive devaluation 竞争性贬值3. consignor 寄售人4. customer mobility 客户流动性5. escape clauses 豁免条款6. share holders 股东7. potential loss 潜在损失8. carrying vessel 运载船只9. negligent 粗心大意10. specific duty 从量税Ⅱ. Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English. (10%)11.债权国The credit country12.国际合同International contract13.定期付款/分阶段付款Term payment14.被保险人The insured15.人口计划The population plan16.特惠税The preferential duty17.基础设施项目Infrastructure construction project18.装箱单Shipping list19.破产Disrupted20.土地和劳动力Land and labor forceⅢ. Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right. (10%)21. facilities( d )a. the price or cost of transportation22. premises( g ) b. easily to go bad23. middleman( f ) c. not to do something that has been arranged or decided upon24. perishable ( b ) d. something designed, built or installed to serve a specificfunction or perform a particular service25. access( j ) e. the act of paying a bill, debt, charge, etc.26. controversy( i ) f. trader through whom goods pass between the producer andthe customer27. carriage( a ) g. a tract of land including its buildings28. settlement( e ) h. an official group of persons who direct or supervise someactivities of a firm29. board( h ) i. public argument about something which many peopledisagree with30. cancel( c ) j. a way by which a place, esp. property can be reached orentered or usedⅣ. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English. (10%)31. term draft 远期汇票A draft which requires to pay after sight or in a given period of time after representation of relevant documents.32. transferable credit 可转让信用证Credit which can be transferred to other parties during the transportation of goods.33. direct quote 直接报价A certain amount of foreign currency, usually one unit or one hundred unit, is marked with equivalent amount of homecurrency.34. acquisition 收购Buying existing facilities35. GA TT 关税和贸易总协定The General Agreement of Tariff and Trade.V. Answer the following questions in English. (20%)36. What are the five major modes of the modern freight transportation system?Water, air, road, rail, pipeline37. What do “valued” policies mean?Valued policies mean that a country provide investors with preferential policies for insured return in order to attract foreign investment.38. What is the purpose to establish GSP(the Generalized System of Preference)?The purpose of GSP is to help development of developing countries by provide tariff concession to them.39. What is the relationship between MNEs and their host countries?The relationship of MNEs and their host countries is interdependable and interactive.Ⅵ. Translate the following into Chinese. (15%)40. The Bank for International Settlement (BIS) is a unique institution. Many of its operations are of types normallyperformed by a commercial bank, but it is owned principally by central banks, and managed by central banks and its principal customers are central banks. The objects of BIS are to promote the cooperation among central banks and to provide additional facilities for international operations.国际结算银行是一个独特的机构。
国际商务英语试卷及答案
课程代码：5844I. Translate the following words and expressions: (10%)(i) From English into Chinese:1. usance credit2. certificate of origin3. intermediate products4. compensation trade5. securities(ii) From Chinese into English:6.经济一体化7.母公司8.还盘9.保兑行10.充分就业II. Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right: (5%)( )11. preference a. a limit placed by a government on the amount of imports orexports of a commodity( )12. mandate b. a practical advantage given to one over others( )13. quota c. social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting party( )14. affiliate d. authority given to perform a duty( )15. force majeure e. a business concern owned or controlled in whole or in part by another concernIII. Make brief explanations of the following terms and give the full name of the abbreviation in English: (20%)16. gross domestic product (GDP)17. direct exchange rate18. bill of exchange19. insurable interest20. ICCIV. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word from the list (Youis a direct exchange of goods of approximately (22)________ value between parties, with no (23) ________ involved. Such transactions were the very essence of business at times during which no money — that is, no common medium of (24)________ —existed or was available. Over time, money emerged as a convenient (25)________ that unlinked transactions from individual parties and their joint timing and (26)________ permitted greater flexibility in trading activities. Repeatedly, however, we can see returns to the barter system as a (27)________ of environmentcircumstances. Conditions that encourage such business activities are (28) of money, lack of value of or faith (29) ________ money, lack of acceptability of money as an exchange medium, or greater ease of transaction (30)________ using goods.V. Translate the following into English: (25%)31. 就出口商的利益而言，即期付款交单比远期付款交单有利。
4月全国自考国际商务英语试题及答案解析
全国2018年4月自学考试国际商务英语试题课程代码：05844Ⅰ. Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese （10%）1. customs area2. roll on-roll off traffic3. amendment4. gold standard5. gilt-edged stocks6. compound duties7. discount rate8. certificate of quality9. national treatment10. cost economiesⅡ. Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English（10%）11．世界银行12. 互利贸易13. 保兑信用证14. 装船通知15. 增值税16. 追溯到17. 原产地港口18. 货物保险19. 商品交易会20. 目的地Ⅲ. Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right（10%）21. integration a. the act of putting money to use in something offering profitable returns22. voluntary offer b. connecting with the sea or navigation123. draft c. producing optimum results for the expenditure24. viability d. combining into a whole25. investment e. a person or an organization etc. that receives something26. export earnings f. the amount paid by an insured for coverage under the contract27. maritime g. an offer made on the initiative of the offerer28. premium h. money earned on the sale of goods to other countries29. cost-effective i. ability to succeed in operation30. recipient j. an unconditional order to someone to pay a sum of moneyⅣ. