英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结.doc

英语语言学一、名词解释第一课共时性 : Said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical“point\A kind”inoftimedescription. which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.语言 : The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication.任意性 : One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear nonatural relationship to their meaning.第二课音位 : Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology iscalled phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.音位变体 : The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.pair 最小对立体 : When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occursin the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.第三课形态学 : Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed .morphemes派生词素: Some morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words are ca lledmorphemes 曲折词素 : Some bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on.第四课语法句法: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that governthe formation of sentences.categories 句法范畴 : Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntacticcategories.structure 深层结构 : Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’ s subcategorizationrties,iscalledprope deep structure or D- structure.structure 表层结构 : Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure.第五课指称 : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationshipbetween the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.同音异义 : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, . different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.上下义关系 : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a morespecific word.第六课语用学 : Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.话语 : a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication.meaning 话语意义 : Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.act 言外行为 : An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker it is the’acts performedintention; in saying something.二、简答题第一课1． What are the major branches of linguistics What does each of them studyPhonetics: The study of sounds used in linguistic communication. It describes individual speech sounds andindicates their physical or phonetic properties.Phonology: It studies the ways in which these sounds form patterns and systems and how they work to conveymeaning in the system of language.Morphology: A field of focused on the study of the forms and formation of words in a languageSyntax: A set of rules that govern how words are combined to form phrases and sentences.Pragmatics:the study of the use of language in a social context.2． What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition oflanguageThe important characteristics which should be included in a good definition of language are separately:systematic, arbitrary and vocal .First of all, language is a system. It has its own set of rules for people to abide by, or people will use the language in a wrong way. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language.Third , language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.3． What are the main features of human language that have been specified by to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system1)Arbitrariness: no natural/motivated/logical relationship between the sign and what the sign stands for.2)Productivity: provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent before and forunderstanding novel messages.3)Duality: language is a system, which consists of two sets of stuctures, or two levels.4)Displacement: can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future5) Cultural transmission第二课1. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study Who do you think will be more interestedin the different between say[i]and[i],[p] and[ph],a phonetician or a philologist Why 语音学和音位学的研究中心有何不同语音学家和音位学家哪一个更关心清晰音的区别为什么Phonetics —description of all speech sounds and their find differences.Phonology — description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds function to distinguish meaning.A phonetician would be more interested in such differences cos such differences will not cos differencesin meaning.2.What is phone How is it different from a phoneme how are allophones related to a phonemePhone is a phonetic unit, it has no meaning.Phoneme is a phonological unit with distinctive value .The phoneme /l/ can be realized as dark/l-/and clear/l/,which are allophones of the phoneme/l/ Allophones---actual realization of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts.第三课1.Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to.Give at least two examples of each.Suffix: -ingMeaning: denoting a verbal action, an instance of this, or its resultStem type: added to verbsExamples: fighting: denote the action of battlebuilding: denote the action of constructionSuffix: -ableMeaning: able to beStem type: added to verbsExamples: avoidable: able to be prevented fromcalculable: able to be measured or assessedSuffix: -istMeaning: denoting a member of a profession or business activityStem type: added to nounsExamples: dramatist: a person who writes playsdentist: a person who treats the teeth disease2.Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be prefixed to.Give at least two examples of each.1)prefix: un-meaning: denoting the absence of a quality or state; notstem type: added to nounsexamples: unacademic: not adopting or characteristic of a scholarly approach or languageunhappy: not happy2)prefix: anti-meaning: opposed to; againststem type: added to nounsexamples: anti-abortion: opposing or legislating against medically induced abortionanti-art: against the traditional art3)prefix: re-meaning: once more; afresh; anewstem type: added to verbsexamples: restart: start once morereaccustom: accustom (someone) to something again第五课1. What are the major types of synonyms in English并举例1)dialectal synonyms-----synonyms used in different regional2)Stylistic synonyms: synonyms differing in style3)Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning4)Collocational synonyms: what words they go together with5)Semantically different synonyms: differ from the words themselves2. Explain w ith examples“ homonymy” ,“ polysemy” , and“ hyponymy”.Homonymy : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, ., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones. When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs. When tow words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms. The examples are as followed:Homophones: rain/reign night/knight piece/peaceHomographs: bow v./bow n.tear v./tear n.Complete homonyms: fast adj./fast v.Polysemy : while different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have morethan one meaning. This is what we call polysemy, and such a word is called a polysemic word. The morecommonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning. For example, the wordtable has at least six meanings when we look it up in the dictionary:1. a piece of furniture2.all the people seated at a table3.the food that is put on a table4. a thin flat piece of stone, mental, wood, etc5.orderly arrangement of facts, figures, etc6.part of a machine-tool on which the work is put to be operated onHyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are calledits hyponyms. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each other. For example,Superordiante: flowerHyponyms: rose, tulip, carnation, lily, morning golory第六课1. What does pragmatics study How does it differ from traditional semantics答：Generally speaking, pragmatics is the study of meaning in the context. It studies meaning in a dynamic way andas a process. In order to have a successful communication, the speaker and hearer must take the context into their consideration so as to effect the right meaning and intention. The development and establishment pragmatics in1960s and 1970s resulted mainly from the expansion of the study semantics. However, it is different from thetraditional semantics. The major difference between them lies in that pragmatics studies meaning in a dynamic way,while semantics studies meaning in a static way. Pragmatics takes context into consideration while semantics doesnot. Pragmatics takes care of the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.2. What are the five types of illocutionary speech acts Searle has specified What is the illocutionary pointof each type答： (1) representatives: stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true(2)directives: trying to get the hearer to do something(3)commissives: committing the speaker himself to some future course of action(4)expressives: expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing(5)declarations: bringing about immediate changes by saying somethingThe illocutionary point of the representatives is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to thetruth of what has been said, in other words, when performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker ismaking a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true. Stating, believing, sweating,hypothesizing are among the most typical of the representatives.Directives ate attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do some- thing. Inviting, suggesting, requesting,advising, wanting, threatening and ordering are all specific instances of this class.Commissives are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course ofaction, . when speaking the speaker puts himself under a certain obligation. Promising, undertaking, vowing are themost typical ones.The illocutionary point of expressives is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.The speaker is expressing his feelings or attitudes towards an existing state of affairs, . apologizing, thanking,congratulating.The last class “ declarations ” has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this type brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.3. What are the four maxims of the CP Try to give your own examples to show how flouting these maximsgives rise to conversational implicature答：Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. It goes as follows:Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle:(1) The maxim of quantity①Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of the exchange).②Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.(2)The maxim of quality①Do not say what you believe to be false.②Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.(3)The maxim of relation(4)The maxim of manner①Avoid obscurity of expression.②Avoid ambiguity.③Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).④Be orderly.。