Pearl S Buck
赛珍珠英文版介绍课件

Cultural Differences
Her narratives often juxtapose Chinese and Western cultural perspectives, highlighting differences in values, beliefs, and ways of life. This examination促进 了跨文化理解。
Rhetorical Devices
She frequently employs rhetorical devices such as metaphor, simile, and personification to enhance the descriptive power of her prose. These literary techniques add depth and vibrancy to her narratives.
03 Evaluation of Pearl S. Buck's English Works
The artistic value of a work
要点一
Plot Structure
The plot structures of Pearl S. Buck's works are often intricate and layered, with well-developed characters and conflicts that draw the reader into the story.
Cultural Connotations
Traditional Chinese Values
Buck's works reflect traditional Chinese values such as filial piety, community, and respect for elders. She explores how these values shape characters and influence their actions and interactions.
黑龙江统招专升本2019英语真题

2019 年黑龙江省普通高校专升本考试基础英语试卷本试卷共8 页,满分100 分,考试时间120 分钟1. 应考者必须在答题卡上按要求填图,不能答在试卷上。
2. 请按照试题题号的顺序在答题区域内作答。
I Choose the best item to complete each of the following sentences. (1%x20= 20%)1. College education provides more_for a bright future.A. lessonsB. courses.C. opportunitiesD. subjects2. This book gives all kinds of useful_on how to repair bikes.A. senseB. saving.rmationfort3. The government_.money and stamps.A. drawsB. gives.C. issuesD. earns4. His new book_to the top as the bestsellerA. rocketedB. raised.C. stayedD. arrived5. With its fast_development, the country has been getting an increasing number of visitors from abroad.A. traditionalB. economicC. moneyD. services6.The restaurant has lost many customers due to its poor _.A.serviceB.servingC.servicesD.servicing7.People often end their letters with "Yours "_.A.trulyB.trueC.veryD.real8.The sick old man asked the doctor for _.A.awardB.adviceC.situationD.sheet9.Without careful scientific research,how can they _that there is no life on that planet?A.drawB.includeC.resultD.conclude10.. This is a_cat.A. LadyB. womanC. girlD. female11. Some soldiers are very_to their military officer and follow his orders strictly.A. LoyaltyB. loyalC. faithfulnessD. faith12. The teacher granted her the_to be in charge of Group One at the spring-outing.A. AbilityB. authorityC. certificateD. authorities13. His_expression shows that he is unhappy about that.A. bodyB. handC. facialD. verbal14. We can visit you on Saturday or Sunday. Our plans are fairly_.A. FlexibleB. possibleC. impossibleD. personal15. Students should be encouraged to be_thinkers.A. independentB. independenceC. advantageD. average16. Soldiers are expected to_orders.A. obeyB. askC. doD. fear17.Girls are said to be more diligent and attentive at school,who score well__average in most subjects.A.overB.onC.of D above18.Harry never enjoys visiting large cities because he thinks one such city is much like_.A.anotherB.the otherC.the othersD. others19.Tony is a quiet boy and he is accustomed._at meals,which is always appreciated.A.not to talkB.to not talkC.to not talkingD.not to talking20.Do you think Jack will lend us a hand?He is the last one to help others.He _lend his hand ,though .A.canB.mustC.shouldD.mightII. Cloze. Decide: which of the choices below would correctly complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. (1%x 10=10%)In Hollywood there is a company that publishes children's books with the_ 21 _of computers. Although other companies also publish that way, this particular company is very unusual. It "personalizes" the books_ 22 having the computer make the reader the leading character in the story. Here is_ 23 they do it. Let us say. _24 child is named Jenny.She lives on Oak Drive in St Louis, has a dog named Spot, a cat named Tabby, and three playmates whose names are Betsy, Sandy, and Jody. The computer uses information to fill out a story that has already been prepared and illustrated. The story is then_ 25_ with standard equipment as a hardcover_ 26 . A child who receives such a book might say, "This book is about me"; the company therefore_ 27 itself the Me-book Publishing Company".Children like the me-books very much because they like to see_ 28 print their own names and the names of their friends and their pets. But more importantly, "personalization" has been found to be an important tool in_ 29 enthusiasm for reading. Me-books are thus helping a child to learn how to read, by appealing .30 that natural desire to see his own name in print.e B.aid . C.instruction D.guide22.A.in B.with C.by D.at23.A.what B.why C.where D.how24.A.your B.their C.its D.our25.A.printed B.built C.pressed D.made26.A.magazine B.story C.issue D.book27.A.calls B earns