CA6140车床主轴箱的设计-外文翻译
CA6140普通车床主轴变速箱设计及主轴箱设计说明书
CA6140普通车床主轴变速箱设计及主轴箱设计说明书目录1 绪论 (1)1.1 课题研究背景及选题意义 ........................................................................... . (1)1.1.1 课题的背景 ........................................................................... .. (1)1.1.2 课题的目的............................................................................ .................. 3 1.2 完成的内容 ........................................................................... (3)2 参数拟定 (4)2.1 主电机动力参数的确定 ........................................................................... (4)2.2 运动设计 ........................................................................... (4)2.2.1 确定主轴极限转速 ........................................................................... ........ 4 2.2.2 确定转速范围Rn定公比?确定主轴转速数例: (5)3 传动设计 (5)3.1 传动方案拟定 ........................................................................... .. (5)3.1.1传动组和传动副数的确定 ...........................................................................6 3.2 传动结构式的选择 ........................................................................... . (6)3.2.1 基本组和扩大组的确定 ............................................................................6 3.2.2 分配总降速比 ........................................................................... ............... 7 3.3 带轮直径和齿轮齿数的确定及转速图拟定 (8)3.3.1确定皮带轮动直径 ........................................................................... ......... 8 3.3.2 确定齿轮齿数 ........................................................................... ............... 9 3.3.3 画出转速图如下： ......................................................................... ........ 10 3.3.4 验算转速误差 ........................................................................... ............... 10 3.4 齿轮的计算转速的确定及传动系统的拟定的计算转速 (12)3.4.1 确定各轴和齿轮............................................................................ ......... 12 3.4.2 由转速图拟定传动系统图.. (13)4 传动件的估算和验算 (14)4.1齿轮模数的估算和设计 ........................................................................... .. (14)4.1.1 计算各轴传动的功率............................................................................ .. 144.1.2 计算传动轴齿轮模数............................................................................ .. 14 4.1.3 计算各轴之间的中心距 .......................................................................... 16 4.2 三角带传动的计算 ........................................................................... ................. 17 4.2.1计算皮带尺寸 ........................................................................... .............. 17 4.3 传动轴的估算和齿轮尺寸的计算 (18)4.3.1确定各轴的直径 ........................................................................... .......... 18 4.3.2 计算各齿轮的尺寸 ........................................................................... (18)5 各部件结构设计 (21)5.1 皮带轮及齿轮块设计 ........................................................................... .............. 21 5.1.1 皮带及皮带轮的设计............................................................................ .. 21 5.1.2 齿轮及齿轮块设计 ........................................................................... ...... 21 5.2 轴承的选择及箱体设计 ........................................................................... . (21)5.2.1各轴承的选择 ........................................................................... .............. 21 5.2.2 主轴及箱体设计............................................................................ ......... 21 5.3 密封结构及润滑 ........................................................................... (22)6 主轴组件的验算 (23)6.1验算主轴轴端的位移ya ........................................................................... . (23)6.2 前轴承的转角及寿命的验算 ........................................................................... (25)6.2.1 验算前轴承处的转角Q? (25)6.2.2 验算前支系寿命............................................................................ (25)6.3 箱体设计 ........................................................................... . (26)总结................................................. 26 致谢. (27)2摘要本文用简明的语言有侧重的介绍了普通数控机床中CA6140主轴的设计改造过程，先通过研究背景及选题意义的介绍，来引出本设计的意义。
CA6140型卧式车床进给箱设计
同时本课题作为毕业设计，可以有效的培养我们独立工作、发现问题和解决问题的能力；能根据设计课题查找有关的资料，了解本课题的前沿和发展方向；树立正确的设计思想，掌握设计的基本方法和步骤，为以后从事设计工作打下良好的基础。
研究本课题主要从其结构和传动原理上进一步了解车床的性能、功能、作用，从实物到装配图的绘制，逐步熟悉车床的加工工艺、结构和原理。如对进给箱中各齿轮相关参数有足够了解。比如着重讨论离合器M3所连接的轴上的一双联滑移齿轮，令此轴名为I轴其左侧齿数Z1=28,右侧齿数Z2=18,模数m=2mm，精度等级均为7级，不进行变位传动，为直齿轮，z1的公法线长度L1=21.449mm,上偏差为—0.09mm,下偏差为—0.13mm,Z2的公法线长度L2=15.265mm,其上偏差为—0.075mm,下偏差为—0.119mm。z1的一转度量距差=0.063mm，Z2的一转度量距差=0.055mm。Z1的齿向公差=0.015mm，Z2的齿向公差=0.005mm。经离合器M3传过的动力经I轴上四个滑移齿轮传至II轴上的八个固定齿轮，组成基本变速组。此齿轮为进给箱中的重要齿轮，故需保证其齿面接触强度和齿根弯曲强度，根据所传动力的大小对其进行校核和验算，从而保证丝杆和光杆的准确运动，以能进行切制螺纹和切削加工。
刀架上最大工作回转直径：210mm。
主轴中心到床身平面导轨距离（中心高）：205mm。
主轴转速： 正转24级 10~1400转/分。
CA6140车床进给箱设计译文
译文学院：机械工程学院专业：机械设计制造及其自动化学号：0545501141姓名：周炜指导教师：李钦奉教授Failure Analysis，Dimensional Determination And Analysis，Applications Of CamsJack BaubleAbstract：It is absolutely essential that a design engineer know how and why parts fail so that reliable machines that require minimum maintenance can be designed；Cams are among the most versatile mechanisms available．A cam is a simple two-member device．The input member is the cam itself，while the output member is called the follower．Through the use of cams，a simple input motion can be modified into almost any conceivable output motion that is desired．Key words:failure high-speed cams design propertiesINTRODUCTIONIt is absolutely essential that a design engineer know how and why parts fail so that reliable machines that require minimum maintenance can be designed．Sometimes a failure can be serious，such as when a tire blows out on an automobile traveling at high speed．