大学英语中西方文化第三讲 (2)
西方文化背景第二部分
Part II Education1.School LifeGreeting the Teacher (向老师问好)When the teacher arrives, you should say ,对男老师：Hello/Good morning /aftenoon,Mr+男老师的姓对已婚女老师：Hello/Good morning/afternoon, Mrs+女老师的姓对未婚女老师：Hello/Good morning /aftenoon, Miss+女老师的姓对已/未婚女老师：Hello/Good morning /aftenoon,Ms+女老师的姓注意：中国人习惯问候“老师好”，“Hello,teacher+老师的姓”在英语中却是不恰当的。
Coming Late 迟到When you come late for class, you should say ―Excuse me ,may I come in?‖当学生上课迟到，应礼貌的说：“对不起，我可以进来吗？”Looking at Other’s work（窥视别人的作业）未经他人同意，窥视别人所写的任何东西或考试分数，都是不礼貌的。
在考试或测验中，“帮助”他人或请他人“帮忙”都是极不诚实和愚蠢的。
Work and rest (作息时间)On school days, American high school studentsget up at 7o’clock in the morning .At 12 o’clockthe students eat lunch at school,and they do nothave a shortsleep or nap in the afternoon.After lunch ,they have class until 3 o’clock.Their major classes are English ,mathematics ,social syudies and science. They take classes for six hours each day and then return home. Parents allow their cildren to play or watch television until supper at 6 o’clock. Aftersupper, at 6 o’ clock.After supper , they do their homework..美国的中学生早上七点起来，在学校吃完午餐后没有午睡时间，继续上课直到下午三点。
英美文化Unit3（学习资料）
英美文化教程Unit 3Chapter 3. Which English?I . Focal Pointsthe roots of the English languageOld EnglishMiddle Englishdifferences between Old English and Middle Englishdifferences between Middle English and Modern EnglishModern EnglishShakespeare' s EnglishBBC EnglishStandard Englishchanges in the English languageThe King' s English and the advice given in the bookII. Questions and Answers on the T ext1. Why did the Celtic people leave little that could later be incorporated into English?They left little that could later be incorporated into English because these people had no written language.2.Where can we find relics of Celtic?We can find relics of Celtic in place names.3.What are the Celtic languages that survive in Britain today?The Celtic languages that survive today are Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Irish Gaelic.4 What is meant by lingua franca? Give one example of lingua franca ever used in British history.Lingua franca is any language widely used as a means of communication among speakers of other languages. One example is Latin, which became the lingua franca of Britain after the Romans, invaded Britain in 55 BC.5.When did the English alphabet appear? What scripts was it adapted from?The English alphabet appeared sometime between AD 500 and 700. It was adapted from Roman scripts.6. When did the history of the English language really begin? What happened then? The history of English really began around AD 450 when the Angles, Saxons and Jutes - tribes from north-west Germany and Denmark-invaded England in succession.7. How did the four dialects of Old English emerge?After the Germanic tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes had taken control of Britain and settled, the four main dialects of Old English emerged from the Germanic dialects.8. What is the ancestor of the modern English language?The ancestor of the modern English language is Old English of Anglo-Saxon.9. What scripts did writers of the Old English period use?Writers of the Old English period used both Latin and Germanic scripts.10. How did the Scandinavian influence enter Old English?The Scandinavian influence entered Old English by way of the Vikings from Scandinavia.11. How large was the vocabulary of Old English by the end of its period?By the end of its period, Old English contained a vocabulary of 30,000 words.12. Name one best-known Old English writer and his works.One of the best-known Old English writers was the V enerable Bede (673--735). His Ecclesiastical History of the English People is one of the main sources of information about the history of Anglo-Saxon English.13. What became the official language of England after the Norman invasion led by William the Conqueror? What language did the common people speak?After the Norman invasion led by William the Conqueror, Norman French became the official language of England. The common people, however, continued to speak their Anglo-Saxon language.14. In English, why do many words connected with administration come from Norman French?Many English words connected with administration come from French because after the Norman invasion Norman French became the official language of England, and the most important positions were given to Normans, who organized government and public affairs.15. What is known as Middle English?The blend of Anglo-Saxon, Latin and French which developed in the three centuries after the Norman Conquest is known as Middle English.16. When did Middle English begin?Middle English began in 1066.17. Why did the literature of England become trilingual in the three centuries following 1066?The literature of England became trilingual because the literature was written in Middle English, which is a blend of French, English and Latin.18. In Middle English, what is meant by the Romance words, and what is meant by the Germanic words?Romance words were the Latin and French words; Germanic words were the English and Scandinavian words.19. Who was the most important writer who used Middle English?The most important writer who used Middle English was Geoffrey Chaucer.20. What is the basic difference between Old English and Middle English?The difference between Old English and Middle English lies mainly in