2005-2006学年春季学期大学英语跨文化交际课程期末试题...
2005-2006学年春季学期大学英语跨文化交际课程期末试题...
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2005-2006 学年春季学期大学英语跨文化交际课程期末试题（B 卷） 学年春季学期大学英语跨文化交际课程期末试题（
订 线 题 号 I 40 分 II 15 分 III 15 分 IV 20 分 V 10 分 （院系： 院系： 专业： 专业： 卷 面 分 100 随 堂 测 试 20 分 课 堂 表 现 10 分 年级： 年级： 评 卷 人 ）
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折 合 70%
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得 分 年 级
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评卷人
Part I. Choose one word or expression from those in the box below to fill the gap in each of the sentences. Write the correct letters in the blanks on your answer sheet. （2×20=40） ） c. Communication competence j. Symbols
1. Assume that global warming is a fact, and, as a result, assume that summers in the United States average 43℃ (109℉). It would be logical to make adjustments: Rather than air condition building all day, you might close schools and businesses in the afternoons to conserve energy. Such adjustments would make sense. Why then do some people attribute sensible midday siestas in hot climates to laziness? 2 An international student in a U.S. grocery may be asked, “paper or plastic?” The student knows what paper is and what plastic is, but don’t understand the question.
跨文化交际导论期末试题(A卷)
leaving children unattended outside cafes is common in Denmark. Pictures were wired to the
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interpretation.
police showing numerous strollers parked outside cafes while parents were eating inside.
or native language.
8. In an ______ culture, the interest of the individual prevails over the interests of the group.
9. _____ deals with a culture’s most fundamental beliefs about its place in the cosmos, beliefs about
but also to the cotm. Nmounnveicrabtaiol ncobmetmwueneincagtrioonups of diverse cultural identifications.
2. _____ involves first translating into the second language, then translating back into the first
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language, and then comparing the result to the original.
Danish consulate explained that
3. Human perception is usually thought of as a three-step process of ________, organization, and
《大学英语跨文化交际课程》讨论问题及答案
《大学英语跨文化交际课程》讨论问题及答案第一套：1 There are organizations devoted to Ford cars and trucks. Some people are preoccupied with that for a while and then lose interest and hence relinquish membership in the group.2 Army personnel in uniform are required to salute when they meet and recognize persons entitled (by grade) to salute except when it is inappropriate or impractical (in public conveyances such as plans and buses , in public places such as inside the theaters, or when driving a vehicle).3. Li Lan had an American friend Susan. They usually had lunch together and Li Lan often asked Susan for advice on problems she faced adjusting to American society. Susan gave Li Lan a lot of advice and helped her to improve her English. Once Li Lan needed urgently a big sum of money to pay her tuition fee. Since she has no other friends in the States, she turned to Susan for help and promised that she would return the money soon.To Li Lan's great disappointment, this time Susan didn't seem happy to lend the money to her. Though Li Lan returned the money as she promised, they didn't get along well from then on. Questions:(1) What are the differences in what American and Chinese young people expect from their friends?(2) What kind of advice would you give to hath of them so that they could get to know each other?第二套：1 Xiao LI and Xiao Wang were colleagues. Xiao LI gave a lot of help to Xiao Wang financially and socially. Recently Xiao LI would get married. But he forgot inviting Xiao Wang attend his wedding. Later Xiao Wang got information about Xiao LI’ wedding and sent RMB 500 Yuan to Xiao LI.2. People in the United States frequently err in guessing the age of Japanese individuals, such as judging a Japanese college student in mid-20s to be only 14 or 15. Why?3. Can you use Confucianism to explain why Chinese people both have fan and chai in one meal?第三套：1.In 1997, a Danish woman left her 14-month-old baby girl in a stroller outside a Manhattan restaurant while she was inside. Other diners at the restaurant became concerned and called New York City Police. The woman was charged with endangering a child and was jailed for two nights. Her child was placed in foster care. The woman and the Danish consulate explained that leaving children unattended outside cages is common in Denmark. Pictures were wired to the police showing numerous strollers parked outside cafes while parents were eating inside.2. Assume that global warming is a fact, and, as a result, assume that summers in the United States average 43℃(109℉). It would be logical to make adjustments: Rather than air condition building all day, you might close schools and businesses in the afternoons to conserve energy. Such adjustments would make sense. Why then do some people attribute sensible midday siestas in hot climates to laziness?第四套：1 Sometimes parents will say to their children “ We don’t associate with people like that.” Or “be careful when you’re with them.”2. A classic psychology study in the 1970s had two groups of undergraduates read stories about a woman. The stories were identical, except that one had the sentence “ Betty is now a lesbian.” On a test one week later, individuals in the group that had read that Betty is a lesbian were much more likely than individuals in the other group to recall having read that Betty never dated men. In fact, the story that both groups had read stated that Betty dated men occasionally.3. In India, there are elaborate rules about how closely members of each caste may approach other castes, and Arabs of the same sex do stand much closer than North Americans. North Americans in an elevator maintain personal space if the physical space permits it. An Arab entering an elevator may stand right next to another person and be touching even though no one else is in the elevator.4. In Thailand and Laos, it is rude for a stranger or acquaintance to touch a child on the top of the head because the head is regarded as the home of the spirit or soul. It is believed that a child’s spirit or soul is not strong enough to be touched and has tendency to become ill if patted.第五套：1 Chinese students can not make good use of the following phrases which are comprised of only simple words, such as read between the lines,hold water, kick the bucket.2 During World WarⅡ, the Allies had issued the Potsdam Ultimatum demanding the surrender of the Japanese military to end the war. Prime Minister Suzuki said, “The government does not see much value in it. All we have to do is mokusatsu it.” But the word mokusatsu can mean anything from “ignore” to “treat with silent contempt.” The Allies took it as the most offensive meaning. 3. The US and China have continual conflicts on human rights. Both accused the other side that they have human rights abuses. Despite of great efforts in resolving the differences, the problem still exists.第六套：1 A student from Colombia may study in the United States and earn a Ph.D., teach at adistinguished university, and publish important books, but when he returns to visit Colombia, people to whom he is introduced will want to know to whom he is related. Colombians want to know who his family is because that places him in society much more so than any of his accomplishments in the United States.2．In Germany, there is a society that relies on rules, laws and regulations. Students expect their teachers to be experts who have all the answers. In the workplace, there is an inner need to work hard. Germany wants to reduce its risks to the minimum and proceed with changes step by step. 3．Employment decisions cannot be made on the basis of age, ancestry or ethnicity, disability, marital or parental status, race, religion, or sex.4．Time clocks are everywhere: In homes, cars, work sites, on wrists, at organized play sites. Many people report feeling uncomfortable not knowing the time. Perhaps only camping in the woods---without a radio and clocks--- can one be free of time awareness in the United States.第七套：1 Japanese advertising reflects Confucian and collectivistic values. Concepts of face and harmony relate to an indirect communication style, It is said that the goal of Japanese advertising is to win the trust and respect of the consumer; Taiwan advertising generally links the product to the consumer’s traditional Chinese values, such as family relations and respect for authority. 2．