人工智能原理及其应用(第2版)》王万森编著电子工业出版社课后习题答案37

人工智能原理及其应用(第2版)》王万森编著电子工业出版社课后习题答案37
人工智能原理及其应用(第2版)》王万森编著电子工业出版社课后习题答案37

第2章知识表示方法部分参考答案

2.8设有如下语句,请用相应的谓词公式分别把他们表示出来:

(1)有的人喜欢梅花,有的人喜欢菊花,有的人既喜欢梅花又喜欢菊花。

解:定义谓词

P(x):x是人

L(x,y):x喜欢y

其中,y的个体域是{梅花,菊花}。

将知识用谓词表示为:

(?x )(P(x)→L(x, 梅花)∨L(x, 菊花)∨L(x, 梅花)∧L(x, 菊花))

(2) 有人每天下午都去打篮球。

解:定义谓词

P(x):x是人

B(x):x打篮球

A(y):y是下午

将知识用谓词表示为:

(?x )(?y) (A(y)→B(x)∧P(x))

(3)新型计算机速度又快,存储容量又大。

解:定义谓词

NC(x):x是新型计算机

F(x):x速度快

B(x):x容量大

将知识用谓词表示为:

(?x) (NC(x)→F(x)∧B(x))

(4) 不是每个计算机系的学生都喜欢在计算机上编程序。

解:定义谓词

S(x):x是计算机系学生

L(x, pragramming):x喜欢编程序

U(x,computer):x使用计算机

将知识用谓词表示为:

?(?x) (S(x)→L(x, pragramming)∧U(x,computer))

(5)凡是喜欢编程序的人都喜欢计算机。

解:定义谓词

P(x):x是人

L(x, y):x喜欢y

将知识用谓词表示为:

( x) (P(x)∧L(x,pragramming)→L(x, computer))

2.9用谓词表示法求解机器人摞积木问题。设机器人有一只机械手,要处理的世界有一张桌子,桌上可堆放若干相同的方积木块。机械手有4个操作积木的典型动作:从桌上拣起一块积木;将手中的积木放到桌之上;在积木上再摞上一块积木;从积木上面拣起一块积木。积木世界的布局如下图所示。

图机器人摞积木问题

解:(1) 先定义描述状态的谓词

CLEAR(x):积木x上面是空的。

ON(x, y):积木x在积木y的上面。

ONTABLE(x):积木x在桌子上。

HOLDING(x):机械手抓住x。

HANDEMPTY:机械手是空的。

其中,x和y的个体域都是{A, B, C}。

问题的初始状态是:

ONTABLE(A)

ONTABLE(B)

ON(C, A)

CLEAR(B)

CLEAR(C)

HANDEMPTY

问题的目标状态是:

ONTABLE(C)

ON(B, C)

ON(A, B)

CLEAR(A)

HANDEMPTY

(2) 再定义描述操作的谓词

在本问题中,机械手的操作需要定义以下4个谓词:

Pickup(x):从桌面上拣起一块积木x。

Putdown(x):将手中的积木放到桌面上。

Stack(x, y):在积木x上面再摞上一块积木y。

其中,每一个操作都可分为条件和动作两部分,具体描述如下:

Pickup(x)

条件:ONTABLE(x),HANDEMPTY,CLEAR(x)

动作:删除表:ONTABLE(x),HANDEMPTY

添加表:HANDEMPTY(x)

Putdown(x)

条件:HANDEMPTY(x)

动作:删除表:HANDEMPTY(x)

添加表:ONTABLE(x),CLEAR(x) ,HANDEMPTY

Stack(x, y)

条件:HANDEMPTY(x),CLEAR(y)

动作:删除表:HANDEMPTY(x),CLEAR(y)

添加表:HANDEMPTY,ON(x, y) ,CLEAR(x)

Upstack(x, y)

条件:HANDEMPTY,CLEAR(y) ,ON(y,x)

动作:删除表:HANDEMPTY,ON(y, x)

添加表:HOLDING(y),CLEAR(x)

(3) 问题求解过程

利用上述谓词和操作,其求解过程为:

2.10用谓词表示法求解农夫、狼、山羊、白菜问题。农夫、狼、山羊、白菜全部放在一条河的左岸,现在要把他们全部送到河的右岸去,农夫有一条船,过河时,除农夫外船上至多能载狼、山羊、白菜中的一种。狼要吃山羊,山羊要吃白菜,除非农夫在那里。似规划出一个确保全部安全过河的计划。请写出所用谓词的定义,并给出每个谓词的功能及变量的个体域。