the abandonment of the system of grammatical inflexions.21. In what aspects did the changes from Middle English to Modern English take place?The changes from Middle English to Modern English involve mainly pronunciation, vocabulary and spelling.22. When did the spellings and written forms of English begin to become standardized?The spellings and written forms of English began to become standardized at the end of the fifteenth century, with the invention of the printing press (1476).23. When did Modern English start?Modern English started from about AD 1500.24. What does BBC stand for? When was it founded? What was its motto?BBC stands for the British Broadcasting Corporation. It was founded in 1927. Its motto was Nation Shall Speak Peace Unto Nation. It meant that the English in which the voice of peace was broadcast over the radio should be universally understood.25. Whose particular style of speech is usually recognized as Standard English or Received Pronunciation English?The Particular style of speech of the BBC announcers is usually recognized as Standard English or RP English.26. Whom do the speech patterns of the BBC announcers represent?The speech patterns of the BBC announcers represent the educated southern upper class.27. Why has the English language had a very strong association with class and social status?This began from the Norman times when the upper classes spoke a completely different language from the common people.28. What difference have modern ideas of social equality made to language use in Britain?With the ideas of social equality, hallmarks of class distinction such as styles of speech have been gradually discarded, especially by the younger generation.29. What was the attitude towards language use in Britain by the second half of the 1960s? What was the characteristic of the fashionable speech of the day?By the second half of the 1960s, it became apparent that it was not necessary to speak Standard English or even correct grammar to become popular, successful and rich. The fashionable speech of the day was no longer the prerogative of a privileged class rather a defiant expression of classlessness.30. What is the greatest single influence of the shaping of the English language in modern times?The greatest single influence of the shaping of the English language in modern times is the American accents, idioms and vocabulary exported all over the globe by US films.31. What was the characteristic of the fashion of speech in the 1970’s in Britain?In the 1970s, fashion favoured careless enunciation and a language full of jargon, slang and "in" words, much of it quite incomprehensible to the outside world.32. Who were the authors of The King' s English?The authors of The King' s English were the Fowler brothers.33. What is the approximate proportion of Germanic vocabulary and Romance vocabulary in current English vocabulary?Current English V ocabulary is approximately half Germanic (English and Scandinavian) and half Romance (Latin and French).IV. Explanations:1. Old English(1) Also called Anglo-Saxon, it is the first period of the English language from the time of the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain in AD450 to the Norman Conquest in 1066.(2) Old English used both Latin and Germanic scripts. (3) Old English is the ancestor of Modern English. It is quite different from today's English.2. the V enerable Bede(1) The V enerable Bede (673--735) was one of the best. known Old English scholar-monks. (2) He wrote the Ecclesiastical History of the English People, which is one of the main sources of information about the history of Anglo-Saxon England.3. Middle English(1) Middle English is the name given to the English language in use from the Norman Conquest of 1066 to the introduction of the printing press in England in 1476. (2) Middle English is the blend of Anglo-Saxon, Latin and French. (3) The difference between Old English and Middle English lies mainly in the abandonment of the system of grammatical inflexions.4. Geoffrey Chaucer(1) Geoffrey Chaucer (1345--1400) was the most important Middle English poet. (2) His masterpiece was The Canterbury Tales.5. Modern English(1) Modern English is the English language since 1476. (2) With the introduction of the printing press in 1476, spellings and written forms of the English language began to become standardized. (3) The changes from Middle English to Modern English involve mainly pronunciation, vocabulary and spelling.6. the BBC(1) It stands for the British Broadcasting Corporation. (2) Its motto is Nation Shall Speak Peace Unto Nation. (3) The motto means that the voice of peace spoken over the radio should be universally understood. (4) The speech patterns of BBC annoumers represent the educated southern upper class, and their particular style of speech is recognized as Standard English or Received Pronunciation (RP) English.7. Standard English(1) The form of English as written and spoken by educated speakers of the language. (2) The style of speech of BBC announcers is usually recognized as Standard English. (3) Standard English is also the most appropriate variety of English for a foreigner learning English to copy.8. The King' s English(1) The famous book written by the Fowler brothers in 1906. (2) The best advice to all those who wish to become proficient in English was given in this book. (3) The best advice is to try to be direct, simple, brief, vigorous and lucid. (4)This general principle may be translated into practical rules in the domain of vocabulary as follows: Prefer the familiar words to the far-fetched.Prefer the concrete word to the abstract.Prefer the single word to the circumlocation.Prefer the short word to the long.Prefer the Saxon word to the Romance.。
