2002欧洲文化入门
欧洲文化入门
欧洲文化入门1.What did the Roman have in common with the Greeks?And what was the chief difference between them?1)The Romans had a lot in common with the Greeks.Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly,hostile to monarchy and to servility.Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified—Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter,Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus,and so on—and their myths to be fused. Their languages worked in similar ways and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland.(2)There was one big difference.The Romans built up a vast empire. The Greeks didn’t,excepted for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests,which soon disintegrated.1.What was the Hebrew’s major contribution to world civilization?The history of the Hebrews was handed down orally from one generation to another in the form of folktales and stories,which were recorded later in the Old Testament,which still later became the first part of the Christian Bible.The Hebrews’major contribution to world civizalation wan Judasam.2.Why do we say Judaism and Christianity are closely related?⑴it was the Jewish tradition which gave birth to Christianity;⑵both originated in Palestine.1.What happened in Western Europe after the decline of the RomanEmpire?After the Roman Empire lost its predominance,a great manyGermanic Kingdoms began to grow into the nations know as England,France, Italy,and Germany in its place.These nations of Western Europe were in the scene of frequent wars and invasions.The political unity had given way to widespread destruction and confusion.Hunger and disease killed many lives and village fell into ruin and great areas of land lay waste.There was no central government to keep the order.The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. Christianity was almost the all and the one of Medieval lives in western Europe and took lead in politics,law,art,and learning for hundreds years.2.What were the cultural characteristics of the period from500to1000?Above all,the cultural characters of this period were the heritage and achievement of Roman culture and the emergence of Hebrew and Gothic culture.1.What made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance?Because of its geographical position,foreign trade developed early in Italy.This brought Italy into contact with other cultures and gave rise to urban economy and helped Italy accumulate wealth which was anessential factor for the flowering of art and literature.For two centuries beginning from the late15th century,Florence was the golden city which gave birth to a whole generation of poets,scholars, artists and sculptors.There was in Florence a revival of interest in classical learning and rising of humanist ideas.And to spread the new ideas,libraries and academies were founded.In the15th century printing was invented and helped to spread humanist ideas.2.What are the main elements of humanism?How are these elementsreflected in art and literature during the Italian Renaissance? Humanist is the essence of Renaissance.Humanists in renaissance believed that human beings had rights to pursue wealth and pleasure and they admires the beauty of human body.This belief ran counter to the medieval ascetical idea of poverty and stoicism,and shifted man’s interest from Christianity to humanity,from religion to philosophy,from heaven to earth,from the beauty of God to the beauty of human in all its joy,senses and feeling.The philosophy of humanism is reflected in the art and literature during the Italian Renaissance in the literature works of Boccaccio and Petrarch and in the art of Giotto,Brunelleschi,Donatello,Giorgione,daVinci,Michelangelo,Raphael,and Titian,etc.In their works they did not stress death and other world but call on man to live and work for the present.DIVISION ONE1.战争双方:1200B.C Greece(希腊)and Troy(特洛伊）The5th centry B.C colsed with civil war between Athens（雅典）and Sparta in Greece（希腊）.146B.C.the Romans conquered Greece。
“欧洲文化入门”课程学习指南
“欧洲文化入门”课程学习指南一、课程基础：欧洲文化入门是全校外语类选修课程，本课程面向全校文理学生开设，是主要以提高学生的文化素养为主的课程。
二、适应对象：大学英语完成三级课程学习的本科学生。
三、教学目的：本课程教学目标为：了解欧洲文化的最基本知识，开阔视野，培养兴趣，促进英语学习。
本课程力图在介绍文化知识的同时，激发学生学习英语的兴趣，从而提高语言能力，以达到充分体现素质教育，全面提高学生的跨文化交际能力，培养学生的综合文化素质，扩展国际视野。
四、内容提要：本课程的主要内容包括：希腊罗马文化、基督教及其《圣经》、中世纪、文艺复兴和宗教改革、十七世纪、启蒙运动、浪漫主义、马克思主义与达尔文学说、现实主义、现代主义及其它。
由于学时所限，本学期本门课只集中讲述前五个大题的内容。
若学生对本门课感兴趣，想继续学习后五个大题的内容可选修大外应用提高阶段的选修课—欧洲文化入门（下）。
本课程以欧洲文化为语境，培养学生人文知识的底蕴，使学生对西方文化最基本的方面有一定的认识和了解，从而激发语言学习的兴趣、带动英语学习。
五、自主学习授课模式：基于计算机和课堂的英语多媒体教学模式是为了帮助学生达到大学英语应用提高阶段教学要求所设计的一种新型英语教学模式。
强调个性化教学与自主学习，以及教师可通过课堂进行辅导，传授知识和技能的特点，使学生可在教师的指导下，根据自己的特点、水平、时间，选择合适的学习内容，借助计算机的帮助，迅速提高自己的英语综合实用能力，达到最佳学习效果。
1、教学模式的构成图一、基于计算机和课堂的英语多媒体教学模式2、基于计算机的英语学习过程大学外语应用提高教学阶段各门课程采用“以传统教学模式为主，以网络自主学习模式为辅”的教学模式。
