proposal sample
proposal samples
A list of safety regulations should be clearly displayed in the company canteen and main offices.
New staff should be informed and trained of the company’s safety regulations and policy.
Sincerely yours,
Li Wei
Table of Contents
ExecutiveSummaryPage xx
Introductionxx
Objective xx
Scope xx
Time Length and Arrangements xx
Expenses for Each Student Z大学建立了一种正式的关系，开始了一个交流项目。
根据这个计划，来自强生大学的12名教师已经来到XYZ，来自XYZ的11名教师已经来到了强生公司。
该计划进展顺利，双方都取得了丰硕成果。
Introduction
The proposal is to illustrate facts and argue for the feasibility of having Johnson & Wales students in XYZ for the summer sessions, noting particularly thepurpose, the ideal number of students to come, conditions here for the program and costs for each student. Finally, somerecommendationswill be put forward.
英语proposal格式及范文
英语proposal格式及范文Proposal Format and Sample.Format:A proposal typically follows a structured format to ensure clarity and professionalism. Here's a generaloutline of the proposal format:1. Cover Page: This includes the title of the proposal, your name, contact information, and the date. It also provides a brief overview of the proposal's purpose.2. Table of Contents: Lists the main sections of the proposal and their corresponding page numbers.3. Introduction: Introduces the topic or project, explains its importance, and provides a brief overview of the proposal's contents.4. Background: Details the current situation or context of the project, highlighting any relevant issues or challenges.5. Objective: States the specific goal or purpose of the project.6. Scope: Defines the boundaries of the project, specifying what is included and what is not.7. Methodology: Describes the approach or methods to be used to achieve the project's objectives.8. Timeline: Outlines the key milestones and estimated timeframes for project completion.9. Resources: Lists the required resources, including personnel, equipment, and any additional support.10. Budget: Details the estimated costs and potential funding sources.11. Risk Management: Identifies potential risks and proposes strategies to mitigate them.12. Conclusion: Summarizes the proposal's main points and reiterates the project's objectives and benefits.13. Appendices: Includes any additional documents or materials that support the proposal.Sample Proposal:[Cover Page]Title: Proposal for the Establishment of a Green Energy Initiative.Your Name: John Doe.Contact Information: [Your Contact Details]Date: [Proposal Submission Date][Table of Contents]1. Introduction.2. Background.3. Objective.4. Scope.5. Methodology.6. Timeline.7. Resources.8. Budget.9. Risk Management.10. Conclusion.[Introduction]With the increasing global focus on sustainable development, the adoption of green energy sources has become crucial. This proposal aims to establish a green energy initiative in our organization, aiming to reduce carbon emissions and promote environmentally friendly practices.[Background]In recent years, the need for sustainable energy solutions has become urgent. The adverse effects of climate change and the depletion of fossil fuels have highlighted the need for alternative energy sources. Green energy not only reduces carbon emissions but also provides long-term economic and environmental benefits.[Objective]The primary objective of this initiative is to reduce our organization's carbon emissions by 30% within the nextfive years. Additionally, we aim to raise awareness about green energy and encourage its adoption among employees and stakeholders.[Scope]The scope of this initiative includes the installation of solar panels, energy-efficient appliances, and the development of a green energy awareness program. It excludes the installation of wind turbines andhydroelectric plants due to their high upfront costs and logistical challenges.[Methodology]To achieve the objective, we propose the following approach:1. Conduct a feasibility study to assess the potential of solar energy in our area.2. Identify and partner with reliable suppliers forsolar panels and energy-efficient appliances.3. Develop an implementation plan, including a timeline and budget.4. Launch the green energy awareness program to educate employees and stakeholders about the benefits of green energy.[Timeline]Month 1: Complete feasibility study.Month 2-3: Identify and partner with suppliers.Month 4: Develop implementation plan.Month 5-12: Execute implementation plan.Month 13: Evaluate results and make necessary adjustments.[Resources]Personnel: Project Manager, Technical Team, Marketing Team.Equipment: Solar panels, energy-efficient appliances.Additional Support: Consulting services forfeasibility study.[Budget]Feasibility Study: $10,000。
提议作文模板英语六级
提议作文模板英语六级Proposal Writing Templates for the English Test Level 6。
I. Introduction。
Begin with a hook to capture the reader's attention.State the purpose of the proposal and provide background information.Clearly define the problem or need that the proposal aims to address.II. Problem/Need Statement。
Elaborate on the specific problem or need being targeted.Provide evidence and data to support the existence and severity of the issue.Explain why the problem or need is important to address.III. Proposed Solution。
Present a detailed description of the proposed solution.Explain how the solution will address the identified problem or need.Highlight the specific goals and objectives of the proposal.IV. Methodology。
Describe the specific steps or activities that will be undertaken to implement the proposed solution.Provide a timeline for the implementation process.Identify the resources and personnel required to carry out the plan.V. Evaluation Plan。
Proposal模板
Proposal模板[Your Name][Your Title/Position][Your Organization/Business][Date][Recipient's Name][Recipient's Title/Position][Recipient's Organization][Address]Subject: Proposal for [Project/Initiative]Dear [Recipient's Name],I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to present a proposal for [Project/Initiative] on behalf of [Your Organization/Business]. After conducting thorough research and analysis, we believe that this project/initiative aligns with your organization's goals and has the potential to bring significant benefits to both parties involved.1. Executive Summary:2. Introduction and Background:Provide a detailed introduction to yourorganization/business and the purpose of the proposal. Describe the background of the project/initiative, including the factors that led to its development. This will provide context and help the recipient understand the relevance and importance of the proposal.3. Objectives and Goals:Clear and measurable objectives and goals should be established for this project/initiative. Outline what you hope to achieve and specify tangible results that can be expected. These objectives should be aligned with the recipient organization's mission and vision to showcase the mutual benefits of collaboration.4. Methodology and Approach:5. Benefits and Impact:6. Budget and Funding:Provide a detailed budget for the project/initiative, including a breakdown of costs for different activities and resources required. Indicate the funding sources available, whether it is self-funded or if you are seeking financial support from the recipient organization or other external entities. Clearly demonstrate the value for money and return on investment for the proposed project/initiative.7. Implementation Timeline:8. Partnership and Collaboration:9. Evaluation and Monitoring:10. Conclusion:In the conclusion, reiterate the key points of the proposal and emphasize the benefits and value that can be derived from this collaboration. Express your enthusiasm for the opportunity to work together and your readiness to discuss the proposal further.11. Appendices:Include any additional supporting documents, such as references, certificates, or testimonials from previous clients or partners. These will provide credibility to your organization and strengthen the proposal.Thank you for considering our proposal. We are confident that this project/initiative will be advantageous for both organizations and will contribute to our mutual success. We look forward to further discussing the details and exploring the possibilities of collaboration. Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any questions or require additional information.Yours sincerely,[Your Name][Your Title/Position][Your Organization/Business]。
proposal英语作文精美模板