21世纪大学英语读写教程第三册Unit2课文讲解
21世纪大学英语读写教程第三册Unit2课文讲解21世纪大学英语读写教程第三册Unit2课文讲解导语：女权主义理论的目的在于了解不平等的本质以及着重在性政治、权力关系与性意识之上。
下面是一篇关于女权主义的英语课文，欢迎大家来学习。
Pre-reading Activities1. There are many traditional forms of courtesy toward women —gestures like lighting their cigarettes for them or standing up when they enter a room. What others can you think of?2. As you listen to the passage the first time, see if it mentions any of the polite gestures that you thought of. Then listen again for the answers to the following questions:a) Where do you imagine the incident the woman describes took place?b) What courtesy did she expect?c) What, in the man's view, is the basis of a lot of common courtesy?3. What do you think of the woman's argument about everyday reality? What about the man's view of common courtesy?The Titanic Puzzle Should a good feminist acceptpriority seating on a lifeboat?Charles KrauthammerYou're on the Titanic II. It has just hit an iceberg and is sinking. And, as last time, there are not enough lifeboats. The captain shouts, "Women and children first!" But this time, another voice is heard: "Why women?"Why, indeed? Part of the charm of the successful movieTitanic are the period costumes, the period extravagance, and the period prejudices. An audience can enjoy these at a distance. Oddly, however, of all the period attitudes in the film, the old maritime tradition of "women and children first" enjoys total acceptance by modern audiences. Listen to the audience boo at the bad guys who try to sneak on the lifeboats with — or ahead of — the ladies.But is not grouping women with children a raging anachronism? Should not any self-respecting modern person, let alone feminist, object to it as insulting to women?Yet its usage is as common today as it was in 1912. Consider these examples taken almost at random from recent newspapers: "The invaders gunned down the Indians, most of them women and children...""As many as 200 civilians, most of them women and children, were killed...""At the massacre in Ahmici 103 Muslims, including 33 women and children, were killed..."At a time when women fly combat aircraft and run multi-national corporations, how can one not wince when adult women are routinely classed with children? In Ahmici, it seems, 70 adult men were killed. And how many adult women? Not clear. When things get serious, when blood starts to flow or ships start to sink, you'll find them with the children.Children are entitled to special consideration for two reasons: helplessness and innocence. They have not yet acquired either the faculty of reason or the wisdom of experience. Consequently, they are defenseless (incapable of fending for themselves) and blameless (incapable of real sin). That's why we grant them special protection. In an emergency, it is our duty to save themfirst because they, helpless, have put their lives in our hands. And in wartime, they are supposed to be protected by special immunity because they can have threatened or offended no one.The phrase "women and children" attributes to women the same dependence and moral simplicity we find in five-year-olds. Such an attitude perhaps made sense in an era dominated by male privilege. Given the disabilities attached to womanhood in 1912, it was only fair that a new standard of gender equality not suddenly be proclaimed just as lifeboat seats were being handed out. That deference —a somewhat more urgent variation on giving up your seat on the bus to a woman — complemented and perhaps to some extent compensated for the legal and social constraints placed on women at the time.But in our era of extensive social restructuring to grant women equality in education, in employment, in government, in athletics, what entitles women to the privileges — and reduces them to the status — of children?Evolutionary psychologists might say that ladies-to-the-lifeboats is an instinct that developed to perpetuate the species: Women are indispensable child-bearers. You can repopulate a village if the women survive and only a few of the men, but not if the men survive and only a few of the women. Women being more precious, biologically speaking, than men, evolution has conditioned us to give them the kind of life-protecting deference we give to that other seed of the future: kids.The problem with this kind of logic, however, is its depressing reductionism. It's like a serious version of the geneticist's old joke that a chicken is just an egg's way of making another egg. But humans are more than just egg-layers. And traditional courtesies are more than just disguised survival strategies. So why do wesay "women and children"?Perhaps it's really "women for children." The most basic parental bond is maternal. Equal parenting is great, but women, from breast to cradle to reassuring hug, can nurture in ways that men cannot. And thus, because we value children, women should go second. The children need them.But kiddie-centrism gets you only so far. What if there are no children on board? You are on the Titanic III, and