C.entitles D.marks28.A. in B.on C.at D.with29.A. developing B making C.discovering D.growing30.A.for B.upon C. with D.toIII. Reading Comprehension (2%x 15= 30%)Passage OneI am the owner of a small clothing store. Three months ago I decided to move my store to Glendale, another area of town, because business was not very good. Now I rent store to space in an old building .The new location in Glendale is excellent,land my sales have improved a lot. (The utilities are also cheaper!) There is a high school nearby, and many of the students come to my store to buy their clothes. This location has other advantages, too. It is closer to my home, and there is a food store on the next block, so it is convenient for me to go shopping after work.The size of my new store is better too. It is much bigger, and there is a lot of storage space. But the building was not in very good condition and I had to make improvements. The paint was old and dirty, and I had to pick a new color and paint all of the walls I hired a man to build new wooden dressing rooms. I also made new curtains for the rooms and the windows. I am completely satisfied with the store now. Unfortunately, I leaned last week that the owner wants to sell the building—-after all my hard work! How did I lean this? I came to work Friday and saw a"For Sale" sign in front of my store.31.' The store owner wanted to move to the new location because_A. there was a food store nearbyB. there was a high school on the next blockC. the old store did not sell a lot of goodsD.it was a new area32. The store owner___.A. has improved her sales until moving to the new locationB. sells clothes to high school students in the areaC. can go to the shopping center in her business hoursD. has been told that the furniture is cheaper there33. Which of the following statements is not true?A.It is convenient for the store owner to go shopping because the clothing store is close to her house.B. The old store was smaller than the new store, where she got much storage space.C. It was she who made some arrangements for the dressing rooms.D. After hard work, she is very satisfied with what she has done.34. The building was not in very good condition, and___.A. the landlord of the building had the walls paintedB. the store owner made a lot of improvements to itC.the store owner asked the workman to repair the dressing roomsD. the landlord did a lot of work to rebuild it35. The phrase “For Sale" means:___.A. to be hiredB. to be closed downC. to be rentedD. to be soldPassage Two .The multi-billion-dollars Western pop music industry is under fire. It is being blamed by the United Nations for the dramatic rise in drug abuse worldwide, "The most worrying development is a culture of drug-friendliness "says the UN’s International Narcotics Control Board in a report released last year.The 74-page study says the pop music, as a global industry, is by far the most influential trend-setter for young people of most cultures. "Some songs encourage people to take drugs-Certain pop stars make statements and set examples as if the use of drugs for non-medicinal purposes were anormal and acceptable part of a person's lifestyle," the study says.Surprisingly, says the Board, the effect of drug-friendly pop music seems to survive despite the occasional shock of death by overdose (过量用药) . "Such incidents end to be seen as an occasion to mourn(哀悼) the loss of a role model,and not an opportunity to face the deadly effect of drug use," it notes. Since the 1970s, several internationally famous singer and movie stars--including Elvis Presley, Janice Jophlin, John Belushi, Jimi Hendrix, Jonathan Melvin and Andy Gibbs-have died of either drug abuse or drug related illnesses. With the globalization of popular music, messages promoting drug abuse are now reaching beyond their countries of origin. "In most countries, the names of certain pop stars have become familiar to the members of every household," the study says.The UN study also blames the media for its description of certain drug incidents, which encourages rather than prevents drug abuse. "Over the past years, we have seen how drug abuse is increasingly regarded as being even attractive," says Hamid Ghodse, president of the Board. "Powerful pressure groups run political campaigns aimed at legalizing controlled drugs," he says. Ghodse also points out that all these developments have created an environment which is tolerable of or even favorable to drug abuse and spoils international drug prevention efforts currently under way.The study focuses on demand reduction and prevention within an environment that has become tolerant of drug abuse.The Board