如下图：图二、基于计算机的英语学习过程六、自主学习学习方法：依据建构主义学习理论，在教学中采用自主学习、讨论学习等教学方法，采用学生为主体进行自主学习和训练及教师为主导进行讲授相结合的教学方法。
(完整版)《欧洲文化入门》课程介绍
《欧洲文化入门》课程介绍《欧洲文化入门》是面向完成《大学英语》（1-4）学习的高年级学生的公共选修课之一，计划开设于第三学年第一学期，每周2课时，学程18周。
该课程以课堂讲授为主，涉及内容广泛，讲授内容包括对西方尤其是欧美的文化、宗教、哲学、历史、地理、人文、风俗、以及音乐、美术、文学、科技等各方面知识的介绍。
课程采用历史叙述法，系统介绍欧洲文化的基本知识，增强学生对欧洲文化的了解掌握，使学生把英美文化放在大的欧洲背景下，体验欧洲文化的一体以及多元性。
1. 学习目标：通过本课程的学习，学生可以了解欧洲文化的最基本知识，开阔视野，培养兴趣，促进英语学习。
本课程力图在介绍文化知识的同时，激发学生学习英语的兴趣，从而提高语言能力，以达到充分体现素质教育，全面提高学生的跨文化交际能力，培养学生的综合文化素质，扩展国际视野的目的。
2. 教学语言和方式：英语和汉语；教师课堂讲授，多媒体展示，学生小组活动。
3. 对学生的要求：要求学生能够自觉训练使用英语去了解和表达，对欧洲文化有大体的了解。
广泛去接触欧洲文化，包括使用互联网，阅读相关书籍。
《欧洲文化入门》是一门兼具知识性与开放性的综合性课程。
教师通过网络教学平台、开放课程教学博客等，随着课程进展将复习练习、课外自学建议和学习材料等提供给选课学生。
4. 课程考核包括：1、出席率+小组活动与课堂报告20％；2、笔试60%（考题以问史实为主）；3、项目化教学报告成绩（20%）。
5. 课程内容及课时分配：第一讲：古希腊文化；影片观摩（四课时）；第二讲：古罗马；希腊、罗马文化比较与综述（四课时）；第三讲：基督教的兴起；影片观摩（三课时）；第四讲：《圣经》选读；欧洲的中世纪（三课时）；第五讲：文艺复兴运动；文艺复兴时期的艺术（四课时）；第六讲：宗教改革；十七世纪的欧洲（三课时）；第七讲：启蒙运动、新古典时期；启蒙时代与古典时期的音乐（四课时）；第八讲：浪漫主义；浪漫主义时期的文学与音乐（三课时）；第九讲：现实主义；影片观摩（三课时）；第十讲：二十世纪的欧洲与现代主义；现代美术作品观摩（三课时）；6. 教材王佐良等《欧洲文化入门》，外语教学与研究出版社，1992。
欧洲文化入门课程简介
《欧洲文化入门》课程简介课程介绍：本课程以欧洲国家文化概况为主要教学内容，以历史为线索，将文学、思想潮流、艺术、建筑等形式作为重要载体，为学生提供一个了解西方国家文化渊源的平台。
通过该课程的学习，学生将增强对欧洲文化历史的了解，对一些文化现象具有敏锐的观察鉴别能力, 并养成良好的阅读习惯。
这将在一定程度上为提高学生在不同文化背景下的有效交际的能力打下基础。
授课对象：对英美文化感兴趣，对欧洲历史较为熟悉且英语基础较好的2008级非英语专业学生授课形式以及预期效果：本课程采取教师讲解与学生自主展示相结合的授课形式，定期进行课程相关内容的测试，使学生积极主动的参与到课堂活动当中，达到有效学习的目的。
通过该课程的学习，学生应该达到以下几个目标：1、对主要西方国家的社会、文化、文学、历史等状况有一个全面而概括的了解。
2、对普遍的个体文化现象以及文化热点作专题的讨论和分析，在此过程中，学生的独立思考、研究、阅读能力以及口头表达能力要有所提升。
3、以英美文化为参照，促使学生更深层次的理解本国文化，树立学生热爱本国文化，包容异质文化，最终宣传本国文化的态度。
4、结合英语口语课程，实际锻炼学生的跨文化交际能力，达到有效交际的目的。
5、扩大单词量，为基础英语的巩固提供有力支持。
教学用书：王佐良主编，《欧洲文化入门》, 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2005。
参考书目：朱永涛编著，1994，《英美文化基础教程》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社。
（配学习指导）朱永涛，2002，《英语国家社会与文化入门》（上、下册），北京：高等教育出版社。
罗选民，2003，《英美社会与文化》（上、下），武汉：华中理工大学出版社。
赵毅衡，2007，《有个半岛叫欧洲》，上海：世纪出版集团/上海人民出版社。
工具书：《英美文化辞典》，外教社，胡文仲。
欧洲文化入门(英文课件
历史性：欧洲文 化具有悠久的历 史，从古希腊、 罗马到中世纪、 文艺复兴等时期 都有丰富的文化 遗产
创新性：欧洲文 化具有创新性， 如文艺复兴、启 蒙运动等时期都 推动了人类文明 的进步
影响力：欧洲文 化对全球产生了 深远的影响，如 科学、哲学、艺 术、文学等领域 都产生了重要的 影响
欧洲文化的代表人物和事件
欧洲哲学的思想体系和代表人物
古希腊哲学：苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多 德
启蒙运动时期哲学：伏尔泰、卢梭、康德
中世纪哲学：奥古斯丁、托马斯·阿奎那
德国古典哲学：黑格尔、费尔巴哈、马克思
文艺复兴时期哲学：笛卡尔、培根、霍布斯
现代哲学：尼采、萨特、海德格尔
欧洲历史和哲学的文化内涵和影响
欧洲历史：从古希腊罗马到中世纪， 再到文艺复兴和启蒙运动，欧洲历 史经历了多次变革和进步
欧洲宗教的信仰体系和仪式
东正教：基督教的另一个分支， 强调教会的独立性和传统
新教：基督教的另一个分支， 强调个人信仰和圣经的权威
天主教：基督教的一个分支， 强调教会的权威和传统
仪式：洗礼、婚礼、葬礼等， 都是欧洲宗教的重要仪式
基督教：欧洲最主要的宗教， 信仰上帝和耶稣基督
节日：圣诞节、复活节、万圣 节等，都是欧洲宗教的重要节
欧洲旅游的重要景点和特色
罗马斗兽场：意大利罗马的古 代建筑，可以了解古罗马的历 史和文化
卢浮宫：法国巴黎的著名博物 馆，收藏了大量的艺术品和历 史文物
埃菲尔铁塔：法国巴黎的标志 性建筑，可以俯瞰整个巴黎市 区
威尼斯水城：意大利威尼斯的 水上城市，可以体验独特的水
上生活
巴塞罗那高迪建筑：西班牙巴 塞罗那的建筑，可以欣赏到高
欧洲艺术和音乐在欧洲历史上扮演了重要的角色，如文艺复兴时期、巴洛克时期、古典主义时期等，这些时期的 艺术和音乐对欧洲文化的发展产生了重要的影响。
欧洲文化入门资料-推荐下载
1. The Historical Context1). In a more remote period of Greek history, probably around 1200B.C. ,a war was fought between Greece（希腊）and Troy(特洛伊）2). Greek culture reached a high point of development in the5th century B.C.What marked the high point of development in Greek culture in the 5th century B.C.?1). The high point of development in Greek culture was marked by (a)the successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the5th century B.C., (b) the establishment of democracy and (c) the flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens（雅典）.2). the 5th century B.C. closed with civil war between Athens andSparta（斯巴达） in Greece.3). in the second half of the 4th century B.C., all Greece wasbrought under the rule of Alexander, King of Macedon（马其顿王国）.4). in 146 B.C. the Romans conquered the Greece.2. Social and Political StructureWhat were the main features of ancient Greek society?1). Athens was a democracy, where only the adult male citizens hadthe rights.2). The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labor.3). The Greeks loved sports. Once every four years, they had a big festival on Olympus Mount which included contests of sports.4). Revised in 1896, the Games have become the world’s foremost amateur sports competition.3. Homer (about 700 B. C.)（荷马）What did Homer do?（荷马史诗名词解释？）1). Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics:the Iliad《伊利亚特》and the Odyssey《奥德赛》.2). Homer probably lived around 700 B.C.3). The Iliad and the Odyssey are not about events of Homer’s own time, but about great men and wars about a remoter age, probably inthe period of 1200—1100 B.C.Drama1). Early in their remote past, the Greeks started to perform playsat religious festivals.2). Out of these religions a powerful drama developed in the 5thcentury B.C.3). Performances were given in open-air theatres, with the audience sitting on stone benches and looking down at the stage from three sides.Outstanding dramatists1). The outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece were Aeschylus（埃斯库罗斯）, Sophocles（索福克勒斯）, Euripides（欧里庇得斯） and