On the other hand，a failure may be no more than a nuisance．An example is the loosening of the radiator hose in an automobile cooling system．The consequence of this latter failure is usually the loss of some radiator coolant，a condition that is readily detected and corrected．The type of load a part absorbs is just as significant as the magnitude．Generally speaking，dynamic loads with direction reversals cause greater difficulty than static loads，and therefore，fatigue strength must be considered．Another concern is whether the material is ductile or brittle．For example，brittle materials are considered to be unacceptable where fatigue is involved．Many people mistakingly interpret the word failure to mean the actual breakage of a part．However，a design engineer must consider a broader understanding of what appreciable deformation occurs．A ductile material，however will deform a large amount prior to rupture．Excessive deformation，without fracture，may cause a machine to fail because the deformed part interferes with a moving second part．Therefore，a part fails(even if it has not physically broken)whenever it no longer fulfills its required function．Sometimes failure may be due to abnormal friction or vibration between two mating parts．Failure also may be due to a phenomenon called creep，which is the plastic flow of amaterial under load at elevated temperatures．In addition，the actual shape of a part may be responsible for failure．For example，stress concentrations due to sudden changes in contour must be taken into account．Evaluation of stress considerations is especially important when there are dynamic loads with direction reversals and the material is not very ductile．In general，the design engineer must consider all possible modes of failure，which include the following．——Stress——Deformation——Wear——Corrosion——Vibration——Environmental damage——Loosening of fastening devicesThe part sizes and shapes selected also must take into account many dimensional factors that produce external load effects，such as geometric discontinuities，residual stresses due to forming of desired contours，and the application of interference fit joints．Cams are among the most versatile mechanisms available．A cam is a simple two-member device．The input member is the cam itself，while the output member is called the follower．Through the use of cams，a simple input motion can be modified into almost any conceivable output motion that is desired．Some of the common applications of cams are——Camshaft and distributor shaft of automotive engine——Production machine tools——Automatic record players——Printing machines——Automatic washing machines——Automatic dishwashersThe contour of high-speed cams (cam speed in excess of 1000 rpm) must be determined mathematically．However，the vast majority of cams operate at low speeds(less than 500 rpm) or medium-speed cams can be determined graphically using a large-scale layout．In general，the greater the cam speed and output load，the greater must be the precision with which the cam contour is machined．DESIGN PROPERTIES OF MATERIALSThe following design properties of materials are defined as they relate to the tensile test．Static Strength． The strength of a part is the maximum stress that the part can sustain without losing its ability to perform its required function．Thus the static strength may be considered to be approximately equal to the proportional limit，since no plastic deformation takes place and no damage theoretically is done to the material．Stiffness．Stiffness is the deformation-resisting property of a material．The slope of the modulus line and，hence，the modulus of elasticity are measures of the stiffness of a material．Resilience． Resilience is the property of a material that permits it to absorb energy without permanent deformation．The amount of energy absorbed is represented by the area underneath the stress-strain diagram within the elastic region．Toughness． Resilience and toughness are similar properties．However，toughness is the ability to absorb energy without rupture．Thus toughness is represented by the total area underneath the stress-strain diagram， as depicted in Figure 2．8b．Obviously，the toughness and resilience of brittle materials are very low and are approximately equal．Brittleness． A brittle material is one that ruptures before any appreciable plastic deformation takes place．Brittle materials are generally considered undesirable for machine components because they are unable to yield locally at locations of high stress because of geometric stress raisers such as shoulders，holes，notches，or keyways．Ductility． A ductility material exhibits a large amount of plastic deformation prior to rupture．Ductility is measured by the percent of area and percent elongation of a part loaded to rupture．A 5%elongation at rupture is considered to be the dividing line between ductile and brittle materials．Malleability． Malleability is essentially a measure of the compressive ductility of a material and，as such，is an important characteristic of metals that are to be rolled into sheets．Hardness． The hardness of a material is its ability to resist indentation or scratching．Generally speaking，the harder a material，the more brittle itis and，hence，the less resilient．Also，the ultimate strength of a material is roughly proportional to its hardness．Machinability． Machinability is a measure of the relative ease with which a material can be machined．In general，the harder the material，the more difficult it is to machine．COMPRESSION AND SHEAR STATIC STRENGTHIn addition to the tensile tests，there are other types of static load testing that provide valuable information．