calls on governments to do their legal and moral duties, and to act against the pro-drug(赞成吸毒)messages of the youth culture to which young people increasingly are being exposed.36. Which of the following statements does the author tend to agree with?A. The use of drugs for non-medicinal purposes is an acceptable part of a person's lifestyle.B. The spreading of pop music may cause drug abuse to beyond country boundaries.C. No efforts have been made to prevent the spreading of drug abuse.D. Governments have no ability at act against the pro-drug messages of the youth culture.37. The expression "under fire" in the first paragraph means___.A. in an urgent situationB. facing some problemsC. being criticizedD. in trouble38. From the third paragraph, we learn that the youth____.A. tend to mourn the pop stars who died of overdose as role modesB. are shocked to know even pop stars may abuse drugsC. try to face the deadly effect of drug useD. may stop abusing drugs39. Which of the following is not mentioned as tolerant of drug abuse?A. The spreading of pop music.B. The media.C. Political campaigns run by powerful pressure groups.D. The low price of some drugs.40. According to the passage, pop music___.A. has a great influence on young people of most culturesB. attracts a small number of young peopleC. is not a profitable industryD. is alone responsible for drug abusePassageThreeOne of the most popular literary figures -in American literature -is -a woman who spent almost half of her life in China, a country on a continent thousands of miles from the United States. In her life time she earned her country's most highly acclaimed literary award, the Pulitzer Prize, and also the 'most prestigious form of literary recognition in the world, the Nobel Prize for Literature.Pearl S. Buck was almost a household word throughout much of her lifetime because of her prolific output, which consisted of some eighty-five published works, including several dozen novels, six collections of short stories, fourteen books for children, and more than a dozen works of nonfiction. When she was eighty years old, some twenty-five volumes were awaiting publication. Many of those books were set in China, the land in which she spent so much of her life.Her books and her life served as a bridge between the cultures of the East and the West. As the product of those two cultures she became, as she described herself, "mentally bifocal". Her unique background made her into an unusually interesting and versatile human being. As we examine the life of Pearl Buck, we cannot help but be aware that we are in fact meeting three separate people: a wife and mother, an internationally famous writer, and a humanitarian and philanthropist.One cannot really get to know Pearl Buck without leaning about each of the three. Though honored in her lifetime with the William Dean Howell Medal of the American Academy of Arts and Letters in addition to the Nobel and Pulitzer Prizes,Pearl Buck as a total human being, not only a famous author, is a captivating subject of study.41. What is the author's main purpose in writing the passage?A. To offer a criticism of the works of Pearl Buck.B. To illustrate Pearl Buck's views on Chinese literature.C. To illustrate the background and diverse interests of Pearl Buck.D. To discuss Pearl Buck's influence on the cultures of the East and the West.42. According to the passage, Pearl Buck was an unusual figure in American literature in that she___.A. wrote extensively about a very different cultureB. published half of her books abroadC. won more awards than any other woman of her timeD.achieved her first success very late in life43. According to the passage, Pearl Buck described herself as "mentally bifocal "to suggest that she was___.A. capable of resolving the difference between two distinct linguist systemsB. keenly aware of how the past could influence the futureC. capable of producing literary works of interest rest to both adults and childrenD. equally familiar with two different cultural environments44. The word "prolific " in Line 6 is closest in meaning to which of the flowing?A. influential.B. impressive.C. fruitful.D. outstanding.45. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. All of Pearl Buck's books were written in China.B. Pearl Buck won several literary awards for her works.C. Pearl Buck knew both American and Chinese cultures very well.D. One has to study the different aspects of Pearl Buck in order to understand her well.IV. Fill in the blanks with the words given below, changing the form if necessary. Fill in each blank with one word only. (1%x 10-10%)46. We____an advertising company to help sell our new product.47. They had a(n)____ guest at their party last night48. We haven't enough books for everyone, some of you will have to ____.49. The captain of a ship.____a heavy responsibility.50. There are six people present at the meeting.____ .three women.51. He was a great.____;he composed many great songs.52. He,______told her that he worked for the corporation.53. In some way, he____several of his friends in the trouble.54. No one_____him as much as his father did in forming his personality55. For______ reasons, we have to put off our meeting.V. Translation (4%x5= 20%)56.等他到机场时,飞机已经起飞了。
