2008年南京大学963英语语言学考研真题及详解【圣才出品】

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陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》章节题库(含名校考研真题)-第8~11章【圣才出品】

第8章英语语言的应用（I）I. Fill in the blanks.1. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the _____ of, or the _____the utterance. （人大2004研）【答案】consequence, change brought about by【解析】言外行为指说话的效果。

2. When a teacher says “The exam this year is going to be really difficult”, the sentence would have an _____force. （清华2001研，清华2000研）【答案】illocutionary【解析】言外行为，表达说话人的意图。

3. _____ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.【答案】Performatives【解析】施为句是用来做事的，既不陈述事实，也不描述情况，且不能验证其真假。

II. Multiple Choices.1. The speech act theory was developed by _____.（对外经贸2006研)A. John SearleB. John AustinC. LevinsonD. G. Leech【答案】B【解析】言语行为理论是哲学家约翰·奥斯丁在他《如何以言行事》一文中提出的。

它从哲学意义上对语言交际的本质进行解释，其目的在于回答”用语言干什么”这个问题。

2. Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest. (Focus on the type of illocutionary act) （南京大学2007研）A. threatenB. adviseC. beseechD. urge【答案】A【解析】A为命令性言语行为，而其他三项为指示性言语行为。

陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》(章节题库第2章英语语音)【圣才出品】

第2章英语语音Ⅰ.Fill in the following blanks:1.The sound/p/can be described with“_____,bilabial,stop”.（北二外2007研）【答案】voiceless【解析】/p/是双唇音，爆破音，清音。

2.The sound/b/can be described with“_____,bilabial,stop”.（北二外2004研）【答案】voiced【解析】/b/是双唇音，爆破音，浊音。

3.Consonant articulations are relatively easy to feel.And as a result are most conveniently described in terms of_____and manner of articulation.（北二外2004研）【答案】place【解析】辅音根据发音方式和发音部位进行分类。

4._____are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.（中山大学2006研）【答案】Consonants【解析】发音时，声道的某些部位受到压缩或阻碍后，使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻塞而产生的音叫做辅音。

5.The present system of the_____derives mainly from one developed in the1920s by the British phonetician,Daniel Jones(1881—1967),and his colleagues at University of London.（中山大学2008研）【答案】cardinal vowels【解析】基本元音是指一系列约定俗成、固定不变的元音特质，目的是为语言中实际存在的元音描述提供一个参照框架。

南京大学在职硕士联考2008年10月

2008年10月在职硕士联考英语真题B卷Part I Dialogue Communication (15 minutes, 15 points)Section A Dialogue Completion1. Speaker A: Here’s a gift for you. I bought it in China.Speaker B:___________A How much did it cost?B Wow, it is great! Thank you.C It must be very expensive.D Sorry to have bothered you.2. Speaker A: Can you tell me something about your company?Speaker B:________. Our company was established in 1953. We produce a wide variety of electronic equipment,A I am glad.B Good idea.C You are welcome.D My pleasure.3. Speaker A: Aren’t you excited about your new job?Speaker B: ____, but it’s too demanding.A It’s OK.B I am fine.C Sure I am.D I think so.4. Woman: I’ve just been reading through your last project report.Man: I hope you did n’t find much wrong in it.5. Speaker A: Could you pass me the jobs page?Speaker B:_______A What’s the matter with you?B Why should I ?C You don’t have to ask.D Sure, here you are.Section B Dialogue Comprehension6. Man: Jennifer is really pretty, isn’t she? Her skin looks so baby smooth!Woman: Well, it’s just that she puts lots of make-up on her face. Actually natural beauty comes from within.Man: Ah, I can smell jealousy in the air!Question: What does the man imply?A The woman looks ugly.B The woman had a bitter feeling.C The woman should apologize.D The woman was upset.7. Man: My father can do cooling carpentry, and a bit of gardening.Woman: He’s a Jack of all trades, really.Question: What does the woman mean?A The man’s fathe r has talent in trade.B The man’s father works for Jack.C The man’s father has many different skills.D The man’s father does many jobs at the same time.8. Woman: I want to try something new in the project. What’s your opinion?Man: Well, I prefer to go by the book. At least it is safer, isn’t it?Question: What does the man suggest?A Strictly obeying the established rules.B Trying something new from the book.C Testing a new but safer method.D Learning a new method through practice.9. Man: The competition is increasingly fierce. What shall we do next?Woman: If other companies lower their prices, we’ll have to follow suit.Question: What does the woman suggest?A Doing the same as other companies have doneB Producing the same suits as other companies.C Fighting against other by cutting down the cost.D Working out other policies to compensate foe the loss.10. Woman: I am upset. You told my boss I had a part-time job?Man: I am sorry. I couldn’t help it.Question: What does the man mean?A He couldn’t help the woman at all.B He couldn’t hold back the secret.C He couldn’t possibly tell the boss.D He couldn’t decide who told the boss.P art II Vocabulary and Structure (20 minutes, 10 points)11. According to the Constitution, any national agreement has to be ____ by a two-thirds majority in parliament.A approachedB appointedC approvedD appreciated12. The issue of e-commerce did not ____ any detailed discussions at the conference.A take delight inB give rise toC give way toD take advantage of13. Can you ____ an insect having eight eyes and still having poor eyesight?A imagineB supposeC thinkD expect14. Fingerprints from an unchangeable ____ despite changes in the individual’s appearance or age.A markB signC remarkD signature15. I think their plan will work, but they themselves are very ____ about it.A certainB suspiciousC confidentD doubtful16. His failure to pay his debts ____ their opinion that he was not to be trusted.A confirmedB checkedC convincedD tested17. Our government strongly holds the principle that we will _____ be the first to use nuclear weapons.A by my meansB by all meansC by no meansD by every means18. The two soldiers spent many years together, fighting ____ and sharing their victories and disappointments.A face to faceB side by sideC back to backD step by step19. Being aware of the potential objections, they launched a ____ reform at the beginning stage.A humbleB modestC timidD middle20. The union threatened a strike but called it ____ at the last minute.A offB outC backD up21. A new material ____, we have good reason to be optimistic.A developedB being developedC was being developedD was developed22. It is illegal in some countries that children ____ unattended at home.A be leftB leftC are leavingD being left23. On the large board in the main hall of the airport, you can easily find the different destinations ____ which airlines can take you.A inB ofC toD by24. No unfit actually faced with water scarcity ____ appreciate the value of water to a region.A one canB one cannotC can oneD cannot one25. Most people don’t think of a stamp as a receipt, but that is ____ it really is – a proof of just bow much money you have paid in advance for mail delivery.A whatB whyC howD who26. Without water from the Nile River, Egypt ____ a farming country and become a desert.A will cease to beB would cease to beC will cease beingD would cease being27. Although he refused to act on my suggestion, he had to admit that ____ what I said.A it was something inB there was something asC it was something asD there was something in28. There is little, ___ farming in that area and all you can see is miles of wild countryside.A if soB if suchC if notD if any29. In his lecture, the education expert emphasized the fact that nowadays, children are exposed to many influences ____ that of their families.A rather thanB other thanC except forD but for30. The singer on the stage has a young ____ face and a voice of an ____.A boy……angelB boy’s……angelC boy……angel’sD boy’s……angel’sPart III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes, 40 points)Passage OneWhen I saw the notice‖ Women film extras wanted‖ in a local newspaper, I jumped at the chance. Since childhood, I had dreamt of being a film star.The casting interview went well, and two days later I was told that I had been chosen. I was to lose some of my enthusiasm for the idea, however. Extras are often left in the dark for some time as to which role they will play. Finally, the nature of my role was revealed; I was asked to play a mental hospital patient.Despite my disappointment, I agreed to participate. Then, barely a week later, the day of filming dawned. All 13 of us extras, mainly housewives, were driven to an old hospital. The coffee and tea they served us looked and tasted like cement. Then we were rushed off to make-up. My hair was pinned back and make-up was applied that gave me a pale appearance. Then we just sat in a minibus for a few hours, as the cameras rolled elsewhere.After the second hour had passed I was becoming bored. I bet stars are never treated like this, I thought. I had expected to be so busy that I hadn’t come prepared for a long wait. Many of the others had brought a book or knitting.Three hours had now passed. Then at last we were called to do our scenes. When the director came in, we were instructed where to stand and what to do. Along with a few other, I was told to sit at a table and weave baskets. This was not an easy task. The cane(藤条)we had to use was verylong. On several occasions my basket fell apart in front of my very eyes. On others I only succeeded in hitting a cameraman in the eye.Life for the other extras was far from easy. Jean, who was barefoot, had to circle the floor. Poor Alice was asked to pretend to bang her head against the wall. Meanwhile, Veronica swept the floor.Thankfully, after just a few attempts, the scenes were done. And so my first taste of this ―glorious‖ career was over. Although I found the experience quite interesting, my first screen role will almost certainly be my last.31. The word ―extras‖ used in this story mean, people who____.A have little experience of actingB play unimportant parts in a filmC pretend to be film starsD need a part-time job32. According to the story, which of the following statements is true about the author?A She didn’t refuse the role assigned to her although she didn’t like it.B She understood clearly that most film stars used to be extras.C Unlike other women who were reading or knitting, she was busy with her scene.D The only thing she did well was to use the cane as a weapon.33. Alice, one of the 13 women extras, was probably playing the role of____.A a doctor working in the mental hospitalB a nurse who was helping her patientsC another housewife busy with her workD another patient with mental problem34. The best title for this story could be ____.A On CameraB In FashionC A Fancy DreamD A Great CareerPassage TwoSome of the most popular attractions across America are the many free concerts offered to the public throughout the year. These involve not only amateur performers, but professional artists as well. The public parks of many cities across the country usually have bandstands and large lawns. As a service to citizens, they rent out space to performers free of charge. Amateur groups, with nothing more than a desire to perform. Offer their talents freely to the public. Semi-professional artists are pleased to get the chance to perform before the public to perfect their craft and nurture the hope of being discovered before beginning a professional career. Famous professionals also give free concerts to make contact with their admiring fans. Often such concertsare sponsored by a large corporate organization, and offered to the public free of charge as a cultural service and support for the arts.The free concerts feature all kinds of music from rock and roll, jazz, country-western to the classics. In addition, free performances may include the plays of Shakespeare or experimental theater of modern dramatists. In New York’s Central Park there has long been a summer Shakespeare festival which draws huge crowds to the free performances.Of these concerts the ones held on a summer evening in the park are the most popular. They take on a festive air. Friends and groups gather together after work and spread out a blanket on the lawn facing the performers’ stage. The early comers get the best locations and enjoy a picnic supper while it is still daylight. The free seating is on a first come basis. Therefore, by the time the concert begins, as many as five thousand or more people may be in attendance. The concerts usually begin at 8 p.m. and are performed under the stars. The sound is made sufficiently loud so that no matter where one chooses to sit, he can heat very well. The only disturbance may be the sound of an overhead airplane on its final approach to an airport or the far-off siren(警笛声) of and ambulance on its way to the hospital. This matters little! What counts is to soak up the atmosphere created by the music and to be with friends in the fresh open air. The best part of it all is that it’s free!36. Many American parks give free concerts on their lawns because they ____.A have the necessary facilitiesB can attract more visitorsC want to serve the publicD are in a position to invite musicians37. The concerts in parks are often financially supported by ____.A the parks themselvesB big organizationC professional musiciansD music fans38. For semi-professional artists, performing before the public is a good chance ____.A to improve themselves in their careerB to help train amateur performersC to make friends with superstarsD to get involved in profitable business39. The concerts can attract so many people mainly because_____.A the attendants don’t have to payB the seating is on a first basisC they provide free picnic supperD they are held in the open air40. The phrase ―soak up‖ in the last Para. probably means____.A absorbB warm upC enjoyD use upPassage ThreeLibraries form a vital part of the world’s systems of communication and education. They make available knowledge accumulated through the ages. People in all walks of life use library resources in their work. People also turn to libraries to satisfy a desire for knowledge or to obtain material for leisure time activity. In addition, many people enjoy book discussion, concerts, film programs, lectures, story hours, and a variety of other activities provided by libraries. Libraries also play an important role in preserving a society’s cultural heritage(遗产)。