Compression Testing． Most ductile materials have approximately the same properties in compression as in tension．The ultimate strength，however，can not be evaluated for compression．As a ductile specimen flows plastically in compression，the material bulges out，but there is no physical rupture as is the case in tension．Therefore，a ductile material fails in compression as a result of deformation，not stress．Shear Testing． Shafts，bolts，rivets，and welds are located in such a way that shear stresses are produced．A plot of the tensile test．The ultimate shearing strength is defined as the stress at which failure occurs．The ultimate strength in shear，however，does not equal the ultimate strength in tension．For example，in the case of steel，the ultimate shear strength is approximately 75% of the ultimate strength in tension．This difference must be taken into account when shear stresses are encountered in machine components．DYNAMIC LOADSAn applied force that does not vary in any manner is called a static or steady load．It is also common practice to consider applied forces that seldom vary to be static loads．The force that is gradually applied during a tensile test is therefore a static load．On the other hand，forces that vary frequently in magnitude and direction are called dynamic loads．Dynamic loads can be subdivided to the following three categories．Varying Load．With varying loads，the magnitude changes，but the direction does not．For example，the load may produce high and low tensile stresses but no compressive stresses．Reversing Load．In this case，both the magnitude and direction change．These load reversals produce alternately varying tensile and compressive stresses that are commonly referred to as stress reversals．Shock Load．This type of load is due to impact．One example is an elevator dropping on a nest of springs at the bottom of a chute．The resulting maximum spring force can be many times greater than the weight of the elevator，The same type of shock load occurs in automobile springs when a tire hits a bump or hole in the road．FATIGUE FAILURE-THE ENDURANCE LIMIT DIAGRAMThe test specimen in Figure 2.10a．，after a given number of stress reversals will experience a crack at the outer surface where the stress is greatest．The initial crack starts where the stress exceeds the strength of the grain on which it acts．This is usually where there is a small surface defect，such as a material flaw or a tiny scratch．As the number of cycles increases，the initial crack begins to propagate into a continuous series of cracks all around the periphery of the shaft．The conception of the initial crack is itself a stress concentration that accelerates the crack propagation phenomenon．Once the entire periphery becomes cracked，the cracks start to move toward the center of the shaft．Finally，when the remaining solid inner area becomes small enough，the stress exceeds the ultimate strength and the shaft suddenly breaks．Inspection of the break reveals a very interesting pattern，as shown in Figure 2.13．The outer annular area is relatively smooth because mating cracked surfaces had rubbed against each other．However，the center portion is rough，indicating a sudden rupture similar to that experienced with the fracture of brittle materials．This brings out an interesting fact．When actual machine parts fail as a result of static loads，they normally deform appreciably because of the ductility of the material.Thus many static failures can be avoided by making frequent visual observations and replacing all deformed parts．However，fatigue failures give to warning．Fatigue fail mated that over 90% of broken automobile parts have failed through fatigue．The fatigue strength of a material is its ability to resist the propagation of cracks under stress reversals．Endurance limit is a parameter used to measurethe fatigue strength of a material．By definition，the endurance limit is the stress value below which an infinite number of cycles will not cause failure．Let us return our attention to the fatigue testing machine in Figure 2.9．The test is run as follows：A small weight is inserted and the motor is turned on．At failure of the test specimen，the counter registers the number of cycles N，and the corresponding maximum bending stress is calculated from Equation 2.5．The broken specimen is then replaced by an identical one，and an additional weight is inserted to increase the load．A new value of stress is calculated，and the procedure is repeated until failure requires only one complete cycle．A plot is then made of stress versus number of cycles to failure．Figure 2.14a shows the plot，which is called the endurance limit or S-N curve．Since it would take forever to achieve an infinite number of cycles，1 million cycles is used as a reference．Hence the endurance limit can be found from Figure 2.14a by noting that it is the stress level below which the material can sustain 1 million cycles without failure．The relationship depicted in Figure 2.14 is typical for steel，because the curve becomes horizontal as N approaches a very large number．Thus the endurance limit equals the stress level where the curve approaches a horizontal tangent．Owing to the large number of cycles involved，N is usually plotted on a logarithmic scale，as shown in Figure 2.14b．When this is done，the endurance limit value can be readily detected by the horizontal straight line．For steel，the endurance limit equals approximately 50% of the ultimate strength．However，if the surface finish is not of polished equality，the value of the endurance limit will be lower．