proposal英语作文精美模板An Elegant Template":Proposal: An Elegant TemplateIn the ever-evolving world of business and academia, the art of crafting a compelling proposal has become an essential skill. A well-structured and meticulously written proposal can be the key to securing funding, gaining approval for a project, or persuading decision-makers to embrace a new idea. As such, it is crucial to master the art of proposal writing, ensuring that your ideas are presented in a clear, concise, and visually appealing manner.The foundation of a successful proposal lies in its structure. A proposal should follow a logical flow, guiding the reader through the various components that make up the overall plan. The first and perhaps most crucial element is the introduction, where you set the stage for your proposal. This section should provide a clear and concise overview of the project, outlining the problem or opportunity you aim to address, as well as the proposed solution.Following the introduction, the next section should delve into thebackground and context of the project. Here, you can provide relevant information about the industry, market trends, or any existing challenges that have led to the need for the proposed solution. By establishing a solid foundation, you demonstrate your understanding of the problem and your ability to develop a well-informed and targeted approach.The heart of the proposal, however, lies in the detailed description of the proposed solution. This section should outline the key components of your plan, including the specific steps, resources, and timeline required for successful implementation. It is essential to provide a clear and comprehensive explanation of how your solution will address the identified problem or opportunity, highlighting the unique features and benefits that set it apart from existing alternatives.Closely tied to the proposed solution is the section on project management and implementation. Here, you should outline the team members, their roles and responsibilities, and the overall project management strategy. This demonstrates your ability to effectively coordinate and execute the plan, instilling confidence in the reader that the project will be delivered on time and within budget.No proposal is complete without a thorough analysis of the potentialrisks and mitigation strategies. This section should identify any potential challenges or obstacles that may arise during the course of the project, and outline the specific measures you will take to address them. By anticipating and addressing these risks, you showcase your foresight and commitment to ensuring the success of the proposed initiative.The financial considerations of the project are another critical component of a comprehensive proposal. This section should provide a detailed budget, outlining the various expenses associated with the project, such as labor, materials, and any necessary equipment or infrastructure. Additionally, it is important to include a well-researched financial analysis, demonstrating the potential return on investment or the long-term sustainability of the proposed solution.Finally, the proposal should conclude with a strong call to action, urging the reader to support the proposed project. This section should reiterate the key benefits and highlights of the plan, reinforcing the value it will bring to the organization or community. By crafting a compelling and persuasive conclusion, you increase the likelihood of securing the necessary approval or funding to bring your vision to life.Throughout the proposal, it is essential to maintain a professionaland polished tone, using clear and concise language that resonates with the target audience. Additionally, the use of visual aids, such as charts, graphs, and diagrams, can greatly enhance the overall presentation and make the proposal more engaging and impactful.In conclusion, the art of proposal writing is a crucial skill for anyone seeking to make their mark in the professional or academic realm. By following a well-structured and comprehensive template, you can craft a proposal that not only showcases your expertise and creativity but also inspires confidence in the reader. Whether you are seeking funding for a new business venture, proposing a research project, or advocating for a community initiative, a well-written proposal can be the key to unlocking new opportunities and realizing your aspirations.。
Sample English Proposal Template
Consumer demand insights
01 02
Consumer trends
Recent trends show that consumers are increasingly interested in [specific trends such as sustainability, conservation, personalization]
features or aspects of the product/service] and are willing to pay
more for them
03
Product and Service Design
Product innovation point display
Unique feature showcase
02 03
Current market situation
The market is highly competitive, with a wide range of products and services available However, there are still opportunities for innovation and differentiation
financial support
Role
The proposal plays a critical role in the process of objecting funding, as it provides a detailed overview of the project, its goals, and the expected outcomes It also demonstrates the credibility and capabilities of the proposal
倡议书的及范文
倡议书的及范文Title: Writing a Proposal and Sample。
Proposal writing is an essential skill that is required in many fields. Whether you are working in the business, academic, or non-profit sector, you may need to write a proposal at some point in your career. Proposals are used to persuade others to take action, whether it is to fund a project, support a cause, or implement a new idea. In this article, we will discuss the key elements of a proposal and provide a sample proposal to help you get started.I. Introduction。
The introduction is the first section of your proposal and should be used to introduce your idea or project. This section should be brief and engaging, and should clearly state the purpose of your proposal. You should also include a brief overview of the problem or issue that your proposal addresses.II. Background。
RESEARCH_PROPOSAL_Sample
SAMPLE COPYRESEARCH PROPOSALPROPOSED RESEARCH TITLE:AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE DOWNWARD TREND IN GLOBAL STOCK MARKETS: A CASE STUDY OF THE NIGERIAN STOCK MARKETRESEARCH BRIEFThe history of stock trading and trading associations can be traced as far back as the 11th century when Jewish and Muslim merchants set up trade associations. After centuries of evolution, stock markets have become the symbol of commerce in the modern world. It operates in various countries and trades a range of securities. The world stock market capitalisation is estimated to be about $ 36.6 Trillion. The stock market has various functions such as capital mobilisation, investing opportunities, risk distribution etc. The major stock exchanges in the world today include New York Stock Exchange, London Stock Exchange, Frankfurt Stock Exchange, Italian Stock Exchange, Hong Kong Stock Exchange and Tokyo Stock Exchange.There have been various stock market crashes in the past such as the Wall Street crash of 1929, the crash of 1973/74, the 1987 crash; called black Monday, the dotcom bubble of 2000 and the more recent crash in 2008 caused by the subprime mortgage crisis in America. The economic crisis of 2008 which originated in America spread to various economies in the world and their stock markets were affected. It reduced the value of stocks around the world by as much as 41% and affected both major and emerging stock markets. The Nigerian stock market is an emerging market in Africa. After attaining the position of one of the most profitable, efficient and fastestgrowing equity market in the world, with a return on investment of up to 78% in 2007 the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) was seen as an investment haven. On reaching an all time high of 66,371.2 points and N12.6 Trillion in market capitalisation in March 2008 the Nigerian Stock Market (NSM) began to plummet. By March 2009 a year later, the NSE had lost about 60% of its value and was left with a market capitalisation of N4.6 Trillion, sending all the stake holders into panic.STOCK MARKETSA stock market is a place where stocks and securities can be exchanged or sold from one owner to another. It is a place where buyers and sellers of securities meet. The process of buying and selling is called trading.Stock markets are divided into both primary and secondary markets. The primary market deals with the listing of new companies on the exchange, these companies usually want to raise finance. The secondary market deals with buying and selling existing securities. It accounts for the majority of the transactions that take place in the stock market.There are various participants in stock markets. There are