this time it's a singles cruise. No kids, no parents. Now: Iceberg! Lifeboats! Action!Here's my scenario. The men, out of sheer irrational heroism, should let the women go first. And the women, out of sheer feminist self-respect, should refuse.Result? Stalemate. How does this movie end? How should it end? Hurry, the ship's going down.New Wordsfeministn. a person who believes that women should have the same rights and opportunities as men 女权主义者* femininea. of or having the qualities suitable for a woman 女性的;女子气的charmn. a pleasing or attractive feature or quality 魅力* costumen. clothes, esp. clothes from a particular place or during a particular historical period; clothes worn by actors during a film or play (一个地区、一个时期流行的)服装;戏装extravagancen. the use of more (of sth.) than is necessary 挥霍，奢侈* extravaganta. 1. wasteful of money; too costly 奢侈的;浪费的2. (of ideas, behaviour, etc.) uncontrolled; beyond what is reasonable 过度的;越轨的boov. show disapproval or contempt for sb./sth. by shouting "boo" (对…)发出“呸”的声音(表示嫌恶或强烈的'不满)anachronismn. sth. outdated or obsolete; sth. from one historical period incorrectly associated with another 过时现象;时代错误usagen. the way sth. is used; the way words are used in a language 用法;使用;(词的)惯用法* randoma. done, chosen, etc. without conscious choice 胡乱的;任意的* massacren. the killing of a large number of people or animals 屠杀combatn. a fight or fighting between two armies, etc. 战斗aircraftn. (pl. unchanged) a plane or other vehicle that can fly in the air 航空器，飞机wincevi. suddenly and briefly show pain in one's facial expression 脸部肌肉抽搐，皱眉蹙眼entitlevt. 1. (to) give (sb.) a right (to have or do sth.) 给…权利;给…资格2. give a title (to a book, etc.) 给(书等)题名considerationn. 1. careful thought and attention 考虑2. (for) thoughtful attention to the wishes and feelings of others 体贴;关心facultyn. 1. any of the powers of the body or mind; a particular ability for doing sth. 才能;能力;天赋2. all the teachers and workers of a university or college (高等院校的)全体教师及职工fendv. (for) look after 照料protectionn. the action of protecting or the condition of being protected 保护，防护protectivea. 1. that protects sb. or sth. from harm 保护的，防护的2. (towards) having or showing a strong desire to protect (对人)关切保护的helplessa. unable to act without help; needing the help of others; unable to defend oneself 无助的;无依无靠的;不能自立的immunityn. 1. protection or freedom (from sth.) 受保护;豁免(权)2. ability to resist infection, disease, etc. 免疫力threatenvt. 1. make a threat against (sb.) 威胁，恐吓2. give a warning (of sth. bad) 预示malea. & n.男子(的);雄性(的)privilegen. a special right or advantage available only to a particularperson or group of people 特权;优惠givenprep.考虑到a. 1. 规定的;特定的2. 假设的;已知的* attachvt. (to) 1. consider that sb. has (a certain quality) 认为有;使与…相关联2. fasten or join 系;贴;连接womanhoodn. women in general; the state of being a woman (总称)妇女;女子的身份或状态* gendern. 1. (生理上的)性2. (名词、代词等的)性equalityn. the state of being equal, esp. in status, rights, etc. 平等deferencen. respect 尊敬，敬重urgenta. requiring immediate attention or action 紧迫的，紧要的* complementvt. add new or contrasting features which show the best qualities of (sth.) or which improve (it) 补充，补足* constraintn. limitation or restriction 约束，限制* constrainvt. 1. force (sb.) to act in a particular way 强迫2. prevent (sth.) from developing freely 限制，束缚restructurevt. arrange (a system or organisation) in a new way to make it work more effectively 重建;改组;调整evolutionarya. of or resulting from evolution; developing gradually 进化论的;演变的instinctn. behavior or knowledge that one has without being taught 本能perpetuatea. make (sth.) continue for a long time; carry (sth.) on 使永久;保持* perpetuala. lasting forever or for a long time 永久性的;长期的indispensablea. essential 必不可少的repopulatevt. 重新构成…的人口;重新居住于biologicallyad. 从生物学的角度logicn. a way of reasoning 推理(法)depressvt. 1. sadden and discourage 使抑郁，使沮丧2. cause to sink to a lower level of position 使不景气，使萧条reductionismn. the practice of showing prejudice because of the tendency to reduce women to a lower status 视妇女低人一等的歧视性做法reductionn. making or becoming smaller; the amount taken off in making sth. smaller 减少(量);削减(数)n. 1. one person's account of an event, as compared with that of another person 描述，说法2. 版本;改写本geneticistn. 遗传学家egg-layern. 生育机器* courtesyn. 1. polite behavior; good manners 谦恭有礼;有礼的举止2. a polite or kind action or expression 好意;恩惠survivaln. continuing to live or exist, often in spite of difficulty or danger 生存;幸存strategyn. a plan, often for business or military aims 策略，计谋strategica. 战略(上)的;战略上重要的parentala. 父母(似)的maternala. of or like a mother 母亲(般)的breastn. 乳房;胸部;胸膛* cradlen. a small bed for a baby, usu. shaped like an open box, that rocks from side to side 摇篮v. 轻轻地抱，拥抱kiddie-centrismn. the notion that children are most important 小孩中心论n. a sea voyage for pleasure 海上航游vt. sail or move at a constant speed that is unhurried and comfortable 航游;巡航;缓慢巡行scenarion. a written outline of a film, play, etc. 电影剧本;剧本提纲* sheera. 1. pure; nothing other than (often used in descriptions of sth. surprising, outrageous, inexplicable, etc.) 完全的，十足的2. (of fabric) very thin, light and almost transparent (织物)极簿的;透明的3. very steep 陡峭的;垂直的stalematen. a stage of a dispute, contest, etc. at which further progress is impossible for both sides 僵局;僵持阶段Phrases and Expressionspriority seating(the practice of) certain people being given a place to sit before other people 优先安排座位at/from a distancefrom a place that is not very close; a long time after sth. happened 隔开一段距离(或时间);从远处object tooppose; be against 反对，不赞成at randomwithout conscious choice 胡乱地，随便地，任意地gun downshoot, causing to fall to the ground dead or wounded 枪杀;开枪打伤be entitled tobe given the right to have or do (sth.) 有权，有资格fend for oneselflook after oneself 照料自己attach sth. to sth.connect sth. to/with sth. else; associate sth. with sth. else; fasten sth. to sth. else 使相关联;使连接在一起hand outdistribute 分发，散发go downsink (船等)下沉Proper NamesTitanic“泰坦尼克”号(英国豪华游轮)Charles Krauthammer查尔斯·克劳瑟莫(男子名)Ahmici阿米奇(克罗地亚地名)Muslim穆斯林;伊斯兰教徒下载全文下载文档。