For example，for steel parts with a machined surface finish of 63 microinches ，the percentage drops to about 40%．For rough surfaces，the percentage may be as low as 25%．The most common type of fatigue is that due to bending．The next most frequent is torsion failure，whereas fatigue due to axial loads occurs very seldom．Spring materials are usually tested by applying variable shear stresses that alternate from zero to a maximum value，simulating the actual stress patterns．In the case of some nonferrous metals，the fatigue curve does not level off as the number of cycles becomes very large．This continuing toward zero stress means that a large number of stress reversals will cause failure regardless of how small the value of stress is．Such a material is said to have no endurancelimit．For most nonferrous metals having an endurance limit，the value is about 25% of the ultimate strength．EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON YIELD STRENGTH AND MODULUS OF ELASTICITY Generally speaking，when stating that a material possesses specified values of properties such as modulus of elasticity and yield strength，it is implied that these values exist at room temperature．At low or elevated temperatures，the properties of materials may be drastically different．For example，many metals are more brittle at low temperatures．In addition，the modulus of elasticity and yield strength deteriorate as the temperature increases．Figure 2.23 shows that the yield strength for mild steel is reduced by about 70% in going from room temperature to 1000o F．Figure 2.24 shows the reduction in the modulus of elasticity E for mild steel as the temperature increases．As can be seen from the graph，a 30% reduction in modulus of elasticity occurs in going from room temperature to 1000o F．In this figure，we also can see that a part loaded below the proportional limit at room temperature can be permanently deformed under the same load at elevated temperatures．CREEP: A PLASTIC PHENOMENONTemperature effects bring us to a phenomenon called creep，which is the increasing plastic deformation of a part under constant load as a function of time．Creep also occurs at room temperature，but the process is so slow that it rarely becomes significant during the expected life of the temperature is raised to 300o C or more，the increasing plastic deformation can become significant within a relatively short period of time．The creep strength of a material is its ability to resist creep，and creep strength data can be obtained by conducting long-time creep tests simulating actual part operating conditions．During the test，the plastic strain is monitored for given material at specified temperatures．Since creep is a plastic deformation phenomenon，the dimensions of a part experiencing creep are permanently altered．Thus，if a part operates with tight clearances，the design engineer must accurately predict the amount of creep that will occur during the life of the machine．Otherwise，problems such binding or interference can occur．Creep also can be a problem in the case where bolts are used to clamp tow parts together at elevated temperatures．The bolts，under tension，will creep as a function of time．Since the deformation is plastic，loss of clamping force will result in an undesirable loosening of the bolted joint．The extent of this particular phenomenon，called relaxation，can be determined by running appropriate creep strength tests．Figure 2.25 shows typical creep curves for three samples of a mild steel part under a constant tensile load．Notice that for the high-temperature case the creep tends to accelerate until the part fails．The time line in the graph (the x-axis) may represent a period of 10 years，the anticipated life of the product．SUMMARYThe machine designer must understand the purpose of the static tensile strength test．This test determines a number of mechanical properties of metals that are used in design equations．Such terms as modulus of elasticity，proportional limit，yield strength，ultimate strength，resilience，and ductility define properties that can be determined from the tensile test．Dynamic loads are those which vary in magnitude and direction and may require an investigation of the machine part’s resistance to failure．Stress reversals may require that the allowable design stress be based on the endurance limit of the material rather than on the yield strength or ultimate strength．Stress concentration occurs at locations where a machine part changes size，such as a hole in a flat plate or a sudden change in width of a flat plate or a groove or fillet on a circular shaft．Note that for the case of a hole in a flat or bar，the value of the maximum stress becomes much larger in relation to the average stress as the size of the hole decreases．Methods of reducing the effect of stress concentration usually involve making the shape change more gradual．Machine parts are designed to operate at some allowable stress below the yield strength or ultimate strength．This approach is used to take care of such unknown factors as material property variations and residual stresses produced during manufacture and the fact that the equations used may be approximate rather that exact．The factor of safety is applied to the yield strength or the ultimate strength to determine the allowable stress．Temperature can affect the mechanical properties of metals．Increases in temperature may cause a metal to expand and creep and may reduce its yield strength and its modulus of elasticity．If most metals are not allowed to expand or contract with a change in temperature，then stresses are set up that may be added to the stresses from the load．This phenomenon is useful in assembling parts by means of interference fits．A hub or ring has an inside diameter slightly smaller than the mating shaft or post．The hub is then heated so that it expands enough to slip over the shaft．When it cools，it exerts a pressure on the shaft resulting in a strong frictional force that prevents loosening．故障的分析、尺寸的决定以及凸轮的分析和应用摘要：作为一名设计工程师有必要知道零件如何发生和为什么会发生故障，以便通过进行最低限度的维修以保证机器的可靠性；凸轮是被应用的最广泛的机械结构之一，是一种仅仅有两个组件构成的设备。