要描述这个问题,需要能够说明农夫、狼、羊、白菜和船在什么位置,为简化问题表示,取消船在河中行驶的状态,只描述左岸和右岸的状态。并且,由于左岸和右岸的状态互补,因此可仅对左岸或右岸的状态做直接描述。本题选择对左岸进行直接描述的方法,即定义谓词如下:

AL(x):x在左岸

其中,x的个体域是{农夫,船,狼,羊,白菜}。对应地,?AL(x)表示x在右岸。

问题的初始状态:

AL(农夫)

AL(船)

AL(狼)

AL(羊)

AL(白菜)

问题的目标状态:

?AL(农夫)

?AL(船)

?AL(狼)

?AL(羊)

?AL(白菜)

(2) 再定义描述操作的谓词

本题需要以下4个描述操作的谓词:

L-R:农夫自己划船从左岸到右岸

L-R(x):农夫带着x划船从左岸到右岸

R-L:农夫自己划船从右岸到左岸

R-L(x) :农夫带着x划船从右岸到左岸

其中,x的个体域是{狼,羊,白菜}。

对上述每个操作,都包括条件和动作两部分。它们对应的条件和动作如下:

L-R:农夫划船从左岸到右岸

条件:AL(船),AL(农夫),?AL(狼)∨?AL(羊),?AL(羊)∨?AL(白菜)

动作:删除表:AL(船),AL(农夫)

添加表:?AL(船),?AL(农夫)

L-R(狼):农夫带着狼划船从左岸到右岸

条件:AL(船),AL(农夫),AL(狼),?AL(羊)

动作:删除表:AL(船),AL(农夫),AL(狼)

添加表:?AL(船),?AL(农夫),?AL(狼)

L-R(羊):农夫带着羊划船从左岸到右岸

条件:AL(船),AL(农夫),AL(羊),AL(狼),AL(白菜)

或:AL(船),AL(农夫),AL(羊),?AL(狼),?AL(白菜)

动作:删除表:AL(船),AL(农夫),AL(羊)

添加表:?AL(船),?AL(农夫),?AL(羊)

条件:AL(船),AL(农夫),AL(白菜),?AL(狼)

动作:删除表:AL(船),AL(农夫),AL(白菜)

添加表:?AL(船),?AL(农夫),?AL(白菜)

R-L:农夫划船从右岸到左岸

条件:?AL(船),?AL(农夫),AL(狼)∨AL(羊),AL(羊)∨AL(白菜)

或:?AL(船),?AL(农夫) ,?AL(狼),?AL(白菜),AL(羊)

动作:删除表:?AL(船),?AL(农夫)

添加表:AL(船),AL(农夫)

R-L(羊) :农夫带着羊划船从右岸到左岸

条件:?AL(船),?AL(农夫),?AL(羊) ,?AL(狼),?AL(羊),AL(白菜)

动作:删除表:?AL(船),?AL(农夫),?AL(羊)

添加表:AL(船),AL(农夫),AL(羊)

2.11用谓词表示法求解修道士和野人问题。在河的北岸有三个修道士、三个野人和一条船,修道士们想用这条船将所有的人都运过河去,但要受到以下条件限制:

(1) 修道士和野人都会划船,但船一次只能装运两个人。

(2) 在任何岸边,野人数不能超过修道士,否则修道士会被野人吃掉。

假定野人愿意服从任何一种过河安排,请规划出一种确保修道士安全的过河方案。要求写出所用谓词的定义、功能及变量的个体域。

解:(1)定义谓词

先定义修道士和野人人数关系的谓词:

G(x,y,S):在状态S下x大于y

GE(x,y,S):在状态S下x大于或等于y

其中,x,y分别代表修道士人数和野人数,他们的个体域均为{0,1,2,3}。

再定义船所在岸的谓词和修道士不在该岸上的谓词:

Boat(z,S):状态S下船在z岸

EZ(x,S):状态S下x等于0,即修道士不在该岸上

再定义安全性谓词:

Safety(z,x,y,S)≡(G(x,0,S)∧GE(x,y,S))∨(EZ(x,S))

其中,z,x,y的含义同上。该谓词的含义是:状态S下,在z岸,保证修道士安全,当且仅当修道士不在该岸上,或者修道士在该岸上,但人数超过野人数。该谓词同时也描述了相应的状态。

再定义描述过河方案的谓词:

L-R(x, x1, y, y1,S):x1个修道士和y1个野人渡船从河的左岸到河的右岸

条件:Safety(L,x-x1,y-y1,S’)∧Safety(R,3-x+x1,3-y+y1,S’)∧Boat(L,S)