英语语言学考研真题与典型题详解1

1.3考研真题与典型题详解I。

Fill in the blanks。

1。

The features that define our human languages can be called ______ features. (北二外2006研) 2。

Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language。

(北二外2003研）3. Language, broadly speaking， is a means of______ communication.4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences ba sed on limited rules. This feature is usually termed______5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______。

6。

Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some r ules for people to observe.7。

One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing。

8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. （北二外2003研)9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______. （北二外2004研）10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description， classification and transcription. （北二外2005研)11。

南京大学语言学考研真题及参考答案(2006～2009)【圣才出品】

10．南京大学语言学考研真题及参考答案（2006～2009）南京大学2009年语言学考研真题考试科目：英语语言文学Ⅰ. Write the International Phonetic Alphabet for the following words. (12/150)(1) attentive (2) deference (3) hypothesis (4) pathetic(5) catastrophe (6) ascent (7) subtlety (8) caveat(9) frugal (10) influenza (11) languid (12) vehement【答案】(1) attentive[] (2) deference[](3) hypothesis[](4) pathetic: [] (5) catastrophe: [](6) ascent: [](7) subtlety: [] (8) caveat: [](9) frugal: [](10) influenza: [] (11) languid: [](12) vehement: []Ⅱ. The following sentence is taken from Barack Obama’s Victory Speech. The underlined words are stressed by Obama. State the general rules of sentence stress and discuss whether the underlined words conform to these rules (e.g.,which ones are generally stressed; which ones are normally not stressed but get stressed here; and which ones that are normally stressed but are not stressed here). (15/150)If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible, who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time, who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer. 【答案】In general situations, lexical words are normally stressed while grammatical words are unstressed. Those which mainly work for constructing groups, phrase, clause, clause complex, or even text are grammatical words, such as, conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and pronouns. And those which mainly work for referring to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are lexical words. Lexical words carry the main content of a language while grammatical ones serve to link together different content parts. Therefore, lexical words are also known as content words and grammatical ones as functional words.In this passage, the verb doubts, wonders, questions, the noun America, things, dream, founders, power, democracy, the adjective: possible, alive, the adverb: still, all, fall into the category of lexical words and are generally stressed. The pronoun: anyone, our and your, are grammatical words which are not normally stressed but get stressed here, and the noun: place, time, tonight, answer, are lexical words that are normally stressed but are not stressed in this text.(本题考查词的分类和重音，根据词性来判断是否应该重读。

陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》（章节题库第12章英语习得）【圣才出品】

陈新仁《英语语⾔学实⽤教程》（章节题库第12章英语习得）【圣才出品】第12章英语习得Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as_____.（中⼭⼤学2008研）【答案】interlanguage【解析】中介语是在外语或第⼆语⾔学习中形成的。

2.An influential claim regarding the input issue is the hypothesis that there must be sufficient,comprehensible input available to L2learners,as captured by the_____ formula.【答案】“i+1”【解析】关于输⼊问题，⼀个有影响⼒的说法是假设对于第⼆语⾔学习者必须有可获得的⾜够的以及能够被理解的输⼊，⽤公式可表⽰为“i+1”。

3.Error is the grammatically incorrect form;_____appears when the language is correct grammatically but improper in a communicational context.（中⼭⼤学2008研）【答案】mistake【解析】mistake是指在语法上正确但在交流语境中不恰当。

4._____are“the special thoughts or behaviors that individuals use to help them comprehend,learn,or retain new information”.【答案】Learning strategies【解析】学习策略是指特殊的想法或⾏为，这种想法或⾏为能够帮助学习者理解，学习或者获得新的信息。

陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》（考研真题精选选择题）【圣才出品】

陈新仁《英语语⾔学实⽤教程》（考研真题精选选择题）【圣才出品】⼆、选择题1.The maxim of_____requires that a participant’s contribution be relevant to the conversation.（对外经贸⼤学2015研）A.quantityB.qualityC.mannerD.relation【答案】D【解析】在语⾔学中，The Cooperative Principles(合作原则)包括：Quantity Maxim(数量准则)；Quality Maxim(质量准则)；Relation Maxim(关系准则)；MannerMaxim(⽅式准则)。

其中关系准则要求说话要贴切，要有关联(be relevant)，不答⾮所问。

因此答案选D。

2.Derivational morpheme contrasts sharply with inflectional morpheme in that the former changes the_____while the latter does not.（北⼆外2017研）A.meaningB.word classC.formD.speech sound【答案】B【解析】morpheme语素，分为⾃由语素和粘着语素，其中粘着语素包括词根和词缀两种类型，词缀分为派⽣词缀（derivational affixes）和屈折词缀（inflectional affixes）。

派⽣词缀粘附在词根语素上构成新词，也即增加了新的词汇义内容或改变了词的类别归属。

屈折词缀只能改变⼀个词的形式，不能构成新词。

也即屈折词缀增加的是表⽰句法范畴的意义，并且总是不改变词的类别归属。

即两者重要区别在于是否改变了词的类别，故B为正确答案。

3.“Wife”,which used to refer to any woman,stands for“a married woman”in modern English.This phenomenon is knownas_____.（西安交⼤2008研）A.semantic shiftB.semantic broadeningC.semantic elevationD.semantic narrowing【答案】D【解析】词义缩⼩是指原来的词义缩⼩或被限制到某个明确的意义上。

2008年南京财经大学英语专业英语语言文学考研基础英语考研真题

南京财经大学2008年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试（初试）试卷考试科目：613 基础英语适用专业：英语语言文学考试时间：2008年1月20上午8：30—11:30注意事项：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试卷或草稿纸上无效。

