国际商务英语阅读教程(第四版)-期末复习
商务英语阅读期末复习提要
《商务英语阅读》期末复习提要本课程的考核采取两种形式：形成性考核和课程终结考试。
课程总成绩为百分制，形成性考核占40%，课程终结考试占60%。
形式为闭卷，笔答。
由省电大统一命题。
本次考试的题型、分值比例如下：Ⅰ. Multiple choice (20 points, 2 points for each)1. Accounting firms frequently __B__ their audit clients.A. buy management skills fromB. sell consulting services toC. provide audit assignment for2. People can buy stocks from ____B__.A. a secured marketB. securities marketsC. financial markets3. Real property is land and anything permanently attached to it. “It” here means ___C___.A. the propertyB. the owner of the landC. land4. We have a ____A____ to shared prosperity.A. commitmentB. commissionC. competition5. Businesses established in foreign countries should contribute to the social_ C__ of thosecountries.A. advancesB. advantageC. advancementⅡ. Match (10 points, 1 point for each)Section AChoose the correct word or words from the box to complete the passage:Choose the correct word or words from the box to complete the passagerejuvenating lead improvespending up persist in subordinated toIn leading the cause of socialism, the Communist Party of China must persist in taking economic development as the central task, making all other work subordinated to and serve this central task. We must lose no time in spending up economic development, implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education and that of sustainable development, give full play to the role of science and technology as the primary productive force. We must take advantage of the advancement of science and technology to improve the quality of workers and work hard to push forward the economy with good results, high quality and high speed.Section BChoose the correct word or words from the box to complete the following sentences: Internet technologies studymargin discount profit6. Marketing is about meeting consumer needs at a __profit_____.7. Economics is the study of how wealth is created and distributed.8. E-business is about transforming business processes and integrating them with Internet technologies9. Selling something at a reduced price is called giving a discount.10. The difference between costs and selling prices is the _ margin ________.Ⅲ. Reading comprehension (45 points, 3 points)Manners and CustomsChanges occurring in manners and customs must be carefully monitored, especially in cases that seem to indicate a narrowing of cultural differences among peoples. Phenomena such as McDonal d’s and Coke Cola have met with success around the world, but this does not mean that the world is becoming westernized. Modernization and westernization are not at all the same, as can be seen in Saudi Arabia, for example.Understanding manners and customs is especially important in negotiations, because interpretations based on one’s own frame reference may lead to a totally incorrect conclusion. Universal respect is needed in cross-cultural negotiation. To negotiate effectively abroad, all types of communication should be read correctly. Americans often interpret inaction and silence as negative signs. As a result, Japanese executives tend to expect that their silence can get Americans to lower prices or sweeten a deal. Even a simple agreement may take days to negotiate in the Middle East because the Arab party may want to talk about unrelated issue or do something else for a while. The aggressive style of Russian negotiators and their usual last-minute change requests may cause astonishment and concern on the part of ill-prepared negotiators.（t ）1. Different manners and customs should be paid attention to when doing international business.（f ）2. The success of McDonald’s and Coke means the world has been westernized.（t ）3. Americans consider doing nothing and keeping silent as the sign of disagreement.