动作:Safety(L,x-x1,y-y1,S’)∧Safety(R,3-x+x1,3-y+y1,S’)∧Boat(R,S’) R-L (x, x1, y, y1,S):x2个修道士和y2个野人渡船从河的左岸到河的右岸

条件:Safety(R,3-x-x2,3-y-y2,S’)∧Safety(L,x+x2,y+y2,S’)∧Boat(R,S)

动作:Safety(R,3-x-x2,3-y-y2,S’)∧Safety(L,x+x2,y+y2,S’)∧Boat(L,S’)

(2) 过河方案

Safety(L,3,3,S0)∧Safety(R,0,0,S0)∧Boat(L,S0)

L-R(3, 1, 3, 1,S0) L-R(3, 0, 3, 2,S0)

Safety(L,2,2,S1)∧Safety(R,1,1,S1)∧Boat(R,S1)

Safety(L,3,1,S1’)∧Safety(R,0,2,S1’)∧Boat(R,S1’)

R-L (2, 1, 2, 0,S1) R-L (3,0, 1, 1,S1’)

Safety(L,3,2,S2)∧Safety(R,0,1,S2)∧

L-R(3, 0, 2, 2,S2)

Safety(L,3,0,S3)∧Safety(R,0,3,S3)∧Boat(R,S3)

R-L (3, 0, 0, 1,S3)

Safety(L,3,1,S4)∧Safety(R,0,2,S1)∧Boat(L,S4)

L-R(3, 2, 1, 0,S4)

Safety(L,1,1,S5)∧Safety(R,2,2,S5)∧Boat(R,S5)

R-L (1, 1, 1, 1,S5)

Safety(L,2,2,S6)∧Safety(R,1,1,S6)∧Boat(L,S6)

L-R(2, 2, 2, 0,S6)

Safety(L,0,2,S7)∧Safety(R,3,1,S7)∧Boat(R,S7)

R-L (0, 0, 2, 1,S7)

Safety(L,0,3,S8)∧Safety(R,3,0,S8)∧Boat(L,S8)

L-R(0, 0, 3, 2,S8)

Safety(L,0,1,S9)∧Safety(R,3,2,S9)∧Boat(R,S9)

R-L (0, 1, 1, 0,S9)

Safety(L,1,1,S10)∧Safety(R,2,2,S10)∧Boat(L,S10)

L-R(1, 1, 1, 1,S10)

Safety(L,0,0,S11)∧Safety(R,3,3,S11)∧Boat(R,S11)

2.18

请对下列命题分别写出它们的语义网络:

(1) 每个学生都有一台计算机。

解:

(2) 高老师从3月到7月给计算机系学生讲《计算机网络》课。

解:

(3) 学习班的学员有男、有女、有研究生、有本科生。

解:参例2.14

(4) 创新公司在科海大街56号,刘洋是该公司的经理,他32岁、硕士学位。

解:参例2.10

(5) 红队与蓝队进行足球比赛,最后以3:2的比分结束。

解:

2.19 请把下列命题用一个语义网络表示出来:

(1) 树和草都是植物;

解:

(2) 树和草都有叶和根;

解:

(3) 水草是草,且生长在水中;

解:

(4) 果树是树,且会结果;

解:

(5) 梨树是果树中的一种,它会结梨。

解:

2.25 假设有以下一段天气预报:“北京地区今天白天晴,偏北风3级,最高气温12o,最低气温-2o,降水概率15%。”请用框架表示这一知识。

解:

Frame<天气预报>

地域:北京

天气:晴

风向:偏北

风力:3级

气温:最高:12度

最低:-2度

降水概率:15%

2.26 按“师生框架”、“教师框架”、“学生框架”的形式写出一个框架系统的描述。解:师生框架

Frame

Name:Unit(Last-name,First-name)

Sex:Area(male,female)

Default:male

Age:Unit(Years)

Telephone:Home Unit(Number)

Mobile Unit(Number)

教师框架

Frame

AKO

Major:Unit(Major-Name)

Lectures:Unit(Course-Name)

Field:Unit(Field-Name)

Project :Area(National,Provincial,Other)

Default:Provincial

Paper:Area(SCI,EI,Core,General)

Default:Core

学生框架

Frame

AKO< Teachers-Students >

Major:Unit(Major-Name)

Classes:Unit(Classes-Name)

Degree:Area(doctor,mastor, bachelor)