鲍勃·迪伦诺奖演讲中英文

鲍勃·迪伦诺奖演讲中英文鲍勃·迪伦(资料图)鲍勃·迪伦诺奖演讲:我从未自问“我的歌是文学吗”瑞典当地时间12月10日下午4点30分,2016年诺贝尔奖颁奖仪式在瑞典斯德哥尔摩音乐厅正式举行。
文学奖得主鲍勃·迪伦因事未能出席。
此前,鲍勃·迪伦已提前知会诺奖评委会,他会缺席这次领奖,而由有着“朋克教母”之称的美国女歌手、诗人帕蒂·史密斯代为领奖,并演唱鲍勃·迪伦1963年经典作品《大雨将至》。
他的获奖感言由美国驻瑞典大使代为朗读。
以下为凤凰文化全文编译的鲍勃·迪伦获奖感言:很抱歉,我没能与你们在一起,但请知道,在精神上,我绝对与你们同在,很荣幸获得了这么一个有声望的奖。
被授予诺贝尔文学奖,是我从来不敢想象或预见到的事情。
从小,我就熟悉、阅读并受益于那些被认为值得获得该项殊荣的人的作品:吉卜林、托马斯·曼、赛珍珠、加缪、海明威这些文学巨人总是给人深刻的印象,他们的作品在学校课堂上被教授,被收藏在世界各地的图书馆,被人们用虔诚的语调谈论着。
现在我加入这样的名列,真的难以言说。
我不知道这些男人和女人们是否曾经想过自己能够获得诺贝尔文学奖,但我想,在这个世界的任何地方,任何写过一本书、一首诗、或是一部戏剧的人,在内心深处都会拥有这么一个秘密的梦想。
这个梦想被埋藏得太深,他们甚至都不知道它在那里。
有人曾告诉我,我不可能获得诺贝尔奖,我也不得不认为这个几率与我站在月球上的几率相同。
事实上,在我出生的那一年和随后的几年,世界上没有一个人被认为优秀得可以赢得诺贝尔奖。
所以,我认为,至少可以说,我现在属于这个非常少数的群体。
收到这个令人惊讶的消息时,我正在路上。
我花了好几分钟才确定它没错。
我开始回想起威廉·莎士比亚这位伟大的文学人物。
我估计他认为自己是一个剧作家。
他正在写文学作品的这个想法不太可能进入他的脑子。
他的文字是为舞台而写,是用来说的,而不是阅读的。
pearl S. Buck

赛珍珠(1892-1973)女。
出生于美国弗吉尼亚州,3个月时即被身为传教士的双亲带到中国。
在双语环境中长大,是以中文为母语之一的著名美国作家。
曾回美四年接受高等教育。
自1919年至1935年,她与丈夫卜凯(J. L. Buck) 长期居住在所执教的金陵大学分配给他们的两层楼房里。
在这里她写出了于1938年荣获诺贝尔文学奖的长篇小说《大地(Great Earth) 三部曲》等小说,并最早将《水浒传》翻译成英文在西方出版。
一生著译作品70余部。
她病逝后,按其遗愿,墓碑上只镌刻“赛珍珠”三个汉字。
反对传教的教师1919年下半年,赛珍珠随丈夫卜凯来到南京,受聘于美国教会所办的金陵大学,并住进了校内一幢单门独院的小楼。
在赛珍珠和卜凯三、四十年代先后离开中国之前,一直居住在这里(即今平仓巷5号)。
卜凯(J.L.Buck)是一位农学家,教授农业技术和农场管理的课程,创办了金大农业经济系并任系主任,因出版《中国农家经济》等书而被视为美国的中国问题专家。
赛珍珠则在金陵大学外语系任教,并先后在东南大学、中央大学等校兼职教授教育学、英文等课。
她既要备课、批改作用,又要参与社会工作,会见中外各界人士,还要修剪家中花园的大片花草,忙得不亦乐乎。
在举行孙中山奉安大典期间,赛珍珠即在家中腾出地方,让中国驻美大使施肇基博士和为孙中山遗体作防腐处理的泰勒博士住了进来。
徐志摩、梅兰芳、胡适、林语堂、老舍等人都曾是她家的座上客。
赛珍珠最喜欢教的课是英文,因为这门课有着极大的发挥空间,可以充分“表现”她的渊博学识和过人的口才。
当然也曾有学生认为她上英文课是“海阔天空,离题万里”而告到了校长室去。
她自认为“上得较为逊色”的是宗教课。
在给纽约传教董事会的工作汇报中,赛珍珠直言不讳地说:“对在课堂上传授宗教知识的整套方法,我深表不满。
”她认为“和正规的宗教课相比,在教育学课上传授宗教知识则更胜一筹”。
这引起了董事会的不满,董事会很不客气地告诫赛珍珠:“只有正规地传授神学才算正道。
Christmas_Day_in_the_Morning

• • •
Sayings about LOVE
• • • • • • • • 真正的爱永不衰老。 真挚的爱是给予,而不是索取。 没有尊重的爱难以久存。 如果没有国家的前途命运,哪有个人的爱情和幸福。 精诚所至,金石为开。 爱屋及乌。 爱情象咳嗽,压也压不住。 只有在爱中才能找到欢乐,只有在爱别人中才能找到 生活。
“----for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces"
10
Pearl’s Special Contributions
In 1942, Pearl and Richard founded the East and West Association, dedicated to cultural exchange and understanding between Asia and the West. In 1949, outraged that existing adoption services considered Asian and mixed-race children unadoptable, Pearl established Welcome House, the first international, inter-racial adoption agency; in the nearly five decades of its work, Welcome House has assisted in the placement of over five thousand children. In 1964, to provide support for Amerasian children who were not eligible for adoption, Pearl also established the Pearl S. Buck Foundation, which provides sponsorship funding for thousands of children in half-a-dozen Asian countries. 11
Pearl.S.buck

1944年 52岁 7月7日,抗战七周年,“东西方协会”将九个州州长等美国名人支持中国抗战 的信函送往重庆。 1967年 75岁 赛珍珠将自己的大部分收入约700万美元移交给赛珍珠基金会,以促进、推 动基金会开展工作。 1972年 80岁 尼克松总统宣布访华后,赛珍珠不顾年迈,同意主持美国国家广播公司(NB C)专题节目“重新看中国”,积极准备重新访华,但未能获淮成行。 1973年 81岁 3月6日,逝世于佛蒙特州丹比城,骨灰安葬在宾夕法尼亚州费城郊区绿丘农 庄[1]
在举行孙中山奉安大典期间,赛珍珠即在家中腾出地方,让 中国驻美大使施肇基博士和为孙中山遗体作防腐处理的泰勒 博士住了进来。 徐志摩、梅兰芳、胡适、林语堂、老舍等人都曾是她家的座 上客。
描写的是19世纪一个中国农夫挣扎求生存
的故事,绝对是大手笔.
其中赛珍珠用力最多、写得最精彩的是第
一部,有34章,第二部次之,有29章,第 三部又等而下之,才4章。
能是把黑暗的一面深化,把光明的一面西化(我 自己的评价,可能偏颇)让外国人比较容易接 受——这也是必然的,正常的,生活所需的行为 哪个地方的人类都能接受,但是信仰和风俗类的 东西就很容易被异化进而妖魔化。
当然,这是外国人的评价,在我们自己看来,可
小说《大地》的故事梗概
一个名叫王龙的贫苦农民从地主黄家娶回一个丫
想让别人伤心有很多种方法。小说里满是被爱情
There
is an alchemy in sorrow. It can be transmuted into wisdom, which, if it does not bring joy, can yet bring happiness. 带来快乐,却同样能带来幸福。
Pearl-S.Buck赛珍珠个人介绍英文

Paul Muni as Wang Lung, a farmer
Tilly Losch as Lotus
Luise Rainer as O-Lan, Wang Lung's wife
Charley Grapewin as Old Father, Wang Lung's parent
Walter Connolly as Wang Lung's uncle
In 1934, Pearl moved permanently to the US. From the day of her move to the US, Pearl was active in American civil rights and women's rights activities.
Her novel The Good Earth(大地) was the best-selling fiction book in the U.S. in 1931 and 1932, and won the Pulitzer Prize(普利策奖1932) in 1932. In 1938, she became the first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize(1938) in Literature, "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces."