Aristophanes（阿里斯托芬）.A. Aeschylus (525—456B.C.)a. Aeschylus is noted for his vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry.b. Aeschylus wrote plays such as Prometheus Bound《被缚的普罗米修斯》, Persians《波斯人》 and Agamemnon《阿伽门农》.B. Sophocles (496—406B.C.)a. Sophocles was the author of plays like Oedipus the King《奥狄普斯王》,Electra《伊莱克特拉》 and Antigone《安提戈涅》.b. Oedipus the King is the story of a man who unknowingly committed a terrible sin by killing his father and marrying his mother.c. The Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud’s term “the Oedipus complex”（奥狄普斯情结） was also derived from Sophocles’s play.C. Euripides(484—406B.C.)a. Euripides wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache Medea and Trojan Women. Less heroic more like ordinary peopleb. Euripides may be called the first writer of “problem plays”.c. 19th century, Elizabath called him Euripides the humanD. ComedyAristophanes(about 450—380B.C.)1). Aristophanes wrote such plays as Frogs《蛙》,Clouds《云》,Wasps《黄蜂》 and Birds《鸟》.PhilosophersA. Socrates (about 470—399B.C.)苏格拉底a. We known Socrates chiefly through what Plato recorded of him inhis famous Dialogues.b. The method of argument Socrates used in exposing fallacies has come to be known as the dialectical method（ie the method of argument, by questions and answers.).c. In 399BC, at the age of seventy Socrates was put on trial on a charge of “injuring the city” by not acknowledging its gods andcorrupting the young. This trial was recorded by Plato in the dialogue “The Apology of Socrates”.B. Plato (about 428—348 B.C.)柏拉图a. Plato’s Dialogues《对话录》 are important not only asphilosophical writing but also as imaginative literature.b. Of the Dialogues Plato wrote, 27 have survived, including the Apology《申辩》,Symposium《会饮篇》或译为《飨宴篇》, and theRepublic《理想国》.c. Plato’s Apology was about Socrates’ defense of himself at the trial.d. Plato’s Symposium dealt with beauty and love.e. Plato’s Republic was about the idea state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets.f. Plato’s comprehensive system of philosophy dealt with, amongother things, the problem of how, in the complex, ever-changing world, men were to obtain knowledge.g. The reply Plato gave (to the problem of how men were to obtain knowledge) was: men have knowledge because of the existence ofcertain general “ideas”, like beauty, truth, goodness.h. According to Plato, only such “ideas” as beauty, truth, goodness are completely real, while the physical world is only relatively real.i. Plato’s philosophy is called Idealism because in his system of philosophy only such “ideas” as beauty, truth and goodness are regarded as completely real while the physical world is regarded as only relatively real.C. Aristotle (384—322B. C.)亚里士多德a. Of Aristotle’s numerous works, the following are perhaps still important to scholars and general readers alike: Ethics《伦理学》, Politics《政治学》,Poetics《诗学》, and Rhetoric《修辞学》.b. Aristotle’s Ethics was an introduction to moral philosophy.c. Aristotle’s Poetics was a treatise on literary theory.d. Aristotle’s Rhetoric dealt with the art of persuading an audience.In what way or ways did Aristotle differ from his teacher Plato?1). For one thing, Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking.2). Also, Aristotle thought that “form” (=idea) and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here, too, he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world.What is Aristotle’s most influential writing to students of literature?1). To students of literature, Aristotle’s most influential of writing is Poetics.D. Contending Schools of Thoughta. The Sophists 诡辩派1). The most eminent of the Sophists was Protagoras（普罗塔格拉）, born about 500 B. C. He is chiefly noted for his doctrine “man is the measure of all things”.b. The Cynics犬儒派1). The word “cynic” means “dog” in Greek.2). The Cynics got their name because Diogenes（第欧根尼）(about 412—323 B.C.), one of their leaders, decided to live like a dog.3). Diogenes rejected all conventions.4). Diogenes advocated self-sufficiency and extreme simplicity in life.5). Diogenes proclaimed his brotherhood not only with the whole human race, but also with animals.6). On the other hand, Diogenes had no patience with the rich and powerful.7). A story has it that Alexander the Great visited him and asking if he wanted any favor, Diogenes replied: “Only stand out of my light”.c. The Sceptics怀疑派1). The Sceptics followed Pyrrhon（皮朗）, who held that not all knowledge was attainable.d. The Epicureans伊壁鸠鲁派1). The Epicureans were disciples of Epicurus (about 341—270 B.C.), who believed pleasure to the highest good in life, but by pleasure he meant, not sensual enjoyment, but freedom from pain and emotional upheaval, which he thought could be attained by the practice of virtue.e. The