Disney’s ＄4.4 billion Euro Disney opened outside Paris in April 1992, later the park was losing ＄1 million a day. Disney was forced to take some measures; it had discounted its own value as a U.S. icon. It has now become the most popular tourist attraction in France.3．Post-World War ⅡJapanese products of the time were popularly known as “junk”, so General Douglas MacArthur asked Washington to send someone to help conduct a national census and assess Japan’s ability to rebuild. Dr. W. Edward Deming, a relatively unknown statistician for the U.S. government, was sent. Deming stressed achieving uniform results during production rather than through inspection at the end of the production line.Later, Dr. Joseph Juran lectured in Japan on extending quality from just manufacturing to the entire process from product design to product delivery to the customer. This and other efforts had by 1970s resulted in top-quality cameras, electronics, etc.Later, companies such as Lockheed and Honeywell started similar pilot programs, but the program did not fit in well with the dominant U.S value of individualism.Questions:（1）analyze the role of General MacArthur and Dr. Deming in the model?（2）why did the program did not have the same impact they had in Japan?第八套：1 When a person arrives in a new country, everything seems so new and exciting.2 An international student in a U.S. grocery may be asked, “Paper or plastic?” The student knows what paper is and what plastic is, but doesn’t understand the question.3 The practice of cao gio —rubbing coins with hot balm oil on the chest and back of a sick person —led to the jailing of one father, who subsequently committed suicide.4 The defendants, who were members of the Amish faith, refused to send their children, aged 14 and 15, to public school after the children had completed the eighth grade.第九套：1.Budweiser advertised to three regional subgroups: In California, Texas, and the Southwest, advertisements aimed at Spanish-speakers of Mexican heritage featured cowboys and cactus; In the Northeast, advertisements aimed at Puerto Ricans featured cityscapes and salsa music; and the Florida, advertisements aimed at Cubans featured palm trees, cigars, and bananas. Each advertisement featured differently accented Spanish and national-origin-appropriate music.2. The Nielsen study of Hispanic television viewing showed that Hispanics watch very differently TV shows than the general public does. Adults prefer Univision and Telemundo to the English-language network shows 3 to 1. Of English-language shows, only 1 in 4 of the top 10 shows shows preferred by the general public rated in the top 10 for Hispanics.3. Leslie Zhueng was a famous singer and movie star in Hong Kong. His fame and popularity brought a lot wealth to him. And he had a boyfriend, Mr. Tang.4. Southwest is the only major airline in the U.S. that has been profitable in each of the last five years. It has the youngest fleet, the best safety record, and awards for customer service. Like all the better-performing companies, Southwest Airlines has a well-defined set of values that helps the company to survive in those difficult times.第十套：1.A White male department manager posted training opportunities as required but strongly encouraged other White heterosexual man in the department to sign up. He never mentioned them to any women, ethnic group members, or lesbians and gay men.2.A new Spanish immigrant to the United States may have a strong feeling of discomfort, fear, or insecurity when he enters into the Unites States.参考答案第一套：1 This case can reflect one of features of subgroup ---Temporality. Membership in somegroup is temporary; that is, members may participate for a time and later become inactive or separate from it altogether.2 Every culture and subgroup provides its members with rules of behavior, or what are called rules and norms. Indeed, the extent to which a person is a member of a culture is often gauged by his or her adherence to norms. In communication studies, it is assumed that behavior governed by socially agreed-on norms or by one’s individual guidelines for behavior. Army personnel belongs to subgroups, therefore it has its own rules and norms . Salute is one of them.3.1)Li Lan asked to borrow money from her American friend Susan, which is rarely part of Western friendship. Li Lan and Susan have different expectations of friendship.2) In the West, people prefer to be independent and equal rather than dependent, so they don't feel comfortable in a relationship in which one person gives more and the other person is dependent on what is given. Among friends they mostly provide emotional support to each other and spend time together, so they rarely borrow or lend money to each other. They would ask for a loan from the bank rather than from their friends. While in China, people expect their friends to Be loyal to each other, and they even take risks for their friends. So they would give not only emotional support to each other but also concrete help to each other, such as helping to find a job, solving a problem, or even giving money to help one out over along period of time. So when a friend is in need, the first person he or she wants to ask for help is naturally his/her friend.3) As an American, Susan would like to help her Chinese friend Li Lan. But she didn't expect Li Lan would ask for money, which goes against the principle of independence and equality. While as a Chinese, Li Lan regarded Susan as her good friend, and she considered it natural to ask to borrow money from Susan when she needed the money urgently.）4) Li Lan first should try to get to know American culture as much as possible. She may also need to have a discussion with Susan about the different ways of friendship in both cultures. If possible, she could try to ask for a loan from a bank.5) Susan should also try to learn to understand Chinese culture. She could also have a discussion with Li Lan about the different expectation of friendship in both cultures. If she could understand the Chinese ways, she might help Li Lan out financially by lending her the money.第二套：1．In Chinese culture influenced by Confucianism, if someone does a favor for you, you should return the favor to them. This is very common for Chinese people .In the philosophy ofConfucianism Reciprocity are the base of relationships. Gratitude and indebtedness are important parts of Chinese culture. If a person feels uneasy to be indebted of someone , payback is necessary to achieve balance in the relationship.2．Interpretation refers to attaching meaning to sense data. The same situation can be interpreted quite differently by diverse people. The effect of culture is great. Applying these same cues to someone from another culture may not work. So people in the United States frequently err in guessing the age of Japanese individuals, such as judging a Japanese college student in mid-20s to be only 14 or 15.3．The distinctive process of preparing Chinese cuisine is based on Confucius and his philosophy fan and chai of balance. There is a division between fan, Chinese for grains and other starch foods, and chai vegetable and meat dishes. A balanced meal must have an appropriate amount of fan and chai.第三套：1. This case reflects one of the barriers to the effective intercultural communication----assuming similarity instead of difference. The Danish woman had assumed that Copenhagen is similar to New York, that what is commonly done in Copenhagen is also commonly done in New York.2. The reason why some people attribute sensible midday siestas in hot climates to laziness is that they negatively judge aspects of another culture by the standards of one’s own culture. This case reflects one of the barriers----- ethnocentrism.第四套：1 This case can reflect one of reasons for the persistence of prejudice--- socialization. Prejudicesare learned. Many prejudices are passed on from parents to children.2 The group’s stereotype of a lesbian influenced what they recalled having read. Stereotypes also impede communication when they cause us to assume that a widely held belief is true of any one individual. For example, if a group is stereotyped as dishonest, that does not mean that any on individual in that group is dishonest.3．This case can reflect one nonverbal communication category ---Proxemics. How much space we each want between ourselves and others depends on our cultural learning, our upbringing in our families, the specific situation, and our relationship with the people to whom we’re talking. The physical distance we want between ourselves and others does vary from culture to culture. 