（f ）4. Japanese executives tend to expect that their silence can get Americans to lower process or sweeten a deal. “Sweeten a deal” always means to pay more money for the deal.（f ）5. Arab businessmen tend to concentrate on business during the process of negotiation.Ⅳ. Translate the following words into English (10 points, 1 point for each)1. 业绩评估performance evaluation2. 营销策略marketing strategy3. 明示担保express warranty4. 贸易差额balance of trade5. 组织文化organizational cultureV. Translate the following passage into Chinese (15 points)China’s membership in the World Trade Organization creates the potential for impressive gains in economic efficiency. Indeed the gains are likely to be greater than those predicted in most published quantitative estimates, since those studies do not capture fully the likely effect of more foreign competition on domestic firms. No doubt many jobs will be lost in a few sectors. But prospects for generating employment are bountiful as China benefits from the phase-out of arrangements restricting world trade in apparel, and as Taiwan, Mexico, the EU, and other marketsphase out and eliminate the WTO-inconsistent trade barriers they have maintained against a broad array of Chinese goods.。
国际商务英语阅读教程(第四版)-期末复习
Unit 1~2Mercantilism 重商主义 Neomeicantilist 新重商主义者Trade surplus 贸易顺差Quota and tariff 配额和关税Government intervention 政府干预Zero-sum game 零和博弈Positive-sum game 常和博弈The theory of absolute advantage 绝对优势理论The theory of comparative advantage 比较优势理论Factor endowments 要素禀赋理论Product life cycle 产品生命周期（+theory ……理论）Economies of scale 规模经济Diminishing returns 收益递减规律Green revolution 绿色革命Voluntary restriction 自动出口限制Deposit 佣金First mover advantage 先占优势Barrier to entry 进入(市场)壁垒Porter’s diamond theory 波特的钻石理论National competitive advantage 国家竞争优势The department of commerce 商务部Letter of credit 信用证Draft /bill of exchange 汇票bill of lading B/L 提单Sight draft 即期汇票Time draft 远期汇票Banker ‘s acceptance 银行承兑（+bill …汇票）Trade acceptance 商业承兑汇票Countertrade 对等贸易Barter 易货贸易Switch trading 转手贸易Offset 抵消Counter purchase 互购贸易Compensation trade 补偿贸易Mercantilism suggests that it is in a country’s best interest to maintain a trade surplus -- to export more than it imports（重商主义就是保持贸易顺差以实现一国的最大利益---出口超过进口）Mercantilism advocates government intervention(介入) to achieve a surplus in the balance of trade （重商主义主张政府介入以便实现对外贸易顺差）It views trade as a zero-sum game - one in which a gain by one country results in a loss by another （将贸易看成零和博弈，一个国家收益一个国家受损）Absolute Advantage 绝对优势Adam Smith argued that a country has an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country in producing it亚当斯密认为一个国家生产一种商品比其他任何国家效率都高时存在绝对优势According to Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade these goods for the goods produced by other countries 按照亚当斯密的说法，各国应该专门生产具有绝对优势的商品，然后用他们交换其他国家生产的商品The Benefit（好处） of Absolute Advantage and Free TradeThe Principle for International Division of Labor–Absolute Advantage 国际分工的原则---绝对优势The Consequence（结果） of Division of Labor and Free Trade 分工的结果和自由贸易1. To Production: the Flow of the Factor of Production 生产要素的流动； the Efficiency of Factor Distribution 要素分配效率；the Quantity of Production 产品质量。
国际商务英语阅读教程(第四版)
Unit 1~2 Mercantilism重商主义Trade surplus 贸易顺差Quota and tariff配额和关税Zero-sum game零和博弈Positive-sum game常和博弈The theory of absolute advantage绝对优势理论The theory of comparative advantage 比较优势理论Factor endowments要素禀赋理论Product life cycle 产品生命周期Economies of scale 规模经济First mover advantage先占优势Barrier to entry进入(市场)壁垒Porter’s diamond theory波特的钻石理论National competitive advantage国家竞争优势The department of commerce 商务部Letter of credit信用证Draft /bill of exchange 汇票bill of lading B/L 提单Sight draft即期汇票Time draft 远期汇票Banker ‘s acceptance 银行承兑Trade acceptance商业承兑汇票Countertrade 对等贸易Barter 易货贸易Switch trading 转手贸易Offset 抵消Counter purchase 互购贸易Compensation trade 补偿贸易1.波特钻石理论的主要内容①Factor endowments ②Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry③ Demand conditions ④Relating and supporting industries2.