Stoics斯多葛派1). To the Stoics, the most important thing in life was not “pleasure”, but “duty”.2). The chief Stoic was Zeno（齐诺）.3). Zeno believed that there is no such thing as chance, and that the cause of nature is rigidly determined by natural laws.4). In the life of an individual man, Zeno believed that virtue is the sole good.II. Roman Culture1. Romans and Greeksa. The burning of Corinth in 146 B.C. marked the Roman conquest of Greece, which was then reduced to a province of Roman Empire.b. Latin was the official language of the west half of the Roman Empire, Greek that of the eastern half.What did the Romans have in common with the Greeks? And what was the chief difference between them?a. The Romans had a lot in common with the Greeks.b. Both the Romans and Greeks had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility.c. Their religious are alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified—Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with roman Venus, and so on—and their myths to be fused.d. Their languages worked in similar ways, and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland.e. There were one big difference. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.2. Roman history1). The year 27 B.C. divided the history of Rome into two periods.2). Before 27 B.C. Rome had been a republic.The two important contributions made by the Romans to European cultureI. The Pax RomanaII. Roman Law1) The emperors relied on a strong army—the famous Roman legions—and an efficient bureaucracy to exert their rule, which was facilitated by a well-developed system of roads. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting two hundred years, a remarkable phenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana.2). Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.The decline of the Roman Empire(5个时间)1). The empire began to decline in the 3rd century, increasingly troubled by the inroads of northern tribes such as the Goths.2). In the fourth century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium, and renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul).3). After 395, the (Roman) empire was permanently divided into East (the Byzantium Empire) and West.4). In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by the Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.5). The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.4. Architecture, Painting and SculptureA. Architecture1). The Pantheon is the greatest and best preserved Roman temple, which was built in 27 B. C. and reconstructed in the 2nd century A. D. It is a round, domed form and has the world’s first vast interior space.2). Pont du Gard is an exceptionally well-preserved aqueduct that spans a wide valley in southern France.3). The Colosseum is an enormous amphitheatre built in the centre of Rome in imperial times. A masterpiece of engineering, it held more than 5,000 spectators. Its interior is two-thirds of a mile round.II. The Old Testament(1). The Bible《圣经》 is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament《旧约》 and the New Testament《新约》.(2). The Old Testament is about God and Laws of God.(3). The New Testament is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ.1. The Pentateuch《摩西五经》，《旧约全书》的前五卷(1). The oldest and most important of the 39 books of the Old Testament are the five books, called Pentateuch.(2). The first five books of the Old Testament are Genesis《创世记》又译《创世纪》,Exodus《出埃及记》,Leviticus《利未记》,Numbers《民数记》 and Deuteronomy《申命记》.(3). Genesis is a religious account of the origin of the Hebrew people, including the origin of the world and man, the career of Isaac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.(4). Exodus is a religious history of the Hebrews during theirflight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s Law.(5). Leviticus is a collection of primitive laws.(6). Numbers is a combination of the account of the flight from Egypt with two censuses about the Exodus.(7). Deuteronomy is about the final words of Moses（摩西《圣经》故事中犹太人古代领袖） to his people, restating his orders and fifty years’ experiences as a leader.(8). in the beginning, says the Bible, God created the heaven and earth.(9). When the world was formed, God created man and woman—Adam and Eve.A. The Fall of Mana. Adam (亚当） and Eve（夏娃） lived in perfect happiness in the Garden of Eden（伊甸园）. But at the temptation of the serpent one day, Eve picked the fruit from the forbidden tree and shared it with Adam. Immediately afterwards, they were driven from Paradise and went forth into the world.The great flood1). For many hundred years the family of man multiplied and spread over the earth. Because Adam and Eve had disobeyed God and passed on the knowledge of wickedness, man became more and more corrupt. Consequently, God decided to put an end to this by destroying alllife on earth in a great flood.B. Noah’s Ark诺亚方舟a. There was, however, one good man, Noah, who still remembered God and tried to be at peace with his conscience. So God spoke to Noah about His intention and told him to build an ark to protect him and his kins from the waters. Noah followed God’s instruction.IV. The New TestamentWhat writings make up the New Testament?