4. This case reflects one nonverbal communication category---Haptics. Haptics is communicating by touch. Touch can communicate a wide variety of messages. The meaning of touch depends on the kind of touch (hard, gentle, etc.) and the context. Different societies have different norms fortouching. These rules determine the kinds of touching that are appropriate for certain situations and social relationships.第五套：1. This case can reflect the lack of idiomatic equivalence between two cultures is a barrier to successful translation. 2 Language that are different often lack words that are directly translatable. This leads to the lack of vocabulary equivalence, which is one of the causes of translation problems.第六套：1．This case can reflect the differences between individualist culture and collectivist culture. Cultures characterized by collectivism emphasize relationships among people to a greater degree. Collectivist cultures stress interdependent activities and suppressing individual aims for the group’s welfare.2 This case can reflect the feature of high uncertainty avoidance cultures. Cultures strong in uncertainty avoidance are active, aggressive, emotional, compulsive, security seeking, and intolerant.3．Equality is an important cultural myth in the United States. The U.S. legal system promises equal treatment. It is popularly said that everyone should be treated equally. Everyone should have the same opportunity to work hard and succeed.4．In the United States, time is viewed as a commodity. Such phrases as “time is money,”“how much time do you have?”“ don’t waste time,” and “budget your time” are common. When time is thought of as a commodity, one needs to be constantly aware of it.第七套：1 This case can reflect the key to the diffusion and convergence processes across cultures isadaptation of the message to the receiving cultural. The key is to adapt to the local cultural, localize thinking, localize the product, and localize the marketing strategy.2 The introduction or rejection of an innovation has consequences for a society. All the parts of a culture are interrelated. One change can have repercussions in other areas. Not all of those consequences can be anticipated.3．(1) In this example, General Mac Arthur provided the opinion leadership and Dr. Deming was the change agent.(2) Because quality circles did not fit in well with the dominant U.S value of individualism.第八套：1. It’s the first stage of culture shock: “honeymoon stage” or initial euphoria.2. It’s the second stage of culture shock: disintegration of familiar cues and irritation hostility with the differences experienced in the new culture.3.This is one example of the differences between U.S. and Vietnamese cultures. Misunderstandings about folk medicine practiced by Vietnamese refugees have led to charges of child abuse and at least one suicide. Understanding of the cultural differences could help prevent further unfortunate incidents like this.4. After the eighth grade, Amish children may continue education at home on the farm to learn the practical skills of providing for family and community. Further education is discouraged as it instills feelings of superiority that would lead to placing the needs of the self over those of the community. So this example shows that the Amish people live separately from the dominant culture and maintain their own cultural identity.第九套：1 From these advertisements, we can discover that marketing to the Hispanic community involveds not only language and images that mean something to the buyer but also cultural traditions and valures. And the larger advertisers have learned that the Hispanic culture is not one culture but many.2. This study showed that Spanish language was the most important factor in reaching the Hispanic audience.3. Leslie Zhueng belonged to different subgroups and had various subgroup identities. According to region, he was a Hong Kong resident. According to occupation, he was a singer and actor. According to economic status, he was rich. And according to sexual orientation, he was a gay.4. Cooperate culture is a form of subgroup culture. Cooperate culture provides members in the organization a set of values and patterns of behavior. Like cultures, corporate culture has its own heroes, rituals, media and values.第十套：1. In the heterosexual White male dominant culture in the United States, women, ethnic group members, minorities groups and homosexual people often experience discrimination in employment activities.2. A new immigrant may experience culture shock when he enters into the United States. Cultural shock is psychological reaction, which naturally happens when a person enters into a new culture. There are certain syndromes at each period of culture shock.。
《跨文化交际》考试试题(附答案)
《跨文化交际》试题（附答案）Paper 1 Communication AnalysisThe following are three different cases of cross-cultural communication. In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon. Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding.Question 1Case 1:Chen Bing, a Chinese tour guide, is talking to a Canadian tourist, Luke Baines, who has no knowledge of Chinese at all. They are having dinner in a restaurant.Chen: This is Beijing duck, one of China's most famous dishes. You'll love it!Luke: No, thanks. I don't like duck. I prefer chicken.Question 2Case 2:Feng Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at a British university for some months. It has not been totally successful. They are discussing the situation in the laboratory.Feng Li: I don't know where it went wrong!Tom, Don't feel so bad. Cheer up, you've done your job.Feng Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure.Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I'll face the music.Feng Li: Tom, we are not playing children's games here. This is a scientific experiment.Tom, I've never taken the experiment as child’ s play, and I'm playing the game.Feng Li: You say you're playing the game! It's a rather important experiment!Feng Li walks out of the Laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.Question 3Case 3:This is a more complex situation where there are several things that require more informed cultural analysis. Find the cultural problems and explain the cultural differences. Jim and Li Zhen were students together at Leeds University in Britain. A year later, after graduating, Jim went to Shanghai as a visiting scholar on a year’s exchange.Jim had never been to China before. Li Zhen took him to a classical piano concert performed by a famous Chinese pianist. During the performance people were talking and at one stage someone ran up onto the stage and presented the pianist with a bunch of flowers during the playing of a particular musical item. This happened several times during the evening. It also happened when two singers were on stage singing some songs that he was playing. Jim thought all these things quite strange. At the end of the performance the audience applauded the pianist and he applauded them. The audience began to leave while the pianist remained on the stage.Paper 2 VocabularyChoose one word or expression from those in the box below to fill the gap in each of the sentences. Write the correct words in the spaces provided in your answer sheet. Do not change the forms of the4. After twenty five years working in the bank she decided on a different .5. Finally, after arguing about the meal for five minutes it was decided he would .6. Despite the circumstances of the accident there were still some that needed explanation.7. There are many different used when talking about people's relationships in China.8. "Mike! Meet Jane, the ."9. "Ok, the argument is over. Let's forget it, you know."10. People in English speaking countries also avoid losing face or hurting other people by telling .11. It is difficult for foreigners to understand British pub culture, especially the system of which all members of the group are expected to join in.12. It was a crushing blow to her, a hit when she received thenews that her husband had left her for another woman.13. In China there is a real sense of in social situations. Paper 3 TranslationTranslate the following passage from English into Chinese. Please write your translation on the answer sheet.What do we mean by "Intercultural Communications" or "IC"? This is not a description of the popular trend toward talking about international things or going overseas. IC is actually an academic and applied discipline that has developed internationally since the 