对等贸易的主要类型和优缺点①Types of countertradeCountertrade has evolved into a diverse set of activities that can be categorized as five distinct types of trading arrangements: barter, counter purchase, offset, switch trading, and compensation or buyback②The pros and cons of countertrade优：① The main attraction of countertrade is that it can give a firm a way to finance an export deal when other means are not available.② Thus if a firm is unwilling to enter into a countertrade agreement, it may lose an export opportunity to a competitor that is willing to make a countertrade agreement.缺：① Countertrade contracts may involve the exchange of unusable or poor-quality goods that the firm cannot dispose of profitably② In addition, even if the goods it receives are of high quality, the firm still needs to dispose of them profitably.Unit 3Strategic alliance 战略联盟Licensing 许可证Joint venture 合资经营Contracting 承包经营Partnership 合资人Return on investment 投资回报率Franchising 特许经营Contract manufacturing 生产承包Management contracting 管理承包1.许可贸易的优缺点优：①The basic advantage in licensing as contrasted to other approaches is theease and low cost of entering a foreign market.②Licensing is also advantageous in that it can be used to test a foreignmarket without the risk of capital loss should the market not be receptive to the manufacturer’s product.缺：①The greatest disadvantages to the licensor are that a potential competitoris set up.②There is a lack of control over production and marketing.③There may be incomplete market exploration.Unit 4Foreign direct investment 外国直接投资Small and medium-sized firms 中小企业Horizontal FDI 横向外国直接投资Vertical FDI 纵向外国直接投资Product life cycle 产品生命周期Backward vertical FDI 后移纵向外国直接投资Forward vertical FDI 前移纵向外国直接投资Transportation costs 运输成本Market impediments 市场阻碍Market power 市场力量Oligopoly 寡头垄断Specialized assets 特殊资产1.影响横向对外投资的因素①Transportation costs ②Market imperfections④Following competitors ④The product life cycle2.What are the impediments to the sale of know-how?①Licensing may result in a firm’s giving away its technological know-how to a potential foreign competitor.②Licensing does not give a firm the tight control over manufacturing, marketing, and strategy in a foreign country that may be required to profitably exploit tis advantage in know-how.③A firm’s know-how may not be amenable to licensing.Unit 5Bretton Woods System 布雷顿森林体系Fixed exchange rate 固定汇率制OPEC 石油输出国组织Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries Floating exchange rate regime 浮动汇率制Plaza Accord 和平广场协议Louvre Accord 卢浮宫协议Foreign exchange market 外汇市场European Monetary System 欧洲货币体系EMSExchange Rate Mechanism 汇率机制ERMEuropean Currency Unit欧元 ECUTrade deficit贸易赤字Real interest 实际利息Balance of payment 收支平衡表Forward market 期货市场Swaps 掉期交易1. 布雷顿森林体系/固定汇率制瓦解的主要原因As the only currency that could be converted into gold, and as the currency that served as the reference point for all others①It was financed by an increase in the money supply, which, in turn, led to a rise in price inflation from less than 4percent in 1966 to dose to 9 percent by 1968②The rise in government spending had stimulated the economy③Gave rise to speculation in the foreign exchange market that the dollar would be devalued④Weakening dollars lose its credibility.2. What are the reasons for the unexpected rise in the dollar between 1980 and 1985, and what are the reasons for the rapid fall of the US dollar between 1985 and 1987?The reasons for the unexpected rise in the value of the dollar between 1980 and 1985:①Strong economic growth in the US attracted heavy inflows of capital from foreign investors seeking high returns on capital assets.