电影珍藏 赛珍珠《大地(1937)》(The Good Earth)
Directed by: 维克托·弗莱明(Victor Fleming),西德尼·富兰克林(Sydney Franklin)
赛珍珠英文简介(introduciton of pearl s buck)

One of the most popular American authors of her day, humanitarian, crusader for women's rights, editor of Asia magazine, philanthropist, noted for her novels of life in China. Pearl S. Buck was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1938. The decision of the Swedish Academy stirred controversy, especially among critics who believed that Buck lacked the stature the Nobel Prize was intended to confirm. Nowadays Buck's books are generally considered dated although attempts have been made to rehabilitate her work."One does not live half a life in Asia without return. When it would be I did not know, nor even where it would be, or to what cause. In our changing world nothing changes more than geography. The friendly country of China, the home of my childhood and youth, is for the time being forbidden country. I refuse to call it enemy country. The people in my memory are too kind and the land too beautiful." (from A Bridge for Passing, 1963)Pearl S. Buck was born in Hillsboro, West Virginia. She spent her youth in China, in Chinkiang on the Yangtse River. She learned to speak Chinese before she could speak English. Her parents were missionaries. Buck's father, Absalom Sydenstricker, was a humorless, scholarly man who spent years translating the Bible from Greek to Chinese. Her mother, the former Caroline Stulting, had travelled widely in her youth and had a fondness for literature. Buck's life in China was not always pleasant. When she was only a child, the family was forced to flee from the rebel forces of the Boxer Rebellion.After being educated by her mother and by a Chinese tutor, who was a Confucian scholar, Buck was sent to a boarding school in Shanghai (1907-09) at the age of fifteen. She also worked for the Door of Hope, a shelter for Chinese slave girls and prostitutes. Buck continued her education in the United States at Randolph-Macon Woman's College in Virginia, where she studied psychology. After graduating in 1914, she returned to China as a teacher for the Presbyterian Board of Missions. Her mother was seriouslyill and Buck spent two years taking care of her.Buck married Dr. John Lossing Buck, an agricultural expert, devoted to his work. When her mother recovered, they settled in a village in the North China. Buck worked as a teacher and interpreter for her husband and travelled through the countryside. During this period China took steps toward liberal reform, especially through the May 4th Movement of 1917 to 1921. In the 1920s the Bucks moved to Nanking, where she taught English and American literature at the university. In 1924 she returned to the United States to seek medical care for her first daughter, who was mentally retarded. In 1926 she received her M.A. in literature from Cornell University.The Bucks went back to China in 1927. During the civil war, they were evacuated to Japan – Buck never returned to China. In 1935 Buck divorced her first husband and married her publisher and the president of John Day Company, Richard Walsh, with whom she moved to Pennsylvania.As a writer Buck started with the novel EAST WIND: WEST WIND (1930), which received critical recognition. She had earlier published autobiographical writings in magazines and a story entitled 'A Chinese Woman Speaks' in the Asia Magazine. Her breakthrough novel, THE GOOD EARTH, appeared in 1931. Its style, a combination of biblical prose and the Chinese narrative saga, increased the dignity of its characters. The book gained a wide audience, and was made into a motion picture.In 1936 Buck was made a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters. She