大学英语中西方文化第三讲
04
Social Etiquette in Eastern and Western
Cultures
Table Etiquette
Table etiquette in the East
Respect for Elders, priority seating, and public behavior during meals
Discipline
The practice of self-control and self-regulation through the establishment of regular habits and routines Discipline is associated with personal development, success, and achievement
Cultures • Social Etiquette in Eastern
and Western Cultures
目录
• Art and Literature in Eastern and Western Cultures
• The Education System in Eastern and Western Cultures
• Religious Beliefs in Eastern and Western Cultures
目录
01
Introduction
Theme Introduction
Theme
The comparison and contrast of Chinese and Western culture
Festival customs
要点一
Festival customs in the East
大学英语跨文化交际unit3
大学英语跨文化交际unit3ReviewWhat is culture? What is communication? What is intercultural communication?Unit Three Cultural DiversityI. Warm UpPlease read the story on page 76, then answer the question:1. Why does Jackson say that Mr. Zhao has asked too much?2. What are the differences in the opinions of friendship betweenChinese and Americans?II. Reading1. Read the article of “Different Lands, Different Friendships”. Who is afriend? What are the similarities and differences between the Chineseconcept of friendship and the western ones? Compare the differentvalues of friendship in America, France, Germany, England andChina.Differences in Friendship(1) In France:(i) Friends generally are of the same sex, and friendship is seen asbasically a relationship between men.(ii) Friendship is a one-to-one relationship that demands a keen awareness of the other person’s intellect, temperament, andparticular interests.(iii) Friendships are compartmentalized. They are not made part of family life.(2) In Germany:(i) Friendship is much more articulately a matter of feeling.(ii) Friends usually are brought into the family.(3) In England:(i) The basis is shared activity.(ii) English friendships are formed outside the family circle, but they are not contrapuntal to the family nor are they separated from thefamily.(4) In ChinaThe typical Chinese concept of friendship lays great emphasis on personal loyalty and also has much to do with family. In Chinese culture, friendshipmeans a willingness to be indebted and to repay the debt more than owed.(5) In America: (p81-82)“Friend” is often used in a much wider sense in the American culture than in the Chinese culture. The term may be used for both casual acquaintances and close companions. American friends may not share with one another as much as Chinese friends usually do. Americans would still prefer to consider themselves first as independent individuals. What they value more are individual achievement and independence rather than relationship with one another, and they do not like to put themselves in others’ debt. Of course, Americans are willing to help their friends, but mostly on trivial things, such as driving a friend to an important event when his or her own arrangementsfor transportation fail.Supplement:Some American quotes about friendship will give additional insights into how friendships are valued.“A friend hears the song in my heart and sings it to me when my memory fails.”“A single rose can be my garden... a single friend, my world.”“A friend brings out the best in you.”“Grief can take care of itself, but to get the full value of joy you must have someone to divide it with.”—Mark Twain Common Elements about Friendship:There is the recognition that friendship, in contrast with kinship, is a matter of free choice. A friend is someone who chooses and is chosen. Related to this is the sense each friend gives the other of being a special individual, on whatever grounds this recognition is based. And between friends there is inevitably equality of give-and-take.2. Read the article of “Family Structure” (p83-84), then identify thedifferent roles of family in cultures.Many cultural differences exist in family structures and values.1) In some cultures, such as Filipinos, Vietnamese, Japanese, Latin Americans and Chinese, the family is the center of life and the main frame of reference for decisions; while in others, like Americans, the individual, not the family, is primary.2) In some cultures, the family’s reputation and honor depend on each person’s actions; in other cultures, individuals can act without permanently affecting the family life.3) Some cultures value old people, while other cultures look down on them.Traditional Chinese family structure3. Comparing and Contrasting CulturesQuestions for discussion:1) In what aspects do you think our culture is different from othercultures?2) Do you sometimes compare one culture with another? If you do, howdo you usually do that?Please read over the article on pages 85-89, answer the comprehension questions:i) What is Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s value orientation?The Kluckhohns and Strodtbeck, after examining hundreds of cultures, reached the conclusion that people turn to their culture for answers to thefollowing questions. (1) What is the character of human nature? (2) What is the relation of humankind to nature? (3) What is the orientation toward time?