Default:bachelor

第3章确定性推理部分参考答案

3.8 判断下列公式是否为可合一,若可合一,则求出其最一般合一。

(1) P(a, b), P(x, y)

(2) P(f(x), b), P(y, z)

(3) P(f(x), y), P(y, f(b))

(4) P(f(y), y, x), P(x, f(a), f(b))

(5) P(x, y), P(y, x)

解:(1) 可合一,其最一般和一为:σ={a/x, b/y}。

(2) 可合一,其最一般和一为:σ={y/f(x), b/z}。

(3) 可合一,其最一般和一为:σ={ f(b)/y, b/x}。

(4) 不可合一。

(5) 可合一,其最一般和一为:σ={ y/x}。

3.11 把下列谓词公式化成子句集:

(1)(?x)(?y)(P(x, y)∧Q(x, y))

(2)(?x)(?y)(P(x, y)→Q(x, y))

(3)(?x)(?y)(P(x, y)∨(Q(x, y)→R(x, y)))

(4)(?x) (?y) (?z)(P(x, y)→Q(x, y)∨R(x, z))

解:(1) 由于(?x)(?y)(P(x, y)∧Q(x, y))已经是Skolem标准型,且P(x, y)∧Q(x, y)已经是合取范式,所以可直接消去全称量词、合取词,得

{ P(x, y), Q(x, y)}

再进行变元换名得子句集:

S={ P(x, y), Q(u, v)}

(2) 对谓词公式(?x)(?y)(P(x, y)→Q(x, y)),先消去连接词“→”得:

(?x)(?y)(?P(x, y)∨Q(x, y))

此公式已为Skolem标准型。

再消去全称量词得子句集:

S={?P(x, y)∨Q(x, y)}

(3) 对谓词公式(?x)(?y)(P(x, y)∨(Q(x, y)→R(x, y))),先消去连接词“→”得:

(?x)(?y)(P(x, y)∨(?Q(x, y)∨R(x, y)))

此公式已为前束范式。

再消去存在量词,即用Skolem函数f(x)替换y得:

(?x)(P(x, f(x))∨?Q(x, f(x))∨R(x, f(x)))

此公式已为Skolem标准型。

最后消去全称量词得子句集:

高英课本课后翻译答案

这是我整理的,希望对大家有用。蓝色部分是重点词汇。 第一课 1、一条蜿蜒的小路隐没在树荫深处。 A winding path loses itself in the shadowy distance of the woods. 2、集市上有许多小摊子,出售的货物应有尽有。 At the bazaar, there are many stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold. 3、我真不知道到底是什么事让他如此生气。 I really don’t know what it is that has made him so angry. 4、新出土的铜花瓶造型优美,可有精细、复杂的传统图案。 The newly unearthed bronze vase is pleasing in form and engraved with delicate and intricate traditional designs. … 5、在山的那一边是一望无际的大草原。 Beyond the mountains there is a vast grassland that extends as far as the eye can see. 6、他们决定买那座带有汽车房的房子。 They decided to buy that house with a garage attached. 7、教师们坚持对学生严格要求。 The teachers make a point of be ing strict with the students. 8、这个小女孩很喜欢她的父亲。 The girl is very much attached to her father. 9、为了实现四个现代化,我们认为有必要学习国外的先进科学技术。 To achieve the four modernization, we make a point of learn ing from the advanced science and technology of other countries. | 10、黄昏临近时,天渐渐暗下来了。 As dusk fell, daylight faded away. 11徒工仔细地观察他的师傅,然后照着干。 The apprentice watched his master carefully and then followed suit. 12、吃完饭弗兰克常常帮助洗餐具。 Frank often took a hand in the washing-up after dinner.

泛读教程3第二版答案

泛读教程2第二版答案 Unit1 Word Pretest:1-5 ACBBC 6-10 ACBCA 11 B Reading Skill: 2-5 CBBB 6-10 CFTTF 11-12 FF Vocabulary Building: 1:empolyment,economic,Attendance,graduate,pursuit,engineering,enroll,critical,acade mic. evolved 2:aptitude,attitude,acquire,require,search,research, Cloze: other,just,has,some/many,than,refuse,see,that,without,If,ready,wrong, Section B:1-5 ACCCC 6-10 CCCAC 11-14 BABA Section C: 1-5 CBCCB 6-7 BB Unit2 Word Pretest: 1-5BCACB 6-8BCA Reading Skill: 2-5BBBD 6-10DBCCA Vocabulary Building: 1:urge,urgent,urgently embarrassment,embrass,embarrassedly

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