1950s. Sometimes called "cross-cultural communications" or "comparative culture" , scholars most often use the prefix "inter" with the word "cultural" to describe the interaction between cultures. On one level, IC is represented by culture studies, where we examine the political, economic and lifestyle systems of other countries. On another level, it is applied linguistics, where we seek to understand the relationship between language and culture. Many Chinese English teachers and professors have been interested in this aspect since the 1980s - How to teach English in ways that help students also learn the basic communication practices of Britain, the US or other English speaking countries.But the discipline of Intercultural Communications is actually a broad and well-developed field of study. IC is an interdisciplinary application of fields like cultural anthropology, sociology, psychology (and social psychology), communication studies, applied linguistics and educational pedagogy. IC is a comprehensive attempt to understand all aspects of human cultures and how they interact with each other.To understand Intercultural Communications, we seek to understand tradition and modernization, consistency and change. As we understand some of the ongoing national characteristics of a people, we can examine how this culture is seen from the outside, how it interacts with other cultures and how it is changing. In the last thirty odd years, scholars have developed both theoretical framework for comparing cultures and some practical dimensions for considering the similarity and differences between them. One level of intercultural comparison is Cultural Identity. Another level of comparison is Verbal Communication. Another area receiving much attention is Nonverbal Communication. Paper 4 ReadingPassage 1 Questions 15-20In recent years criticisms have been voiced concerning sexist bias in the English language. It has been argued that some of the vocabulary and grammar we use reflects and reinforces a traditional view of the world asone in which men are dominant and women play a secondary role. Take the word 'chairman' for example. While this can in fact apply to people of both sexes, it appears to some people to be male-oriented as it ends in 'man'. In the past people taking the role of chairman were exclusively male and the word was obviously originally a compound of 'chair' and 'man'. Many English speakers, however, have ceased to view this word as a compound and no more feel it to be composed of these two units, than they perceive cupboard to be a composite of ' cup' and ' board'. In addition the continued use of chairman might be defended on the grounds that the final syllable is pronounced /m'n/ rather than /mn/, just like the final syllable of woman. Despite such considerations other speakers take a contrary view and are sensitive to the components of which it is made up. They clearly perceive it as a title that perpetuates traditional ideas about the place of women in society. For this reason they seek to replace it with neutral terms such as 'chairperson' or 'chair', so that it is now possible to ask questions such as; 'Who is chair of the committee?' Other changes advocated include the replacement of words such as 'postman', 'fireman' and 'policeman' with more clearly neutral terms such as 'postal worker', fire-fighter' and 'police officer’. There is, however, continuing controversy about how far such language changes should go. Should changes be considered for traditional idioms as 'man in the street' and titles such as 'Peking Man'? What about those words where the male meaning of 'man' is no longer dominant, such as 'manhandle'?To the extent that changes have taken place, they have done so more in the written language and formal pronouncements than in everyday speech. You would be quite likely to read in the paper that 'Postal workers are to receive a pay increase.' But 'Has the postman been?' would be most likely to be heard in informal conversation. Here 'postman’ remains firmly entrenched in popular usage.The extent to which language reflects and shapes attitudes and behaviors is a matter of conjecture. Chinese, Japanese, Persian and Turkish do not make the kinds of sex distinctions English makes through its system of pronouns, but it would be difficult to maintain that males who speak these languages are less sexist than males who speak English! Answer the following questions according to the above text:15. The general use of the word 'man' added to English words indicates .A. sexual feelingsB. sexual freedomC. sexist ideasD. sexist bias .16. Generally where language and sex are concerned in Britain .A. all people agree change is neededB. some people agree change is neededC. people can't make up their minds on the issueD. people think the issue is unimportant and not serious17. What example does the author give to support a defense of the word 'chairman'?18. What does the author argue for when the example 'manhandle' is given?19. What does the author have to say about the impact of language changes?20. What is the author's argument in the final paragraph?Passage 2 Questions 21-27Can Computers Do a Better Job Rating Stocks?Since May, Charles Schwab has been providing stock ratings to clients using a computerized system that it says tries to remove human bias.In particular, Schwab says, its system is meant to avoid the conflicts of interest that have plagued traditional brokerage firms, whose research analysts have often acted as cheerleaders for companies being courted by their investment bankers."We believe that our single biggest advantage is our objectivity," said Jerry Chafkin, Schwab's executive vice president for investment advice and products. " While the development of the methodology is human, the analysis is being performed systematically and automatically.Though Schwab is perhaps the most prominent financial services company to use a computer-driven rating system, several others, including Value Line and Zacks Investment Research, pick stocks in a similar way.The various systems produce very different ratings of individual stocks, and their ability to outperform a market index fund over time has not been proved conclusively. The verdict is still out as to whether computers do it better than people. What is clear, though, is that the major computerized systems hand out fewer positive stock ratings than do Wall Street analysts, who seem to give them out very generously.People who run computerized selection systems criticize traditional Wall Street analysis as having institutional conflicts of interest, as well as individual bias. "I am very suspicious about opinions and judgments and emotions by humans in individual stock selection," said Samuel Eisenstadt, Value Line's research director.However, the computer-driven stock-picking systems must rely on the selection criteria of their creators. All try to isolate factors that their developers believe have the greatest ability to predict share prices. Most models compare a company9s historical earnings growth with that of other companies. And many track the extent to which earnings havesurprised analysts.Many firms use their computer-based stock-rating systems as marketing tools.The designers of these systems say they should be judged on how a group of stocks performs over time. But all the systems assume, as do stock analysts on Wall Street, that superior research, by humans, and analysis can select a group of stocks that will outperform the market averages over the long run.Market analysts say it is too soon to assess the fledgling Schwab system or new models, like Microsoft's year-old Stock-ScouterMark the following statements True (T) / False (F) / Not Given (NG) according to the information provided in the text.Write T, or F or NG on your answer sheet in the spaces provided for questions.21. Charles Schwab is a computer company.22. The method of operation by Schwab is done automatically.23. 'Value Line' and 'Zacks' have similar operating methods to Schwab.24. There is no conclusive proof that computers perform better than humans.25. Wall Street analysts are generous in rating stocks.26. Human beings make value judgments according to the research director of 'Value Line'.27. Analysts are surprised at the growth rate of share prices.答案及评分标准Paper 1: Communication Analysis●The following points should be covered in the analysis.●Award one point for each of the points covered (underlined). Paper 2: Vocabulary●One point for each item.●Answers must be the same as the key.4. vocation5. foot the bill6. grey areas7. kin terms8. trouble and strife 9. live and let live10. white lies 11. buying a round12. below the belt 13. communityPaper 3: Translation14.“跨文化交际”或“IC”是指什么呢?这并不是对于谈论国际事务或出国大潮的描述。