②High real interest rate attracted foreign investors seeking high vellums on financial assets③Political turmoil in other parts of the world.The reasons for 1985 and 1987：The fall in the value of the dollar between 1985 and 198 was caused by a combination of government intervention and market forces.Unit 6Common law 普通法Code civil law 成文法Roman law 罗马法Industrial property right 工业产权Act of god 不可抗力Element forces of nature 天灾自然因素Arbitration 仲裁Conciliation 调节Litigation 诉讼World court at the Hague 海牙国际法庭Tribunals for arbitration 仲裁庭U.N. convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of ForeignArbitral/Awards 联合国承认和执行外国仲裁裁决公约International Chamber of commerce 国际商会1. What are the differences between two legal systems in solving commercial disputes?①Under common law, commercial disputes are subject to laws which may be applied to either civil or commercial disputes since there is no specific recognition of commercial problems as such.②Code law differs in that there is a separate code specifically designed for business2. What are the procedures used by formal arbitration organizations? The usual arbitration procedure is for the parties involved to select a disinterested and informed party or parties as referee to determine the merits of the case and make a judgment that both parties agree to honor.Unit 7Intellectual property rights 知识产权Trade mark copyright, patents, trade secrets 商标权，版权，专利权，商业秘密Intangible assets, tangible assets 无形资产，有形资产Trademark registration 商标注册Generic terms 通称Infringement 侵权GATT 关贸总协定General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade1. What does intellectual property right consist of?①It consists of the products of individual’s minds—products that result from intellectual, creative processes.②Trademarks, copyrights and patents are all forms of intellectual propertyUnit 8The TRIPS agreement 与贸易有关的知识产权协议Need Hierarchy 需求层次理论Self-reference criterion 自我参考标准The adoption process 接纳过程理论High-context cultures 高背景文化Low-context cultures 低背景文化Poly-chromic time 多元化时间观Mono-chromic time 单一性时间观Perception 观念1. What are the characteristics of culture?①It is not innate, but learned②The various facts of culture are interrelated-touch a culture in one place andeverything else is affected.③It is shared by the members of a group and defines the boundaries betweendifferent groups.2. What are the main contents of Need Hierarchy theory?①Self-actualization ②Esteem ③Social ④Safety ⑤Physiological3. What is the concept of adoption process? How many stages will a person undergo before he can finally purchase a new product?Adoption process─through which an individual passes from the time of his or her first knowledge of an innovation to the time of adopting or purchase of the innovation.These stages are as follows: ①awareness ②interest ③evaluation④trial ⑤adoption4. What are the adopter categories? What is the feature for early adopter?Adopter categories are classifications of individuals within a market on the basis of their innovativeness. They include innovators、early adopters, the early majority, the late majority and laggards.The future for early adopter: They tend to be younger, have higher social status and in a more favorable financial position than later adopter. They must be responsive to mass-media information sources and must learn about innovation form these sourcesbecause they cannot simply copy the behavior of earlier adopters.Unit 9Organizational behavior组织行为学Multinational Corporation 跨国公司Maquiladoras 马基拉朵拉工厂Parochialism 地方主义NAFTA 北美自由贸易协定North American Free Trade AgreementKluckhohn-Strudtbeck framework 克拉克洪─斯托特柏克构架Hofstede framework 霍夫斯诺德构架BRICS 金砖五国巴西俄罗斯印度中国南非APEC 亚太经合组织Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation1. Identify the sic cultural dimensions in the Kluckhohn-strodtbeck framework.①Relationship to the environment ②time orientation③nature of people ④Activity orientation⑤focus of responsibility ⑥conception of space2. Explain the dimensions of national culture in Hofstede framework.①Individualism versus collectivism②power distance③uncertainty avoidance④masculinity versus femininity。