CA6140车床主轴箱的设计说明书
CA6140车床主轴箱的设计摘要在工业生产的很多时候都要用到CA6140车床，然而，这种车床的自动化程度不高，结构又相对复杂，如果要加工一些相对复杂的工件，就需要不断换刀，给实际操作带来很多麻烦，再加上这种车床的加工过程较慢，造成效率不高，所以，只能在单件或者小批量生产中广泛应用。
本文主要对该机床的主轴箱进行了设计，采用三轴支撑的滚动轴承，加上双轴滑移的共用齿轮作为进给体系；加上快速电机和十字手柄，极大改善了机床的性能，提高了操作性。
本文从CA6140机床的参数设定、传动体系图制定、传动方案制定，主要零部件的校荷，对该机床的主轴箱设计进行了说明，并附有机床了零部件整体装配详图。
关键词：CA6140机床；主轴箱；零件；传动；AbstractThe scope of application of CA6140 lathe is very extensive, but the complex structure and low degree of automation, the workpiece processing is more complicated in shape, change the knife trouble, in the process of auxiliary time is relatively long, low productivity, suitable for single or small batch production. The main shaft three support adopts the rolling bearing; the feed system uses the two axle sliding common gear mechanism; the longitudinal and transverse feed is controlled by the cross handle. The machine has good rigidity, large power and convenient operation.As a major turning processing machine, CA6140 machine is widely used in mechanical processing industry, the design of the main spindle box for CA6140 machine design, design is the main content of the main parameters of the machine, drawing up the transmission plan and the transmission scheme, the main parts of the calculation and checking, the use of CAD drawing software design and processing of parts.Keywords: CA6140 machine tool ；spindle box ；parts ；transmission目录第1章引言 (5)第2章主要技术参数 (6)第3章传动方案和传动系统图的拟定 (8)3.1. 主运动传动链 (8)3.2. 进给传动链 (11)第4章主要设计零件的计算和验算 (15)4.1主轴箱的箱体 (15)4.2.传动系统的I轴及轴上零件设计 (17)4.2.1普通V带传动的计算 (17)4.2.2多片式摩擦离合器的计算 (19)4.2.3齿轮的验算 (21)4.2.4传动轴的验算 (24)4.2.5轴承疲劳强度校核 (26)4.3.传动系统的Ⅱ轴及轴上零件设计 (27)4.3.1齿轮的验算 (27)4.3.2传动轴的验算 (31)4.3.3轴组件的刚度验算 (32)4.4 传动系统的Ⅲ轴及轴上零件设计 (34)4.4.1齿轮的验算 (34)4.4.2 传动轴的验算 (38)4.4.3 轴组件的刚度验算 (40)4.5传动系统的Ⅳ轴及轴上零件设计 (42)4.5.1齿轮的验算 (42)4.5.2传动轴的验算 (45)4.5.3轴组件的刚度验算 (48)4.6. 传动系统的Ⅴ轴及轴上零件设计 (50)4.6.1齿轮的验算 (50)4.6.2传动轴的验算 (54)4.6.3轴组件的刚度验算 (56)结论 (59)毕业设计小结 (59)参考文献 (64)致谢 (65)第1章引言在车床类中。
CA6140车床主轴箱体的设计分析及镗模
C6140主轴箱体加工工艺及夹具设计摘要：本设计要求“以质量求发展，以效益求生存”，在保证零件加工质量的前提下，提高了生产率，降低了生产成本，是国内外现代机械加工工艺的主要发展方面方向之一。
通过对60140主轴箱体零件图的分析及结构形式的了解，从而对主轴箱体进行工艺分析、工艺说明及加工过程的技术要求和精度分析。
然后再对主轴箱体的底孔、轴承孔的加工进行夹具设计与精度和误差分析，该工艺与夹具设计结果能应用于生产要求。
Abstract This Paper requires that" with quality beg development, with benefits seek to live on to store ", under the prerequisite of guaranteeing the quality of element processing , have raised productivity and reduced production cost, is one of mainly direction of domestic and international modern machining technology developing. Through knowing and analysis the configuration of the casing part drawing for WH212 gear reducer, so as to analysis the process, make process explanation and analysis the technical requirement and the precision of gear reducer. Then, carry out the design of clamping apparatus and analysis the precision and error for the processing of bearing hole and the base hole of the casing of gear reducer, this technology and the design result of clamping apparatus can apply in production requirement.关键词：主轴箱加工工艺定位夹具设计Key phrase: principal axis , processing technology , Fixed position ，Tongs design前言加工工艺及夹具毕业设计是对所学专业知识的一次巩固，是在进行社会实践之前对所学各课程的一次深入的综合性的总复习，也是理论联系实际的训练。
CK6140数控车床主轴箱及自动转位刀架设计
CK6140数控车床主轴箱及自动转位刀架设计摘要：数控车床又称数字控制（Numbercal control，简称NC）机床。
它是基于数字控制的，采用了数控技术，是一个装有程序控制系统的机床。
它是由主机，CNC，驱动装置，数控机床的辅助装置，编程机及其他一些附属设备所组成。
本次设计课题是CK6140数控卧式车床，CK是数控车床，61是卧式车床，40是床身上最大工件回转直径为400mm。
此次设计包括机床的总体布局设计，纵向进给设计，其中还包括齿轮模数计算及校核，主轴刚度的校核等。
控制系统部分包括步进电机的选用及硬件电路设计和软件系统设计，说明了芯片的扩展，键盘显示接口的设计等等。
关键词：数控机床；开放式数控系统；电动机Design of the headstock and Automatic transfer bit turretAbstract:The numerical control lathe called the numerical control (Numbercal control, is called NC) the engine bed. It is based on the numerical control, has used the numerical control technology, is loaded with the procedure control system the engine bed. It is by the main engine, CNC, the drive, the numerical control engine bed auxiliary unit, the programming machine and other some appurtenances is composed.This design topic is the CK6140 numerical control bedroom lathe, CK is the numerical control lathe, 61 is the horizontal lathe, 40 is on the lathe bed the biggest work piece rotation diameter is 400mm.This design including the engine bed overall layout design, longitudinal enters for the design, also includes the gear modulus computation and the examination, the main axle rigidity examination and so on. The control system partially including step-by-steps the electrical machinery to select and the hardware circuit design and the software system design, explained the chip expansion, keyboard demonstration connection design and so on.Key word：numerical control tool;Open-architecture;motor目录1 总体方案 (1)1.1 CK6140的现状和发展 (61)1.2 CK6140数控卧式车床的总体方案论证与拟定 (62)1.2.1 数控车床 (62)1.2.2 CK6140数控卧式车床的拟定 (62)2机械部分设计计算说明 (63)2.1 主运动部分计算 (63)2.1.1 参数的确定 (64)2.1.2 传动设计 (65)2.1.3 转速图的拟定 (7)2.1.4 带轮直径和齿轮齿数的确定 (70)2.1.5 传动件的估算和验 (76)2.1.6 展开图设计．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．312.2 纵向进给运动设计 (41)2.2.1 滚珠丝杆副的选择 (37)2.2.2 驱动电机的选用 (45)3 自动转位刀架设计 (49)4 控制系统设计 (50)4.1 绘制控制系统结构框图 (50)4.2 选择中央处理单元（CPU）的类型 (50)4.3 存储器扩展电路设计 (51)3.4 I/O接口电路及辅助电路设计 (52)参考文献 (58)致谢 (59)1 总体方案1.1 CK6140的现状和发展自第一台数控机床在美国问世至今的半个世纪内，机床数控技术的发展迅速，经历了六代两个阶段的发展过程。