investors, brokers and market makers. The investors can be individuals or institutional bodies that trade either on their own b ehalf or on behalf of other investors. Broker’s act as agents who try to carry out trades on behalf of their clients at the best possible price, the brokers also offer investment advice and research services. The market maker is a dealer that quotes both buy and sell prices of securities on a continual basis, if it is unable to find counterparties for a buy or sell order; they have to be prepared to take an open position.The stock market reflects and magnifies all economic flaws. When the economy looks good, the stock market performs well and when the economy goes bad, the stock market reflects it as well.MARKET CRASHA market crash is a large and sudden drop in asset prices. Market crashes are usually accompanied by large selling pressures in the market. The drop in asset prices occurs really quickly while the recovery is a slow process.FINANCIAL CRISISA financial crisis is a disruption to financial markets which hinders the market’s capacity to allocate capital. According to Portes and Vines (1997) all crisis are “crisis of success” because initially the capital inflow into the market is a sign of economic promise and success but this inflow is usually unsustainable.FINANCIAL CRISIS IN EMERGING MARKETSWhen there is a financial crisis in an emerging market such as Nigeria. It results in a series of chaos. An economy which has benefited from large capital inflows stops receiving such inflows and faces a sudden reversal of capital flow. Financial crisis in emerging markets are usually accompanied by difficulties of the concerned party to honour its contractual responsibilities to foreign investors. The anticipation of such difficulties could set off disorderly actions if investors rush to take out their investment from the crisis country.EFFICIENCY OF FINANCIAL MARKETSThe efficiency of a market could be looked at from a variety of view points. It could be an allocative, operational or informational efficiency. Allocative efficiency has to do with how well a market allocates scarce capital resources amongst competitors in order for them to be used most productively. In an ideal situation capital would be allocated to firms that can achieve the best marginal returns.A market is operationally efficient if the transaction costs of operating the market are determined competitively. In an ideal situation investors will pay minimal transaction costs and competition between brokers would ensure that only normal profits are earned on their activities. A strict adherence tooperational efficiency will mean that transaction costs of making a market are zero, this however is unrealistic because markets will not exist if the people who operate them are not rewarded for doing so.A market is informationally efficient if the current market price of a security instantly and fully reflects the all relevant available information.A market is said to be perfectly efficient if it is concurrently allocatively efficient, operationally efficient and informationally efficient.RESEARCH AIMS AND OBJECTIVESIn my research I intend to look at the reasons for the collapse of the Nigerian Stock Market, the effects of the global economic crisis on the NSM and also the other challenges faced by the Nigerian Stock Market as an emerging markets as stipulated by Pettis (2001). My aims and objectives are1.To review extant conceptual models and theoretical frameworksrelated to evolutionary trends of the Nigerian Stock Market.2.To identify the cause of the present crisis in the Nigerian Stock Marketand relate it to past crashes in global stock markets.3.To examine the characteristics of the recent downward trend in theNigerian Stock Market in relation to financial crisis in emerging markets.4.To recommend solutions based on my research that will help to predictand prevent financial crisis.RESEARCH QUESTIONSIn order to guide my inquiry and shed more light on my research into the downward trend in the Nigerian Stock Market I intent to answer the following research questions:1.How does previous crashes in global stock markets relate to thepresent crisis in the Nigerian Stock Market?2.What are the causes of the downward trend in the Nigerian StockMarket?3.Is the NSM crisis as a result of the global financial crisis or is it achallenge faced by emerging markets?LITERATURE REVIEW:As shown in Feridun (2004), the literature on financial crisis is classified into three models namely first-generation models, second-generation models and third-generation models. The first generation model Krugman (1979), Flood and Garber (1984) explains that “a government with continual money-financed budget deficits is believed to use a restricted stock of reserves to peg its exchange rate and the attempts of investors to anticipate the inevitable collapse generates a speculative attack on the currency when reserves fall to some critical level”.The Importance of investor’s beliefs was highlighted in the second generation model, Obstfeld (1994) (1996), Radelet and Sachs (1998) Ozkan and Sutherland (1995) all agreed that “policy is less mechanical: a government decides whether or not to defend a pegged exchange rate by making a trade off between short-run macroeconomic flexibility and longer-term credibility”. The crisis then starts from the fact that defending parity is more expensive as it requires higher interest rates. Should the market believe that the defence will ultimately fail, a speculative attack on a currency develops either as a result of a predicted future deterioration in macro fundamentals, or purely through self-fulfilling prediction (Vlaar, 2000).The third generation model which came about in the 1990’s after the Mexican tequila crisis of 1994 and the Asian crisis of 1997. Dooley (1997) Krugman (1998) Radelet and Sachs (1998) classified it into three different groups which are moral hazard, herd behaviour and contagion. Moral hazard emphasises mainly on “liquidity shocks” as an explanations of financial crisis. Herd behaviour which was developed by Banerjee (1992) and Bikchchandani et al (1992) complements the logic in the second generation models by illustrating a mechanism where large expectation shift occur due to a smallinjection of new, possibly wrong information. This theory leads to an emphasis on the informational transparency in markets to prevent financial crisis. The contagion model comes in a variety of theoretical forms and has been subjected to a large amount of empirical testing and scrutiny. Contagion is “the cross-country transmission of shocks or the general cross-country spill over effects”. Contagion can take place both during "good" times and "bad" times. Then, contagion does not need to be related to crises. However, contagion has been emphasized during crisis times.The recent efforts at developing an early warning system for a looming financial crisis have taken the form of two related approaches which are probit/logit model or signalling model. The probit/logit model was pioneered by Frankel and Rose (1996), they used limited dependent variable models known as probit or logit regressions to identify the causes of crisis and to predict future crisis. The signals approach was developed by Kaminsky et al (1998), and it consists of a bilateral model where a set of high frequency economic variables during a specified period is compared, one at a time with a crisis index so that when one of these variables deviates from its normal level beyond a specific threshold value prior to a crisis it issues binary signals for a possible currency crisis.The statement that market prices instantaneously and fully reflect all relevant available information is known as the efficient market hypothesis. Fama (1970) provided an operational base for testing market efficiency by distinguishing between three types of efficiency: weak-form efficiency, semi-strong-form efficiency and strong-form efficiency. According to Fama (1970):“A market is said to be weak-form efficient if the current prices of securities instantly and fully reflect all information of the past history of security prices.A market is said to be semi-strong-form efficient if the current prices of the securities instantly and fully reflect all publicly available information. A market is said to be strong-form efficient if the current price of securities instantly and fully reflects all information, both public and private”.