欧洲文化入门 ( 五 )
欧洲文化入门第五章
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646(1646-1716)
Leibniz was a German philosopher, scientist, mathematician, historian and diplomat. He opposed the Cartesian account of matter. He believed that the world was made of simple, active, unconcerned and unextended substances, each from its point of view reflecting the whole universe, and all coordinated in prepreestablished harmony. He and Newton invented independently the Differential and integral calculus.
Two Merits Shared by the Great Scientists of the 17th Century First, they showed boldness in framing hypotheses. Second, they all had immense patience in observation. The combination of the two merits brought about fundamental changes in man’s scientific and philosophical thinking. thinking.
Philosophy, Politics and Literature in England
欧洲文化入门中文版课件
欧洲文化入门中文版课件第一章希腊罗马文化希腊罗马文化可以说是欧洲文明的起源，所以这一章节应该是比较重要的章节。
我们先看希腊的发展。
希腊文明分为几个时期，她形成于公元前800,500年，经历了古典时代(也就是公元前500到公元前336年)和希腊化时代(也就是公元前336年到公元前31年)。
希腊文明达到顶峰是公元前5世纪。
公元前146年，希腊被罗马攻克。
希腊文明也就被罗马文明所取代。
这段历史的重要大事有:1、公元前12世纪，随着特洛伊人的入侵，希腊堕入“黑暗时代”。
荷马史诗描述的正是希腊人与特洛伊人之间的战争(《以利亚特》和《奥得赛》)。
这里要注意的是，荷马史诗描述的时代并非荷马生活的时代。
荷马生活在公元前700年。
2、公元前6世纪，希腊世界开始有了全面改变，为后来的古典时代打开了通途。
其中两个重要的城邦国家是雅典和斯巴达。
雅典发展起一个完全不同类型的社会，公元前594年，梭伦成为雅典的首席执行官，他的贡献在于，在组织上为以后建立著名的雅典民主奠定了基础。
雅典之所以在当时拥有卓越的地位，是因为它在打败庞大的波斯帝国这场重大战争中起了最主要的作用。
历史之父希罗多德在他的历史书中进行了详尽的描述。
3、由于雅典的不断扩张引起了斯巴达的恐慌，因而在公元前431the side should be in the Datum and vertical box should be flush with the base perpendicular, otherwise will have to adjust. (4) school: when the Datum is established will be measured. Before the measurement you want to foot all Gages, all gauges must be年爆发了伯罗奔尼撒战争。
战争最终以雅典的失败而告终。
欧洲文化入门_中文版2009
欧洲文化入门中文版我们要牢记文化的五分法：一、社会历史(包括政治、经济、宗教、历史)二、哲学三、文学四、科学五、艺术 (包括绘画、雕塑、建筑和音乐)，以记忆每个时代的各要点为主，理解纵向的变迁为辅，后者主要的作用时帮助我们更好的记住前者。
要研究欧洲发展的历史，我们要仅仅抓住两条线索。
一条是社会文化发展线索，那就是希腊和罗马文化历史。
另一条则是精神宗教形成线索，即犹太教和基督教历史。
正如，想精通中国文化必先熟知孔夫子和道家文化一样。
下面我们将分章节进行综述。
在每章综述的最后，会有一两道重要的问答题分析。
每章还会附有一些练习题，希望大家好好做一做。
第一章希腊罗马文化希腊罗马文化可以说是欧洲文明的起源，所以这一章节应该是比较重要的章节。
我们先看希腊的发展。
希腊文明分为几个时期，她形成于公元前800－500年，经历了古典时代（也就是公元前500到公元前336年）和希腊化时代（也就是公元前336年到公元前31年）。
希腊文明达到顶峰是公元前5世纪。
公元前146年，希腊被罗马攻克。
希腊文明也就被罗马文明所取代。
这段历史的重要大事有：1、公元前12世纪，随着特洛伊人的入侵，希腊堕入“黑暗时代”。
荷马史诗描述的正是希腊人与特洛伊人之间的战争（《以利亚特》和《奥得赛》）。
这里要注意的是，荷马史诗描述的时代并非荷马生活的时代。
荷马生活在公元前700年。
2、公元前6世纪，希腊世界开始有了全面改变，为后来的古典时代打开了通途。
其中两个重要的城邦国家是雅典和斯巴达。
雅典发展起一个完全不同类型的社会，公元前594年，梭伦成为雅典的首席执行官，他的贡献在于，在组织上为以后建立著名的雅典民主奠定了基础。
雅典之所以在当时拥有卓越的地位，是因为它在打败庞大的波斯帝国这场重大战争中起了最主要的作用。
历史之父希罗多德在他的历史书中进行了详尽的描述。
3、由于雅典的不断扩张引起了斯巴达的恐慌，因而在公元前431年爆发了伯罗奔尼撒战争。
战争最终以雅典的失败而告终。
《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记(全十章)
自考英语《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记(全十章)1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture.2、There are two major elements：Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.第一章1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense(无限的)amount of slave labour.3、Olympus mount，776 BC first celebration, Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)’s epics was created by Homer.5、They are about events of Homer’s own time. (错)(They are not about events of Homer’s own time，probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.)6、The Homer’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon，Hector，Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe‘s Ulysses(描述一天的生活)。
欧洲文化入门Division Four