跨文化交际课程期末考试资料
跨文化交际课程期末考试资料1. privacyprivacy: It could be understood as the right of an individual to self-determination as to the degree to which the individual is willing to share with others information about himself that may be compromised by unauthorized exchange of such information among other individuals or organizations.2.collectivist cultureCollectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we” cultures because basic unit is thein-group or collective.3. culture shockculture shock：It is a psychological phenomenon that is experienced most often by those who, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, in the process of adjusting themselves to a new culture. Culture shock refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture4.Non-verbal communicationIt refers to communication through a whole variety of different types of signal come into play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other.5. IndividualismIndividualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence，individual expression, and even privacy.6.Assimilation is the degree to which an individual relinquishes an original culture for another .when individuals are assimilated into a mainstream culture,they lose their previous culture.7. NormsNorms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.8身势语行为Kinesics：is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements including facial expressions,gestures,posture and stance ,and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages.9.Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.10. ParalanguageParalanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message11.proxemics refers to the perception and use of space including territoriality and personal space.12.跨文化能力intercultural competence:refers to the ability to understand and adapt to the target culture;in another word,it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity,i.e,the ablity to behavein an appropriate way and to regulate one’s communication and interaction according to the context13.uncertainty avoidance deals with a society’s tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity ;it ultimately refers to man’s search for truth.是关于一个社会对不确定性和模棱两可的容忍程度。
英语专业跨文化交际试题
英语专业跨⽂化交际试题试卷代号：1028中央⼴播电视⼤学2006—2007学年度第⼆学期“开放本科”期末考试英语专业跨⽂化交际试题2007年7⽉注意事项⼀、将你的学号、姓名及分校(⼯作站)名称填写在答题纸的规定栏内。
考试结束后，把试卷和答题纸放在桌上。
试卷和答题纸均不得带出考场。
⼆、仔细阅读题⽬的说明，并按题⽬要求答题。
答案⼀定要写在答题纸指定的位置上，写在试卷上的答案⽆效。
三、⽤蓝、⿊圆珠笔或钢笔答题，使⽤铅笔答题⽆效。
Information for the Examinees:This examination consists of three sections. These are:Section I: Language Appropriacy and Accuracy (30 points)Section Ⅱ: Reading Comprehension (30 points)Section Ⅲ: Communication Analysis (40 points)The total marks for this examination are 100 points. Time allowed for completing this examination is 90 minutes.Section I: Language Appropriacy and Accuracy [30 points]lnstructions: There are altogether 15 statements below. You are offered four choices marked with A, B, C, and D for each statement. Choose the most appropriate one and put it on the Answer Sheet.1. He said the government would not allow anyone to do something secretly andunofficially and seize power by force.A. sneak in by the back doorB. do the doakeyworkC. knock on the doorD. beat a path to someone's door2. She gave me a black look.A. looked at me blindlyB. looked at me happilyC. looked at nle madly D, looked at nle angrily3. Fie moonlights two other jobs though, his accounts are still in the --A. red B, blackC. greenD. pink4. To her, translating from French to Dutch is --A. a dealB. a piece of cakeC. a willD. a cake5. The English equivalent for the Chinese phrase "吹⽜" will be___A. talk bullB. blow wolfC. blow bullD. talk horse6. We've been in a confused situation this week.A. at sixes and sevensB. at sevens and eightsC. in a messD. at a lost7. He's extremely shy and withdrawn, though it may be that --A. still waters run very deepB. a wise man plays a foolC. a wise man plays footballD. deep waters run no wave8. One day, out of the blue, his long lost daughter appeared in the street, armed with a blond gentleman.A. dressed in blueB. very happilyC. unexpectedlyD. very sadly9. Why is it so difficult for the Democrats to __ on the issue of mismanaging the econorny?A. go for the earB. go for the cheekC. go for the eyeD. go for the jugular10. This young Italian-born dancer is the person who is expected to bring success to the Royal Ballet.A. the white hopeB. the red hopeC. the green hopeD. the black hope11. Today, Lisa told me that she got out of the bed on the wrong side.A. forgot which was lhe right sideB. was in bad moodC. bad a bad dreamD. had a bad luck12. "I don't bare money to fight him. These people are all the time in court, anyway."Philip says. "But and I have lots of patience."A. every dog has its dayB. every dog is fortunateC. every cat is luckyD. every cat has its day13. Al "Stuart says some really strange things sometimes."B: "Sometimes? All the time! He's nuts!"A. crazyB. foolishC. funnyD. stubborn14. Though it's raining eats and dogs, he kept standing in the rain for one hour withouta word.A. it's raining heavilyB. there were so many eats and dogs aroundC, it's stormingD. it's windy heavily15. The English equivalent for Chinese proverb "杀鸡给猴看" is --A. beat the cat before the lionB, kill the dog to frighten the tigerC. kill the chicken to frighten the monkeyD. heat the dog be{ore the lionSection Ⅱ: Reading Comprehension [30 points]Part 1: Questions 16--20 are based on this part. (1,5 points)Read Passage I and then answer Questions 16 g0 briefly. Write your answers on the Ahswer Sheet.Passage 1In order to be skillful in cross-cultural communication, managers ust have knowledgeof each culture they are dealing with. Ethics come into playing a big part of cross-euhural communication. What is considered unethical or illegal in the U. S. may not Be considered the same with other cultures.Americans tend to be legalistic and adversarial. They defend themselves with legally binding contracts, which is not only tolerated by Americans, but they consider it an essental business practice. However, the Japanese do not follow this practice. In Japan, they ro business with people the Japanese know and trust, rarely using the law to handle conflicts between the two parties. One American firm arrived iu Japan to negotiate a ioint venture with a contract in their hands. In the first meeting, the Americans put the 50-page conlrac; in front of the twelve Japanese negotiators. The meeting took the entire afternoon and no:it of the Japanese negotiators opened the contracts and they only talked about general busiiess conditions in both countries. After the meeting, the Americans could not get the ]apanese to the negotiating table again and had to leave the country empty-handed. The Japanese now having the contract at the first meeting rude and decided not to do business with such an inept firm.Another example is of an American firm trying to get an acceptable price for their product from a Japanese buyer. The Americans presented a very detailed presentation rna offered what they felt was a reasonable price. After a few moments of silence, the Americans thought the Japanese were going to reject the offer so they lowered the price. There was more silence by the Japanese. The Americans then said they would lower their price one hsi time and that this was the lowest they could go. The Japanese accepted this offer after a Brief silence. The Japanese later said the first price was within an acceptable range, but it was their custom to consider the proposal silently before giving their decision. The Americans lost a lot of profit by jumping the gun and believing the Japanese respond just llke otherAmericans.16. What is the main idea of the opening paragraph?17. In the first exampie,why did the Americans fail in the negotiation?18. What does the first example illustrate?19. In the second example, why did the Americans lower the first price?2O. What is the Japanese custonl in accepting an offer?Part 2: Questions 21--25 are based on this part. (15 points)Read Passage 2 and then decide whether Statements 21--25 are True or False according to tile information given in tile passage. Write "T" for true and "F" for false on the Answer Sheet.Passage 2Culture is shaped by attitudes learned in childhood and later internalized in adulthood.As