(1). Towards the end of the fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of the New Testament, which tells the beginning of Christianity. The four accounts were believed to have been written by Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. They tell of the birth, teaching, death and resurrection of Jesus.(2). Then come: the Acts of Apostles《使徒行传》, a history of the early Christian movement; the Epistles《使徒书》, or letters to the church groups around the Mediterranean; and lastly the Book of Revelation《启示录》, a visionary account of the final triumph of God’s purpose.1. Birth of JesusAccording to St. Matthew《马太福音》, Jesus was a child of the Holy Ghost.2. Jesus is tempted by the DevilAccording to St. Matthew, Jesus was led up by the Spirit into the wilderness to be tempted by the devil in order to see whether Jesus was absolutely faithful to God’s teachings.5. The crucifixionAccording to St. John《约翰福音》 19, the Jews had Jesus crucified because he had made himself the Son of God.II. Manor and Church1. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of holding land in exchange for military service.A. Growth of FeudalismCharles Martel 查理·马特a. In 732 Charles Martel, a Frankish ruler, gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for their service.b. Kingdoms of Western Europe were divided into thousands of feudal manors or farming communities.B. The Manora. The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor.b. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lord. (12th century manor was made of stone, called castles)C. Knighthood and Code of Chivalrya. A noble began his education as a page (侍从或见习骑士） at the age of seven. He was taught to say his prayers, learned good manners and ran errands for the ladies. At about fourteen, the page became a squire（骑士的年轻扈从）. He was taught the duties of a knight and practiced using a sword, lance and shield. He went into battle with his master. If the squire proved to be a good fighter, he would be made a knight（骑士） at a special ceremony known as dubbing（骑士授予仪式）.b. As a knight, he was pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the Western idea of good manners developed.名词解释1. Iliad（《伊利亚特》）: 1) It is one of the two great ancient Greek epics by Homer. 2) It deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of probably in the period 1200-1100 B. C. 3) The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek. 4) In the final battle, Hector was killed by Achilles and was sacked and burned by the Greeks.2．Herodotus（希罗多德）: 1) He is one of great ancient Greek historians. 2) He is often called “Father of History. 3) He wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. 4) His history, full of anecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue, is wonderfully readable.5) His object in writing was “that the great and wonderful deeds done by Greeks and Persians should not lack renown.”3．Socrates: 1) He was the philosopher of ancient Greece in the 5th and 4th century. 2) He was considered one of the three greatest names in European philosophy. 3) He hold that philosophy took the aim to reach the conclusion of oneself and virtue was knowledge. 4) His thoughts were recorded in Dialogues by Plato. 5) He devised the dialectical method.4. Dialectical method（辩证法）: 1) It was devised by ancient Greek philosopher Socrates. 2) It is a method of argument, by questions and answers.5. Plato: 1) He was the greatest philosopher of ancient, pupil of Socrates. 2) His Dialogues are important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. Of the Dialogues he wrote, 27 have survived, including: the Apology, Symposium and the Republic.3) Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. 4) His philosophy is called idealism.6. Diogenes（狄奥艮尼）（北京市2002年自考真题名词解释）: He was one of the Cynic’s leaders in ancient Greece, who decided to live like a dog. 2) The word “cynic” means “dog” in Greek. 3) He rejected all conventions, advocated self-sufficiency and extreme simplicity in life.7．Stoics（斯多咯派）: 1) It was one of four ancient Greek schools of philosophers in the 4th century B. C. 2) To them, the most important thing in life was “duty”. 3) It developed into the theory that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. 4) The chiefStoic was Zeno.8．Doric Style（陶立克柱）: 1) It is one of three ancient Greek architecture styles. 