I. Paraphrase the underlined part of the following sentences. (10 points)1. Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.2. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them, and above them won by observation.3. Unless the man exploit others, he has to work in order to live. Howerver simple and primitive his production may be, he has risen above the animal kindom; rightly has he been defined as “animal that produces”.4. Education makes a people easy to lead, but difficult to drive; easy to govern, but impossible to enslave.5. Even philosophy divorced from theology and from the knowledge of life and ascertainable facts, is but a famishing pabulum, or a draught stimulating for a moment, leaving behind drought and disillusion.II. Vocabulary and General Knowledge. (20 points)1. It was found the diet of older people is often ________in vitamins.A. shotB. inadequateC. deficientD. failing2. Your story about the frog turning into a prince is ______ nonsense.A. sheerB. shearC. shieldD. sheet3. I understand ______preparation that staff must put in under pressure to meet the deadline.A. more than the enormous amount ofB. better than most the enormous number ofC. better than most the enormous amount ofD. fewer than the number of4. From the available data it may fairly be ______ that the writer flourished in the 15th century.A. presupposedB. presumedC. assumedD. supposed5. I ______ to one daily newspaper and one weekly magazine.A. prescribeB. subscribeC. decretiveD. transcribe6. Her enthusiasm, and her violent likes and dislikes, _____ herself in all the everyday occupations of life.A. inserted D. counseled C. asserted D. discerned7. Communication satellites contain special instruments which can pass on or ______ radio and television programs or telephone messages from one station to another.A. relay B set C return D. emit8. One of the attractive features of the course was the way the practical work had been _____ with the theoretical aspects of the subject.A. alternatedB. integratedC. adjustedD. embraced9. It is hoped that the prisoner will be released through the _______ of the president himself.A. conventionB. preventionC. interventionD. interference10. They began constructing the bridge in 1960, but several years _______ before the project was completed.A. elapsedB. advancedC. proceededD. compromise11. James Boswell is famous for his biography of _____.A. General PaoliB. Samuel JohnsonC. Lord ChesterfieldD. Bertrand Russell12. Which one of the following books is not written by Jane Austen?A. Pride and PrejudiceB. PersuasionC. EmmaD. Mrs. Dalloway13. Sigmund Freud is a _____.A. neuropsychologistB. writerC. biologistD. anthropologist14. Who wins Nobel Prize Laureate for literature among the following people?A. Johannes KeplerB. Enric FermiC. Samuel BeckettD. Sigmund Freud15. The author of The Adventure of Tom Sawyer is _____.A. Henry JamesB. Mark TwainC. Thomas CarlyleD. C. S. Lewis16. Which one of the following events was not a part of civil rights movement in 1960s?A. anti-terroristB. women’s liberation movementC. the drug cultureD. the Vietnam War17. Jean-Paul Sartre is the foremost exponent of _____.A. modernismB. postmodernismC. intuitionismD. existentialism18. The Greening of America is written by _____.A. Thorstein VeblenB. Charles ReichC. Joseph BrodskyD. Saul Bellow19. Eskimos call their houses as _____.A. tepeesB. igloosC. hutsD. cottages20. The author of The Scarlet Letter is _____.A. Nathaniel HawthorneB. Kenneth ClarkC. Herman MelvilleD. Ernest HemingwayIII.Error Correction. (10 points)1. Massachusetts was first explored in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, and theA B Dfirst permanent settlement at Plymouth in 1620.D2. Composer Richard Rodgers and lyricist Oscar Hammerstein II brought to the musicalAOklahoma! extensive musical and theatrical background as well as familiar with theB Ctraditional forms of operetta and musical comedy.D3. Harvesting of grain is affected by annual changes in temperature or the amount of moisture,A B Cbut both.D4. A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a fix period of time.A B C D5. The economy of Litue Rock, Arkansas, is basing primarily on manufacturing, wholesale andA Bretail trade and government functions.C D6. How many people realize that Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings’ The Yearling is a minor literaryA Bclassic and an important contribute to regional literature?C D7. Dams vary in size from small rock barriers to concrete structures many feet height.A B C D8. Scientists estimate that as many as two hundred millions visible meteors enter the Earth’sA B Catmosphere every day.D9. In the early twentieth century, there was considerable interesting among sociologists in theAfact that in the United States the family was losing its traditional roles.B C D10. Government money appropriated for art in the 1930’s made possible hundreds of murals andA Bstatues still admiration in small towns all over the United States.C DIV. Reading Comprehension (40 points)TEXT AA few common misconception. Beauty is only skin-deep. One’s physical assets and liabilities don't count all that much in a managerial career. A woman should always try to look her best.Over the last 30 years, social scientists have conducted more than 1,000 studies of how we react to beautiful and not-so-beautiful people. The virtually unanimous conclusion: Looks do matter, more than most of us realize. The data suggest, for example, that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents, sought out as friends, and pursued romantically. With the possible exception of women seeking managerial jobs, they are also more likely to be hired, paid well, and promoted.Un-American, you say, unfair and extremely unbelievable? Once again, the scientists have caught us mouthing pieties () while acting just the contrary. Their typical experiment Works something like this. They give each member of a group college students, perhaps, or teachers or corporate personnel mangers a piece of paper relating an individual’s accomplishments. Attached to the paper is a photograph. While the papers all say exactly the same thing the pictures are different. Some show a strikingly attractive person, some an average looking character, and some an unusually unattractive human being. Group members are asked to rate the individual on certain attributes, anything from personal warmth to the likelihood that he or she will be promoted.Almost invariably, the better looking the person in the picture, the higher the person is rated. In the phrase, borrowed from Sappho, that the social scientists use to sum up the common perception, what is beautiful is good.In business, however, good looks cut both ways for women, and deeper than for men. A Utah State University professor, who is an authority on the subject, explains. In terms of their careers, the impact of physical attractiveness on males is only modest. But its potential impact on females can be tremendous, making it easier, for example, for the more attractive to get jobs where they are in the public eye. On another note, though, there is enough literature now for usto conclude that attractive women who aspire () to managerial positions do not get on as well as women who may be less attractive.1. According to the passage, people often wrongly believe that in pursuing a career as a manager______.A. a persons property or debts do not matter muchB. a person's outward appearance is not a critical qualificationC. women should always dress fashionablyD. women should not only be attractive but also high-minded2. The result of research carried out by social scientists show that ________.A. people do not realize the importance of looking one’s bestB. women in pursuit of managerial jobs are not likely to be paid wellC. good looking women aspire to managerial positionsD. attractive people generally have an advantage over those who are not3. Experiments by scientists have shown that when people evaluate individuals on certain attributes _______.A. they observe the principle that beauty is only skin-deepB. they do not usually act according to the views they supportC. they give ordinary-looking persons the lowest ratingsD. they tend to base their judgment on the individual's accomplishments4. It can be inferred from the passage that in the business world _______.A. handsome men are not affected as much by their looks as attractive women areB. physically attractive women who are in the public eye usually do quite wellC. physically attractive men and women who are in the public eye usually get along quitewellD. good looks are important for women as they are for menTEXT BTo emphasize the stagnation and the narrowness of the society depicted in Jane Austin’s novels is to take a narrow and mechanical view of them. Emma is not a period piece, nor is it what is sometimes called a "comedy of manners. "We read it to illuminate not only the past but also the present. And we must face here in both its crudity and its importance a question. Exactly what relevance and helpfulness does Emma have for us today? In what sense does a novel dealing skillfully and realistically with a society and its standards, which are dead and gone forever, have value in our very different world today? Stated in such terms, the question itself is unsatisfactory. If Emma today captures our imagination and engages our sympathies (as, in fact, it does), then either it has some genuine value for us, or else there is somethingwrong with the way we give our sympathy and our values are pretty useless.Put this way, it is clear that anyone who enjoys Emma and then remarks “but of course it has no relevance today” is, in fact, debasing the novel, looking at it not as a living, enjoyable work of art but as a mere dead picture of a past society. Such an attitude is fatal both to art and to life. It can be assumed that Emma has relevance. The helpful approach is to ask why this novel still has the power to move us today.What gives Emma its power to move us is the realism and depth of feeling behind Jane Austin’s attitudes. She examines with a scrupulous yet passionate and critical precision the actual problems of her world. That this world is narrow cannot be denied. But the value of a work of art rests on the depth and truth of the experience it communicates, and such qualities cannot be identified with the breadth of the work’s panorama(). A conversation between two people in a grocery store may tell us more about as world war than a volume of dispatches from the front. The silliest of all criticisms of Jan Austen is the one the blames her for not writing about the Battle of the Waterloo and French Revolution, which were in th4e headlines of the newspapers she read. She wrote about what she genuinely understood, and no artist can do more.5. The main idea of the passage is that _______.A. a narrow view of Emma is natural and acceptableB. a novel should not depict a vanished societyC. a good novel is an intellectual rather than an emotional experienceD. Emma should be read with sensitivity and an open mind6. The author would probably disagree with those critics or readers who find that the society inJane Austen’s novels is ________.A. unsympatheticB. uninterestingC. crudeD. authoritarian7. The author implies that a work of art is properly judged on the basis of its ________.A. universality of human experience truthfully recordedB. popularity and critical acclaim in its own ageC. openness to varied interpretations, including seemingly contradictory onesD. avoidance of political and social issues of minor importance8. The author’s attitude toward someone who “enjoys Emma and then remarks ‘but of course ithas no relevance today’” can best be described as one of ______.A. amusementB. astonishmentC. disapprovalD. resignationText CJoseph Jones had a criminal record, but he swore up and down that this time he was innocent. That's what the 36-year-old felon told a Los Angeles Superior Court judge last year, just moments before pleading guilty to selling cocaine. He received an eight-year sentence. On Wednesday, Jones walked out of California's Salinas Valley State Prison, his conviction overturned at the request of the Los Angeles District Attorney Gil Garcetti. Turns out, Jones really was innocent of the cocaine charge.Jones’ case is not all that unusual. In Los Angeles lately, it is the prosecutors who are asking that defendants be set free. The criminal justice system seems to have been turned inside out as authorities probe what might become the most widespread police corruption scandal in the city’s history. “I wouldn't say the system is in shambles, but it has certainly been seriously disrupted,” says Michael Judge, chief public defender for Los Angeles. A high-ranking police official who asked not to be named adds: “I’ve never seen anything like this before in Los Angeles. It's the kind of thing you hear about in other places. I don't know if we'll ever get over it.”Police authorities say at least one officer has been fired, 11 placed on administrative leave, and one, Rafael Perez, has resigned, as allegations swirl that they stole contraband, lied, planted evidence, roughed up witnesses and kept a crash pad where they had sex with prostitutes. Perez admitted shooting an unarmed man, then framing him by planting a semiautomatic rifle near his unconscious body and accusing him of attacking officers. Five Los Angeles prosecutors and a special police task force are reviewing hundreds of cases that might have been compromised. More than 200 police department supervisors and assistants are part of a board of inquiry expected to make recommendations to Police Chief Bernard Parks as early as next week. Five criminal convictions that Perez and his partner obtained have been overturned, and more could follow, a spokeswoman for Garcetti said.On Wednesday, public defenders received a list of more than 1 000 cases involving eight law enforcement officers targeted in the probe. Each must be reviewed for possibly tainted testimony. If evidence is suspect, lawyers say, they’ll argue for new trials or dismissal of charges. The courts could be tied up for years. Adding to the morass, officials expect an onslaught of civil law-suits against the police department from defendants who were wrongly convicted. The first has been filed.