we enter this current period of globalization and multieulturalism, we should expect to make adjustments and adopt new attitudes.Rules, values, and attitudes of a culture are not inherent. They are learned and passed down from generation to generation. For example, in many Middle Eastern and some Asian cultures, same-sex people may walk with hand-in-hand in the street, but opposite-sex people may not do so. In Arab cultures conversations are often held in close proximity, sometimes nose to nose. Bul in western cultures if a person stands too close, one may react as ifviolated: "He ;vas all over me like a rash." Cultural rules of behavior learned from yourfamily and society are conditioned from early childhood.The rules in any culture originated to reinforce that culture's values and beliefs. Theyact as normative forces. For example, in Japan the original barbie doll was a failure for many reasons, one of which was her toothy smite. Japan is a country where women cover theirmouths with their hands when they laugh so as not to expose their teeth. Exposing one'steeth is not only immodest but also aggressive. Although current cultural behavior may sometimes seem silly and illogical, nearly all serious rules and values originate in deep seared beliefs. Rules about exposing teeth or how close to stand are linked to values about sexuality, aggression, modesty, and respect. Acknowledging the inherent logic of a cultureis extremely important when learning to accept behavior that differs from one's own cultural behavior. Culture is the basis for how we tell the world, who we are and what we beLieve. Peoplebuild their identities through cultural overlays to their primary culture. North Americans,for example, make choices in education, career, place of employment, and life partner. Each o~ these choices Brings with it a set of rules, manners, ceremonies, hellefs, language, and values. They add to one's total cultural outlook, and they represent major expressions of a person's self-identity.To outsiders, the way we act those things that we do in daily life and work -- is the most visible parts of our culture. In Japan, for instance, harmony with the environment is important. Thus, when attending a flower show, a woman would wear a dress with pastelrather than primary colors to avoid detracting from the beauty of the flowers. And in India people avoid stepping on ants or insects Because they believe in reincarnation and are careful about all forms of life. These practices are outward symbols of deeper values that areinvisible but that pervade everything we think and do.2l,. In Western cultures conversations are often held in close proximity.Z2. Cultural rules of behavior are conditioned {rom early childhood.23. Exposing one's teeth is immodest according to the Japanese culture.24. North Americans choose their life partners based on a set of rules, manners andvalues.25. It is the visible values of culture that pervade everything we think and do.Section {][I: Communication Analysis [40 points]Instructions: The following are three different cases of cross-cultural communication. In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon. Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding in each case by answering Questions 26 28 respectively. Your analysis of each case should be 100 150 words. Write your answerson the Answer Sheet.Note! Your writing ability will also be assessed in this section of the test.Case 1 (10 points)I have an American friend. I have invited him to my home several times, and at long lasthe invited me to his home one day. He told me to get there at 3 pm. I thought we could chat and have a meal together. I gave him a Chinese calendar, a woman's scarf and a bottle of Chinese white wire:. He only took out a dish of nuts, a plate of bread and a boule of wine.After two hour's chat, I found there was no hint of a meal and said goo&bye to him. Heonly gave me a box of chocolate as a present for the New Year. After I got home, I found the box had already been opened. 1 was very surprised.Question 26: What surprised me?Case 2 (15 points)Tom, an American, went to a Chinese home for the first time. He was offered some tea. Just when the first cup was about to finish, more tea was added. He drank the secondcup. Then the cup was filled the third time. Then he drank it, then "' until he was quitefull. Tom was totally confused by the way o{ entertaining.Question 27: Why was Tom totally confused?Case 3 (15 points)Study the following two short speeches. One is given by a Hong Kong Chinese and the other by an American businessman.A. Because most of our production is done in China now, and it's not really certain howHong Kong will be like after 1997, and since I think a certain amount of caution incommitting to TV advertisement is necessary because of the expense. So, I suggest that we delay making our decision until after Legeo makes its decision.B. I suggest that we delay making our decision until after Legco makes its decision.That's because I think a certain amount of caution in committing to TV advertisement isnecessary because of the expense. In addition to that, most of our production is done ir,China now, and it's not really certain how Hong Kong will be like after 1997.Question 28:Which speech might be given by the Chinese and which by the American? Give your reasons.试卷代号：1028中央⼴播电视⼤学2006—2007学年度第⼆学期“开放本科”期末考试英语专业跨⽂化交际试题答案及评分标准(供参考)2007年7⽉Section I: Language Appropriacy and Accuracy (30 points, 2 points each. )1. A2. D3. .A4. B 5, D6. A7. A 8, C 9, D 10. A11. B 12. A 13. A 14. A 15. DSection ]]: Reading Comprehension [30 points]Part 1.15 points, 3 points each. 0.5 point off for each grammar/spelling mistake, but at most! point can be deducted for each item for tile grammar/spelling mistakes. The exact wording is not required, but the meaning must be the same. )16. In order to be skillful in cross cultural communication, managers must haveknowledge of each culture they are dealing with,17. The Japanese saw having the contract at the first meeting rude and decided not to dobusiness with such an inept firm.18, Americans defend themselves with legally binding contracts while the Japanese do business with people they know and trust, rarely using the law to handle conflicts between Ihe two parties.19. Because the Americans thought the Japanese were going to reject the offer.20. Consider the proposal silently before giving their decision.Part 2. (15 points, 3 points each. )21. F gg.T 23. T 24. T 25. FSection m: Communication Analysis [40 points]Question 26.Case 1 (10 points, 7 points for the analysis, 3 points for overall language quality. )1)In China, a visit to home always includes a meal. And the guest always brings arelatively rich present to the host. And the present should be well wrapped or untouched.2)In the west, a visit to home only means a meeting, not necessarily including a meal.And the present is treated not as important as it is in China.3)1 acted in a way that was based on Chinese customs, so I felt the American way wasvery interesting (unusual).Question 27.Case 2 (15 points, 10 points for the analysis, 5 points for overall language quality. )1)Traditional Chinese custom requires that during tile course of entertaining, the hosthas to always pour more wine or tea to the guest's glass or cup, and always adds more food to the guest's plate or bowl without asking whether it's wanted.2)Chinese guests know how to respond to this type of hospitality. They simply leave thewine, tea, or food in the container and stop having any more. But Tom, the American guest in the case didn't know this. 3) He followed the politeness rule of his culture: it's not good manners to leave food inone's own plate at a dinner table. Therefore, without any knowledge of the differencesbetween the two cultures, an Ameriean guest would very likely suffer from either drinking or eating too much in such a situation.Question 28.Case 3 (15 points, 10 points for the analysis, 5 points for overall language quality. )1)The message of the two versions is the same but the way it is expressed is different.)The first speech is made by the Chinese. Even though the words and sentences of the speaker are quite clear, it does not seem quite clear what the speaker's main point is.3)The second is wha! the Western people might expect.4)The reason lies in the different discourse patterns between Chinese and English. Thedeductive (topic-first) pattern is prevalent in the West. The Chinese and other Asians favor the inductive (topic delayed) pattern. The Western people are in the habit of directly expressing their ideas, while the Chinese employ an indirect way when presenting theirideas.。