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:Research is an essential part of academics, “r esearch is the systematic study of materials and sources etc. in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions” (Oxford Concise Dictionary). The process by which a research is written or carried out is very important because it has a huge impact on the conclusions reached at the end of the research. There are two major research philosophies which underpin the research strategy and the method that will be used to carry out a research (Collis and Hussey, 2009). They are the positivism and interpretivism research paradigm.Positivism involves “working with an observable social reality and that the end product of such research can be law-like generalisations similar to those produced by the physic al and natural scientists”, the assumption is that “the researcher is independent of and neither affects nor is affected by the subject o f the research” (Remeneyi et al, 1998:32). Interpretivism is “a philosophical position which is concerned with understanding the way we as humans make sense of the world around us, the underlying assumption is that by placing people in their social context, there is greater opportunity to understand the perceptions they have of their own activities” (Hussey and Hussey, 1997).The paradigm adopted contains important assumptions about the way the researcher views the world Saunders et al (2007), in conducting this research, I will employ the positivist paradigm because by using a reality which is separate from my knowledge of the area, it provides an objective reality against which researchers and other stakeholders in the Nigerian Stock Market can compare claims and ascertain the truth. The positivist paradigm will also make it possible for my results to be applied externally and more broadly outside the study context because it will be reliable and unbiased. I will be detached from my research and have little or no influence on the data collected. The research will be undertaken in a value free way becauseirrespective of what I feel or think, I cannot change or alter the facts about the collapse of the Nigerian Stock Market.The research strategy that will be used is the case study which according to Robson (2002:178) is “a strategy for doing research which involves an empirical investigation of a particular contemporary phenomenon within its real life context using multiple sources of evidence”. The case study strategy will be very good for this research because it will give the much needed in depth understanding into the collapse of the Nigerian Stock Market. Since a case study is closely aligned with an interpretivist perspective, the proposed study will triangulate survey with case study. The primary benefit of this triangulation is that survey will flesh out larger data collection than case study which emphasises on a smaller scale. Research methodologies can either be quantitative or qualitative, quantitative is the use of numerical data or data that have been quantified while qualitative is the use of non-numerical data or data that have not been quantified. Quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques and analysis procedures each have their own strengths and weaknesses (Smith, 1975). In order to seek convergence of results this research will be triangulated because I will use both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies. The findings from the quantitative will help to validate the findings from the qualitative thereby making the research more reliable and credible. The application of these two methods allows them to counter balance the strengths of each other. Tashakkori and Teddlie (2003) say that “multiple methods are useful because they provide better opportunities to answer research questions and better evaluate the extent to which research findings can be trusted and inferences made from them”.RESEARCH METHOD:For the purpose of this research, I will be making use of secondary data. Secondary data is data that have already been collected for some other purpose, perhaps processed and subsequently stored (Saunders, et al 2007). There are three main types of secondary data: documentary, survey andthose from multiple sources. I will use data such as previous share prices, public offers, market capitalisation etc. of various companies quoted on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. I will focus on the banking sector which is a major player in the Nigerian Stock Market and examine the trends that took place in the sector and its overall effect on the Nigerian Stock Market. Interviews will also be used as a data collection method; this will help to get well-founded and reliable data that is relevant to my research aims and objectives and also help to answer the research questions. An interview is a purposeful discussion between two or more people (Kahn and Cannell, 1957). Interviews can be structured, semi- structured or unstructured. A structured interview is a data collection technique in which an interviewer actually meets the respondents, reads them the same set of questions in a prearranged order and records their reply to each question. A semi-structured interview is a type of interview where the interviewer starts with a set of interview topics but is ready to vary the order in which the questions are asked and to can ask new questions in the framework of the research circumstances. An unstructured interview is an informally conducted interview that may commence with one or more subject matter to discuss with the participants but without a predetermined list of questions to work through.Semi-structured and unstructured interviews will be used for this research because the semi-structured interviews will allow me to get answers to precise areas of the research that needs clarification and are specific to each respondent while the unstructured interviews which will be less restricted will allow the interviewee to express their opinions freely and give me the opportunity to get information that could be useful to my research which I don’t necessarily know exists. Also, a lot of the opinions regarding the crash of the Nigerian Stock Market vary from person to person; the unstructured interview will give me the opportunity to get in-depth and varied response from the various respondents.I will interview•Representatives of regulatory bodies•Representatives of corporate organisations•Stock brokers and analysts•Shareholders and investorsANTICIPATED METHOD OF ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS:Data analysis is a process that aims to describe facts, identify patterns, develop explanations and test hypothesis. All of these help to highlight vital information and recommend conclusions which help in decision making processes. Data can be analysed using various methods such as content analysis, theoretical sampling, thematic analysis, grounded theory etc. Bernard (1952) defined content analysis as "a research technique for the objective, systematic, and quantitative description of manifest content of communications". Thematic analysis is an approach to dealing with data that involves the creation and application of ‘codes’ to da ta, there is a link between this method and the grounded theory method. Grounded theory was discovered by Glaser and Strauss (1967) as a method of analyzing data, it is a systematic analysis of data that aims to develop a higher level of understanding or generate theories regarding a social phenomenon. The grounded theory approach will be used for this research because it will help to analyse the information gathered into a clearly defined hypothesis that will explain the reason for the crash of the Nigerian Stock Market. Data will be analysed using the axial coding which will help to identify relationships between the various categories of data through a combination of inductive and deductive thinking.The quantitative data such as market capitalisation, return on capital, liquidity, market efficiency and various macroeconomic variables which are linked to the collapse will be analysed using the chi square and the analysis of variance.I will compare these variables over a period of three years and across various sectors in the Nigerian Stock Market. For each variable, I will analyse its behaviour during the crisis and pre-crisis period and compare it with itsbehaviour during a non crisis period using a regression analysis. After the data analysis I aim to show that there is a relationship between some key economic/financial variables and the performance of the Nigerian Stock Market. I also intend to demonstrate that the downward trend experienced in the Nigerian Stock Market was due to the challenges faced by emerging markets.ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS:Research ethics relates to questions about how we formulate and clarify our research topic, the data collection and processing method and how we report our research findings in a moral and responsible way. The appropriateness of a researcher’s behaviour in relation to the rights of those who become subject of their work or are affected by their work is referred to as research ethics (Saunders et al, 2007). Although all research methods have specific ethical issues associated with them, qualitative research is likely to have a greater range of ethical concerns compared to quantitative research. Most of the data that will be used in conducting this research will be quantitative data. The quantitative informati on’s are readily and publicly available without any form of moral or ethical intrusion. I will get the qualitative information the use of semi-structured and unstructured interviews. The respondents will be voluntary participants because they won’t de coer ced into participating in the research; they will be given full information regarding the procedure and risk involved in participating thereby giving an informed consent. The confidentiality and anonymity of the participant will also be respected, except an agreed approval is given by the respondent for his or her identity to be declared.CONCLUSION:This research will highlight the macro economical and micro economical factors responsible for the downward trend in the Nigerian Stock Market and develop a link between these factors and the collapse of the market. A proposition that will help prevent or forecast an imminent collapse will also be put forward.TIMESCALE:Proposal presentation –------------------------1st April 2009Written project proposal (draft)-------------- 15th April 2009Written project proposal (final)----------------19th June 2009Information and data collection----------------June 2009Interviews with various stakeholders----------June/July 2009Analysis of the information collected----------July 2009Final writing of the dissertation-----------------August 2009Submission –--------------------------------------End of August 2009 REFERENCESBanerjee, A (1992) “A simple model of herd behaviour”, QJE 107: 797-819 Berelson, B (1952) Content Analysis in Communication Research.New York: Free PressBikchandani, S., Hirschleifer, D. and Welch, I. (1992). “A theory of fads, fashion, custom and cultural change as informational cascades”,Journal of Political Economy 100(5), 992-1026Dool ey, M. (1997) “A Model of Crisis in Emerging Markets”, NBER Working Paper. Number 6300, Cambridge MAFama E. (1970) “Efficient capital markets: a review of theory and empirical work”. Journal of Finance. 25:383–417Flood, R. and Garber, P. (1984). “Collaps ing Exchange Rate Regimes: Some Linear Example” Journal of International Economics. Volume 17Frankel, J. and A. Rose. (1996) “Currency Crashes in Emerging Markets. An Empirical Treatment,” Journal of International Economics. Volume 41Glaser, B. and Strauss, A. (1967) The Discovery of Grounded Theory, Chicago, IL, AldineHussey, J. and Hussey, R. (1997) Business Research, Macmillan Press Ltd, BasingstokeKahn, R. and Cannell, C. (1957) The Dynamics of Interviewing, New York and Chichester, WileyKaminsky, G., Lizondo, S. and C. Reinhart. (1998) “Leading Indicators of Currency Crises.” IMF Staff Papers. Volume 45Krugman, P. (1979). "A Model of Balance of Payments Crises", Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, Volume 11Krugman, P. (1998). “Bubble. Bo om, Crash: Theoretical Notes on Asia’s Crises” (unpublished) Cambridge. MA: MITObstfeld, M. (1994) “The Logic of Currency Crises” Cahiers Economiques et Monetaires (43): 189-213Obstfeld, M (1996) "Rational and Self-Fulfilling Balance of Payments Crises", American Economic Review, Vol. 76 (March), pp. 72-81Oxford Concise Dictionary(2009) Compact Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, OxfordOzkan, G. and Sutherland, A. (1995). “Policy Measures to Avoid a Currency Crisis.” Economic Journal, 105: 510-519Pettis M (2001) The Volatility Machine: Emerging Economies and the Threat of Financial CollapsePortes R. and Vines D. (1997) Coping with International Capital Flows (London: Common Wealth Secretariat)Radelet, S., and J. Sachs. (1998) The East Asian Financial Crisis: Diagnosis, Remedies, Prospects. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1: 1-90Remeniyi, D., Williams, B., Money, A. and Swartz, E. (1998) Doing Research in Business and management: An Introduction to Process andMethods, London, Sage.Robson, C. (2002) Real World Research (2nd edn), Oxford, Blackwell.Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2007) Research Methods for Business Students (4th edn), Harlow, Pearson EducationSmith, H. (1975) Strategies of Social Research: The Methodological Imagination, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-HallTashakkori, A. and Teddlie, C. (eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Vlaar, P. (2000) “Early Warning Systems for Currency Crises.” Papers De Nederlandsche Bank. Number 167。
Research proposal-Sample
The Dark Side of Social Capital: Negative Influence on Knowledge Acquisition andInnovation Performance in Marketing ChannelsResearch ProposalAbstractNumerous studies of social capital have focused primarily on its positive effects, overlooking its negative consequences. Built upon Nahapiet and Ghoshal's three dimensions of social capital theory, this paper investigates the negative effects of marketing channel member’s social capital on knowledge acquisition and innovation performance in china. And this paper intends to address the following issues: (1) summarizes the downsides of social capital in marketing channels, (2) explores the negative consequences of social capital from structural, relational and cognitive dimension proposed by Nahapiet and Ghoshal (1998), (3) indicates the influences of those negative consequences on channel member’s knowledge acquisition and innovation performance.1. Introduction1.1 Problem statementDuring recent years, the concept of social capital has enjoyed a sustained rise to prominence among researchers and a number of theoretical analyses of social capital have been published (Coleman, 1988; Burt, 1992). Social capital refers to resource that actors derive from specific social structures and use for pursuing their own interests; it is created by changes in the network relationship among actors (Baker, 1990). Recent research has applied social capital in various field, including knowledge transfer and creativity(e.g., Tsai, 2001; Inkpen and Tsang, 2005), innovation and creativity), community issues (e.g., Alan, 2006), value creation(e.g., Tsai and Ghoshal, 1998), organization behavior (e.g., Emmerik and Euwema, 2008), as well as entrepreneurships(e.g., Anderson and Jack, 2002; Liao and Welsch, 2003). Although, social capital has proliferated in management study, most literatures focus largely on its positive side, overlooking its negative consequence (Portes, 1998). Portes (1998) points out that social capital cuts both ways, it may provide the sources of socioeconomic ascent, and among others it has exactly the opposite effect. As for the positive functions, social capital is a source of familial support, social control, and economic resource (Portes and Sensenbrenner, 1993); while on the other hand, it can impose constraints and costs (Portes, 1998; Portes and Sensenbrenner, 1993). Firstly, the excessive demands on a few successful central actors, which may take the form of “free riding”, will curtail innovation and knowledge acquisition. Put it further, free riding may also damage cooperation and support norms in a network. Secondly, cohesive groups or subgroups may relatively separate themselves from the rest of the network, resulting in distrust of outsiders’ knowledge, thus prevent innovation. Finally, the normative pressures of close-knit group may restrict accesses to newcomers’ knowledge.1.2 Statement of the research objectivesAccordingly, this study mainly exploits the possible negative influence of social capital on knowledge acquiring and innovation performance in marketing channels.The following tasks will be addressed: (1) summarizes the downsides of social capital in marketing channels, (2) explores the negative consequences of social capital from structural, relational and cognitive dimension proposed by Nahapiet and Ghoshal (1998), (3) indicates the influences of those negative consequences on channel member’s knowledge acquisition and innovation performance.1.3 Definitions of termsSocial capital: the sum of the actual and potential resources embedded