Division Four：Renaissance and Reformation1、RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The wo rd “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism (保守主义思想) in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (资产阶级), to lift the restrictions (禁忌) in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture.2、In Renaissance literature of Italy, Petrarch (彼得拉克) was the representative poet.3、Intellectuals became closely tied up with the rising bourgeoisie. (人文主义兴起的重要原因Humanistic ideas to develop)4、At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of the greatness of man.(以人为本—人文主义的核心)5、Last Supper adapted from the New Testament of the Bible.6、Michelangelo —— David —— Sistine Chapel (from the First book of the Bible, the Genesis ) —— Dying Slave (垂死的奴隶) —— Moses (摩西)7、Raphael was best known for his Madonna. (圣母玛利亚)He painted his Madonnas in different postures against different backgrounds.8、One of the famous paintings besides the Madonnas is School of Athens (雅典学派). Plato and Aristotle engaged in argument.9、Titian —— The Venus of Urbino (维纳斯)10、John Wyclif —— translation of the Bible into English for the first time.11、Martin Luther —— translation of the whole Bible with the vernacular language.12、The reformation get its victory first in England.13、ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political (社会政治) movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues.宗教改革的实质是：反对罗马天主教，直接形式是用母语翻译圣经14、CalvinismCalvinism was established by Calvin in the period of Renaissance. Presbyterian government (长老会). Only those specially elected by God can be saved (上帝的选民) . This belief serves so well to help the rising bourgeoisie on its path (有助于资本主义的兴起)。
欧洲文化入门第五单元the17thcentury
欧洲文化入门第五单元the17thcenturyEuropean Culture: An IntroductionDivision Five The Seventeenth CenturyPowerpoint TemplatesPage 1外语教学与研究出版社出版欧洲文化入门第五单元共102页Powerpoint TemplatesPage 2外语教学与研究出版社出版欧洲文化入门第五单元共102页1.Advance in science, in astronomy,physics and pure mathematics.伽利略Galileo 开普勒Kepler牛顿Newton 笛卡尔Descartes Powerpoint TemplatesPage 3外语教学与研究出版社出版欧洲文化入门第五单元共102页2. The outlook of educated men was transformed.There was a profound change in the conception of men’s place in the universe. For one thing, the triumphs of science revived human pride. This new outlook shattered the deeply established Scholasticism and brought about modern philosophy, which was materialist(唯物主义者) in nature.Powerpoint TemplatesPage 4外语教学与研究出版社出版欧洲文化入门第五单元共102页3. The newly emerged class, the bourgeoisie(中产阶级).Some revolutions 1.英国资产阶级革命1640――1689 2.英国内战1642―1648年 3.克伦威尔统治时期1649―1660年4.斯图亚特王朝复辟1660-1688年5.光荣革命1688年Powerpoint TemplatesPage 5外语教学与研究出版社出版欧洲文化入门第五单元共102页Bertrand Russell Said:The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the seventeenth century.Powerpoint Templates Page 6外语教学与研究出版社出版欧洲文化入门第五单元共102页II. Sciencea breakthrough in physics and mathematics in the 17th century Chemistry in 18th century Biology in 19th century Psychology in 20th century Genetics in 21th century Powerpoint Templates Page 7外语教学与研究出版社出版欧洲文化入门第五单元共102页Science1. From Copernicus to Kepler A.Nicolaus Copernicus 哥白尼(1473-1543)伟大的波兰天文学家Polish astronomer 推翻托勒密(Ptolemy)的“地心说”(Geocentric Theory) 创立“日心说” (heliocentric theory) 近代天文学的奠基人TheRevolution of the Heavenly OrbsPowerpoint Templates《天体运行论》Page 8外语教学与研究出版社出版欧洲文化入门第五单元共102页“地心说” Geocentric TheoryPowerpoint TemplatesPage 9外语教学与研究出版社出版欧洲文化入门第五单元共102页Powerpoint TemplatesPage 10外语教学与研究出版社出版欧洲文化入门第五单元共102页“日心说” heliocentric theoryPowerpoint TemplatesPage 11外语教学与研究出版社出版欧洲文化入门第五单元共102页Nicolaus Copernicus哥白尼(1473-1543) 哥白尼的学说不仅改变了那个时代人类对宇宙的认识，而且根本动摇了欧洲中世纪宗教神学的理论基础。
欧洲文化入门课后习题答案.pdf
欧洲文化入门课后习题答案.pdfDivision one: Greek culture and Roman culture 希腊、罗马文化Ⅰ.Greek culture 希腊文化1.What are the major elements in European cultureThere are two main elements ——the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element.2.What were the main features of ancient Greek societyIn Greek society, only adult male citizen had real power and the citizenship was a set of rights which a man inherited from his father. The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labor. Slaves worked for their masters. The exploitation was a serious social problem. The Greeks loved sports. They often took part in the contests of sports in Olympus Mount, thus Olympic Games came into being.3.What did Homer do Why is he important in the history of European