2) It is also called the masculine style. 3) Itis sturdy, powerful, severe-looking and showing a good sense of proportions and numbers. 4) The Doric style. is monotonous and unadorned.9．Pax Romana（罗马和平）: 1）In the year 27 B.C. Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the tile of Augustus. 2)Two centuries later, the reached its greatest extent in the North and East. 3) The emperors mainly relied on a strong army-the famous Roman Legions and an influential bureaucracy to exert their rules. 4) Thus the Roman enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years. This remarkable phenomenon in the history is known as Pax Romana.10. Virgil（维吉尔）: 1) He was the greatest of Latin poets. 2) He wrote the great epic, the Aeneid. 3) The poem opened out to the future, for Aeneas stood at the head of a rce of people who were to found the first the Roman republic and then the Roman Empire.1. The Bible: 1) The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. 2) The former is about God and the laws of God; the latter, the doctrine of Jesus Christ.2. The Old Testament: 1)The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. 2) The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. 3)The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and3. The New Testament: 1) The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. 2) The New Testament is aboutthe doctrine (教义) of Jesus Christ. 3)The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and4. Pentateuch（摩西五经）: 1) In the Old Testament, the oldest and most important are the first five books, called Pentateuch.2) Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis (创世记), Exodus (出埃及记), Leviticus(利未记), Numbers (民数记), Deuteronomy (申命记).5．Genesis： 1） Genesis is the first one of the five books in Pentateuch in Old Testament. 2) It tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.6. Exodus: 1) Exodus is the second one of the five books in Pentateuch in the Old Testament. 2) It tells about a religioushistory of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt Led by Moses. 3) During the period they began to receive God’s Law.7. Noah’s Ark（挪亚方舟）: 1) For many hundred years after Adam and Eve were driven out of Eden, the family of man multiplied and spread over the earth, but they became more and more corrupt 2) Thus God decided to destroy all life on earth in a great flood. 3) Because Noah always kept his faith in God, God spoke to him about Hisintention and told him to build an ark to protect him and his kinfrom the waters. 4) .Noah followed God’s instructions. 5) For 40days it rained, the whole earth was covered with water, those sheltered in the ark being the only survivals.8. The Prophets (先知)：1）For more than a thousand years in the Middle East there had been a class of people known as “Prophets” or the spokesmen of God.2） Earlier prophets lived in groups as temple officials. Later on there appeared in dependent prophet. 3）The Prophets can be grouped into the Major Prophets and MinorProphets.（分为大小先知）9．The Book of Daniel（《但以理书》）： 1）The Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. 2)The book appeared in the early days of Jews’ revolt against the Syrian King Antiochus IV. 3) It isa story mixed with vision, describing how Daniel and his friends were taken prisoner to after the fall of and how they refused to compromise their faith.10．The Edict of Milan（米兰赦令）: 1) Roman emperor Constantine believed that God had helped him in winning the battle for the throne, so he issued the Edict of Milan in 313. 2) It granted religious freedom to all, made Christianity legal.11． The four accounts in the New Testament（四福音书）: 1) The four accounts are the first four books in the New Testament. 2) They were believed to have been written by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, four of Jesus’ early followers. 3) They tell of the birth, teaching,death and Resurrection of Jesus.12．King James’ version of Bible（钦定版本圣经）: 1）As the most important and influential of English Bible, it is also called the “Authorized” version. 2) It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James, and was published in 1611. 3) With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is know as the greatest bookin the English language.1．the Middle ages（中世纪）（北京市2002年自考真题名词解释）: 1) In European history, the thousand-year period from the 5th century to15th century following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in thefifth century is called the Middle Ages.2)The middle ages is socalled because it came between ancient times and modern times. 3) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite was the Christian church.4) Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years. It shaped people’s lives. That is why the Middle Ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.2．