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English （10%）31. absolute advantage32. irrevocable credit33. indemnity34. green field strategy35. APECⅤ. Answer the following questions in English（20%）36. Why is it necessary to revise Incoterms in 1990?37. Why was the Special Drawing Right created?38. What contents should be included in a firm offer?39. What does international business refer to?Ⅵ. Translate the following into Chinese （15%）40. In insurance of all risks, the insurer is responsible for total or partial loss or damage to the insured goods arising from natural elements or from sea perils, including all losses caused by accidents to the carrying vessels or craft or by any external causes. But it does not, as its name suggests, really cover all risks.41. The term Triad refers to the three richest regions of the world, the United States, the European Union and Japan that offer the most important business opportunities. Any international enterprise must bear Triad in mind if they want to be successful in the increasingly competitive world market.Ⅶ. Translate the following into English（25%）242.在正常的市场交易中，由于使用货币及市场手段，货物的买与卖是分别进行的。
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2015年10月全国自考《国际商务英语》真题及答案课程代码:05844Ⅰ.Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese(10%)1.multinationalcorporations2.invisibletrade3.purchaseconfirmation4.billofexchange5.paymentinadvance6.naturalproductprovinces7.reservecurrency8.managedfloat9.InternationalMonetaryFund10.counter-veilingmeasures答案：1.跨国公司2.无形贸易3.购货确认书4.汇票5.预付货款6.产品自然领域7.储备货币8.管理浮动9.国际货币基金组织10.反补贴措施Ⅱ.Translatethefollowingwordsandexpressionsfrom ChineseintoEnglish(10%)11.管理合同12.基础设施13.竞争性贬值14.通知行15.发货港16.承保人17.买入价18.宽限期19.所得税20.豁免条款答案：11.management contract12.infrastructurepetitive devaluation14.advising bank15.port of dispatch16.the insurer17.buying rate18.grace period19.income tax20.escape/exemption clausesⅢ.Matchthewordsandexpressionsontheleftwiththeexplanationsontheright(10%)21.licensor a.therelationofexportandimportprices22.alternative b.theusingupofgoodsandserviceshaving anexchangeablevalue23.verifieddata c.apersonorcompanygrantingalicense24.underlying d.formingthebasisof25.title e.equalinvalue,onthesamevalue26.consumption f.reduce27.par g.thatmaybehad,usedetc.,inplaceofsth.else28.rebate h.happeningeveryalternateyear29.biennial i.righttothepossessionofapositionorproperty30.termsoftrade j.authenticmaterials答案：21.c22.g23.j24.d25.i26.b27.e28.f29.h30.aⅣ.Makebriefexplanationsofthefollowingtermsorgivethefullnameoftheabbreviationin English(10%)31.ASEAN32.barter33.moneycirculation34.equities35.redeem答案：31.Association of Southeast Asian Nations32.Barter is a system of exchange where goods or services are directly exchanged for other goods orservices without using a medium of exchange,such as money.33.Money circulation refers to the continuous movement of income and expenditure in economicactivities,in which process money functions as the means of circulation and payment.34.Equities are certificates of common shares issued by a corporation.To raise funds,a corporationissues shares to shareholders as a certificate,and the shareholders can get dividends from the corporation’s profits in return.35.Redeem refers to buy back debt securities(such as bonds or redeemable preferred stock)on orbefore their maturity date.Ⅴ.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish(20%)36.WhatarethethreemajorobjectivesoftheWTO?答案：①To promote free trade by encouraging members to adopt nondiscriminatory,predictable trade policies.②To further reduce trade barriers through multilateral negotiations.③To establish more effective trade dispute settlement procedures.37.Mentionsomeoftheriskstheexportermayfaceintrade.答案：There are many risks the exporter may face in trade.Whether they can get full payment or not after they ship their goods overseas to the buyers.And they may be affected by the fluctuating cost of raw materials for products and exchange rate.Besides,there are also risks during transportation.The political status of importers’country is also a factor that may influence the receipt of payment.38.Whatis“contractcarriers”?答案：A contract carrier is a business which works with a select group of shippers to move people and goodsbetween locations serviced by the contract carrier.Such carriers have specific contracts with the shippers they work with.39.Whatarethestandardsforclassificationofhigh-income,middle-incomeandlow-incomecountriesaccordingtotheWorldBank?Citesomeexamplesforeachgroup.答案：The World Bank classifies countries into high－income,middle income and low－income countries by GNI per capita.For example,for the current2016fiscal year,low-income countries are defined as those with a GNI per capita,calculated using the World Bank Atlas method,of$1,045or less in2014,such as North Korea,NepalSouth Sudan;middle-income countries are those with a GNI per capita of more than$1,045but less than$12,736,such as China,Mexico and Brazil;high-income countries are those with a GNI per capita of$12,736or more,such as Britain,Canada and the United States.Ⅵ.TranslatethefollowingintoChinese(15%)40.The2000revisionofIncotermstookaccountofthespreadofcustoms-freezones,theincreaseduseofelectroniccommunication,andthechangesintransportpractices.Thenewversionoffersasimplerandclearerpresentationofthedefinitionsofalltheterms.Asinthepreviousversion,thetradetermsofIncoterms2000arepresentedinaformatwhichallowssellerandbuyertofollowastep-by-stepprocesstodeterminetheirrespectiveobli gations.【参考译文】2000年对国际贸易术语解释通则的修改考虑了无关税区的发展，商务活动中电子通讯使用的增加，以及运输方式的变化。
新的国际贸易术语解释通则给所有术语提供了更加简单、清晰的定义。
在之前的版本中，《国际贸易术语通则2000》中的贸易条款，允许买卖双方遵循一个循序渐进的过程，来确定各自的义务。