05级跨文化交际试卷1
05级跨文化交际试卷1Achievement Test for Intercultural Communication Course(05’CE-R1-a, July 2007) (Paper One, Type A)Part I. Reading Comprehension (20%)Directions: In this section there are two passages. Read each of them carefully and then answer each question at the end of each passage. Please write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneQuestions 1-3 are based on the following passage:In China, it is the parents, usually the father, who make all important decisions for the children. It is the father, for example, who will usually make decisions concerning what and where the children should study. This is in marked contrast to Australian families where children play an increasingly important role in deciding such matters as they grow older. This independence is also shown in the Australian custom of children leaving home to live independently of their parents long before marriage. There are few if any opportunities for young people to set up independently in this fashion in China. Indeed, the Australian practice in this regard can be seen from a Chinese perspective to indicate that Australians do not care about their families.Australian children are more likely to be expected to work while they are studying than their Chinese counterparts. This can also apply to household chores, with Chinese parents expecting their offspring to devote their time to their studies. Children may be excused such duties right up to marriage, so that married life can sometimes come as a rude awakening to the need to cook and clean.Whereas in Australia students may work during the holidays or part-time during term, such activity is rare in China. The situation has changed somewhat since the end of the 1980s, with some students taking work as tutors or providing various services such as dressmaking. But the initial public reaction was one of shock. It is then, still viewed as primarily the parents’ responsibility to support their children while they are pursuing their education. Money spent in this way is under no circumstances regarded as a loan, to be repaid when the children finish their education and have secured a job. University students in Australia also receive financial assistance from their parents and there is in some families an understanding that this will be repaid once they are financially independent. To many Chinese this may smack( 带有……味道)of lack of love and family feeling.The Australian emphasis on fostering independence in children from an early age runs counter to the Chinese view. Chinese children are not expected to be autonomous of their families to the same extent, with dependence on parents up to the time they are married. Dependence is the inevitable corollary and not something to be shed as soon as possible but the expression of strong family bonds of affection.1. According to the passage, who, the Australian children or the Chinese children, make important decisions for themselves as they grow older?2. What might we Chinese think of the Australian practice of letting children live independently?3. In Australia, no children are expected to pay back the money loaned by their parents for their university education. Please decide whether this statement is True or False.Passage TwoQuestions 4-5 are based on the following passage:A culture can also be understood as a particular way to satisfy our human needs.All human beings have certain basic needs. Everyone of us needs to eat and to make friends, for instance. Abraham Maslow, a psychologist, has suggested that people all over the world share five basic needs:1). The physiological needs --- Our fundamental needs for things that keep us alive, things such as food, water, air, rest, clothing, shelter, and all necessary to sustain life. These needs come first. We must meet them or we will die.2). The safety needs --- First we need to stay alive, and then we need to be safe. There are two kinds of safety needs: the need to be physically safe and the need to be psychologically secure. That is why various insurance programs are becoming increasingly popular nowadays.3). The belongingness needs --- Once we are alive and safe, we then try to satisfy our social needs, the needs to be with and accepted by other people. For example, the need for friendship is universal.4). The esteem needs --- These are needs for recognition, respect, reputation. The needs involve self-esteem (thinking well of ourselves) and the esteem of others. Efforts to achieve, to accomplish, and to master things and people are often efforts to gain respect and attention from others and from ourselves.5). The self-actualization needs --- The highest need of a person is to actualize oneself, to reach one’s full potential, to become all that he or she might be. No one ever satisfies this need completely, partly because we are too busy trying to satisfy our lower needs.According to Maslow, people satisfy those needs in the order mentioned above.A good way to visualize the order is to think of a pyramid. People are always trying to climb the pyramid. You have to climb over the first step before you can get to the second. You must pass the second before you reach the third, and so on.Though the basic human needs are often said to be universally the same, people all over the world satisfy these needs in different ways. Each culture offers its people a number of options for satisfying any particular human need. Some of these options are widely shared across cultures, but many others are not. Just as Maslow has stated, ends in themselves are far more universal than the roads taken to achieve those ends since the roads are determined locally in the specific culture.4. Do you agree that our lower needs always have to be satisfied before we can try to satisfy the higher needs? Why or why not?5. Why do people all over the world satisfy those five basic needs in different ways?Part II. Situational Dialogues (10%)Directions: Complete the following dialogues by choosing the best answer. Then write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.6. Rob: H ey Jill, you’re looking great.Jill: Thanks, Rob. ______________Rob: Well, you did it. How?Jill: I jog every morning, and I go to aerobics（增氧健身法）every other day.A. I bought this dress yesterday. Really smart.B. You are looking fine too.C. I’m recovering fine too.D. My New Year’s resolution was to get in shape.7. Bob: Hi Jane. How are you?Jane: ____________ I didn’t sleep a wink last night. The people next door were making a lot of noise again till very late at night.A. I’m feeling a bit out of sorts this morning.B. Fine, thank you. And you?C. I slept like a log and didn’t want to get out of bed.D. It seems a bit unusual, you know.8. Ann: Aah! He’s gorgeous! Look at those big, golden paws. When did you ge t him?Roger: Yesterday. _____________Ann: Oh, right. What kind is she?Roger: A Labrador.A. Susan’s got a more beautiful one.B. What’s up?C. It’s a she actually.D. Isn’t it right?9. Tina: Wow, look at all the things on sales. ____________Andrew: Yes. Look, this shirt is 50% off.Tina: And look at these shoes. They are 30% off the normal price.A. I’d like to buy a shirt.B. There are some real bargains.C. Are the prices reasonable?D. These shoes are the same as mine.10. Customs Officer: _____________Mrs. Johnson: No, nothing at all.Customs Officer: No perfume, alcohol or cigarettes?Mrs. Johnson: Well, I have 200 cigarettes; that’s all.A. Do you have anything in the bag, ma’am?B. Do yo u have anything to declare, ma’am?C. Do you want to buy something, ma’am?D. Is there anything I can do for you, ma’am?11. Linda: Hello. I’d like to send this package, please.Clerk: ______________Linda: First class. How long will that take?Clerk: About three days.A. How would you like to send it?B. Which class are you in?C. Where do you want to send it to?D. Which class is it in?12. James: Could I have my bill, please? Can I pay by credit card or eurocheque? Receptionist: _____________James: I’ll pay by credit card, then.Receptionist: That’s fine. I hope you enjoyed your stay here.A. Here’s your bill.B. Sorry, we don’t take credit card.C. You can pay by eurocheque.D. Yes, we take both.13. Stan: Thank you from the bottom of my heart for saving my little girl’s life. John: ______________Stan: I can’t tell you how much I appreciate what you’ve done.John: I’m just happy I could help.A. There’s nothing to be afraid of.B. This is a wonderful day.C. Anybody would