Feudalism（封建主义）：1）Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding — a system of holding land in exchange for militaryservice. 2）The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.3．Fiefs（封地，采邑）：1）In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. 2）The subdivisions were called fiefs.4. vassals（诸侯）: 1)In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. 2)The subdivisions were called fiefs.3) The owners of the fiefs w call vassals.5. Code of Chivalry (骑士制度):1) In the Middle Ages of western Europe, as a knight, he were pledged to protect the weak, to fightfor the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. 2) These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.6. dubbing (骑士头衔加冕仪式) : After a knight was successful in his trails and tournaments, there was always a special ceremony to award him with a title, knight. This special ceremony is called dubbing.7. The Manor (庄园)： 1） The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. 2）Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords. 3）By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.。
欧洲文化入门
欧洲文化入门《欧洲文化入门》是一本为中国大学英语系学生编写的教科书，由外语教学与研究出版社出版。
书中介绍了英语中来自欧洲各个历史时期和人物的典故﹑名言﹑成语﹑人名﹑地名等等，并按时间顺序对欧洲从古至今的历史进行了具体扼要的讲述。
通过本书用英语讲授欧洲各时期的思想﹑科技﹑政治﹑社会方面的重要时间和人物，可以让学习英语的学生提高对欧洲历史文化的了解，从而更加顺利的学习英语，更好的掌握英语语言文化。
欧洲历史文化的特征：西方文化的基本特征的形成，主要是开放的海洋性地理环境，奴隶主民主政治，以及奴隶制商品经济的充分发展。
人类的古代社会大多以农业为主, 古希腊、罗马社会, 商品生产较发达, 这在整个古代世界史上是绝无仅有的。
这与其特定的海洋地理环境有关。
商品经济的发达, 造就出了一个强有力的工商业阶层, 他们推翻了氏族贵族的统治, 建立了民主政治。
这一传统的建立, 使历史的发展一开始就有着较强的运转机制, 使国家机体充满活力。
商品经济发达, 使生产力得到迅速发展。
这样，征服自然、改造自然的信念易于形成。
社会生活的内容也就丰富多彩，这又促使人们开阔视野, 向外探求, 把发现世界和改造世界作为人生的最高价值和获取自由的主要途径。
生产力的发展也要求与之相适应的科学文化等上层建筑的繁荣,于是, 西方人渴求知识,把知识作为人类文化的最高价值范畴, 从而不固步自封。
他们有“爱知”的传统, 对知识从来是孜孜以求。
商品经济的发展和开放的海洋性地理环境, 使西方人产生了外向好动、冒险的性格。
他们有独立不羁的人格, 开拓精神和变异观念。
古希腊哲人赫拉克里特的“人不能两次踏进同一条河流”的哲理, 说明了这一点。
这种变动和开拓观念, 使他们思想活跃, 锐意进取, 创立了不少学术思想和文化艺术的领域, 如理性主义、自然主义、经验主义、存在主义等等。
古希腊罗马的奴隶制民主政治,使西方文化产生了民主传统和科学精神。
他们提倡人权, 讲平等。
《欧洲文化入门》教学大纲
欧洲文化入门【课程代码】【课程中文名称】欧洲文化入门【课程英文名称】Brief Introduction to European Culture【学分】1 学分【总学时】 28 学时【讲授学时】28 学时一、教学目标本课程教学目标为：了解欧洲文化的最基本知识，开阔视野，培养兴趣，促进英语学习。
本课程力图在介绍文化知识的同时，激发学生学习英语的兴趣，从而提高语言能力，以达到充分体现素质教育，全面提高学生的跨文化交际能力，培养学生的综合文化素质，扩展国际视野的目的。
二、课程描述本课程的主要内容包括：希腊罗马文化、基督教及其《圣经》、中世纪、文艺复兴和宗教改革、十七世纪、启蒙运动、浪漫主义、马克思主义与达尔文学说、现实主义、现代主义及其它。
由于学时所限，本学期本门课只集中讲述前五个大题的内容。
若学生对本门课感兴趣，想继续学习后五个大题的内容可选修大外应用提高阶段的选修课——欧洲文化入门（下）。
本课程以欧洲文化为语境，培养学生人文知识的底蕴，使学生对西方文化最基本的方面有一定的认识和了解，从而激发语言学习的兴趣、带动英语学习的积极性。
三、课程性质及教学对象欧洲文化入门是（大学外语应用提高阶段）的选修课程，本课程面向大学英语三、四年级的学生开设。
四、教材选用选用教材：《欧洲文化入门》（王佐良外语教学与研究出版社）学生使用教材说明： A 需要学生购买教材 B 教师根据教材内容发放活页材料参考教材：《西方文化导论》（叶胜年著上海外语教育出版社）《西方文化概论》（赵林著高等教育出版社）《西方文化史》（姜守明洪霞著科学出版社）《西方文化史续编》（徐新主编北京大学出版社）五、教学内容IntroductionChapter 1 GREEK CULTURE AND ROMAN CULTURESection 1 Greek Culture1. The Historical Context2. Social and Political Structure3. Homer4. Lyric Poetry5. Drama6. History7. Philosophy and ScienceSection 2 Roman Culture1. Romans and Greeks2. Roman History3. Latin Literature4. Architecture, Painting and Sculpture【参考学时】6 学时【参考资料】《欧洲文化入门》P2-35《西方文化导论》叶盛年上海外语教育出版社 P9-37《古希腊和古罗马》Ancient Greece & Rome Richard Easby外语教学与研究出版社《雅典卫城》The Acropolis Jane Shuter 外语教学与研究出版社Chapter 2 THE BIBLE AND CHRISTIANITYSection 1 The Old Testament1. The Pentateuch2. The Historical Books3. The Poetical Books4. The ProphetsSection 2 Rise of Christianity1. The Life of Jesus2. The Spread of ChristianitySection 3 The New Testament1.The Birth of Jesus2.Jesus Is Tempted by the Devil3.The Sermon on the MountSection 4 Translations of the Bible【参考学时】4 学时【参考资料】《欧洲文化入门》P50-84《西方文化导论》叶盛年上海外语教育出版社P82-107Decoding Da Vinci CodeBible StoriesChapter 3 THE MIDDLE AGES【参考资料】《欧洲文化入门》P88-123《西方文化导论》叶盛年上海外语教育出版社P108-132《A History of Western Civilization》邓红风中国海洋大学出版社《The Outline of History》H.G. Wells (1866~1946 ) （张春光译）江西人民出版社《WESTERN CIVILIZATION A BRIEF HISTORY》Jackson J. Spiel V ogel 北京大学出版社Chapter 4 RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION【参考资料】《欧洲文化入门》P125-178《西方文化导论》叶盛年上海外语教育出版社P133-164《到古代去旅行》P87-89《文艺复兴》支顺福上海外语教育出版社2001.10《人类的故事》，143页，侯皓元陕西人民出版社2005.5《“第一周波”：西方自由主义的文化革命》，31页，马林韬社会科学文献出版社2005.2《卓越与迷茫欧洲文化发展进程综述》，华少庠西南交通大学出版社2005.3 Chapter 5 THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY【参考资料】《欧洲文化入门》P180-221六、教学方法1.主要教学方法：讲授法，研讨式教学法、案例教学法等。
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2002年下半年北京市高等教育自学考试欧洲文化入门试题注意：本试题共六题。