(4)What is the value placed on activity? And (5) What is the relationship ofpeople to each other? The answers to these crucial questions serve as the bases for the five value orientations that are at the heart of their approach.These five orientations might best be visualized as points on a continuum. Itis talking about meaningful values found in all cultures.Human Nature Orientation: 1) evil, 2) evil and good, 3) good. Basically Evil: find evil and fight against it; punish bad behavior; save people from their evil nature. Stress the ability of people to change for th e better. Basically Good: protect people’s virtue;reward good behavior; find the most virtuous people as models. The direction of moral change is more likely to befrom good to bad.Mixture: Separate good from evil; identify strengths and weaknesses; reward the good and punish the bad.Man-nature Orientation: 1) human beings are subject to nature,2) cooperation view, 3) conquer and direct the forces of nature.Nature Controls: Accept fate; life is outside one’s control be humble.Human Controls: Make life comfortable and convenient; problems can be solved; be objective.Harmony: Live according to the rhythms of nature; everything has its own character;be balanced.Time Orientation: 1) past-orientated, 2) present-orientated, 3) future-orientated.Past: Tradition ——best teacher; events in the past is important today; the old are wise; break with the past to change society.Present: Pay attention to what is going on here and now; everything will happen in its time; events occur in cycles; look for causes in the present situation. Future: Control the future by planning for it; what is past is past and not important;the young know what is happening; study history to shape the future.Activity Orientation: 1) being orientation, 2) Being-in-becomingorientation, 3) doing orientation.Being: Protect dignity of both yours and others; fulfill one’s role; show who you are.Actions should be suitable to status, social roles and character. Payattention to people. e.g. job titles and what do you actually do? Growing: Develop one’s potential as a whole person; follow values and lifestyles appropriate to one’s stage in life; people change; pay attention topossibilities. More tolerant of how things are than is true.Doing: Achieve specific goals; develop procedures and measure results; qualitative outcomes measured quantitatively show what you can do; attention toactions.Relational (social) Orientation: 1) authoritarian culture, 2) collectiveculture, 3) individual culture.Hierarchy: Obey authority; know one’s place; treat others; according to their position;look to leaders to; know what to think and do.Group: Respond to what others think and feel; interdependent ; be loyal; look to others in the group to know what to think and do.Individual: Express one’s own feel ings and ideas; Be as independent and self-reliant as possible; make one’s own decisions and choices. Personalinitiative/professionalism highly valued.ii) Try to describe the value system of average Americans from the five orientationsHuman Nature: basically good (changeable)Man-nature: Man the master of natureTime: future-orientedActivity: action-orientedSocial: individualisticiii) How is the mainstream American culture different from the oriental culture, like Japanese culture?Homework: Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions (p99-105)Homework: Hall’s High-context and Low-context Cultures (p110-114)III. Case Study: Students are required to read the cases given carefully and try to analyse them from the viewpoint of IC.。
大学英语新课标新时代第三册unit2thefreedomgivers知识总结讲解学习
第三册Unit2 The freedom giversA208第二组Key Words:impose: 1) place a (penalty, tax, etc.) officially on sb./sth.e.g: The government has made a decision to impose a further tax on wines and spirits.The local government tried to impose fines on the factories which poureduntreated waste into the river.2) try to make sb. accept (an opinion or belief)e.g: I wouldn't want to impose my religious convictions on anyone.It may not be wise for parents to impose their own tastes on their children.Liberate: set from (used in the pattern: liberate sb./ sth. from)e.g. The central government authorized $200 billion to construct new dams to generate ch eap hydro-electric power. 他被授权发表下列声明He was authorized to issue the following statement. An authorized agent指定的代理人.Have authority over…对…有权利 By the authority of 蒙…的许可 An academic authority 学术权威 Authorities concerned有关当局exploit: 1)n. brave and adventurous deed or action(usu. pl)功绩，业绩e.g. The general‟s wartime exploits were later made into a film and a television series.My grandfather entertained us with stories of wartime exploits. vt. 1) to use (esp. a person) unfai rly for one‟s own profit 剥削e.g. The cruel boss exploited the poor by making them work for less pay.2) to use or develop (a thing) fully so as to get profite.g. to exploit the oil under the sea n. exploitationdisguise:1) give sb./ sth. a false appearance(used in the pattern: disguise sb./ sth. as…) 假扮，伪装e.g. Mulan disguised herself as a man so she could fight on the battlefield. Jack escaped acro ss the border disguised as a priest.2) hide (the real state of things) 伪装，掩饰，隐藏It is impossible to disguise the fact that the business is bad. 16. in the eyes of: in the opinio n of , in one‟s opinione.g. In the eyes of students, Richard is a sensible and reliable teacher.In the eye of my parents, I‟m still a young person although I am already in mythirties.peer: look closely or carefully , esp. as if unable to see well ( followed by at/through/ into, etc.)