have done the same.D. I am glad to save her.14. Harry: I hear you are going to get married soon.Ron: That’s right, next June. June 21st. Can you come to the wedding? Harry: Oh! _____________ That’s when we’re away on vacation.Ron: Never mind we’ll send you some wedding cake.A. That’s great!B. What a pity!C. You have my deepest sympathy.D. You certainly can.15. Karen: I’m not optimistic about finding a job after I finish college.Joseph: Oh? Why not?Karen: The economy is going downhill-fast.Joseph: I know. ___________ It’s getting to the point where even a degree won’t help you anymore.Karen: That’s right. And I’ll be lucky to even move out of my parents’ house.A. My friend could offer me a job.B. I am not sure where I agree or not.C. How do you feel about the economy?D. What is this world coming to?Part III. Translation from English into Chinese or the Other Way Round(20%)Directions: Put the first five into Chinese and another five into English and then write your translation on the Answer Sheet.16. God helps those who help themselves._______________________________________________________________ __17. As you sow, so you reap._______________________________________________________________ __18. Many hands make light work._______________________________________________________________ __19. Action speak loader than words._______________________________________________________________ __20. Difficulties in intercultural communication arise when there is no awarenessof different cultural values and beliefs._________________________________________________________________21. 红白喜事_________________________________________________________________22. 鸡皮疙瘩________________________________________________________________23. 小菜一碟________________________________________________________________24. 受青睐的人_________________________________________________________________25. 凡人皆有得意日。
跨文化交际导论期末试题B卷
1 s2 m3 q4 k5 j6 t7 o8 n9e 10 p11 h 12 a 13 l 14 c 15 r 16 d 17i 18g 19 b 20 f1 Interpretation refers to attaching meaning to sense data. The same situation can be interpreted quite differently by diverse people. The effect of culture is great. Applying these same cues to someone from another culture may not work. So people in the United States frequently err in guessing the age of Japanese individuals, such as judging a Japanese college student in mid-20s to be only 14 or 15.2 This case can reflect the differences between individualist culture and collectivist culture. Cultures characterized by collectivism emphasize relationships among people to a greater degree. Collectivist cultures stress interdependent activities and suppressing individual aims for the group’swelfare.3 This case can reflect the lack of idiomatic equivalence between two cultures is a barrier to successful translation. Language that are different often lack words that are directly translatable. This leads to the lack of vocabulary equivalence, which is one of the causes of translation problems.1. In the direct style, associated with individualism, the wants, needs, and desires of the speaker are embodied in the spoken message. In the indirect style, associated with collectivism, the wants, needs, and goals of the speaker are not obvious in the spoken message.2Translation problems usually arise when communicators speak different languages and hold different cultures. They are the lack of vocabulary equivalence, the lack of idiomatic equivalence, the lack of grammatical- syntactical equivalence, lack of experiential equivalence, the lack of conceptual equivalence.3. The use of silence in communication is different from culture to culture. Silence can communicate agreement, apathy, awe, confusion, contemplation, disagreement, embarrassment, obligation, regret, repressed hostility, respect, sadness, thoughtfulness, or any number of meanings. In eastern cultures, silence has long been regarded as a virtue. While in western cultures, silence has generally been considered socially disagreeable. To most people in the United States, silence means lack of attention and lack of initiative. To the Chinese, silence means agreement.假如你不了解另一种文化，在交际过程中就会很容易出现假定一致性。
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3. How does culture influence our language?
communication.
7.The concept of "
", refers to effectively adjusting and adapting to a specific culture or 3. In Thailand and Laos, it is rude for a stranger or acquaintance to touch a child on the top of the
which the source attends and assigns meaning.
1. During World War II, the Allies had issued the Potsdam Ultimatum demanding the surrender of
2.
deals with a culture’s most fundamental beliefs about its place in the cosmos, beliefs the Japanese military to end the war. Prime Minister Suzuki said, “The government does not see
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评卷人
Part IV English-Chinese translation: translate the following two paragraphs into Chinese. (10×2=20)
1. A foreigner’s first impression of the U.S. is likely to be that everyone is in a rush—often under pressure. City people always appear to be hurrying to get where they are going, restlessly seeking attention in a store, or elbowing others as they try to complete their shopping. Racing through daytime meals is part of the pace of life in this country.
result is that people lose their previous culture.
6. _______ is the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the
2. In 1998 the World Cup was held in Japan and Korea and people argued whether to ban eating dogs in Korea at that time, because western people believe dogs are friends, but not food.
experience.
15.
refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion, or hatred of a particular group, raceon.
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评卷人
Part I. Fill in the blanks. Choose one word or expression from those in the box below to fill the gap in each of the sentences. Write the correct letters in the blanks on your answer sheet. （2×20=40）
unequally. 线
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院系 年级 专业 姓名 学号
黑龙江大学 2005-2006 学年春季学期大学英语跨文化交际课程期末试题
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得分 评卷人 Part III Answer the following questions. (5×3=15)
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1. How do people from different cultures understand “silence”? 线
13. Human perception is usually thought of as a three-step process of ________, organization, and
interpretation.
14. ______refers to a set of words or terms that are shared by those with a common profession or
16. ________ refers to attaching meaning to sense data and is synonymous with decoding.
17. Confucius encouraged a sense of __________and harmony.
18.The
from “ignore” to “treat with silent contempt.” The Allies took it as the most offensive meaning. .
5.
is the degree to which an individual relinquishes an original culture for another. And the
分 分 分 分 分 100 70% 试 现
20 10 分分
得
分
man’s search for Truth.
12. ________refers to manners and behaviors considered acceptable in social and business situation.
得分
评卷人 Part II Case Analysis (You are required to state cultural
phenomenon in each case). (5×3=15)
1.
refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to
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behaviors of a relatively large group.
9.Hofstede’s
Index measures the extent to which the less powerful members of
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organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed
about God, and beliefs about the nature of humanity and nature.
much value in it. All we have to do is Mokusatsu it. ” But the word Mokusatsu can mean anything
refer to the ability to understand and adapt the target culture; in another word, it refers to the
a. acculturation b. Culture c. Nonverbal communication d. Context e. Assimilation f. Enculturation g. World view h. balance i. Feedback j. Power distance k. Uncertainty avoidance l. individualist m. Symblos n. Interpretation o. selection p. Sensation q. Prejudice r. Etiquette s. Jargon t. intercultural competence
subculture.
head because the head is regarded as the home of the spirit or soul. It is believed that a child’s
8. ____ is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the spirit or soul is not strong enough to be touched and has tendency to become ill if patted.
院系 年级 专业 姓名 学号 考试课程
黑龙江大学 2005-2006 学年春季学期大学英语跨文化交际课程期末试题
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2005-2006 学年春季学期大学英语跨文化交际课程期末试题（A 卷）
10. In the
culture, the interest of the individual prevails over the interests of the group.