“This is a tarnish on our badge,” says Officer Ted Hunt, president of the Los Angeles Police Protective League, which provides lawyers for accused officers. He cautioned, however, against jumping to the conclusion that police corruption is widespread. Only Perez has been proved guilty, he notes. “Other than this one tiny person who embarrassed all of us, LAPD coppers are honest and ethical, and they want to do the right thing,” Hunt adds.In September, Perez admitted in court that he had stolen about 8 pounds of cocaine fromthe police evidence room last year. In an attempt to lower his sentence, he offered to blow the whistle on alleged corruption in the department's Rampart Division.Assigned to a tough, mostly minority neighborhood west of downtown, Rampart Division police are known as pro-active. “Their job is to go out and get the street hoodlums, the ones who cause ordinary citizens to be afraid” Hunt says. “Rampart had the highest crime rate in the city, and they turned it around.”According to Perez, some officers at Rampart were doing more than good police work. Perez contends, for example, that in 1996, he and his partner, Nino Durden, shot 19-year-old Javier Francisco Ovando, then framed him for assaulting them. The shooting paralyzed Ovando. Though he had no prior record, the judge handed down the stiffest sentence possible because, the judge said, the defendant showed no remorse. Ovando was released from prison in September after serving three years of a 23-year sentence.Tamar Toiser, Ovando’s criminal defense lawyer, says Perez and his partner testified brilliantly at the trial. “They were wonderful witnesses,” she said. “They knew just when to look the jury in the eye. They called (Ovando) a ‘gang assassin.’ ” David Brockway, the lawyer who advised Jones to take an eight-year deal and admit selling cocaine, also remembers the same two cops as effective witnesses. If Jones had gone up against them, “Who would the jury have believed?” he asks. By going to trial, Jones would have risked being found guilty and receiving a sentence of 32 years to life in prison under California’s “three-strikes’” law, Brockway says.“Innocent people are being convicted,” public defender Judge says. “That's the magnitude of the consequences, and this is really devastating for the system.” But Hunt and other police officers say that the system is working. It’s the police department, they say, that uncovered the problem by aggressively investigating the evidence room theft, which led to Perez.9. What’s the main idea of the article?A. Policemen also do some illegal things.B. There are more and more police scandals these days.C. Police scandal puts convictions in doubt.D. Only 1 cop has admitted guilt, so it is unreasonable to question the criminal convictions.10. The phrase “hand down” is in close meaning to which of the following?A. put downB. take downC. state publiclyD. deny angrily11. This article can be found most probably in ________.A. novelsB. anthologyC. newspaperD. encyclopedia12. If the information offered by Perez in paragraph 8 was wrong and other information weretrue, it helps to confirm that ________.A. all Brockway says at the last paragraph is rightB. Perez is really not a good copC. Nino and Perez are not friendsD. No innocent people are being conceivedT ext DCyberspace, data superhighways, multimedia—for those who have seen the future, the linking of computers, televisions and telephones will change our lives for ever. Yet for all the talk of a forthcoming technological utopia little attention has been given to the implications of these developments for the poor. As with all new high technology, while the West concerns itself with the "how," the question of "for whom" is put aside once again.Economists are only now realizing the full extent to which the communications revolution has affected the world economy. Information technology allows the extension of trade across geographical and industrial boundaries, and transnational corporations take full advantage of it. Terms of trade, exchange and interest rates and money movements are more important than the production of goods. The electronic economy made possible by information technology allows the haves to increase their control on global markets – with destructive impact on the have-nots.For them the result is instability. Developing countries which rely on the production of a small range of goods for export are made to feel like small parts in the international economic machine. As "futures" are traded on computer screens, developing countries simply have less and less control of their destinies.So what are the options for regaining control? One alternative is for developing countries to buy in the latest computers and telecommunications themselves—so-called “development communications” modernization. Yet this leads to long-term dependency and perhaps permanent constraints on developing countries’ economies.Communications technology is generally exported from the U. S., Europe or Japan; the patents, skills and ability to manufacture remain in the hands of a few industrialized countries. It is also expensive, and imported products and services must therefore be bought on credit – credit usually provided by the very countries whose companies stand to gain.Furthermore, when new technology is introduced there is often too low a level of expertise to exploit it for native development. This means that while local elites, foreign communities and subsidiaries of transnational corporations may benefit, those whose lives depend on access to the information are denied it.13. From the passage we know that the development of high technology is in the interests of _____.A. the rich countriesB. scientific developmentC. the eliteD. the world economy14. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.A. international trade should be expandedB. the interests of the poor countries have not been given enough considerationC. the exports of the poor countries should be increasedD. communications technology in the developing countries should be modernized15. Why does the author say that the electronic economy may have a destructive impact on developing countries?A. Because it enables the developed countries to control the international market.B. Because it destroys the economic balance of the poor countries.C. Because it violates the national boundaries of the poor countries.D. Because it inhibits the industrial growth of developing countries.16. The development of modern communications technology in developing countries may ____.A. hinder their industrial productionB. cause them to lose control of their tradeC. force them to reduce their share of exportsD. cost them their economic independenceText EPoor health is closely associated with homelessness. Thirteen percent of homeless patients surveyed in a national study published in the 1980s stated that poor physical health was a factor in their becoming homeless. In 1997, 43.4 million people in the United States lacked health insurance, and nearly one-third of persons living in poverty had no health insurance of any kind.A recent analysis of Health Care for the Homeless projects found that the number of uninsured persons seeking treatment is increasing: overall, HCH programs report a 35% increase in the numbers of patients who are uninsured.The rates of both chronic and acute health problems are extremely high among the homelesspopulation. With the exception of obesity, strokes, and cancer, homeless people are far more likely to suffer from every category of chronic health problem. Conditions that require regular, uninterrupted treatment, such as tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, hypertension, addictive disorders, and mental disorders, are extremely difficult to treat or control among those without adequate housing.Many homeless people have multiple health problems. For example, frostbite, leg ulcersand upper respiratory infections are frequent, often the direct result of homelessness. Homeless people are also at greater risk of trauma resulting from muggings, beatings, and rape. Homelessness precludes good nutrition, good personal hygiene, and basic first aid, adding to the complex health needs of homeless people. In addition, some homeless people with mental disorders may use drugs or alcohol to self- medicate, and those with addictive disorders are also often at risk of HIV and other communicable diseases.Homeless children also experience numerous health problems. A recent study of the health status of homeless children in New York City found that 61% of homeless children had not received their proper immunizations (compared to 23% of all New York City two-year-olds); 38% of homeless children in the City's shelter system have asthma (an asthma rate four times that for all New York City children and the highest prevalence rate of any child population in the United States).People who are homeless are overwhelmingly uninsured and often lack access to the most basic health care services for their complex health care needs. At present, there is one federally funded program, Health Care for the Homeless, which is designed specifically to provide primary health care to homeless persons. Recent evaluations of the HCH programs have found that HCH projects provide primary health care in a cost-effective and efficient manner. HCH projects are successful because they are designed and controlled by local communities to fill significant gaps in exiting health care delivery systems. Health and social service workers in HCH projects provide comprehensive care through accessible clinics and mobile and street health outreach. No other indigent care system provides this service. In Fiscal Year 1998, the HCH program awarded grants to 128 community-based organizations that, in mm, expanded their service network through arrangements with over 300 service providers. As a result, the HCH program serves more than 430,000 clients in 48 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. For the people served byHealth Care for the Homeless programs, the restoration of physical health is often a first step toward reentry into stable housing and mainstream society.However, the crumbling health care safety net, the arrival of managed care, and growth in homelessness have resulted in increased need for homeless health care services. Welfare reform is also having an impact: many families leaving welfare lose health insurance, despite continued Medicaid eligibility. These and other policy changes have made it impossible for HCH programs to reach the majority of homeless people in America. A 1997 study by the Bureau of Primary Health Care found that HCH projects are experiencing a significant growth in homelessness in their communities, and that at the same time, financial support for HCH programs is diminishing. As a result, HCH projects have been forced to reduce program staffing, and waiting lists and turn away rates have increased.17. Which of the following diseases are the ones the homeless are most likely to suffer directly from?A. Obesity, and Tuberculosis.B. HIV/AIDS, and diabetes.C. Frostbite, and leg ulcers.D. Strokes, and upper respiratory infections.18. Health Care for the Homeless is ________.A. to help to prevent future episodes of homelessnessB. to help the overwhelmingly uninsuredC. to expand the service network through arrangementsD. to provide the most basic health care services to the homeless19. According to the passage, Health Care for the Homeless projects is ________.A. questionable.B. affordable.C. efficient.D. credible.20. Which of the following statements is true, according to the author?A. HCH projects succeed in restoring the homeless back into houses and society.B. The overwhelmingly uninsured are those who are accessible to health care.C. The acute health problems are what the homeless population is most haunted.D. The increased number of the homeless seeking health care worsens theissue.V. Translation from English into Chinese. (20 points)Globalization creates unprecedented new opportunities and risks. If the poorest countries can be drawn into the global economy and get increasing access to modern knowledge and technology, it could lead to a rapid reduction in global poverty, as well as bringing new trade and investment opportunities for all. But if this is not done, the poorest countries will become more marginalized, and suffering and division will grow. And we all be affected by the consequences. In order to make globalization work for the poor we need not just strong and vibrant private sectors, but also effective governments and strong and reformed international institutions. We need to work collectively to tackle the problems of conflict and corruption, boost investment in education and health, spread the benefits of technology and research, strengthen the international financial system, reduce barriers to trade, tackle environmental problems and make development assistance more effective.VI. Translation from Chinese into English. (20 points)。