数控车床主轴部件机械外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
数控车床主轴部件机械外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译数控车床主轴部件车床是一种主要用于加工旋转表面和平整边缘的机床。
根据使用目的、结构、刀具数量和自动化程度的不同，车床可以分为普通车床、万能车床、转塔车床、立式车床、自动车床和特殊车床。
虽然车床种类繁多，但它们在结构和操作原理上具有共同特性。
普通车床是最常用的代表类型，下面将介绍普通车床的主要部分。
车床床身是车床的主骨架，由两个垂直支柱上的水平横梁组成。
为减振，它通常由灰铸铁或球墨铸铁铸造而成。
车床床身上有导轨，可以让大拖板轻松纵向滑动。
车床床身的高度应适当以方便技师工作。
主轴箱固定在车床床身的左侧，包括轴线平行于导轨的主轴。
主轴通过齿轮箱驱动，齿轮箱可以提供多种不同的速度(通常是6到18速)。
现代车床有些采用无级调速主轴箱，采用摩擦、电力或液压驱动。
主轴往往是中空的，纵向有一通孔，可以通过此孔进给棒料。
同时，此孔为锥形表面，可以安装普通车床顶尖。
主轴外表面是螺纹，可以安装卡盘、花盘或类似的装置。
尾架总成包括底座、尾架体和套筒轴。
底座是能在车床床身上沿导轨滑动的铸件，有定位装置，可以让整个尾架根据工件长度锁定在任何需要位置。
使用手轮和螺杆，与螺杆啮合的是一固接在套筒轴上的螺母。
套筒轴开口端的孔是锥形的，能安装车床顶尖或诸如麻花钻和镗杆之类的工具。
套筒轴通过定位装置能沿着它的移动路径被锁定在任何点。
大拖板的主要功能是安装刀具和产生纵向和/或横向进给。
它实际上是一由车床床身V形导轨引导的、能在车床床身主轴箱和尾架之间滑动的H形滑块。
大拖板可以手动或通过溜板箱和光杆(进给杆)或丝杆(引导螺杆)机动。
本文介绍了在传统普通车床上进行的各种机加工作业。
但是，需要注意的是现代计算机数控车床具有更多的功能，并且可以进行其他操作，例如仿型。
圆柱面车削是所有车床操作中最简单也是最常见的。
工件旋转一整圈产生一个圆心落在车床主轴上的圆；由于刀具的轴向进给运动，这种动作重复许多次。
CA6140车床的数控-毕业设计机械外文翻译
The machinability of materialThe machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors:(1). Surface finish and integrity of the machined part;(2). Tool life obtained;(3). Force and power requirements;(4). Chip control.Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone.Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below.1. Machinability Of SteelsBecause steels are among the most important engineering materials , their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels.Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in resulfurized steels.Phosphorus in steels has two major effects. It strengthens the ferrite, causing increased hardness. Harder steels result in better chip formation and surface finish. Note that soft steels can be difficult to machine, with built-up edge formation and poor surface finish. The second effect is that increased hardness causes the formation of short chips instead of continuous stringy ones, thereby improving machinability.Leaded Steels. A high percentage of lead in steels solidifies at the tip of manganese sulfide inclusions. In non-resulfurized grades of steel, lead takes the form of dispersed fine particles. Lead is insoluble in iron, copper, and aluminum and their alloys. Because of its low shear strength, therefore, lead acts as a solid lubricant and is smeared over the tool-chip interface during cutting. This behavior has been verified by the presence of high concentrations of lead on the tool-side face of chips when machining leaded steels.When the temperature is sufficiently high-for instance, at high cutting speeds and feeds —the lead melts directly in front of the tool, acting as a liquid lubricant. In addition to this effect, lead lowers the shear stress in the primary shear zone, reducing cutting forces and power consumption. Lead can be used in every grade of steel, such as 10xx, 11xx, 12xx, 41xx, etc. Leaded steels are identified by the letter L between the second and third numerals (for example, 10L45). (Note that in stainless steels, similar use of the letter L means “low carbon,” a condition that improves their corrosion resistance.)However, because lead is a well-known toxin and a pollutant, there are serious environmental concerns about its use in steels (estimated at 4500 tons of lead consumption every year in the production of steels). Consequently, there is a continuing trend toward eliminating the use of lead in steels (lead-free steels). Bismuth and tin are now being investigated as possible substitutes for lead in steels.Calcium-Deoxidized Steels. An important development is calcium-deoxidized steels, in which oxide flakes of calcium silicates (CaSo) are formed. These flakes, in turn, reduce the strength of the secondary shear zone, decreasing tool-chip interface and wear. Temperature is correspondingly reduced. Consequently, these steels produce less crater wear, especially at high cutting speeds.Stainless Steels. Austenitic (300 series) steels are generally difficult to machine. Chatter can be s problem, necessitating machine tools with high stiffness. However, ferritic stainless steels (also 300 series) have good machinability. Martensitic (400 series) steels are abrasive, tend to form a built-up edge, and require tool materials with high hot hardness and crater-wear resistance. Precipitation-hardening stainless steels are strong and abrasive, requiring hard and abrasion-resistant tool materials.The Effects of Other Elements in Steels on Machinability. The presence of aluminum and silicon in steels is always harmful because these elements combine with oxygen to form aluminum oxide and silicates, which are hard and abrasive. These compounds increase tool wear and reduce machinability. It is essential to produce and use clean steels.Carbon and manganese have various effects on the machinability of steels, depending on their composition. Plain low-carbon steels (less than 0.15% C) can produce poor surface finish by forming a built-up edge. Cast steels are more abrasive, although their machinability is similar to that of wrought steels. Tool and die steels are very difficult to machine and usually require annealing prior to machining. Machinability of most steels is improved by cold working, which hardens the material and reduces the tendency for built-up edge formation.Other alloying elements, such as nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium, which improve the properties of