商务英语阅读 期末复习要点
currency fluctuationCEOprogressive payment customs dutystrike pricecost reductionforeign exchange reserve intelligent logistic network open accountboard of directorsspot exchange rategross weighteconomic meltdown capital flowprimary market severance payenergy intensivebonusreserve requirements collateralinterest rate liberalization fiscal policecorporate governance turnovershareholder general meeting time depositequity ownershipbulk commoditytax cutsgovernment spending年度预算保税仓线上支付系统预付公募私募证券市场世界贸易组织回报率绩效评估招募人员本国货币公司高管资本流失汇率波动首席执行官按施工进度分批付款关税成交价压缩成本外汇储备智能物流网络赊销董事会即期汇率毛重经济衰退现金流一级市场遣散费能源密集型奖金存款准备金要求抵押利率自由化财政政策公司治理营业额股东大会定期存款股权所有散装货税收降低政府支出annual budget bounded warehouseon- line payment system payment in advance public placement private placement securities marketWTOrate of return performance appraisal recruitmentdomestic currency company senior manager capital flight基本利率公开市场操作实体经济金融市场光票托收养老金抵押贷款货币投机贴现率贬值恶性通膨基本工资贸易区域流通票据提单银行信用prime lending rate open market operations entity economy financial market clean collection pensionmortgage loan currency speculation discount rate depreciation hyperinflationbase paytrade block negotiable instrument bill of ladingbank credit1.The importer should have the knowledge that the exchange control authorities in his country will permit advance payment to be made.进口人应该知道本国外汇管制当局准许使用提前支付的形式支付货款。
商务英语阅读教程 Unit 4
• Most of the following words are used in the context of marketing fundamentals. When you read,
• firstly, try to figure out their meanings. • 首先，试着猜出他们的意思。
7. __m__a_r_k_e_ti_n_g_it refers to practice of commercial selling
8. ___a_d_v_e_r_t_is_i_n_g_ it can make something known generally, especially, in order to sell it
配销渠道 adj. 非商标的 n. 广告；登广告 免费 行销努力 n. 流程 n. 缺点 产品定价 市场营销推广组合 v. 要价 垃圾邮件 推销战略 按正常价
4-1 TASK 1
Select an expression from the words listed above which matches one of the eight definitions given below. If you like, compare the definitions here with others in a dictionary. If there are other words or expressions in the list which you do not know, look them up, too.
4-1 TASK 1
5. ___p_r_o_d_u_c_t it is anything that can be offered to a market that might satisfy a want or need in marketing
商务英语阅读教程
商务英语阅读教程. 第3、4册
《商务英语阅读教程3-4》是2011年上海外语教育出版社出版的图书。
内容简介：《商务英语阅读教程3-4(教师用书)》是“新世纪商务英语专业本科系列教材”之一，丛书是国内首套按照《高等学校商务英语专业本科教学要求》（试行）编写的商务英语专业教材。
教材以现代外语教育理念和教材设计理论为指导，结合商务英语语言和教学的特点，融合多年商务英语教学实践，由国内知名外语教学专家和长期从事商务英语教学的教授共同参与，联袂打造。
体现《教学要求》的培养目标，强调打好扎实的语言基本功，兼顾商务专业素质与人文素养的同步提升。
编排和选材注重学生正确世界观和道德观的形成，注重思维能力、创新能力和跨文化交际能力的培养。
语言、文化与商务有机融合，注重商务英语技能和商务专业课程的合理衔接。
学习任务设计丰富多样，有助于训练学生交际能力、自主学习能力和合作学习能力。
单元紧扣社会热点话题，难度合理递增，选文思想内涵深刻，可读性强，充分反映经济全球化时代的特点。
为教学提供多媒体资源，丰富的视频材料可增加语言学习的趣味性和输入的有效性，调动学生课堂参与的积极性；主干教程配套电子教案，方便实用，充分满足个性化教学需要。
(最新整理)世纪商务英语阅读教程专业篇1第四版Unit_7
n. 供应厂商，供应者 n. 合伙企业 n. 杂货店 合伙企业的章程 v. 租用 n. 许可，执照 n. 实体 n. 总经理，常务董事 n. 破产 n. 资金，资本 独资（经营）
2021/7/26
5
7-1
Professional Words & Expressions
asset obligation transfer proprietorship profit supervise voice general partner risk liability limited partner
2. simplest, oldest, and most common form of business ownership in which only one individual acquires all the benefits and risks of running an enterprise
2021/7/26
8
7-1 TASK 1
1. one of the co-owners of a business organized as limited partnership who does not participate in the management of the firm
选项
O. limited partner
There are three basic forms of ownership structures for business entities: sole proprietorship, partnership and the diagram of the company’s organizational structure. Almost all large and medium-sized businesses are organized as corporations, such as General Motors, Bank of America, Microsoft and General Electric. But not all businesses are corporations. For instance, small ventures can be owned and managed by a single individual. This is called sole proprietorship. In other cases, several people may join to own and manage a partnership.