2008年研究生英语入学考试试卷

2008年研究生英语入学考试试卷以下70题答案请写在答题卡上，谢谢。

Part One: 听力Listening Comprehension (20%)一、听对话Directions: In this section you will hear some short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four suggested answers markedA), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer.1.A) He had to kill someone.B) He never minded killing someone's time.C) He had some free time with nothing to do.D) He never minded that his time was lost.2.A) She will go there soon.B) She'll stay in the station for just a few minutues.C) She just came from the station.D) She is not going there.3.A) A teacherB) A millionaire.C) An officer in travel agency.D) An English teacher.4.A) $10B) $3C) $2D) $45.A) The man wants to go to Los Angeles.B) The man wants to go to San Francisco.C) There are no flights to Los Angeles for the rest of the day.D) There are two direct flights to Los Angeles within the next two hours.6.A) On the whole, she liked the film.B) She didn't see the film.C) The film was very exciting.D) The film wasn't as good as she'd expected.7.A. He caused a fire.B. He lost his job because he tried to cheat.C. He quit his job because his boss told a lie.D. He was unable to get a project.8.A. Casually.B. Plainly.C. Lightly.D. Formally,.9.A) She would like to come another time.B) She will come at 7:00 p.m.C) She would like to take him to a movie.D) She would come at 7:30 p.m.10.A. Ray will have a class at 1:00.B. Ray will go to the library at 2:00.C. Ray will go home immediately after class.D. Ray will go home around 3:00.二、听短文（3段）Directions: In this section you will hear THREE short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. After you hear a question you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D).[共10小题,5.0分,答题时间:100秒]Passage A11. How often is the Festival for the Dead held?A) Once a year.B) Twice a year.C) Every five years.D) Every ten years.12. What do people do all night?A) They stay at home and wait.B) They sing and dance.C) They drink and talk.D) They play games.13. What do people do with the food?A) They eat it.B) They keep it for a few days.C) They threw it into the river or the sea.D) They give it to the beggar.Passage B14. What important thing did women invent according to the talk?A) MachineB) Agriculture.C) History.D) Cooking.15. What did men go out for?A) Animals.B) Fruits.C) Plants.D) Roots.16. Why could women stay at home?A) Because men could kill enough animals for food.B) Because children had to be taken care of.C) Because women began planting.D) Because hunting was too dangerous for women. Passage C17. Who is the speaker?A) A TV reporter.B) A specialist in oil spill prevention.C) An oil company technician.D) The head of the oil company.18. What is the main topic of the passage?A) Where the oil spill occurred.B) What caused the oil spill.C) How the oil spill was treated.D) The number of volunteers.19. Who volunteered to clean up the oil?A) Farmers, scientists and teachers.B) Scientists, technicians and businessmen.C) Storekeepers, reporters and businessmen.D) Businessmen, storekeepers and students.20. What does the oil company promise to do?A) To get rid of all the old ships at once.B) To clean up the oil at Sea view Beach soon.C) To pay the volunteers.D) To prevent any more oil spills.Part Two: 阅读理解（30%）Directions: There are FOUR passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C), and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.AAbout six years ago I was having lunch in a restaurant in New York City when a woman and a young boy sat down at the next table, I couldn’t help overhearing parts of their conversation. At one point the woman asked: "So, how have you been?" And the boy—who could not have been more than seven or eight years old —replied. "Frankly, I've been feeling a little depressed lately.''This incident stuck in my mind because it confirmed my growing belief that children are changing. As far as I can remember, my friends and I didn’t find out we were “depressed” until we were in high school.The evidence of a change in children has increased steadily in recent years. Children don’t seem childlike anymore. Children speak more like adults, dress more like adults and behave more like adults than they used to. Whether this is good or bad is difficult to say, but it certainly is different. Childhood as it once was no longer exists. Why?Human development is based not only on innate biological states, but also on patterns of access to social knowledge. Movement from one social rote to another usually involves learning the secrets of the new status. Children have always been taught adult secrets, but slowly and in stages: traditionally, we tell sixth graders things we keep hidden from fifth graders.In the last 40 years, however, a secret-revelation machine has been installed in 98 percent of American homes. It is called television. Television passes information, and indiscriminately (不加区分地), to all viewers alike, be they children or adults. Unable to resist the temptation, many children turn their attention from printed texts to the less challenging, more vivid moving pictures.Communication through print, as a matter of fact, allows for a great deal of control over the social information to which children have access. Reading and writing involve a complex code of symbols that must be memorized and practices. Children must read simple books before they can read complex materials.21. According to the author, feeling depressed is ________.A) a sure sign of a psychological problem in a childB) something hardly to be expected in a young childC) an inevitable has of children's mental developmentD) a mental scale present in all humans, including children22. Traditionally, a child is supposed to learn about the adult world ________.A) through contact with society C) naturally and by biological instinctB) gradually and under guidance D)through exposure to social information23. The phenomenon that today’s children seem adult-like is attributed by the author to ________.A) the widespread influence of televisionB) the poor arrangement of teaching contentC) the fast pace of human intellectual developmentD) the constantly rising standard of living24. Why is the author in favor of communication through print for children?A) It enables children to gain more social information.B) It develops children's interest in reading and writing.C) It helps children to memorize and practice more.D) It can control what children are to learn.25. What does the author think of the change in today’s children?A) He is quite happy with the premature behaviors of children.B) He thinks it is a phenomenon worthy of note.C) He considers it a positive development.D) He seems to be upset about it.BSport is not only physically challenging, but it can also be mentally challenging. Criticism from coaches, parents, and other teammates, as well as pressure to win can create an excessive amount of anxiety or stress for young athletes. Stress can be physical, emotional, or psychological and research has indicated that it can lead to burnout. Burnout has been described as dropping or quitting of an activity that was atone time enjoyable. The early years of development are critical years for learning about oneself. The sport setting is one where valuable experiences can take place. Young athletes can, for example, learn how to cooperate with others, make friends, and gain other social skills that will be used throughout their lives. Coaches and parents should be aware, at all times, that their feedback to youngsters can greatly affect their children. Youngsters may take their pa rents’ and coaches’ criticisms to heart and find a flaw in themselves. Coaches and parents should also be cautious that youth sport participation does not become work for children. The outcome of the game should not be more important than the process of learning the sport and other life lessons. In today’s youth sport setting, young athletes may be worrying more about who will win instead of enjoying themselves and the sport. Following a game many parents and coaches focus on the outcome and find fault with youngsters’ performances. Positive reinforcement should be provided regardless of the outcome. Research indicates that positive reinforcement motivates and has a greater effect on learning than criticism. Again, criticism can create high levels of stress, which can lead to burnout.26. An effective way to prevent the burnout of young athletes is________.A) to reduce their mental stressB) to make sports less competitiveC) to increase their sense of successD) to make sports more challenging27. According to the passage sport is positive for young people in that ________.A) it can help them learn more about societyB) it enables them to find flaws in themselvesC) it can provide them with valuable experiencesD) it teaches them how to set realistic goals for themselves28. Many coaches and parents are in the habit of criticizing young athletes _______.A) believing that criticism is beneficial for their early developmentB) without realizing criticism may destroy their self confidenceC) in orde r to make them remember life’s lessonsD) so as to put more pressure on them29. According to the passage parents and coaches should _______.A) pay more attention to letting children enjoy sportsB) help children to win every gameC) train children to cope with stressD) enable children to understand the positive aspect of sports30. The author’s purpose in writing the passage is _______.A) to teach young athletes how to avoid burnoutB) to persuade young children not to worry about criticismC) to stress the importance of positive reinforcement to childrenD) to discuss the skill of combining criticism with encouragementCBefore a big exam, a sound night's sleep will do you more good than poring over textbooks. That，at least，is the folk wisdom. And science，in the form of behavioral psychology, supports that wisdom. But such behavioral studies cannot distinguish between two competing theories of why sleep is good for the memory. One says that sleep is when permanent memories form. The other says that they are actually formed during the day, but then “edited” at night, to flush away what is superfluous (多余的).To tell the difference, it is necessary to look into the brain of a sleeping person，and that is hard. But after a decade of painstaking work，a team led by Pierre Maquet at Liege University in Belgium has managed to do it. The particular stage of sleep in which the Belgian group is interested in is rapid eye movement REM sleep, when brain and body are active，heart rate and blood pressure increase，the eyes move back and forth behind the eyelids as if watching a movie, and brainwave traces resemble those of wakefulness. It is during this period of sleep that people are most likely to relive events of the previous day in dreams.Dr. Maquet used an electronic device called PET to study the brains of people as they practiced a task during the day，and as they slept during the following night. The task required them to press a button as fast as possible, in response to a light coming on in one of six positions. As they learnt how to do this，their response times got faster. What they did not know was that the appearance of the lights sometimes followed a pattern- what is referred to as “artificial grammar.” Yet the reductions in response time showed that they learnt faster when the pattern was present than when there was not.What is more，those with more to learn（i.e., the “grammar”, as well as the mechanical task of pushing the button）have more active brains. The “editing” theory would not predict that, since the number of irrelevant stimuli would be the same in each case. And to eliminate any doubts that the experimental subjects were learning as opposed to unlearning, their response times when they woke up were even quicker than when they went to sleep.The team，therefore, concluded that the nerve connections involved in memory are reinforced through reactivation during REM sleep, particularly if the brain detects an inherent structure in the material being learnt. So now, on the eve of that crucial test, maths students can sleep soundly in the knowledge that what they will remember the next day are the basic rules of algebra (代数学) and not the incoherent talk from the radio next door.31.Researchers in behavioral psychology are divided with regard to______.A) how dreams are modified in their coursesB) the difference between sleep and wakefulnessC) why sleep is of great benefit to memoryD) the functions of a good night's sleep32. As manifested in the experimental study, rapid eye movement is characterized by _______.A) intensely active brainwave tracesB) subjects' quicker response timesC) complicated memory patternsD) revival of events in the previous day33. By referring to the artificial grammar, the author intends to show_______.A) its significance in the studyB) an inherent pattern being learntC) its resemblance to the lightsD) the importance of night's sleep34. In their study, researchers led by Pierre Maquet took advantage of the technique of______.A) exposing a long held folk wisdomB) clarifying the predictions on dreamsC) making contrasts and comparisonsD) correlating effects with their causes35. What advice might Maquet give to those who have a crucial test the next day？A) Memorizing grammar with great efforts.B) Study textbooks with close attention.C) Have their brain images recorded.D) Enjoy their sleep at night soundly.DEnvironmental issues raise a host of difficult ethical (伦理的) questions, including the ancient one of the nature of intrinsic (固有的/内在的)value. Whereas many philosophers in the past have agreed that human experiences have intrinsic value and the utilitarians (功利主义者) at least have always accepted that the pleasures and pains of nonhuman animals are of some intrinsic significance, this does not show why it is so bad if dodos (渡渡鸟) become extinct or a rain forest is cut down. Are these things to be regretted only because of the loss to humans or other sentient creatures? Or is there more to it than that? Some philosophers are now prepared to defend the view that trees, rivers, species (considered apart from theindividual animals of which they consist), and perhaps ecological systems as a whole have a value independent of the instrumental value they may have for humans or other sentient creatures.Our concern for the environment also raises the question of our obligations to future generations. How much do we owe to the future? From a social contract view of ethics or for the ethical egoist, the answer would seem to be: nothing. We can benefit them, but they are unable to reciprocate. Most other ethical theories, however, do give weight to the interests of coming generations. Utilitarians, for one, would not think that the fact that members of future generations do not exist yet is any reason for giving less consideration to their interests than we give to our own, provided only that we are certain that they will exist and will have interests that will be affected by what we do. In the case of, say, the storage of radioactive wastes, it seems clear that what we do will indeed affect the interests of generations to come.The question becomes much more complex, however, when we consider that we can affect the size of future generations by the population policies we choose and the extent to which we encourage large or small families. Most environmentalists believe that the world is already dangerously overcrowded. This may well be so, but the notion of overpopulation conceals a philosophical issue that is ingeniously explored by Derek Parfit in Reasons and Persons (1984). What is optimum (适宜的) population? Is it that population size at which the average level of welfare will be as high as possible? Or is it the size at which the total amount of welfare—the average multiplied by the number of people—is as great as possible? Both answers lead to counterintuitive outcomes, and the question remains one of the most baffling mysteries in applied ethics.36. The first paragraph is mainly about _______.A) the intrinsic value of human experiencesB) the intrinsic value of the experiences of nonhuman animalsC) the intrinsic value of ecological system as a wholeD) an ancient ethical question about the nature of intrinsic value37. ________, we owe nothing to the future generations.A) In the author’s opinionB) From a social contrast view of ethicsC) For a utilitarianD) For most environmentalists38. Population policy we take should be considered ________.A. positiveB. negativeC. complexD. reasonable39. According to this passage, optimum population ________.A) refers to the population size at which the average level of welfare will be as high as possibleB) refers to the population size at which the total amount of welfare will be as great as possibleC) is a difficult philosophical issue which remains to be resolved in the futureD) is a difficult philosophical issue which Derek Parfit has successfully settled inReasons and Persons40. The proper title for this passage should be ________.A) A Mystery in Applied EthicsB) Our Obligations to Future GenerationsC) Environmental EthicsD) Environmental issuesPart Three: 完型填空（10%）Directions: In this part, you will read a passage with some blanks. For each blank there are four choices marked A) , B) , C) and D). You should choose the ONE answer that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.As civilization __ (41) __ in the direction of technology, it passes the point of supplying all the basic __ (42) __ of life--food, __ (43) __ , clothes, and __ (44) __ . Then we are faced with a choice between using technology to provide and __ (45) __ needs which have hitherto been regarded as unnecessary or, __ (46) __the other hand, using technology to __ (47) __ the number of hours of work which a man must do in order to earn a given standard of living. In other words, we either raise our standard of living above __ (48) __ necessary for comfort and happiness or we __ (49) __ it at this level and work shorter hours. I shall take it as axiomatic (其理自明的) that mankind has, by that time, chosen the latter __ (50) __ . Men will be working shorter and shorter hours in their paid __ (51) __ . It follows that the housewife will also __ (52) __ to be able to have more __ (53) __ in herlife without lowering her standard of living. It also follows that human __ (54) __ servants will have completely __ (55) __ to exist. Yet the great __ (56) __ of the housewives will wish to be relieved completely from the __ (57) __ operations of the home such as scrubbing (擦洗) the floors or the __ (58) __ or the __ (59) __ , or washing the clothes or washing __ (60) __ , or dusting or sweeping, or making beds.41. A) proceeds B) profits C) projects D) promotes42. A) events B) processions C) essentials D) luxuries43. A) shower B) shopping C) shoulder D) shelter44. A) warmth B) friendship C) sickness D) disease45. A) fulfill B) remark C) reject D) regulate46. A) for B) with C) on D) in47. A) increase B) reduce C) release D) relax48. A) all B) what C) which D) that49. A) leave B) lower C) locate D) list50. A) chance B) choice C) alternative D) substitute51. A) labor B) employer C) employee D) employment52. A) consider B) exist C) expect D) expend53. A) lever B) leisure C) liberty D) luck54. A) dramatic B) domestic C) diverse D) discrete55. A) paused B) stopped C) ceased D) ended56. A) majority B) minority C) minimum D) maximum57. A) rotary B) row C) route D) routine58. A) bathe B) bay C) bath D) bat59. A) cook B) cooker C) coil D) comb60. A) up B) away C) out D) overPart Four: 词汇及语法结构（10%）Directions: In this part，there are some incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A) , B) , C) and D). Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.61. He sank into _________ after his business failed.A) excitement B) success C) disappearing D) despair62. The speed of light is indeed enormous, but it is not ________ .A) infinite B) definite C) endless D) utmost63. Many famous people are surprisingly _________ .A) dignified B) honest C) humble D) human64. The lamp would not work because of a ________ in the switch.A) defect B) complaint C) mistake D) stoppage65. According to what you have just said, am I to understand that his new post_______ no responsibility with it at all?A) shoulders B) possesses C) carries D) shares66. Major earthquakes are among nature's most devastating events, ______________ immeasurable loss of life and property.A) that have caused B) to causeC) and caused D) causing67. ________, we would have come yesterday.A) Should the weather be fine B) If the weather were fineC) Had the weather been fine D) Were the weather fine68. My parents ___ at home in this evening.A) are both B) all are C) both are D) are all69. Organic chemistry had made many new products _______.A) possible B) as possible C) are possible D) they are possible70. Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries _______ commercially for their meat and eggs.A) raised B) and are raised C) raised as D) are raisedPart Five: 写作（10% ，150-200字）Directions: For this part you are allowed some minutes to write a composition on the given topic. You should write at least 150 words on the Answer Sheet and you should base your composition on the outline if given below.Title: Health Care for the ElderlyWith the development of the advanced medical technology, humans are enjoying longer life. However, the aged people find it difficult to manage the cost for being sick for a long time or serious disease. …For example, …The government and society should.....because they have .... for the society. (I)strongly hope…..Part Six: 翻译(25%)A. Directions: Translate the following theological terms into Chinese. (10 %)1) Sacrament2) Hermeneutics3) Eschatology4) Presbyterianism5) Theodicy6) Anthropomorphism7) Decalogue8) Annunciation9) Salvation Army10) Historical criticismB.Directions: Translate the following underlined sentences into Chinese. (15%)I.Politically, modern China began in 1911 with the founding of the Republic of China. Socio-culturally, however, the advent of the May Movement (the New Culture Movement) in 1917 marked the beginning of the modern era. 1917-1949 was perhaps the most creative period for theological thinking, and in fact we see some of the best theological minds emerging to face the challenge of the times. There were several urgent issues to be addressed. There was the question of the relevance of religion in modern society. As science was regarded as the key to modernization, scientism, and together with it an anti-religious sentiment, was prevalent. There was the issue ofChina’s cultural past: there was a strong iconoclastic （打倒偶像）mood, and as aresult there was also a strong sense of cultural identity crisis. Thus there was a quest for cultural-historical continuity. There was also the issue of socio-economic order, in the face of rampant exploitation and abject poverty, with the communist revolution looming on the horizon. (8%)II.Cheap grace is preaching forgiveness without repentance; it is baptism without the discipline of community; it is the Lord’s Supper without confession of sin; it is absolution without personal confession. Cheap grace is grace without discipleship, grace without the cross, [and] grace without the living, incarnate Jesus Christ. Costly grace is the gospel which must be sought again and again, the gift which has to be asked for, the door at which one has to knock. It is costly, because it calls to discipleship; it is grace, because it calls us to follow Jesus Christ. It is costly, because it costs people their lives; it is grace, because it thereby makes them live. It is costly, because it condemns sin; it is grace, because it justifies the sinner. Grace is costly, because it forces people under the yoke of following Jesus Christ; it is grace when Jesus says, “My yoke is easy, and my burden is light.” (7%)Part Seven: 根据短文回答问题（每题3%, 共15%; 可用中文回答。