within, available through, and derived from the network of relationships possessed by individuals or social units (Nahapiet and Ghoshal, 1998).The structural dimension of social capital involves the pattern of relationships between the network actors and can be analyzed from the perspectives of network ties, network configuration, and network stability. The relational dimension of social capital concerns the personal relationships people have developed through a history of interaction (Granovetter, 1985). Cognitive dimension, referring to shared representations, interpretations, and systems of meaning among parties, manifests itself as attributes like shared codes orlanguage, shared vision and tacit knowledge.Marketing channel is a set of practices or activities necessary to transfer the ownership of goods, and to move goods, from the point of production to the point of consumption and, as such, which consists of all the institutions and all the marketing activities in the marketing process.Knowledge acquisition includes all process involved in generating and development of knowledge (Grover and Davenport, 2001).Innovation performance refers to the proportion of newly established business and the proportion of its sales revenue.2. Review of the relevant literature2.1 Social capitalThe term social capital was originally appeared in community study, it used to describe the relationships embedded in crosscutting personal ties which was useful for personal survival and city neighborhoods (Jacobs, 1961). The first systematic contemporary analysis of social capital is produced by Pierre Bourdieu, the French sociologist who defines the concept as the aggregate of the actual or potential resources which are linked to possession of a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships (Bourdieu, 1985). Coleman (1990) defines social capital by its function as “private-owned capital property in the form of social structural property. They consist of some aspect of social structures, reside in interpersonal relationships and structures, and facilitate certain actions of actors within the structure”. Portes (1998), who reviews the orig ins and functions of social capital in details, defines social capital as “the ability of actors to obtain scarce resources by virtue of membership in social networks or other structures.” This ability to obtain is not individual property but assets gained through membership in networks. Based on “structure holes” theory, Burt develops the concept of social capital. According to Burt, the one who occupy the structural holes has information and resources benefits which occur in three forms: access, timing an d referrals. In other words, Burt considers individuals’ social network constitute individuals’ social capital.Accordingly, the term social capital has been traditionally viewed as the set of social resources embedded in relationships (Burt, 1992; Bourdieu, 1985). Other academicians, however, have broadened the definition of social capital, including not only social relationships, but also the norms and values associated with them (Coleman, 1990; Portes and Sensenbrenner, 1993). A comprehensive definition originates from Nahapiet and Ghoshal who define social capital as the sum of the actual and potential resources embedded within, available through, and derived from the network of relationships possessed by individuals or social units. He elaborates three dimensions of individual’s social capital: structural, relational and cognitive capital. According to SSCI, Nahapiet and Ghoshal' s research is the most cited social capital article (476 hits) across business and management subjects (Lee, 2009). A number of researches has approved and applied this theoretical research (e.g., Liao and Welsch , 2005；Tsai and Ghoshal, 1998). Consequently, this study adopts the three dimensions mentioned above.2.2 The downside of social capitalPortes (1998) summarizes the negative consequences of social capital as follow. First,the same strong ties that bring benefits to members of a group commonly enable it to bar others from access. The group or community closure, to some extent, prevents the inflow of new blood from the outside network, which is not advantageous to the intake of new knowledge and information. Second, group or community closure may, under certain circumstances, prevent the success of business initiatives by their members. While in a highly cooperative and enjoyable community, the intimate relationship results in a substantial problem, “free-ride”. T rust and social capital among members of group or community have become the privileges members obtain resources from each other. Third, community or group participation creates demands for conformity.Kilduff and Tsai (2003) illustrates that sustaining of relationships require deliberate investment of related resources. Riley and Eckenrode (1986) demonstrate further that establishing and sustaining of relationships in turn would affect people’s welfare, because some communities can’t afford such an investm ent of resources. Under Chinese context, “Guanxi” evolves into the foundation of social capital accumulation, which inevitably requires a large amount of investment In order to keep a sustainable relationship with channel members, manufactures are required to spent time and money to maintain long-term relationships with its valuable retailer, retailers are forced to take special effort in public relationship managementAccordingly, this paper intends to discuss the negative consequence of market channel me mber’s social capital on knowledge acquisition in three aspects: excessive inputs, freedom constraint and creativity constraint.2.3 Social capital and Knowledge acquisitionOrganizational learning is a process of knowledge acquisition, knowledge assimilation and knowledge exploitation (Argote, 1999). Huber (1991) indicates that an organization learns if any of its units acquires knowledge that it recognizes as potentially useful to the organization. Grover and Davenport (2001) illustrates the process of knowledge management can be represented as three sub-processes: knowledge generation/acquisition, knowledge codification and knowledge transfer. Knowledge generation includes all processes involved in acquisition and development of knowledge, knowledge codification involves the conversion of knowledge into accessible formants. Knowledge transfer includes the movement of knowledge from the point of acquisition. Due to the purpose of this study, we focus on knowledge acquisition among inter-organization level.3. Hypothesis3.1 Structural dimensionThe fundamental proposition of social capital theory is that network ties provide access to resources and information (Liao and Welsch, 2005). Nahapiet and Ghoshal (1998) points out that the structural dimension of social capital is the pattern of relationships among the network actors. Liao and Welsch (2005) illustrate that the most important facet of structural dimension is the network ties and network structures among network actors. The strength of ties consists of strong and weak ties and is characterized by intimacy and interaction frequency between actors. Portes (1998) points out that strong ties restrict innovation, resulting in network closure and preventing the inflow of new ideas from the outside networks.H 1: The stronger the strength of ties, the tighter the restriction on creativity, and vice versa.H 2: The stronger the strength of ties, the tighter the restriction on organization freedom, and vise versa.Sustaining of strong ties implies the increasing intimacy and interaction frequency between channel members, manifesting as a large amount of time, money invested in. Consequently, this research hypothesizes thatH 3: The stronger the strength of ties, the higher the cost inputs.In order to make sure that the investment of time and money in social networks is worthwhile, channel members have to take the interest and emotion of other network actors into consideration in the process of decision-making. Thus the paper proposesH 4: The higher an organization’s cost inputs, the tighter the r estriction on freedom.3.2 Relational dimension: trustThe relational dimension of social capital concerns the personal relationships people have developed through a history of interaction (Granovetter, 1985). It concentrates on the particular relationships people have, such as respect, trust, and friendliness (Granovetter, 1992). Nahapiet and Ghoshal (1998) elaborates relational dimension in four essential elements which are trust, norms and sanctions, obligations and expectations and identity. From organizational