became in 1938 the third American to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, following Sinclair Lewis and Eugene O'Neill. In 1951 she was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters. During World War II she lectured and wrote on democracy and American attitudes toward Asia.It has been said, that Buck introduced the theme of women's corporality into 20th century literature. Another major theme was interracial love. Through her personal experiences, Buck had much first-hand knowledge of the relationships between men and women from differentcultures. In THE HIDDEN FLOWER (1952) a Japanese family is overset when the daughter falls in love with an American soldier. THE ANGRY WIFE (1949) was about the love of Bettina, a former slave, and Tom, a southerner who fought for the army of the North.Buck and Walsh were active in humanitarian causes through the East and West Association, which was devoted to mutual understanding between the peoples of Asia and the United States, Welcome House, and The Pearl Buck Foundation. A friend of Eleanor Roosevelt, Margaret Mead, and Paul Robeson, she also advocated the rights of women and racial equality before the civil rights movement. As a consequence of these activities, the F.B.I. kept detailed files on her for years.After the communist revolution in China, Buck became disillusioned about the chances for international cooperation. THE PATRIOT (1939) focused on the emotional development of an university student, whose idealism is crushed by the brutalities of war. Buck gradually shifted her activities to a lifelong concern for children. She coined the word ''Amerasian'' and raised millions of dollars for the adoption and fostering of Amerasian children, often abandoned by their American fathers stationed in the Far East. Buck's own family included nine adopted children as well as her biological daughters. THE CHILD WHO NEVER GREW (1950) told a personal story of her own daughter, whose mental development stopped at the age of four. The subject is also dealt with in Buck's famous novel The Good Earth. The book was filmed in 1937. Irving Thalberg had wanted to produce the novel since the 1931 publication. Thalberg employed many Chinese as extras and authentic background shots were made in China. Luise Rainer won an Academy Award for best actress. Buck did not first complain her small royalty, until years later, when MGM ignored her plea for a substantial donation to help Amerasian children.The Good Earth(1931) sold 1,800,000 copies in its first year. It has been translated into more than thirty languages and was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for fiction in 1932. The story follows the life of Wang Lung, from his beginnings as an impoverished peasant to his eventualposition as a prosperous landowner. Wang Lung collects a slave, O-lan, from the prosperous house of Hwang. O-lan's parents sold her to Hwang because they were poor and needed money. According to an old Chinese custom, Wang Lung's and O-lan's marriage is pre-arranged. The fiancée is not beautiful, she is humble but shares with him the devotion to land, to duty, and to survival. First year is happy: the crop is good and they have two sons. Then the crops fail, and O-lan gives birth to a girl. The family moves to south, and the man abandons the plan to sell the child. Revolution breaks out, houses are plundered, and Wang Lung gets in his possession a silver treasure. The family returns to their home region. Wang Lung buys land and soon owns also the house of now impoverished Hwang. The only problem is their retarded child, a girl, who don't speak. O-lan gives birth to twins, a boy and a girl. The elder boys go to school. Wang Lung buys