南京大学英语专业考研真题

南京大学英语专业考研真题(2008-12-05 12:12:47)标签：杂谈南京大学英语专业考研真题Part A Vocabulary and Reading (50/150)Read the passage below and then complete the tasks that follow:Language and Cultural IdentityC. Kramschpara.1 It is widely believed that there is a natural connection between the language spoken by members of a social group and that group's identity. By their accent, their vocabulary, their discourse patterns, speakers identify themselves and are identified as members of this or that speech and discourse community. From this membership, they draw personal strength and pride, as well as a sense of social importance and historical continuity from using the same language as the group they belong to.para.2 But how to define which group one belongs to? In isolated, homogeneous communities like the Trobrianders studied by Malinowski, one may still define group membership according to common cultural practices and daily face-to-face interactions, but in modem, historically complex, open societies it is much more difficult to define the boundaries of any particular social group and the linguistic and cultural identities of its members.para.3 Take ethnicity for example. In their 1982 survey conducted among the highly mixed population of Belize (formerly British Honduras), Le Page and Tabouret-Keller found out that different people ascribed themselves to different ethnicities as either 'Spanish', 'Creole', 'Maya' or 'Belizean', according to which ethnic criterion they focused on — physical features (hair and skin), general appearance, genetic descent, provenance, or nationality. Rarely was language used as an ethnically defining criterion. Interestingly, it was only under the threat of a Guatemalan takeover as soon as British rule would cease, that the sense of a Belizean national identity slowly started emerging from among the multiple ethnic ascriptions that people still give themselves to this day.para.4 Group identity based on race would seem easier to define, and yet there are almost as many genetic differences, say, between members of the same White, or Black race as there are between the classically described human races, not to speak of the difficulty in some cases of ascertaining with 100 percent exactitude a person's racial lineage. For example, in 1983 the South African Government changed the racial classification of 690 people: two-thirds of these, who had been Coloreds, became Whites, 71 who had been Blacks became Coloreds, and 11 Whites were redistributed among other racial groups! And, of course, there is no necessary correlation between a given racial characteristic and the use of a given language or variety of languagepara.5 Regional identity is equally contestable. As reported in the London Times of February 1984, when a Soviet book, Populations of the World, claimed that the population of France consisted of 'French, Alsatians, Flemings, Bretons, Basques, Catalans, Corsicans, Jews, Armenians, Gypsies and "others'", Georges Marchais, the French Communist leader, violently disagreed: 'For us', he said, 'every man and woman of French nationality is French. France is not a multinational state: it is one nation, the product of a long history....'para.6 One would think that national identity is a clear-cut either/or affair (either you are or you are not a citizen), but it is one thing, for example, to have a Turkish passport, another thing to ascribe to yourself a Turkish national identity if you were born, raised and educated, say, in Germany, are native speaker of German, and happen to have Turkish parents.para.7 Despite the entrenched belief in the one language = one culture equation, individuals assume several collective identities that are likely not only to change over time in dialogue with others, but are liable to be in conflict with one another. For example, an immigrant's sense of self that was linked in his country of origin perhaps to his social class, his political views, or his economic status becomes, in the new country, overwhelmingly linked to his national citizenship or his religion, for this is the identity that is imposed on him by others, who see in him now, for example, only a Turk or a Muslim. His own sense of self, or cultural identity, changes accordingly. Out of nostalgia for the 'old country', he may tend to become more Turkish than the Turks and entertain what Benedict Anderson has called 'long distance nationalism'. The Turkish he speaks may become with the passion of years somewhat different from the Turkish spoken today in the streets of Ankara; the community he used to belong to is now more an 'imagined community' than the actual present-day Turkey.para. 8 The problem lies in equating the racial, ethnic, national identity imposed on an individual by the state's bureaucratic system, and that individual's self-ascription. Group identity is not a national fact, but a cultural perception, to use the metaphor with which we started this book. Our perception of someone's social identity is very much culturally determined. What we perceived about a person's culture and language is what we have been conditioned by our own culture to see, and the stereotypical models already built around our own. Group identity is a question of focusing and diffusion of ethnic, racial national concepts or stereotypes. Let us take an example,para. 9 Le Page and Tabouret-Keller recount the case of a man in Singapore who claimed that he would never have any difficulty in telling the difference between an Indian and a Chinese. But how would he instantly know that the dark-skinned non-Malay person he saw on the street was an Indian (and not, say a Pakistani), and that light-skinned non-European was a Chinese (and not, say, a Korean), unless he differentiated the two according to the official Singaporean 'ethnic' categories: Chinese, Malay, Indian, Others? In another context with different racial classifications he might have interpreted: differently the visual clues presented to him by people on the street. His impression was focused by the classificatory concepts prevalent in his society, a behavior that Benjamin Whorf would have predicted. In turn this focus may prompt him, by a phenomenon of diffusion, to identify all other 'Chinese' along the same ethnic categories, according to the stereotype 'All Chinese look alike to me'.para.10 It has to be noted that societies impose racial and ethnic categories only on certain groups: Whites do not generally identify themselves by the color of their skin, but by their provenance or nationality. They would find it ludicrous to draw their sense of cultural identity from their membership in the White race. Hence the rather startled reaction of two Danish women in the United States to a young African-American boy, who, overhearing their conversation in Danish, asked them 'What's your culture?' Seeing how perplexed they were, he explained with a smile 'See, I'm Black. That's my culture. What's yours?' Laughingly they answered that they spoke Danish and came from Denmark. Interestingly, the boy did not use language as a criterion of group identity, but the Danish did.para.11 European identities have traditionally been built much more around language and national citizenship, and around folk models of 'one nation = one language', than around ethnicity or race. But even in Europe, the matter is not so simple. For example, Alsatians who speak German, French and Germanic Piatt mayalternatively consider themselves as primarily Alsatians, or French, or German, depending on how they position themselves vis-à-vis the history of their region and their family biography. A youngster born and raised in France of Algerian parents may, even though he speaks only French, call himself Algerian in France, but when abroad he might prefer to be seen as French, depending on which group he wishes to be identified with at the time.para.12 Examples from other parts of the world show how complex thelanguage-cultural identity relationship really is. The Chinese, for example, identify themselves ethnically as Chinese even though they speak languages or dialects which are mutually unintelligible. Despite the fact that a large number of Chinese don't know how to read and write, it is the Chinese character-writing system and the art of calligraphy that are the major factors of an overall Chinese group identity.Task 1: For each of the following items, study the reading passage and choose A, B or C that best completes the statement (30/150):(1) In the sentence "By their accent, their vocabulary, their discourse patterns, speakers identify themselves and are identified as members of this or that speech and discourse community," the phrase "discourse community" means:A) communal group B) cultural group C) discourse group(2) When the author states: "[The modern, historically complex, open societies it is much more difficult to define the boundaries of any particular social group and the linguistic and cultural identities of its members," he implies that an open society is:A) a society of many peopleB) a society of diverse discoursesC) a society of multi-ethnic structure(3) "[T]he sense of a Belizean national identity" means a sense ofA) language B) belonging C) history(4) When the author declares that "there is no necessary correlation between a given racial characteristic and the use of a given language or variety of language," he thinks that the relationship between a language and a culture isA) complex B) fixed C) uncertain(5) Georges Marchais said, "every man and woman of French nationality is French. France is not a multinational state: it is one nation, the product of a long history...." He probably regarded "'French" asA) a historical symbol of a stateB) a primary token of a national identityC) a product of a long historyTask 2: The following are definitions of the words contained in the above reading passage. Find these words in the paragraphs as marked in the parentheses (20/150):略海天海天教育海天考研Part B Proofreading (30/150)EXAMPLEWhen ∧ museum wants a new exhibit, (1) __a__it never buys things in finished form and hangs them (2) _neveron the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it. (3) exhibitPart C Translation (40/150)Translate the following passage into Chinese: (20/150)Folktales played a very important role in the social and cultural life of the Plains Indians. Farmers and nomadic hunters alike enjoyed gathering around the fire, especially on wintry nights, to hear the tales of the storyteller. The talents of a good storyteller and the novelty of the tale had the power to figuratively transport hard working Indians to another world.Even today, American Indians believe in the enormous power of the spoken word. As in the past, the imaginative storyteller, typically an old man or an old woman, builds up a reputation as a performer. They enhance their stories by adding gestures, voice changes and songs. He or she might occasionally adapt a particular tale to suit a specific cultural group or tribe. For example, there are usually many different versions of every good tale. Therefore, whenever a story is retold it is likely to be varied, but only within the limits of the tradition established for that particular tale. The storyteller is always mindful of his own, as well as the cultural background of the listener.Translate the following passage into English: (20/150)略Part D Writing (30/150)The following is excerpted from a letter that appeared in the Letter-to-the-Editor column of China Daily: (30/150)Editor:I just graduated from university with a BA in English, but looking back at my university education, I have to say that I have wasted four years of my life. When I entered the university four years ago, I had the highest English score in the city where I grew up. However, on a job interview a few days ago, the personnel manager of a joint venture company said my English was not good enough.It is my university that is to blame. I have never found my classes helpful; they often repeat what I learned in high school. What's more, the teachers often mispronounce words and use ungrammatical sentences or simply use Chinese throughout the class. Some of them often arrive in class unprepared. They have no interest in us or in teaching; they are probably only interested in making money and publishing their papers.In comparison, my high school teachers were committed They had been well trained and were very strict with us. They gave me more help than those university professors. Even today, if I write an English essay, most of the words and sentence patterns I use would be those I learned during my high school years.All in all, I do not think our government should fund a university undergraduate English program if most of the students are not satisfied. If it is a waste of time for us, it must be a waste of resources for our country.Zhu Fan, Nanjing海天海天教育海天考研This controversial letter has generated a lot of discussion in China Daily, and you would like to join the discussion, too. Complete the following tasks on your answer sheets:(1) (4 / 150) Suppose you are going to write a letter for the Letter-to-the-Editor column of China Daily to express your agreement or disagreement with Zhu Fan, and the letter is about 400 words long. In the introductory paragraph (the first paragraph), you will begin with a sentence that introduces the topic. Write down the sentence that begins this paragraph.(2) (5 /150) Write down the last sentence of the introductory paragraph, that is, the thesis statement that expresses your main idea.