请将全部答案写在试题所附的答卷上，否则不记分．PART ONEI. Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked [ A ], [ B ], [ C ] and [ D are given. Choose the one which best completes the statement or answers the question by blackening the corresponding letter on the answer sheet. (40 points, 2 points each)1. Greek culture reached a high point of development in _________.A. 1,200B.C. B. 5th century B. C.C. 4th century B.C.D. 146 B. C.2. The masterpiece .of engineering in Roman architecture is _________.A. the PathenonB. the ColossseumC. She - wolfD. the Ionic style of temple3. The Old Testament of the Bible is about _________.A. GodB. the doctrine of Jesus ChristC. the Laws of GodD. A and C4. Which of the following statements is true?A. Jesus was born in Galilee.B. Jesus was born in a synagogue.C. Jesus was born into a poor carpenter’s family.D. Jesus was born into a merchant’s family.5. Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of _________.A. military serviceB. land holdingC. governmentD. B and C6. Which of the following statements is true about the Gothic style in architecture?A. The Gothic style flourished in the 18th century.B. The Gothic style started in France.C. Sculpture of Gothic style churches were based on the natural forces.D. Gothic style churches were solid but small.7. Renaissance means the revival of interest in _________.A. ancient Greek cultureB. ancient Roman cultureC. the BibleD. A and B8. The reasons for the decline of renaissance in Italy are _________.A. wars and class conflictsB. loss of supremacy in world trade as a result of the discovery of the new world and routes to IndiaC. the tightening of control of the Roman Catholic Church over thought, speech and publicationD. all of the above9. Which of the following died a prisoner?A. CopernicusB. NewtonC. KeplerD. Galileo10. The theory of the social contract was expounded by _________.A. Thomas HobbesB. Francis BaconC. John LockeD. A and C11. In economic thought, the enlightenment thinkers favored _________.A. government interventionB. balanced developmentC. the policy of laissezfaireD. strict regulation12. The author of "The Sorrows of Young Werther" is _________.A. GoetheB. DefoeC. SchillerD. Kant13. The Lakers refer to _________.A. Wordsworth and ColeridgeB. Byron and ShellyC. William Blake and KeatsD. None of the above14. The later Romantics in music refer to _________.A. Schuman and ChopinB. Verdi and WagnerC. Beethoven and MozartD. Haydn and Bach15. In Capital, Marx, after long and careful study, discovered that _________.A. it is men’s social being that determines their consciousnessB. activity is basicC. socialism would be realized through class struggleD. surplus value is the source of the wealth of the capitalist class16. The essence of Darwin’s theory of evolution is _________.A. immutable fixity of speciesB. natural selectionC. artificial selectionD. none of the above17. "The Cherry Orchard" was written by _________.A. DostoyevskyB. GogolC. CorkyD. Chekhov18. Which of the following was not written by Charles Dickens?A. David CopperfieldB. Hard TimesC. Vanity FairD. Oliver Twist19. The author of "Sons and Lovers" is _________.A. Henry JamesB. Virginia WoolfC. T.S. EliotD.D.H. Lawrence20. One of the chief representatives of the Theatre of the Absurd is _________.A. Kinsley AmisB. John OsborneC. Allen GinsbergD. Samuel BeckettIn the following part there are two columns. The left hand column consists of a list of names. The right hand colnmn consists of a list of titles, names of organizations or works. Match each name in the left hand column with corresponding title or organization or work in the right hand column and put the number a or b or c etc. in the bracket on the answer sheet. (10 points, I point each)(21) Cicero (a) Madame Bovary(22) Chaucer (b) A Modest Proposal(23) John Wyclif (c) Candide(24) Cervantes (d) Roman statesman and prose writer(25) Niccolo Machiavelli (e) the Wealth of Nations(26) V oltaire (f) the Canterbury Tales(27) Swift (g) Don Quixote(28 ) Adam Smith (h) author of "Prince"(29) Flaubert (i) Lord Jim(30) Joseph Conrad (j) translator of the first English BiblePART TWOGive a one - sentence answer to each* of the following questions. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. (20 points, 2 points each)31. Why was Socrates put to death at the age of 70?32. What are the two great reservoirs of modern English?33. What was the goal of the reformation movement in the 16th century?34. What are the three levels of understanding as expounded by Leibniz?35, What does Moliere expose in "Tartuffe"?36. What is the main theme of "Persian Letters" by Montesquieu?27. What is the concluding line of "Ode to the West Wind"?38, What is the text Beethoven chose for his Ninth Symphony?39. When and in what country did the realist movement arise?40. What marks out Hemingway’s writing?IV. Explain each of the following terms in English. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet in around40 words. (20 points, 5 points each)41. Diogenes42. Middle Ages43. Wilhelm Tell44. ExistentialismV. Write between I00 - 120 words on the following topic in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. ( 10 points) 45. What are the similarities and difference of the Greeks and Romans?。