凝视，盯着看e.g. She peered through the mist, trying to find the right path. He peered at me over the t op of his glasses.He peered into his parents` room and found they were quarrelling.bid: say, wish ( bid----bid----bid bid----bad----bidden)说，致意e.g. He bad me good morning as he passed . 2) order or tell 命令，吩咐nakeda. having no clothing on the body；nude；having no covering，especially the usual one；being without addition，concealment，disguise，or embellishment裸体的；无遮盖的，赤裸裸的；直率的；露骨的【辨析】naked，bare，nuke都含“没有衣物或必需的遮蔽物的”、“赤裸”的意思。
江苏开放大学《大学英语B(2)》综合性大作业
江苏开放大学《大学英语B(2)》综合性大作业LT标题《中西方茶文化差异》正文Differences between Chinese and western tea cultures Tea originated in China, and the earliest writtenrecords date back to the 2nd century BC and then spreadto the west. However, there are different customs fordrinking tea in different cultural backgrounds. Here'sa look at some of the differences between Chinese andwestern tea cultures that have been carefully sortedout for you.(1) different ways of drinking.There are two types of Chinese tea drinking, one is"clear drink", without adding any harmful ingredientsto the original flavor of the tea, and only drink withwater bubbles. The other is "mixed drink", which meansadding salt, sugar and milk to tea according topersonal taste. Currently, this method is mainlyconcentrated in ethnic minority areas.Britons add milk and sugar to their tea to removetheophylline and turn bitter tea into sweet drinks thatsuit their tastes. In addition, the English havereformed the tea itself. Packaged, instant tea scrapsreplace pieces of tea, and Chinese people tend to keepthe whole leaf in boiling water.Western tea can be added milk, sugar, lemon slices and honey, etc., but it is important to note that tea should be poured first, followed by other condiments, in an order that cannot be reversed. After adding the seasonings, stir with the spoon to avoid making too much noise when stirring the tea. Put the spoon on the back of the bowl after stirring.(2) the use of tea sets is differentChina's tea wares are mostly ceramic products, and there are also purple sandboxes for pu 'er tea. The purple sand teapot is breathable, and the pu-erh tea is brewed. The water temperature must be very high. And westerners have a special liking for silver, so most western tea wares are made of silver.The use of tea filters is differentIn China, the chip off a fine cup of tea, such as aged pu-erh tea, need to use iron pot as tools to boil water, then water into the teapot and tea, pour out the first time after water, then add boiled water into the teapot in let stand until the bubble tea, just take a small sample.As is known to all, Chinese people are quite particular about the tea ceremony. In fact, westerners also have a set of etiquette when drinking tea. For example, western teas use a tea strainer, which is placed on a teacup and poured into the cup until it is three-quarters full, so it doesn't spill over the saucer and make a mess.(4) differences in tea drinking etiquette.In the eyes of most Chinese, tea can be drunk at any time. The British are much more tea - loving and tea - respecting. A typical British family drinks tea at least five times a day. When you wake up in the morning, the host will lean on the bed and drink a cup of morning tea to refresh your mind. If there are guests, morning tea is the best way to greet them. Around 11 o 'clock in the morning, black tea with tea; Drink milk tea at lunch; Around five o 'clock in the afternoon is the famous afternoon tea. Drink farewell tea before going to bed at night. In addition, there are many famous tea banquet, garden tea party and so on.(5) differences in the spirit of tea ceremony. Harmony, tranquility, grace and truth are the fournoble truths of Chinese tea ceremony. Harmony is the core of Chinese tea culture philosophy and the soul of tea ceremony. "Quiet" is the only way to practice Chinese tea ceremony. "Just" is the spiritual feeling in the practice of Chinese tea ceremony practice. "True" is the ultimate pursuit of Chinese tea ceremony. Chinese people often drink tea as a spiritual inspiration and emotional sustenance. Unlike the Chinese tea ceremony, the British taste tea more lively and social, emphasizing an elegant style.Oriental tea wares are mostly ceramic products, while western tea wares are mostly silver.Oriental people pay attention to tea ceremony, westerners also have a set of tea ceremony, such as to use a tea filter, to pour tea into the cup to three-quarters full.Chinese tea is the purest flavor of the tea without adding any flavoring to it. Western tea is added milk, sugar, lemon slices and honey, the tea should be poured before adding other condiments, the order cannot be reversed.Tea is not required to be served in the east, but itis often accompanied by tea in the west. The most common ones are Scottish cream biscuits, Victorian muffins and muffins.。