(3) (4 x 2/ 150) Suppose you have two body paragraphs that support the thesis statement. Write down the topic sentence for each of them. You may begin it with "First,..." or "Second,...."(4) (4 x 2/150) For each topic sentence you write in (3), give one concrete example that illustrates the point you make in the topic sentence. Each example should not exceed two sentences. (There will be a penalty for using more than two sentences for an example.)(5 / 150) Based on what you write down in (2), (3) and (4), write a conclusion paragraph that contains two or three sentences. (There will be a penalty for using more than three sentences.)Part A Vocabulary and Reading (50/150)Read the passage below and then complete the tasks that follow:Language and Cultural IdentityC. Kramschpara.1It is widely believed that there is a natural connection between the language spoken by members of a social group and that group's identity. By their accent, their vocabulary, their discourse patterns, speakers identify themselves and are identified as members of this or that speech and discourse community. From this membership, they draw personal strength and pride, as well as a sense of social importance and historical continuity from using the same language as the group they belong to.para.2 But how to define which group one belongs to? In isolated, homogeneous communities like the Trobrianders studied by Malinowski, one may still define group membership according to common cultural practices and daily face-to-face interactions, but in modem, historically complex, open societies it is much more difficult to define the boundaries of any particular social group and the linguistic and cultural identities of its members.para.3 Take ethnicity for example. In their 1982 survey conducted among the highly mixed population of Belize (formerly British Honduras), Le Page and Tabouret-Keller found out that different people ascribed themselves to different ethnicities as either 'Spanish', 'Creole', 'Maya' or 'Belizean', according to which ethnic criterion they focused on — physical features (hair and skin), general appearance, genetic descent, provenance, or nationality. Rarely was language used as an ethnically defining criterion. Interestingly, it was only under the threat of a Guatemalan takeover as soon as British rule would cease, that the sense of a Belizean national identity slowly started emerging from among the multiple ethnic ascriptions that people still give themselves to this day.para.4 Group identity based on race would seem easier to define, and yet there are almost as many genetic differences, say, between members of the same White, or Black race as there are between the classically described human races, not to speak of the difficulty in some cases of ascertaining with 100 percent exactitude a person's racial lineage. For example, in 1983 the South African Government changed the racial classification of 690 people: two-thirds of these, who had been Coloreds, became Whites, 71 who had been Blacks became Coloreds, and 11 Whites were redistributed among otherracial groups! And, of course, there is no necessary correlation between a given racial characteristic and the use of a given language or variety of languagepara.5Regional identity is equally contestable. As reported in the London Times of February 1984, when a Soviet book, Populations of the World, claimed that the population of France consisted of 'French, Alsatians, Flemings, Bretons, Basques, Catalans, Corsicans, Jews, Armenians, Gypsies and "others'", Georges Marchais, the French Communist leader, violently disagreed: 'For us', he said, 'every man and woman of French nationality is French. France is not a multinational state: it is one nation, the product of a long history....'para.6 One would think that national identity is a clear-cut either/or affair (either you are or you are not a citizen), but it is one thing, for example, to have a Turkish passport, another thing to ascribe to yourself a Turkish national identity if you were born, raised and educated, say, in Germany, are native speaker of German, and happen to have Turkish parents.para.7 Despite the entrenched belief in the one language = one culture equation, individuals assume several collective identities that are likely not only to change over time in dialogue with others, but are liable to be in conflict with one another. For example, an immigrant's sense of self that was linked in his country of origin perhaps to his social class, his political views, or his economic status becomes, in the new country, overwhelmingly linked to his national citizenship or his religion, for this is the identity that is imposed on him by others, who see in him now, for example, only a Turk or a Muslim. His own sense of self, or cultural identity, changes accordingly. Out of nostalgia for the 'old country', he may tend to become more Turkish than the Turks and entertain what Benedict Anderson has called 'long distance nationalism'. The Turkish he speaks may become with the passion of years somewhat different from the Turkish spoken today in the streets of Ankara; the community he used to belong to is now more an 'imagined community' than the actual present-day Turkey.para. 8 The problem lies in equating the racial, ethnic, national identity imposed on an individual by the state's bureaucratic system, and that individual'sself-ascription. Group identity is not a national fact, but a cultural perception, to use the metaphor with which we started this book. Our perception of someone's social identity is very much culturally determined. What we perceived about a person's culture and language is what we have been conditioned by our own culture to see, and the stereotypical models already built around our own. Group identity is a question of focusing and diffusion of ethnic, racial national concepts or stereotypes. Let us take an example,para. 9 Le Page and Tabouret-Keller recount the case of a man in Singapore who claimed that he would never have any difficulty in telling the difference between an Indian and a Chinese. But how would he instantly know that the dark-skinned non-Malay person he saw on the street was an Indian (and not, say a Pakistani), and that light-skinnednon-European was a Chinese (and not, say, a Korean), unless he differentiated the two according to the official Singaporean 'ethnic' categories: Chinese, Malay, Indian, Others? In another context with different racial classifications he might have interpreted: differently the visual clues presented to him by people on the street. His impression was focused by the classificatory concepts prevalent in his society, a behavior that Benjamin Whorf would have predicted. In turn this focus may prompt him, by a phenomenon of diffusion, to identify all other 'Chinese' along the same ethnic categories, according to the stereotype 'All Chinese look alike to me'.para.10 It has to be noted that societies impose racial and ethnic categories only on certain groups: Whites do not generally identify themselves by the color of their skin, but by their provenance or nationality. They would find it ludicrous to draw their sense of cultural identity from their membership in the White race. Hence the rather startled reaction of two Danish women in the United States to a young African-American boy, who, overhearing their conversation in Danish, asked them 'What's your culture?' Seeing how perplexed they were, he explained with a smile 'See, I'm Black. That's my culture. What's yours?' Laughingly they answered that they spoke Danish and came from Denmark. Interestingly, the boy did not use language as a criterion of group identity, but the Danish did.para.11 European identities have traditionally been built much more around language and national citizenship, and around folk models of 'one nation = one language', than around ethnicity or race. But even in Europe, the matter is not so simple. For example, Alsatians who speak German, French and Germanic Piatt may alternatively consider themselves as primarily Alsatians, or French, or German, depending on how they position themselves vis-à-vis the history of their region and their family biography. A youngster born and raised in France of Algerian parents may, even though he speaks only French, call himself Algerian in France, but when abroad he might prefer to be seen as French, depending on which group he wishes to be identified with at the time.para.12 Examples from other parts of the world show how complex the language-cultural identity relationship really is. The Chinese, for example, identify themselves ethnically as Chinese even though they speak languages or dialects which are mutually unintelligible. Despite the fact that a large number of Chinese don't know how to read and write, it is the Chinese character-writing system and the art of calligraphy that are the major factors of an overall Chinese group identity.Task 1: For each of the following items, study the reading passage and choose A, B or C that best completes the statement (30/150):(1)In the sentence "By their accent, their vocabulary, their discourse patterns, speakers identify themselves and are identified as members of this or that speech and discourse community," the phrase "discourse community" means:A) communal group B) cultural group C) discourse group(2)When the author states: "[The modern, historically complex, open societies it is much more difficult to define the boundaries of any particular social group and the linguistic and cultural identities of its members," he implies that an open society is:A)a society of many peopleB)a society of diverse discoursesC)a society of multi-ethnic structure(3)"[T]he sense of a Belizean national identity" means a sense ofA) languageB) belongingC) history(4)When the author declares that "there is no necessary correlation between a given racial characteristic and the use of a given language or variety of language," he thinks that the relationship between a language and a culture isA) complexB) fixedC) uncertain(5)Georges Marchais said, "every man and woman of French nationality is French. France is not a multinational state: it is one nation, the product of a long history...." He probably regarded "'French" asA)a historical symbol of a stateB)a primary token of a national identityC)a product of a long historyTask 2: The following are definitions of the words contained in the above reading passage. Find these words in the paragraphs as marked in the parentheses (20/150):略Part B Proofreading (30/150)EXAMPLEWhen ∧ museum wants a new exhibit,(1) __a__it never buys things in finished form and hangs them (2) _neveron the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it.(3) exhibit.pb{}.pb textarea{font-size:14px; margin:10px; font-family:"宋体";background:#FFFFEE; color:#000066}.pb_t{line-height:30px; font-size:14px; color:#000; text-align:center;}/*分页*/.pagebox{overflow:hidden; zoom:1; font-size:12px;font-family:"宋体",sans-serif;}.pagebox span{float:left; margin-right:2px; overflow:hidden; text-align:center; background:#fff;}.pagebox span a{display:block; overflow:hidden; zoom:1; _float:left;}.pagebox span.pagebox_pre_nolink{border:1px#ddd solid; width:53px; height:21px; line-height:21px; text-align:center; color:#999; cursor:default;}.pagebox span.pagebox_pre{color:#3568b9; height:23px;}.pagebox span.pagebox_pre a,.pagebox span.pagebox_pre a:visited,.pagebox span.pagebox_next a,.pagebox span.pagebox_next a:visited{border:1px #9aafe5 solid; color:#3568b9;text-decoration:none; text-align:center; width:53px; cursor:pointer; height:21px; line-height:21px;}.pagebox span.pagebox_pre a:hover,.pagebox span.pagebox_prea:active,.pagebox span.pagebox_next a:hover,.pagebox span.pagebox_nexta:active{color:#363636; border:1px #2e6ab1 solid;}.pageboxspan.pagebox_num_nonce{padding:0 8px; height:23px; line-height:23px; color:#fff; cursor:default; background:#296cb3; font-weight:bold;}.pageboxspan.pagebox_num{color:#3568b9; height:23px;}.pagebox span.pagebox_num a,.pagebox span.pagebox_num a:visited{border:1px #9aafe5 solid; color:#3568b9;text-decoration:none; padding:0 8px; cursor:pointer; height:21px;line-height:21px;}.pagebox span.pagebox_num a:hover,.pagebox span.pagebox_numa:active{border:1px #2e6ab1 solid;color:#363636;}.pageboxspan.pagebox_num_ellipsis{color:#393733; width:22px; background:none;line-height:23px;}.pagebox span.pagebox_next_nolink{border:1px #ddd solid; width:53px; height:21px; line-height:21px; text-align:center; color:#999; cursor:default;}Part C Translation (40/150)Translate the following passage into Chinese: (20/150)Folktales played a very important role in the social and cultural life of the Plains Indians. Farmers and nomadic hunters alike enjoyed gathering around the fire, especially on wintry nights, to hear the tales of the storyteller. The talents of a good storyteller and the novelty of the tale had the power to figuratively transport hard working Indians to another world.Even today, American Indians believe in the enormous power of the spoken word. As in the past, the imaginative storyteller, typically an old man or an old woman, builds up a reputation as a performer. They enhance their stories by adding gestures, voice changes and songs. He or she might occasionally adapt a particular tale to suit a specific cultural group or tribe. For example, there are usually many different versions of every good tale. Therefore, whenever a story is retold it is likely to be varied, but only within the limits of the tradition established for that particular tale. The storyteller is always mindful of his own, as well as the cultural background of the listener.Translate the following passage into English: (20/150)略。