世纪商务英语 阅读教程 专业篇1 第四版
世纪商务英语阅读教程专业篇1 第四版Unit 1 for sale 出售的 advertising 广告、登广告 auditing 审核、审计investment 投资 at no cost 免费 facility location 厂址选择 life assurance 人寿保险 marketing effort 行销努力 auditor 审计人员 tangible product 有形产品 process 流程 quality standards 质量标准 standard product 标准产品 drawback 缺点 implement 贯彻 Unit3 product pricing 产品定价 custom-designed 定制的 promotions 促销 marketing mix 市场营销推广组合 registry 注册、登记处 unit cost 单位成本 charge 要价 international trade 国际贸易 price elasticity 价格弹性 junk mail 垃圾邮件 warehouse 仓库 profit-maximization 利润最大化 sales strategy 推销战略 inventory 存货管理、存货清单 revenue 税收 at regular price 按正常价 ISO 国际标准化组织segmentation 市场细分、分割 Unit5 Internal Audit 内部审查 demand curve 需求曲线 retailer 零售商 final product 最终成品 skim pricing 撇脂定价allowance 让利 freight bill 运费单 launch (新产品)投产 trade deal 贸易协定 shipping 装运 distribution 分销渠道 corporate image 企业形象 target date 预订日期 domestic price 本土价格、国内价reseller 转卖人 modular 模块化的格 stimulate 刺激 Gap Analysis 差距分析 penetration pricing 渗透定价 sales force 销售力量 certify 保证 positioning 目标市场定位 rational appeal 理性诉求 zero-defect 零瑕疵的 targeting 目标市场选择 lead 线索registrar 注册人员 gross profit 毛利 wholesaler 批发商 quality control 质量控制 fixed and variable 固定成本和变push money 提成、推销员奖励management 管理动成本 point of sale 卖点 wholesaler 批发商 costs 花费voucher 票券、代金券 finished product 成品 dumping 倾销 approach 准备Unit2 current price 市价 dump bin 垃圾箱 product 产品 market share 市场份额 promotional mix 营销推广组合 wholesale 批发 pricing 定价 leverage 杠杆作用、手段 real estate 房地产 sales volume 销售量 formula 公式intangible product 无形产品 profit margin 利润率 trade-in 以旧物换折价换取同类development cycle 发展周期 Unit4 新物的交易 service 服务 product 产品 continuity program 继续订货 warranty 担保 manufacturer 制造业者prospect 寻找(客户) growth cycle 生长周期 market research 市场调查coupon 息票、赠券 declining cycle 下降周期 marketing plan 营销推广计划deal loader 厂家对零售商的奖励 marketing strategy 市场策略 product marketing 产品推广 brand equity 品牌价值 retail 零售 brand 品牌 closing 结束 discount 折扣 marketing 市场营销 hard-sell 硬销售 commodity 商品media planning 媒体计划 self-liquidating 自我清偿 market segment 市场份额 image-building 形象塑造 unit6 non-standard product 非标准产physical evidence 实体坏境 net净值品 people 人员 inventory财产清册 goods 商品placement 放置 current asset流动资产 downturn 低迷周期 target market 目标市场 Master Budget总预算 market target 市场目标 public relations 公共关系 cost of goods sold 已售产品成品 maturity cycle 成熟周期distribution channel 配销渠道 revenue年收入 introduction cycle 引入周期generic 非商标的 liquidity流动性expenditure费用 Managing Director总经理 casualty insurance意外事故保险 finance筹措资金 Bankruptcy破产 combined certificate联合凭证current liabilities ratio流动负债率 Capital资金 B/L提单 budget预算sole proprietorship独资(经营) Premium保险费 creditor债权人 asset资产original policy正本保单 financing mix融资组合 obligation义务disability insurance伤残保险 profitability盈利能力 transfer转让unemployment insurance失业保investment decision投资决定 proprietorship 所有权险debtor借方 profit利润 policy保险单 dividend红利 supervise监督insure投保 cash dividend现金分红 voice发言权 beneficiary受益人finished goods成品 general partner普通合伙人 property insurance财产保险 investment proposal投资建议 risk风险 insurance certificate保险凭证ratio比率 liability责任 heir继承人 overhead营业费用 limited partner有限责任股东 insurer继承人 capital project资本项目 health insurance健康保险 brokerage经纪业务 work-in-progress工作中的进展 invest投资 