英语教学中的中西方饮食文化教育——以上外版高中英语必修第二册Unit_3的教学为例
ENGLISH ON CAMPUS2023年04期总第652期耻的观念。
二、英语教学中的饮食文化教育（一）中西方饮食文化的差异及其渊源中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学造成了中西方饮食文化的差异。
中国人重视吃，注重“天人合一”，认为“民以食为天”。
中国人讲究吃，不仅仅是为了解渴充饥，其中往往蕴含着中国人认识事物、理解事物的哲理。
中国人讲究“和谐”，注重食物色香味俱全，把对美味的追求上升到对意境的追求。
西方人从天人分离与形式结构出发，认为菜肴是充饥之物，注重“以人为本”，更看重食物的营养，在食物制配上追求个性和理性，强调以凸显各种原料特有的美味为最高追求，因此食物颜值普遍逊色于中国食物。
（二）西方饮食文化对中国饮食文化的冲击尽管中国饮食文化中的膳食平衡传统利于人体健康，但随着以洋快餐为代表的连锁门店的快速扩张，众多青少年开始崇尚西方的快餐文化，导致对本土饮食文化的了解不足。
长此以往，有损中国饮食文化的根基。
因此，英语教师要在授课过程中进行隐性饮食文化教育，在比较中西方饮食风俗习惯的同时，肯定中国饮食文化的博大精深，引导学生对西方饮食文化要保持清醒头脑，坚持中学为体、西学为用，积极引导学生建立起民族饮食文化的自豪感，提升文化自信。
（三）英语教学中的中西饮食文化教育课例绝大多数英语教材会涉及饮食文化的内容，其教学目标在于让学生理清中西方文化风俗习惯，明白其中的中西方哲学和思维，从而提升学生的文化自信。
1.课例内容。
所选课例为上外版高中英语必修第二册第三单元。
这个单元的内容围绕食物展开。
精读部分比较了法国和美国饮食文化的差异；视听部分提到了中国、日本、印度、中东、意大利的饮食习惯和饮食器具；扩展阅读部分探讨了食物和文化的关系；写作部分，通过写信的形式向外国学生介绍中国的饮食习惯。
2.教学形式。
所谓隐性教育即潜移默化式教育，高中生的心理特点决定了隐性教育的重要性。
隐性思政教育相较于纯粹以知识灌输为主的显性思政教育，侧重于对学生情感、意志、信心等非智力因素的开发﹐使学生在不知不觉中陶冶情操、磨炼意志。
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The second significant piece of late antiquity to survive into the Middle Ages is Christianity. Christianity had grown in importance in the late Roman Empire and, with the demise of the empire’s social structures, the Church remained until the twelfth century virtually the only institution capable of supporting intellectual culture.
• Augustine: We can not properly philosophize until our human wills are transformed, that clear thinking is possible only under the influence of God’s grace. For Augustine, true philosophy was inconceivable without a joining of faith and reason. To him, wisdom was Christian wisdom. He believed that we can not properly philosophize until our human wills are transformed, that clear thinking is possible only under the influence of God’s grace. In this way, Augustine set the dominant direction and style of Christian wisdom of the Middle Ages.
Some problems discussed throughout this period are the relation of faith to reason, the existence and unity of God, the object of theology and metaphysics, the problems of knowledge, especially of universals, and of individuation. Philosophers from the Middle Ages include the Christian philosophers Augustine of Hippo, Boethius, Anselm, Roger Bacon, Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham， the Muslim philosophers Avicenna, and Averroes; the Jewish philosophers Maimonides。
The Confessions of Saint Augustine, Book VIII, Paragraphs 28 and 29.
• I cast myself down I know not how, under a certain figtree, giving full vent to my tears; and the floods of mine eyes gushed out an acceptable sacrifice to Thee. And, not indeed in these words, yet to this purpose, spake I much unto Thee: and Thou, O Lord, how long? how long, Lord, wilt Thou be angry for ever? Remember not our former iniquities, for I felt that I was held by them. I sent up these sorrowful words: How long, how long, "tomorrow, and tomorrow?" Why not now? why not is there this hour an end to my uncleanness? So was I speaking and weeping in the mort, when, lo! I heard from a neighboring house a voice, as of boy or girl, I know not, chanting, and oft repeating, "Take up and read; Take up and read. " Instantly, my countenance altered, I began to think most intently whether children were wont in any kind of play to sing such words: nor could I remember
Background of Medieval Philosophy
Main doctrines: Papacy , Scholastism
St. Augustine Papacy , Thomas Aquinas
7
It is incomprehensible that God should exist, and it is incomprehensible that He should not exist. It is the heart which experiences God, and not the reason. --- Blaise Pascal
• The theory of illumination (the analogy between (a) the sun in the visible world and (b) the Form of the Good in the intelligible world. • God (the scriptural name for God given to Moses, “I Am That I Am,” --God is being itself. • Concept of time • Free will as the cause of evil • The two cities • His Confession: his successive conversions from adolescent sensuality-- the image-laden religion of the Manichaeans– a version of Noeplatonism--Christianity
ever to have heard the like. So checking the torrent of my tears, I arose; interpreting it to be no other than a command from God to open the book, and read the first chapter I should find. For I had heard of Antony, that coming in during the reading of the Gospel, he received the admonition, as if what was being read was spoken to him: Go, sell all that thou hast, and give to the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven, and come and follow me: and by such oracle he was forthwith converted unto Thee. Eagerly then I returned to the place where Alypius was sitting; for there had I laid the volume of the Apostle when I arose thence. I seized, opened, and in silence read that section on which my eyes first fell: Not in rioting and drunkenness, not in chambering and wantonness, not in strife and envying; but put ye on the Lord Jesus Christ, and make not provision for the flesh, in concupiscence. No further would I read; nor needed I: for instantly at the end of this sentence, by a light as it were of serenity infused into my heart, all the darkness of doubt vanished away.
Focus of the philosophy in the Middle Ages: • Universals • Proofs for God’s existence • The relation between faith and reason sources: Greek, Christianity, Jewish, Muslim thought