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2008年南京大学963英语语言学考研真题及详解
I. Write the international phonetic alphabet for the following words. (12/150)
(1) hypothesis (2) academician (3) verbatim (4) technique
(5) capacity (6) standardize (7) guarantee (8) paradigm
(9) primarily (10) rhetoric (11) procedure (12) originate
答案：
(1) [] (2) [] (3)
[] (4) []
(5) [] (6) [] (7)
[] (8) []
(9) [] (10) [] (11)
[] (12) []
II. It often happens in English that when two words are put together in a compound word, the pronunciation of the compound word will be different from that of the two separate words. For instance, cup+board→cupboard; the pronunciation will become/. Similar changes will happen when two words are put together in a phrase. Transcribe the underlined part of each of the following phrases in the International Phonetic Alphabet as they are actually pronounced.
(16/150)
(1)as you know
(2)It took a long time to arrive at Green Park.
(3)It was hard even to make a phone call.
(4)Did you find the answer?
答案：
(1) // (2) // (3)
// (4) //
III. For each group of the items in the following, point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest, and explain the reason in ONE sentence.
(30/150)
(1)A. /f/ B. /z/ C. // D. /k/ [Focus on manner of articulation]
(2) A. // B. /a:/ C. // D. /u/ [Focus on place of articulation]
(3)A. /p/ B. /b/ C. /d/ D. /m/ [Focus on state of voicing]
(4) A. aware B. ignore C. relay D. pertain
[Focus on the structure of the underlined syllables]
(5) A. greenhouse B. friendship C. courtyard D. whitewood
[Focus on word formation]
(6) A. intricate B. within C. alight D. contaminate
[Focus on word class]
(7) A. wake-asleep B. inside-outside C. teacher-student D. right-left
[Focus on the type of semantic opposition]
(8) A. adhere B. relate C. stick D. comply
[Focus on collocation]
(9) A. expertise B. evidence C. equipment D. discourse
[Focus on countability]
(10) A. quantity B. manner C. approbation D. quality
[Focus on a conversational principle]
(11) A. there B. yesterday C. you D. it
[Focus on deictic expressions]
(12) A. goal B. rheme C. instrument D. causative
[Focus on semantic roles]
(13) A. truth condition B. sincerity condition
C. essential condition
D. preparatory condition
[Focus on the felicity conditions of speech act performance]
(14) A. indeterminacy B. calculability C. defeasibility D. interestingness
[Focus on the properties of conversational implicature]
(15)A. field of discourse B. theme of discourse
C. tenor of discourse
D. mode of discourse
[Focus on Halliday’s register theory]
【答案与解析】
(1) D
Reason: A, B and C are fricative, but D is plosive.
(2) D
Reason: A, B, and C are low vowels, while D is high vowel.
(3) A
Reason: B, C, and D are voiced consonants while A is voiceless consonant. (4) D
Reason: A, B, and C have no coda, while D has a coda [n].
(5) B
Reason: A, C and D are compounds, while B is derivation.
(6) D
Reason: A, B and C are adjectives while D is adverb.
(7) C
Reason: A, B and D are gradable antonymy while C is converse antonymy. (8) D
Reason: A, B and C collocate with “to” while D collocates with “with”. (9) D
Reason: A, B and C are uncountable nouns while D is a countable noun. (10) C
Reason: A, B and D belong to the four maxims of cooperative principle while C is one of the six maxims of politeness principle.
(11) B
Reason: “yesterday” is a time adverbial but not deictic.
(12) D
Reason: A, B, and C are three thematic roles, while D is not.
(13) A
Reason: Felicity condition includes essential condition, sincerity condition, preparatory condition, and propositional content conditions, in which A is not included.
(14) D
Reason: D is not the properties of conversational implicature.
(15) B
Reason: A, C and D are the three factors which determine the register of a discourse, while B is not.
Ⅳ. Some students may use the incorrect forms in the left column below instead of the correct ones in the right column. Discuss the possible factors that cause such errors. (20/150)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
答案：
To find the possible reason of those errors, it is necessary to make a description。