old-age insurance养老保险 creation of value资产成本 fringe benefit额外福利open policy/open cover预约保险 gross总额 unlimited liability无限责任Unit10 fixed asset固定资产 permit许可证 arbitration仲裁 stock dividend 股息分红 proprietor所有证 termination终止 dept capital债务资金 legal entity法律实体 executory contract执行合同 dividend decision股利决策board of director理事会cash现金 Unit 8cash flow现金流量 equity股东dividend-payout股息分配 venture企业depreciation折旧 franchiser特许investment decision投资决策 exclusive right独占权利demand需求 guaranteed loan保证贷款shareholder股东 fund基金opportunity cost机会成本 exclusive独占的profitability ratio盈利率 franchisee授权人prospective acquisition预期收益 brand image品牌stock 库存 participation loan组合贷款allocation配置 loan贷款raw material原材料 restriction限制issued share capital已发行股份provision条款资金 franchise(ing)许可financing decision融资决策 direct loan直接贷款unit7 Unit 9supplier供应厂商 L/C信用证partnership合伙企业 coverage 承保范围grocery杂货店 reimbursement 偿还articles of partnership合伙企业的insurance policy保单章程 insurance declaration 保险申明lease租用 insure 投保license许可;执照 insured被保险人entity实体 policyholder投保人。
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Unit 1~2Mercantilism 重商主义 Neomeicantilist 新重商主义者Trade surplus 贸易顺差Quota and tariff 配额和关税Government intervention 政府干预Zero-sum game 零和博弈Positive-sum game 常和博弈The theory of absolute advantage 绝对优势理论The theory of comparative advantage 比较优势理论Factor endowments 要素禀赋理论Product life cycle 产品生命周期（+theory ……理论）Economies of scale 规模经济Diminishing returns 收益递减规律Green revolution 绿色革命Voluntary restriction 自动出口限制Deposit 佣金First mover advantage 先占优势Barrier to entry 进入(市场)壁垒Porter’s diamond theory 波特的钻石理论National competitive advantage 国家竞争优势The department of commerce 商务部Letter of credit 信用证Draft /bill of exchange 汇票bill of lading B/L 提单Sight draft 即期汇票Time draft 远期汇票Banker ‘s acceptance 银行承兑（+bill …汇票）Trade acceptance 商业承兑汇票Countertrade 对等贸易Barter 易货贸易Switch trading 转手贸易Offset 抵消Counter purchase 互购贸易Compensation trade 补偿贸易Mercantilism suggests that it is in a country’s best interest to maintain a trade surplus -- to export more than it imports（重商主义就是保持贸易顺差以实现一国的最大利益---出口超过进口）Mercantilism advocates government intervention(介入) to achieve a surplus in the balance of trade （重商主义主张政府介入以便实现对外贸易顺差）It views trade as a zero-sum game - one in which a gain by one country results in a loss by another （将贸易看成零和博弈，一个国家收益一个国家受损）Absolute Advantage 绝对优势Adam Smith argued that a country has an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country in producing it亚当斯密认为一个国家生产一种商品比其他任何国家效率都高时存在绝对优势According to Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade these goods for the goods produced by other countries 按照亚当斯密的说法，各国应该专门生产具有绝对优势的商品，然后用他们交换其他国家生产的商品The Benefit（好处） of Absolute Advantage and Free TradeThe Principle for International Division of Labor–Absolute Advantage 国际分工的原则---绝对优势The Consequence（结果） of Division of Labor and Free Trade 分工的结果和自由贸易1. To Production: the Flow of the Factor of Production 生产要素的流动； the Efficiency of Factor Distribution 要素分配效率；the Quantity of Production 产品质量。