perspective, the relational dimension refers to the relationship organization have developed through a history of interaction among its channel members.A mounting evidence demonstrates that when trust is built up between companies, they are more willing to engage in cooperative activity through which further trust can be generated (Tyler and Kramer,1996). Those cooperative activity includes knowledge sharing among channel members. Favorable social relations are beneficial for company to establish positive organization image, thus reinforce the knowledge acquisition process. Following Liao and Welsch’s research, this paper concentrates on trust in relational dimension among memberships and consequently arguesH5: The higher the degree of trust, the less the restriction on freedom.3.3 Cognitive dimensionCognitive dimension, referring to shared representations, interpretations, and systems of meaning among parties, manifests itself as attributes like shared codes or language, shared vision and tacit knowledge (Nahapiet and Ghoshal, 1998). In some cases shared norms may create excessive expectations of obligatory behavior and may possibly result in problems of free riding (Inkpen and Tsang, 2005). For instance, members within the network usually enjoy priority in the process of partner selection, even though the members are not the optimum choice. However, creativity of network members will be restricted if the cognitive dimension of network is highly consistent. In marketing channels, if network members hold similar values, it indeed, facilitates knowledge transfer, but with the similarity increases, it seems to work as barriers for approaching creative knowledge and innovation. Based on this proposition, this research arguesH 6: The relationship between cognitive dimension and freedom constraint is an inverted U-shapeH 7: The relationship between cognitive dimension of social capital and restriction on4.1 ParticipantsIndustry of convenience product are chosen owing to its complexity which originates from its large customer base and intricate channel environment, marketing channel members in convenience product industry such as manufacture, wholesaler as well as retailer are selected. The questionnaire in this research will adopt the convenience sampling method due to the challenge of reaching channel members. To make sure confidentiality, the researchers would not request the full names of participants’ organization and promises to make th eir responses completely confidential and anonymous. What’s more, Data is planned to collect from three district of china, Bei Jing, GuangZhou and Shen Zheng.4.2 Data collection plan4.2.1 Operational definitions of all variablesSocial capital: the sum of the actual and potential resources embedded within, available through, and derived from the network of relationships possessed by individuals or social units (Nahapiet and Ghoshal, 1998).Liao and Welsch (2005) illustrate that the most important facet of structural dimension is the network ties and network structures among network actors. Therefore, this paper uses the concept of the strength of ties to measure the structural dimension of social capital. Relational dimension refers to four essential elements which are trust, norms and sanctions, obligations and expectations and identity. Cognitive dimension, referring to shared representations, interpretations, and systems of meaning among parties, manifests itself as attributes like shared codes or language, shared vision and tacit knowledge (Nahapiet and Ghoshal, 1998).In china, “Guanxi” evolves into the foundation of social capital accumulation, thus, Excessive inputs refers to large amount of fund, time and energy spending to maintain the consistence of marketing channel; Freedom constraint illustrates network participation creates demands for conformity, thus sacrifices and constraints on freedom are the very prizes for the benefits organization obtained from social capital (Portes,1998); Creativity constraint refers to network closure, to some extent, prevents the inflow of new blood from the outside network, which is not advantageous to the intake of new knowledge and information, thus prevent the success of business initiatives.Knowledge acquisition includes all process involved in generating and development of knowledge (Grover and Davenport, 2001).4.2.2 Reliability and validity of instrumentsThe downsides of social capital will mainly originate from our exploratory research because little lite rature is available for reference. Based on Churchill’s (1979) paradigm for developing better measures of the variables, the researcher has gone through an intensive study of the literatures. With the help of inductive method, primary measure item pool will emerge. After consulting three professors, the researcher will delete ineligible variables and then conduct exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Later, a focus group interview will be conducted, the researcher plans to ask the interviewees to review their past experiences, write down the negative influence of social capital, and discuss them in details. As a result, items of similar shades of meaning will be deleted. Further, the researchers will consult thefindings from Nahapiet and Ghoshal (1998) , Inkpen and Tsang (2005) , and invite several professors to assist us with content validity. Finally, By consulting the research method proposed by Zaichkowsky and Judith (1985) to scored the items, with 1 for the “extremely representative”, 2 for the “ representative” and 3 for the “nonrepresentative” to figure out the most representative item.In order to improve the content validity, all of the items in the questionnaire will conduct back translation and ask suggestions from expert. Before the formal research, the researcher plans to distribute initial questionnaires in order to get feedbacks from respondents. Moreover, convergent validity, discriminant validity and reliability of all the multiple-item scales will be tested.4.3 Proposed analysis of the dataPartial Least Squares (PLS) is an appropriate choice for testing a research model. Different from LISREL-type and AMOS-type structural equation modeling (SEM), which is based on the covariance structure of the latent variables, PLS (Partial Least Squares) is a component-based approach. Comparing with LISREL and AMOS, PLS is of the following merits: first, PLS does not place a very high requirement of normal distribution on the source data (Chin, 1998; Gefen and Straub, 2005). Besides, the iterative algorithm of PLS is composed of least square method, so no problem that cannot be identified by regression model will be generated; second, PLS is capable of handling a relatively small sample size (Chin, 1998); third, PLS aims at examining the significance of the relationships between research constructs and the predictive power of the dependent variable (Chin, 1998). Thus, PLS is suitable for predictive applications and theory building. Because PLS considers all path loadings simultaneously, which allows analysis of direct, indirect, and spurious relationships; fourth, PLS estimates multiple individual item loadings in the context of a theoretically specified model rather than in isolation, which also enables researchers to avoid biased and inconsistent parameter estimates for equations (White,et al., 2003). Consequently, the researchers choose PLS to conduct the data analyses in this study.4.4 Time table5. Implications and limitationsFirst, the research doesn’t distinguish different types of knowledge, tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge may play different role. Furthermore, convenience product industry owns its special feature, thus future research should address different marketing channels in divergent industry.ReferencesAlan K. Social capital, the social economy and community munity Development Journal 2006; 41(2): 160-173.Anderson AR, Jack SL. The articulation of social capital in entrepreneurial networks: a glue or a lubricant?. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 2002; 14(3): 193-210.Argote L, Ingram P. Knowledge transfer: a basis for competitive advantage in firms. Organizational behavior and human decision process 2000; 82(1):150-169.Baker W. Market networks and corporate behavior. American Journal of Sociology 1990; 96:589–625.Bourdieu P. The form of social capital. pp.241-258, in Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education, edited by John G. richardson.Westport, C.T.: Greenwood Press. 1985.Burt RS. Structural holes: the social structure of competition. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1992.Chin, WW. Issues and opinions on structural equation modeling. MIS Quarterly 1998;22 (1):7-26.Churchill GA. A Paradigm for developing better measures of marketing construct. Journal of Marketing Research 1979; 16(1): 64-73.Coleman JS. Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology 1988; 94: 95-120.Coleman JS. The foundations of social theory.Cambridge, M.A.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1990.Gefen D, Straub DA. Practical guide to factorial validity using PLS-Graph: tutorial and annotated example. Communications of the Association for Information Systems 2005; 16: 91-109.Granovetter M. Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology 1985; 91(3): 481-510.Granovetter M. Problems of explanation in economic sociology. Networks and Organizations. N. N. N. a. R. G. Eccles. Cambridge, MA, Harvard Business SchoolPress,1992.Granovetter M. The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology 1973; 78(6): 1360-1380.Grover V, Davenport T H. General Perspectives on Knowledge Management: Fostering a Research Agenda. Journal of Management Information Systems 2001; 18(1):5-21.Huber G. Organizational learning: the contributing processes and the literatures. Organization science 1991; 2(1): 88-115.Inkpen AC, Tsang EWK. Social capital, networks, and knowledge transfer. Academy of Management Review 2005; 30(1): 146-165.Jacobs J. The death and life of great American cities. New York: Random House. 1961.Kilduff M, Tsai W. Social networks and organizations. London, SAGE Publications, Ltd., 2003.Lee R. Social capital and business and management: Setting a research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews 2009; 11(3): 247-273.Liao JH, Welsch. Roles of social capital in venture creation: Key dimensions andresearch implications. Journal of Small Business Management 2005; 43(4): 345-362.Liao JH, Welsch. Social capital and entrepreneurial growth aspiration: a comparison of technology and non-technology-based nascent entrepreneurs. The Journal of High Technology Management Research 2003; 14(1): 149-170.Merlo O, Bell SJ, Mengüç B, Whitwell GJ. Social capital, customer service orientation and creativity in retail stores. Journal of Business Research 2006; 59(12): 1214-1221.Nahapiet J, Ghoshal S. Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review 1998; 23(2): 242-266.Portes A, Landolt P. The downside of social capital.The American Prospect 1996; 26:18–21.Portes A. Sensenbrenner J. Embeddedness and immigration- Notes on the social determinants of economic-action. American Journal of Sociology 1993; 98 (6):1320–1350.Portes A. Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology. Annual Review of Sociology 1998; 24(1): 1.Portes A.(ed.) The economic sociology of immigration. New York：Russell Sage Foundation, 1995.Riley D, Eckenrode J. Social ties: subgroup differences in costs and benefits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1986; 51(4): 770-778.Tsai WP. Knowledge transfer in intraorganizational networks: effects of network position and absorptive capacity on business unit innovation and performance. 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proposal sample (1)
Situation: Recently, many students have complained that the campus is not safe anymore. Some of them have their bikes stolen, while others have lost their laptop or cash etc. As a responsible student, you are eager to write a proposal to the president, ho ping that some measures will be taken to protect students’ property.Proposal for Several Anti-Theft Measureson Our CampusProposal submitted by Niu Yongming for the consideration of the school president.I BackgroundRecently, there are many reports about bicycles stolen on campus, which have brought students great inconvenience and economic losses, adding insecure and inharmonious factors to our campus life. Besides, some students have their laptops, cash or mobile phones stolen. As we all know, campus always means security to people. Therefore, the frequent thefts have also caused students’ panic and their heated discussion. Obviously, if theft cannot be solved immediately, students will not feel safe, let alone their concentration on their studies.II SolutionsOnce being a victim of theft, I fully understand the situation of suffering financial losses. So here I would like to propose some anti-theft solutions for your reference.1. Standardized Security SystemFirst and foremost, more security cameras with night vision on all the spots should be installed as soon as possible, which will guarantee that the campus will be in anall-time-monitoring environment.Second, more security men should be employed to reinforce the security system on campus. It is their responsibility to question any suspicious entrant and take regular inspection tours around. Specific staff should be assigned to manage each building, especially those places vulnerable of theft.2. Enhancement of Awareness-PublicityNeedless to say, publicity of safety is also needed to raise students’ security awareness. For instance, students should know that parking their bicycles in specified locations will be safer. They should always remind themselves to lock their bicycles. Apart from that, students should have the habit of locking the door when they go out of their dormitory. These are the simplest and most effective ways to avoid risks.III CostThere are approximately 150*400=60000RMB all together for the installation of the security cameras and 1800-2000RMB per month for each newly-hired security man. New bicycle parking lots’ establishment will cost about 10000 RMB.Considering the benefits that will be achieved when all security measures are taken, I think the money invested is not a disadvantage.IV ConclusionWith the implementation of these cost-efficient measures, I believe the thefts will be reduced to a great extent, and our campus will become a peaceful and tranquil paradise for students to study in.。
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Situation: Recently, many students have complained that the campus is not safe anymore. Some of them have their bikes stolen, while others have lost their laptop or cash etc. As a responsible student, you are eager to write a proposal to the president, hoping that some measures will be taken to protect students’ property.
Proposal for Several Anti-Theft Measures
on Our Campus
Background
Recently, there are many reports about bicycle stolen on campus, which have brought students great inconvenience and economic losses, adding insecure and inharmonious factors to our campus life. Besides, some students have their laptop, cash or mobile stolen. As we all know, campus always means security to people. Therefore, the frequent thefts have also caused students’ panic and their heated discussion. Obviously, if theft cannot be solved immediately, students will not feel safe, let alone their concentration on their study.
Solutions
Being a victim of theft, I fully understand the situation of suffering financial loss. So here I would like to propose some anti-theft solutions for your reference.
1. Standardized Security System
1.1. First and foremost, more security cameras with night vision at all the spots should be installed as soon as possible, which will guarantee that the campus will be under
all-time-monitoring environment.
1.2. Second, more security men should be employed to reinforce the security system on campus. It is their responsibility to question any suspicious entrant and take regular inspection tour around. Specific person should be assigned to manage every building, especially those theft black spots.
2. Enhancement of Awareness-Publicity
Needless to say, publicity of safety is also needed to raise students’ security awareness. For instance, students should know that parking their bicycles in specified locations will be safer. They should always remind themselves to lock their bicycles. Apart from this, students should have the habit of locking the door when they get out of their dormitory. These are the simplest but most effective ways we to avoid risks.
Cost
There are approximately 150*400=60000RMB all together for the installation of the security cameras and 1800-2000RMB per month for each newly-hired security man. New bicycle parking lots’ establi shment will cost about 10000 RMB.
Considering the benefits will be achieved when all security measures are taken, I think the money invested is not a disadvantage.
Conclusion
With the implementation of these cost-efficient measures, I believe the thefts will be reduced to a great extent, and our campus will become a peaceful and tranquil paradise for students to study.。