steels, generally reduce machinability. The effect of boron is negligible. Gaseous elements such as hydrogen and nitrogen can have particularly detrimental effects on the properties of steel. Oxygen has been shown to have a strong effect on the aspect ratio of the manganese sulfide inclusions; the higher the oxygen content, the lower the aspect ratio and the higher the machinability.In selecting various elements to improve machinability, we should consider the possible detrimental effects of these elements on the properties and strength of the machined part in service. At elevated temperatures, for example, lead causes embrittlement of steels (liquid-metal embrittlement, hot shortness), although at room temperature it has no effect on mechanical properties.Sulfur can severely reduce the hot workability of steels, because of the formation of iron sulfide, unless sufficient manganese is present to prevent such formation. At room temperature, the mechanical properties of resulfurized steels depend on the orientation of the deformed manganese sulfide inclusions (anisotropy). Rephosphorized steels are significantly less ductile, and are produced solely to improve machinability.2. Machinability of Various Other MetalsAluminum is generally very easy to machine, although the softer grades tend toform a built-up edge, resulting in poor surface finish. High cutting speeds, high rake angles, and high relief angles are recommended. Wrought aluminum alloys with high silicon content and cast aluminum alloys may be abrasive; they require harder tool materials. Dimensional tolerance control may be a problem in machining aluminum, since it has a high thermal coefficient of expansion and a relatively low elastic modulus.Beryllium is similar to cast irons. Because it is more abrasive and toxic, though, it requires machining in a controlled environment.Cast gray irons are generally machinable but are. Free carbides in castings reduce their machinability and cause tool chipping or fracture, necessitating tools with high toughness. Nodular and malleable irons are machinable with hard tool materials.Cobalt-based alloys are abrasive and highly work-hardening. They require sharp, abrasion-resistant tool materials and low feeds and speeds.Wrought copper can be difficult to machine because of built-up edge formation, although cast copper alloys are easy to machine. Brasses are easy to machine, especially with the addition pf lead (leaded free-machining brass). Bronzes are more difficult to machine than brass.Magnesium is very easy to machine, with good surface finish and prolonged tool life. However care should be exercised because of its high rate of oxidation and the danger of fire (the element is pyrophoric).Molybdenum is ductile and work-hardening, so it can produce poor surface finish. Sharp tools are necessary.Nickel-based alloys are work-hardening, abrasive, and strong at high temperatures. Their machinability is similar to that of stainless steels.Tantalum is very work-hardening, ductile, and soft. It produces a poor surface finish; tool wear is high.Titanium and its alloys have poor thermal conductivity (indeed, the lowest of all metals), causing significant temperature rise and built-up edge; they can be difficult to machine.Tungsten is brittle, strong, and very abrasive, so its machinability is low, although it greatly improves at elevated temperatures.Zirconium has good machinability. It requires a coolant-type cutting fluid, however, because of the explosion and fire.3. Machinability of Various MaterialsGraphite is abrasive; it requires hard, abrasion-resistant, sharp tools.Thermoplastics generally have low thermal conductivity, low elastic modulus, and low softening temperature. Consequently, machining them requires tools with positive rake angles (to reduce cutting forces), large relief angles, small depths of cut and feed, relatively high speeds, andproper support of the workpiece. Tools should be sharp.External cooling of the cutting zone may be necessary to keep the chips from becoming “gummy” and sticking to the tools. Cooling can usually be achieved with a jet of air, vapor mist, or water-soluble oils. Residual stresses may develop during machining. To relieve these stresses, machined parts can be annealed for a period of time at temperatures ranging from C ︒80 to C ︒160 (F ︒175to F ︒315), and then cooled slowly and uniformly to room temperature.Thermosetting plastics are brittle and sensitive to thermal gradients during cutting. Their machinability is generally similar to that of thermoplastics.Because of the fibers present, reinforced plastics are very abrasive and are difficult to machine. Fiber tearing, pulling, and edge delamination are significant problems; they can lead to severe reduction in the load-carrying capacity of the component. Furthermore, machining of these materials requires careful removal of machining debris to avoid contact with and inhaling of the fibers.The machinability of ceramics has improved steadily with the development of nanoceramics and with the selection of appropriate processing parameters, such as ductile-regime cutting .Metal-matrix and ceramic-matrix composites can be difficult to machine, depending on the properties of the individual components, i.e., reinforcing or whiskers, as well as the matrix material.4. Thermally Assisted MachiningMetals and alloys that are difficult to machine at room temperature can be machined more easily at elevated temperatures. In thermally assisted machining (hotmachining), the source of heat—a torch, induction coil, high-energy