2. To Consumer: Welfare from Free Trade自由贸易福利: low price of imports and more consumption 低价格的进口更多的消费Comparative Advantage比较优势Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage suggests that countries should specialize in the productionof those goods they produce most efficiently and buy goods that they produce less efficiently from other countries, even if this means buying goods from other countries that they could produce more efficiently at home李嘉图的比较优势理论认为一个国家分工生产最有效率的产品，而从别国购买自己生产效率相对较低的产品，甚至从别国购买自己更能有效生产的产品是有意义choose bigger one in two advantages and smaller one in two disadvantages 两利取重两害取轻Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 俄林理论Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin argued that comparative advantage arises from differences in national factor endowments（天赋）– the extent to which a country is endowed with resources like land, labor, and capital赫克歇尔和俄林认为比较优势是由各国生产要素禀赋的差异引起的，指一国的一些资源比如土地，劳动力还有资本 To take advantage of factor of endowmentsThe Heckscher-Ohlin theory predicts that countries will export goods that make intensive use of those factors that are locally abundant, while importing goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce赫克歇尔-俄林理论预测一国将出口密集型使用本国充足要素的产品，进口密集使用本国稀缺要素的产品。
H-O vs Ricardo：Ricardo（comparative advantage stems from differences in productivity）；H-O（national factor endowments are responsible for the difference）New Trade Theory 新贸易理论New trade theory suggests that the ability of firms to gain economies of scale (unit cost reductions associated with a large scale of output) can have important implications for international tradeNew trade theory suggests that:through its impact on economies of scale, trade can increase the variety of goods available to consumers and decrease the average cost of those goods贸易可以通过对规模经济的影响增加消费品的种类，降低这些商品的平均成本in those industries when output required to attain economies of scale represents a significant proportion of total world demand, the global market may only be able to support a small number of enterprises一些应该达到规模经济的产业，所生产的产品占世界总需求的比重较大，这样全球市场就只能容纳数量很少的企业Factor Endowments 要素禀赋Factor endowments refer to a nation’s position in factors of production necessary to compete in a given industry 要素禀赋理论意味着国家态度对一个特定行业生产要素的竞争是很必要的A nation's position in factors of production can lead to competitive advantage国家对生产要素的使用态度可以导致比较优势These factors can be either basic (natural resources, climate, location) or advanced (skilled labor, infrastructure, technological know-how) 要素可以是基础的也可以是高等的Economy of the scale规模效应It refers to the ability to increase the output of a product with specialization owning to larger scale and lower unit costs.Economy of scale is derived by spreading fixed cost over a larger output,First-Mover Advantages 第一进入者优势Being a first mover can have important competitive implications, especially if there are economies of scale and the global industry will only support a few competitors第一进入者有重要的竞争影响，特别是规模经济或者全球行业只有少量竞争者时Firms that establish a first-mover advantage may dominate global trade in that product.公司建立了第一个优势可能会在全球贸易中占主导地位Product life cycle theory产品生命周期理论：as products mature，both the location of sales and of production chance，thereby affecting the pattern of exports and imports.For many，especially technology products。