another wife, Lotus. O-lan is not well after the birth of the twins, and she dies after the wedding of her sons. In his old days, Wang Lung gives his love to a young slave girl, who also takes care of the retarded girl. His youngest son moves from the house to become a soldier and because he also loves the young slave girl. Old Wang Lung witnesses for his sorrow that his children do not share his unyielding devotion to the land. - The novel was followed by two sequels, SONS (1932), which focused on the youngest son, Wang the Tiger, and A HOUSE DIVIDED (1935), which was Yuan's story. The three novels were published in 1935 in one volume as THE HOUSE OF EARTH. At her death Buck was working on 'The Red Earth', a further sequel to The Good Earth, presenting the modern-day descendants of that novel's characters.After Walsh's death, Buck formed a relationship with Ted Harris, a dance instructor 40 years her junior, who took charge of the Pearl S. Buck Foundation. Buck died at the age of eighty in Danby, Vermont, on March 6, 1973. Her manuscripts and papers are at the Pearl S. Buck Birthplace Foundation, Hillsboro, West Virginia and the Lipscomb Library of Randolph-Macon Women's College, Lynchburg, Virginia."I feel no need for any other faith than my faith in human beings, Buck said in 1939. "Like Confucius of old, I am so absorbed in the wonder of earth and the life upon it thatI cannot think of heaven and the angels... If there is no other life, then this one has been enough to make it worth being born, myself a human being." During her career as an author, spanning forty years, Buck published eighty works, including novels, plays, short story collections, poems, children's books, and biographies. She also wrote five novels under the name John Sedges and translated Lo Guangzhong's (1330-1400) The Water Margin / Men of the Marshes, which appeared in 1933 under the title All Men Are Brothers. The book depicts adventures of outlaws and was banned by Sung rulers. COMMAND THE MORNING (1959) concerned the efforts of the Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb and the ethics of dropping it on Japan. THE CHINESE NOVEL (1939) was largely an explanation of her own writing style.For further reading:Pearl S. Buck by Kang Liao (1997); Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography by Peter Conn (1996); World Authors 1900-1950, ed. by M. Seymour-Smith and A.C. Kimmens (1996); The Several Worlds of Pearl S. Buck, ed. by Elizabeth J. Lipscomb (1994); Pearl S. Buck: Good Earth Mother by W. Sherk (1992); Pearl Buck. A Woman in Conflict by N.B. Stirling (1989); Pearl S. Buck: The Final Chapter by Beverly E. Rizzon (1988); The Lives of Pearl Buck by I. Block (1973); Pearl S. Buck by P. Doyle (1980; Pearl S. Buck: A Biography by T. Harris (1971); Pearl S. Buck by T.F. Harris (1969); Pearl S. Buck by P.A. Doyle (1965); The Image of the Chinese Family in Pearl Buck's Novels by C. Doan (1964) - Other film adaptations: China Sky, 1945, dir. by Ray Enright, starring Randolph Scott, Ellen Drew。
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未着陆的尴尬——从赛珍珠作品《大地》评论看中西文化交流引言:赛珍珠,1892年6月26日出生于美国,4个月时即跟随传教士父母来中国淮安,在中国长大。
曾长期在镇江生活,视镇江为自己的家乡。
期间在镇江、庐山牯岭和上海,生活和学习过。
一直到1909年才回到美国读大学。
毕业后因母亲生病,马上回到中国教书。
1917年与美国青年农学家布克在镇江结婚后,随夫来到安徽宿县工作、生活,后来到金陵大学教授英语和神学。
1923年开始写作。
1930年出版第一部小说《东风·西风》,1931年出版《大地》,1936年《放逐》、《战斗的天使》。
1938年因《大地》三部曲获诺贝尔文学奖。
1927年至1932年,耗时5年,翻译《水浒传》。
1935年离开南京,回到美国。
但一直笔耕不辍。
致力于慈善事业,1973年在美国逝世。
尼克松总统这样评价赛珍珠:“一座沟通东西方文明的人桥……一位伟大的艺术家,一位敏感而富于同情心的人”。
(耿伟,2009)赛珍珠的一生辗转于中国和美国两个世界,但是两个世界长久以来都未对她和她的作品作出公正的评价。
本文拟就赛珍珠作品《大地》在中西方的评论来一窥端倪,并期待对当下的中西文化交流有所启示。
一.《大地》简介赛珍珠《大地》三部曲分别为:《大地》、《儿子们》、《分家》。
1931年或美国普利策奖,1938年获得诺贝尔文学奖。
《大地》是最有名的一部。
据联合国教科文组织统计,这部作品是被翻译得最多的文学作品之一,已经有60多个国家翻译出版。