beam (such as laser or electron beam), or plasma arc—is forces, (b) increased tool life, (c) use of inexpensive cutting-tool materials, (d) higher material-removal rates, and (e) reduced tendency for vibration and chatter.It may be difficult to heat and maintain a uniform temperature distribution within the workpiece. Also, the original microstructure of the workpiece may be adversely affected by elevated temperatures. Most applications of hot machining are in the turning of high-strength metals and alloys, although experiments are in progress to machine ceramics such as silicon nitride.SUMMARYMachinability is usually defined in terms of surface finish, tool life, force and power requirements, and chip control. Machinability of materials depends not only on their intrinsic properties and microstructure, but also on proper selection and control of process variables.材料的可机加工性一种材料的可机加工性通常以四种因素的方式定义：（1）、分的表面光洁性和表面完整性。
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南京理工大学毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院（系）：机械工程学院专业：机械工程及自动化姓名：朱仁勇学号： 0501500241外文出处：Industrial Electronics,Control and(用外文写)Industrumental, 1991,附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文CNC和PLC他们对于机床是同一概念吗？摘要设计一个计算机数字控制器（CNC）,传统做法是将装置分为三个实体:一个可编程控制器（PLC）,一个可以称之为CNC控制器（CNCD）的黑盒子，一个包含CNC轴向控制器和可以简单描述为轴向实体的合成体。
我们将指出这一机构的缺点，展示一种新机构并介绍他的优势所在。
最后，在对比传统PLC和新机构之后，我们认为CNC就是一种改进的PLC。
PLC装置传统的可编程控制器（PLC）是基于两个主要模块：控制台和执行器。
控制台向操作者提供了一个交互式设计的人机界面，由于这个原因，他不能实现实时约束。
执行器控制基本任务的时序以使PLC工作和确保相关的时间约束。
执行器启动并管理不同的循环周期。
控制台的目标是人机界面而执行器的目标是时序安排。
可以这样说，在大多数情况下，PLC的主要目标是在没有控制台的情况下单机运行。
CNC使用的分类CNC对所有机床的应用本质上分为三个不同的种类：本地使用，直接数字化控制(DNC)和远程使用。
在本地使用中，操作者在机床附近。
他直接输入命令，通过按下按钮来控制机床和加工过程。
他也可以创建和修改刀具描述符和零件加工程序，这些是以CNC的标准代码或类似代码写入的。
在这一背景下，对零件的设计和辅助制造也是可能的，尽管此类活动显得与机床周围糟糕的环境质量（比如噪音，高温，灰尘）格格不入。
DNC（直接数字化控制）使用添加了从主机下载（向主机上传）零件加工程序的功能，主机汇集了零件加工程序，可以被看作是一个文件服务器。
这些操作仍然完全在位于机床附近的人工操作员的控制下。
在某些情况下，在远距离的操作者之间可能会使用邮件服务器。
这一类CNC使用方式，除了能向服务器传输零件加工程序和刀具描述符之外，与前一种使用并没有本质上的不同。
第三种使用方式与柔性化加工有关而且可以自我说明。
它向CNC提供完全的远程控制。
CNC必须可以控制和调节刀具和零件，可以发送收集到的足够的内部信息来报告CNC运作状态，CNC也要可以接受控制指令并最终实现与外部程序的同步。
所有这些新功能带来了一些重要的需要定义的问题，比如“任务概念”[备注88],但由于这些并非本论文的主要目的，此处不再赘述。
从第三类使用中，得到的一个重要事实是：在柔性化制造中，由于人工操作者只在有维护任务时才直接面对CNC，所以对CNC来说人机交互界面变得无用了。
事实上，在一个柔性化的制造环境中，操作CNC的必需部分只是执行器。
现在我们可以说我们的主要目标就是找到一种可以满足以上三种使用方式的体系。
CNC设计修改：双体结构之前的设计思路将整个CNC划分成两个主要的部分：控制台和执行器。
控制台的目的是作为一个精细的人机交互界面或改进的终端。
执行器的目的是控制加工过程。
严格意义上说，在柔性制造环境中，控制台不是必须的，事实上所有CNC控制和决策的的智能是集中在控制器上的，因此创建了一种只带有开/闭开关和急停按钮的黑盒子。
控制台和执行器应具备哪些具体功能，怎样选择必须有一些表述清楚的标准。
控制台的基本要求包括下列的功能：●显示加工参数●以CNC标准代码生成、显示和编辑零件加工程序●生成、显示和编辑刀具描述符●对零件编程提供图形帮助工具●以永久形式存储（硬盘）零件加工程序和刀具描述符●在CNC设置阶段能辅助自动调节并显示状态●调整轴向控制器的参数●设置执行器的设置参数●向执行器载入工作指令●为日后分析显示和存储统计信息●运行预设的测试程序以便执行器为今后追逐已报告过的问题提供诊断计划●可以打印出所有显示或存储的信息建造一个控制台的最常用方式是选择一个微电脑，微电脑的操作系统和绘图工具箱搭载适当软件后能够满足先前提到的要求。
作为一个独立的单元，控制台可以很容易的独立于执行器进行升级，以跟上加工方式的新发现（比如新的人机界面理念）和新的技术革新（比如新的具有更好性能的硬件）。
此外，让控制台独立是通用化控制台设计的第一步。
这种状况下的分析和对错误的诊断没有进行错误分析的基础上，我们可以对CNC和PLC来说，控制台扮演着相同的角色。
在柔性化制造环境中，没有操作员，机床独立工作，执行器包含所有适用于柔性化制造环境所需要的功能。
更准确地说，执行器的功能有以下三个基本要求：执行要求:●将以CNC标准代码写成的零件加工程序翻译为机床可以理解和处理的中介代码●根据加工程序所选的机床修正加工轨迹●管理不同加工步骤地序列●控制辅助部件（如润滑液，换刀装置）●生成加工轨迹●控制轴向进给●与现场总线（如果存在）通信管理要求:●在加工过程中，以合适的方式存储当前和下一步任务，以更新机床描述符（比如更新加工时间信息数据）●以半永久方式存储设置参数●更新和管理包含标记为报告事件信息的日志●在适当时间进行自动诊断独立工作所需的附加要求●与管理计算机通信●探测刀具损坏●测量刀具磨损●确认刀具●管理和识别托盘●确认和测量加工零件这些要求显示执行器几乎受制于硬件的实时约束（与控制台相反）。
由于执行器内在的复杂性，CNC设计的诀窍就在于执行器。
处理这一部分必须小心，尤其在设计它的结构时。
分析到这一步，有人会说网络作为第三方，显然就是DNC或远程控制使用。
事实上，考虑到类似加工自动化协议（MAP）这样的网络，潜在的复杂性和称作加工信息规范（MMS）的应用层所提供的服务似乎会带领我们阐述这个命题。
但即便如此，这个想法不在本论文范围之列。
执行器设计：（传统）方式设计一个计算机数字控制器（CNC）的传统方式是装置分为三个实体：一个可编程控制器（PLC），一个可以称之为CNC控制器（CNCD），一个包含CNC轴向控制器。
PLC的主要功能是管理不同的机床附件（轴，润滑液……）CNCD的主要任务是翻译CNC国际标准代码，向轴向控制器输出移动量，以及处理操作者的动作并执行。
PLC和CNCD每个都包含CNC的一部分，单独任何一个都不能进行CNC的控制。
他们共同控制整个CNC。
为了获得一个控制命令，触发器（可以是PLC或者CNCD）必须知道整个CNC系统的状态。
因此，PLC和CNCD共享状态数据。
这些数据处于一个公共的双通道存储器中，或者，在处于最差的情况下，这些数据一直不断在PLC和CNCD 间交换。
因而，这信息交换所需要的高速数据传输率会造成严重阻塞。
因为传输的物理介质（通常是专用总线）必须有十分先进的性能，通常只有十分尖端的技术才能达到。
1984年，瑞士联邦理工学院开始研发CNC系统原型时，这一现象不十分明显。
在1987年7月，他们设计并实现了第一台基于“传统”CNC体系的原型。
在那时，进一步的分析发现，这个系统原型有着严重的信息传输问题。
因此，他们决定重新设计这个体系，并且研制第二个原型，验证些新出现的想法。
在深入研究信息传输问题之后，他们着手开始工作。
执行者：PLC核心一个主要基于[Gregotre87]和[Gregotre89]理论的研究表明，执行中心可以设计成一个大型的有限状态机，时序安排呼叫服务（图1）。
相比于传统的体系相比，单实体控制执行，执行状态整体集中于这个单实体中。
这个方法解决了先前所提到的共有数据问题。
图1FSM的作用在于，保证了不同服务器之间的同步问题。
FSM控制执行并且建立了强劲的结构；它可以在任何时候做出准确的决定，使适当的服务器工作。
从执行的角度看整个FSM可以被认为是一种PLC的核心。
服务器是一种相当独立的程序实体，有着自己的数据结构，也可以与其他服务器共享，并且拥有代表服务器状态的数据信息。
从原理上讲，每台服务器，应该由自己的处理器执行指令。
然而，一些实际理念上，遵循的是编组原则，即将一些服务器编为一组，然后分配给每一组一个单独的处理器。
实际上，服务器概念所包含的内容比它本身更广泛，它包括所有CNC执行所能找到的所有任务。
例如：将部分用ISO编码写的程序翻译成中间码；出于工具尺寸和磨损问题的考虑，更正轨迹；进给和控制轴板块；设备数据设置管理（恢复与存储）。
其中一些服务器运行十分繁重的计算程序，给执行这些程序的执行器造成很大的负载系数。
这主要是由于这些服务器用数字运算（如刀具修正器）或者分列运算法（如ISO编译器）。
由于性能原因，一个特定程序执行可以将任务分配到高速的特殊控制板和复杂的硬件。
假定这些控制板存在于PLC扩展板范围中，只需要一个软件去调试。
所以，现在的PLC硬件经过少许的调整，就可以重新使用。
“服务器”的准确定义是研究中新的焦点领域。
可以假设，为了更精确，每一个服务器的规范必须是正式的。
由于服务器可以视为CNC 可再使用部件的种类，有一些要求必须注意，而FSM，集合了这些。
这也可能引导正式的技术描述。
实践执行为了证实我们的理论，我们计划在第二个CNC原型中执行新提出体系。
所选用的程序语言为ADA，因为它程序稳定，并且简便。
全面的项目设计按照OO论执行，在所有的设计方法中，这是最适合ADA所有的功能。
软件的功能实体分部在遵循以下表中要求的硬件中控制台IBM的PC VME板，可能在将来被UNIX工作站代替，它可以执行所有控制台的功能。
执行MOTOROLA MVME 133 XT cpu板，（MC68020, 25MHz）用于控制台的通讯和耗时服务（ISO编译器，修正工具和MSD管理）MOTOROLA MVME 133 XT cpu板（MC68020, 25MHz）用于FSM执行，辅助设备与现场总线的通讯）一些MOTOROLA MVME 133 XT cpu板，（MC68020, 25MHz）用于轴的分类机。
每一个板块执行一个以上分类机（确切的数量视结构而定）。
这些板块支持轴的服务器。
一些TMS320C25板块，用于轴控制器。
这些板块，在日后升级之后被取消，由特殊的数字伺服控制器代替。
一个管理所有加工刀具传感器和制动器的现场总线板块，与轴有关的除外。
这些最新的约束（暂时的）是由于现场总线存在与轴控制要求时间的延迟。
（详情可参考《baguette et al 91》）所有的硬件集中在VME架上。
所有的板块通过同一个总线连接。
因此所有执行板块的信息交流通过共享内存。
服务器的响应，使用一种特定的远程程序响应，这是专门为实现实时控制研发的。
这个运行在主执行板块（FSM）的软件和一种PLC 中心软件十分相似。
所以，这个板块可以方便的用PLC来替换。
上述关于轴的分布式差补的要求不会产生与我们第一个原型一样的问题，因为，我们已经采用了分散分类机，它执行着如《Debourse87》所描述的概念。