(王逢振,1986:153).诺贝尔文学奖的颁奖词是这样的:“因其对中国农民生活的丰富而真实的史诗般的描写,因其杰出的传记作品”。
《大地》这部小说主要描绘了农民王龙由贫困起家到发家隆盛的历史。
贫农王龙娶了富人家的灶下丫头阿兰。
因为他俩的勤劳,家境一天天好起来。
但是,一场大旱逼迫他们一家逃到城市,在那里,王龙拉车,阿兰带着孩子行乞。
一家过着狗一样的日子。
不料有一天,王龙意外地抢到一包“金洋”,于是,他们重新回到家乡,买下土地,开始过上富裕的生活。
然而,王龙却开始讨起了小老婆,吸起了鸦片。
但至死,他都不改对土地的热爱。
这部小说反映了中国农村的生活,胡风在《<大地>里的中国》一文中指出,《大地》成功的原因在于他揭示了农民对于土地的热爱和封建铁蹄下农村妇女的命运。
(胡风,1935:93—95)二.在西方的接受情况《大地》这本书在西方是很畅销的。
1931年一经出版,即迅速在全美畅销。
《大地》成了美国人,甚至是西方人了解中国的窗口。
在《大地》之前,19世纪末,20世纪初,西方人对中国是妖魔化的,在法国学者眼中,“野蛮”、“非人道”、“兽行”是中国人的代名词,1900年义和团运动更是加深了他们的这种认识。
当时,美国的认识也是是这样。
美国的公理会教士明恩溥在《中国人的素质》中就用二十六条特征描写了中国人。
中国人被描述为《圣经》里“大洪水以前的人”,古老而停滞,没有活力。
(高鸿,2005:36)但就是在这样的妖魔化语境下。
赛珍珠的作品《大地》向我们展示的中国农民身上却有非同一般的勤恳,内心充满力量。
据悉,好多西方人因为阅读《大地》了解了中国,有的进而爱上了中国。
如《西行漫记》作者埃德加·斯诺的夫人海伦·福斯特就是读了《大地》才决定来中国。
乔治·布什总统也说自己是因为《大地》了解了中国。
英国科技史专家李约瑟称自己迷恋中国和赛珍珠《大地》有关。
(耿伟,2009:80)以上是西方普通读者对于《大地》的喜爱。
但是,令人遗憾的是,在美国文学界,赛珍珠却得不到接受。
西方女权作家不接受赛珍珠。
仅以1984年出版的《诺顿妇女文学选读》为例,该书收录了英美等英语国家及个别第三世界国家的作家作品,但就是没有收入赛珍珠的作品。
有学者分析,赛珍珠被打入“冷宫”主要由于以下原因:通俗文学作家,其所获荣誉与实际的文学成就不相符合。
她的小说受中国章回小说影响大,不像西方小说那样有内心独白和大量对话。
此外,因为赛珍珠的小说多是中国题材,风格雷同,显得不那么耐读。
(方红,1993:230)在1998年出版的《诺顿美国文学选集》中,也没有见到赛珍珠的身影。
这表明,美国文学史界对赛珍珠成就的评价与定位存在分歧。
(高鸿,2005:22)三.《大地》在中国在中国,赛珍珠引来无数的评论。
仅从郭英剑1999年编著的《赛珍珠评论集》中,选取每个时代最富代表性的评论,就可以大概勾勒出中国的学者们对赛珍珠的看法。
30年代至40 年代在真实不真实上面做文章。
鲁迅不赞赏赛珍珠,他的话最有名,他说“中国的事情,总是中国人来做,才可以见真相,即如布克夫人(笔者注:即赛珍珠)上海曾大受欢迎,她亦自谓视中国如祖国,毕究是一位生长中国的美国女传教士的立场而已……她所觉得,还不过一点浮面的情形”。
(鲁迅,1933)但是,叶公超却基本认同赛珍珠,只有具体几个方面认为不真实,叶公超先生的文章标题是:反映中国农民生活的史诗——评赛珍珠的《大地》。
(叶公超,1931)陈衡哲亦赞赏赛珍珠,其文题目为:合情合理地看待中国——评赛珍珠的《大地》。
但是,也认为赛珍珠的写作有置身事外的感觉,仅仅限于观察。
(陈衡哲,1931)如果说评论一部作品能否真实地反映生活是非常自然的文学标准,那么以下的心理就显得扭曲甚至畸形。
很多受过西方教育的中国知识分子从自身利益考虑出发,认为《大地》写农民是不恰当的选材。
埃德加·斯诺的夫人海伦·福斯特回忆说:“1932年我初到中国时,《大地》刚刚出版。
我吃惊地发现年轻的知识分子多么恨它……他们说:‘她为什么不写富人,那些有教养的人呢?’……这些受过西方教育的人想隐瞒事实真相。
……因为他们当中有一些人依赖外国人,或者受他们保护,或者拿他们薪水。
”(王逢振,1986:149)笔者认为,这群心理畸变的所谓知识分子已经失掉了人格,他们是苦难的时代的产物。
这也引起一个思考,那就是,真正的中西方文化交流是建立在平等的基础上的,经济地位、国际地位都要平等,即使暂时不平等,那么,弱国公民千万不可以失掉人格尊严,毕竟有丰厚的文化底蕴就应该有足够的自信与勇气去直面事实,去改变现状,而不是自欺欺人。
50年代到70年代,意识形态占主导地位,赛珍珠研究在中国突然沉寂,有的只是不堪的谩骂。
50年代,苏联人谢尔盖耶娃文章《破产的“中国通”——赛珍珠》在中国是唯一的一篇文章,此外,既无翻译,也无评论。
到了60年代,《世界文学》、《文学评论》连发三篇长文批判赛珍珠:《美国反动文人赛珍珠剖析》、《猫头鹰的诅咒——斥责赛珍珠的〈北京来信〉》和《赛珍珠——美帝国主义文化侵略的急先锋》。
70年代也是一片空白。
(姚君伟,1994:235)80年代,赛珍珠研究有所转机,开始走出意识形态。
终于有了建国以来《大地》的第一个新译本。
学术界发表20多篇介绍、研究赛珍珠的论文。
尤其是王逢振1986年发表的:《历史地看待赛珍珠和她的〈大地三部曲〉》(姚君伟,1994:237)但是,歪曲赛珍珠的声音依然存在。
如:《辞海》认为赛珍珠的作品“歪曲中国人民形象”。
(姚君伟1994:237 )90年代开始反思我们对赛珍珠的不公正态度,终于跳出了意识形态,从“人”的角度予以考量。
1991年在镇江首次举办“赛珍珠文学创作讨论会”,大会期间,老作家徐迟寄来书面发言,他说:“长久以来,我们对这位可敬又可亲的朋友是不够朋友的。
”他对赛珍珠的文学作品高度评价,认为“她写得不比我们最好的差,但比我们最好的作家写得多得多。
”(姚君伟,1994:238)进入21世纪,赛珍珠研究达到新的水平,跳出了对小说真实与否争论的苑囿。
高鸿在《跨文化的中国叙事——以赛珍珠、林语堂、汤亭亭为中心的讨论》一书中这样写道:“异国形象”就是被“文学化”和“社会化”了的对异国的总体认识。
因此异国形象永远都不可能是所谓的客观的,而是带有作者所在社会的强烈的“社会性”的文学。
高鸿认为:从这个角度看待赛珍珠笔下的“中国形象”,能够不囿于形象的“真”与“伪”,而进行两种文化关系的思考。
(高鸿,2005:24)以上是《大地》作品在中国的不同声音。
纵观赛珍珠一生的际遇,她在两个世界都不得着陆。
最大的打击是,美国在麦卡锡主义泛滥期间,宣布她是亲共的红色危险人物,而中国则于1972年拒绝了她晚年来华访问的请求。
8个月后,她就在美国与世长辞。
墓碑上只刻着她最喜爱的中国篆书:“赛珍珠”三个汉字。
结论:赛珍珠是独一无二的。
首先是个人经历:在中国成长,先会说中国话,然后学习用英语看书。
在赛珍珠的内心,对中国文化的认同简直像对母语文化的认同,那些仅仅把汉语当成外语来学习或使用的所谓“中国通”是无法与赛珍珠相提并论的。
然而,她又是在美国受高等教育的,内心深处还是一个地道的美国人。
这是赛珍珠自身身份的独一无二。
其次,是时代背景,只有那段血与火的历史才能给我们一个如此激动人心的赛珍珠。
再次,是个人的人格魅力,她有着一颗金子般的心灵。
以外国人的身份帮助中国走向世界,写了大量的中国题材的文学作品。
她在实际行动上帮助中国人,包括帮助林语堂和老舍出版作品,营救演员王莹夫妇等等,她为废除《排华法案》奔走呼号,最终于1943年促成之,她帮助中国抗日,向美国社会筹款、发表公开演讲等等。
但是,为什么一个沟通东西方文明的,富有同情心的好人会受到双方的种种不公正待遇?笔者认为这是因为在当时特殊的历史背景下,双方都有对对方的敌意,双方地位太不平等。
中国人当时自卑,美国人自大。
新中国以后,更是因为意识形态上的敌对,只能让个体受伤,尤其是赛珍珠这样的人。
随着改革开放,中国人的思维方式发生大的变化,中美各方面交流扩大,终于要还赛珍珠一个公正的评价。
怎样才能冲出两边都不得着陆的尴尬困境?怎样才能进行一个正常的文化交流?笔者认为:理想的情况是:双方的经济地位、国际地位平等,双方的外语人才和文化使者互相介绍。
但是,社会的发展是有客观规律的,不以个人的意志为转移。
我想,在当下,只有以互相尊重的态度去看待对方的文化,处于强势的那一方不应该居高临下,暂时处于弱势的那一方也要不卑不亢,充满自信地展示自己,理解对方。
在这种健康的气氛中,文化的交流才能得以正常进行,才不至于伤害好不容易架起的“文化人桥”。
明年的6月26日就是赛珍珠诞辰120周年。
我们对赛珍珠的研究刚刚开始,这位文化人桥的一生的传奇与不得着陆的尴尬给我们文化交流事业的思考是无穷的。
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