literatureHe depicted the great Greek men who lived in the period . and wars happening at that time. As an author of epics, he employed fine literary language to describe wars and men, even though theywere dull. He stood in the peek of Greek literature and exerted a great influence on his followers.4.Who were the outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece What important plays did each ofthem writeAeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides were three outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece.Aeschylus: Prometheus Bound, Persians, AgamemnonSophocles: Oedipus the King, Electra, AntigoneEuripides: Andromache, Medea, Trojan Women5.Were there historians then Who were they What did each of them write aboutYes, there are. They were Herodotus and Thucydides.Herodotus wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. Thucydides wrote about the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse.6. Would you say that philosophy was highly developed then Who were the major philosophersNo, I wouldn’t. Because those philosophical ideas were only idealism or simple materialism or metaphysics. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were the major philosophers at that time.7. Did Socrates write any book How then do we know about him What distinguished his philosophyNo, he didn’t. We know Socrates chiefly through what Plato recorded of him in the famous Dialogues written by Plato. He considered that philosophy rested with the dissect of oneself and virtue was high worth of life. His method of argument, by questions and answers, was known asthe dialectical method.8. Tell some of Plato’s ideas. Why do people call him an idealist(1) Men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideas”, l ike beauty, truth, and goodness. (2) We should not look at the things which are not seen: for the things which are not seen eternal. Because he emphasized the importance of “ideas” and believed that “thought” had created the world, people call him an idealist.9. In what important ways was Aristotle different from PlatoWhat are some of Aristotle’s works that are still influential today(1) Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact.This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking.(2) He thought that “idea”and matter together made concrete individual realities in which he differed from Plato who held that ideas had higher reality than the political world. His significant works includes: Ethics, Politics and Rhetoric.10. Who were some of the other philosophers active in that period Does the word “Epicurean” in its modern sense convey the true meaning of the philosophy of the ancient Epicureans What weretheir views on pleasure(1) They were Heracleitue, Democritus, Diogenes, Pyrrhon, Epicurus and Zeno.(2)No, it doesn’t. The ancient Epicureans believed pleasure to be the highest worth of life, but by pleasure they meant, not sensual enjoyment but that attained by the practice of virtue. But thisidea was misled by modern people, in their sense, the word “Epicurean”has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living.11. Say something about Greek sculpture, pottery and architecture. What was the most famous Greek temple Is it still there(1) Along with the formation of Greek civilization, Greek sculpture, pottery and architecture got many great achievements. Greeks put into works of art the things they admired and worshiped, the scientific rules they discovered. Greek art evolved from the archaic period to the classical periodwhich marked its maturity. (2) the most famous temple wasthe Acropolis at Athens. (3) Yes, it isstill there.12. Give some examples to show the enormous influence of Greek culture on English literature.Some examples:(1) A Fre udian term “Oedipus Complex” of 19th century originating from a Greek tragedy in which king Oedipus unknowingly killed his father and married his mother. (2) In the early part of the 19th century , in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron’ s Isle of Greece, Shelley’ s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn. (3) In the 20th century, there are modernist masterpiece Ulysses.Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’ｓⅡ. Roman culture 罗马文化1.What did the Roman have in common with the Greeks And what was the chief differencebetween them(1)The Romans had a lot in common with the Greeks. Both peoples had traditions rooted in theidea of the citizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. Their religions were alike enoughfor most of their deities to be readily identified —Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on—and their myths to be fused. Their languages worked in similar ways and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland.(2) There was one big difference. The Romans built up a vastempire. The Greeks didn’t, excepted for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.2.Explain Pax Romana.In the year 27 ., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus. Two centuries later, the Roman empire reached its greatest extent in the North and East. The emperors mainlyrelied on a strong army—the famous Roman Legions and an influential bureaucracy to exert their rules. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years. This remarkable phenomenon in the history is known as Pax Romana.3.What contributions did the Romans make to the rule of lawIn Roman’s earliest stage, only a number of patricians knew the customary legal procedure. Whenthe rules were put into writing in the middle of the third century . it marked a victory for the plebeians. There was further development of law under the emperors until it was codified, eventually to become the core of modern civil and commercial law in many Western countries.mean Did 4.Who were the important prose writers in ancient Rome What does “Ciceronian”Cicero write that kind of rhetorical prose all the time<1>Marcus Tullius Cicero and Julius Caesar were two important prose writers. <2> Ciceronian means Cicero’s eloquent oratorical manner of writing, Which has had an enormous influence onthe development of European prose.<3> No, he didn’t. Because Cicero appears as a different man with a different style, far less rhetorical, but colloquial and intimate.5.Give the example of the terse style of Julius Caesar’s prose.An example: I came, I saw, I conquered (models of succinct Latin).6.Who was Lucretius What did he do(1)Lucretius was a poet of ancient Rome.(2)He wrote the philosophical poem On the Nature of Thing to expound the ideas of Epicurus the Greek atomist.。
欧洲文化入门中文版课件
第一章希腊罗马文化希腊罗马文化可以说是欧洲文明的起源，所以这一章节应该是比较重要的章节。
我们先看希腊的发展。
希腊文明分为几个时期，她形成于公元前800－500年，经历了古典时代（也就是公元前500到公元前336年）和希腊化时代（也就是公元前336年到公元前31年）。
希腊文明达到顶峰是公元前5世纪。
公元前146年，希腊被罗马攻克。
希腊文明也就被罗马文明所取代。
这段历史的重要大事有：1、公元前12世纪，随着特洛伊人的入侵，希腊堕入“黑暗时代”。
荷马史诗描述的正是希腊人与特洛伊人之间的战争（《以利亚特》和《奥得赛》）。
这里要注意的是，荷马史诗描述的时代并非荷马生活的时代。
荷马生活在公元前700年。
2、公元前6世纪，希腊世界开始有了全面改变，为后来的古典时代打开了通途。
其中两个重要的城邦国家是雅典和斯巴达。
雅典发展起一个完全不同类型的社会，公元前594年，梭伦成为雅典的首席执行官，他的贡献在于，在组织上为以后建立著名的雅典民主奠定了基础。
雅典之所以在当时拥有卓越的地位，是因为它在打败庞大的波斯帝国这场重大战争中起了最主要的作用。
历史之父希罗多德在他的历史书中进行了详尽的描述。
3、由于雅典的不断扩张引起了斯巴达的恐慌，因而在公元前431年爆发了伯罗奔尼撒战争。
战争最终以雅典的失败而告终。
修昔底得这位历史上最伟大的历史学家在其作品中，详尽描写了这一战争。
4、伯罗奔尼撒战争后，斯巴达专横跋扈，底比斯和雅典为求相互保护而结成新的联盟。
公元前371年，马其顿国王腓力二世打败了底比斯和雅典联军，他的闻名世界的儿子亚历山大大帝统治了希腊。
至此，古典时代结束，希腊化时代即将开始。
古典时代的希腊造就了一批哲学家和剧作家。
哲学家主要以苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德为代表。
苏格拉底提出自由辩论的重要性。
柏拉图的目标是要实现一个既能维持贵族特权，又可为贫苦阶级接受的社会，并构件了唯心主义的根基。
亚力士多德寻求自然界和人类社会各个方面的秩序。
欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结
欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结第一篇：欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结1.希腊罗马Homer Author of epics Sappho Lyric poet 三大悲剧家：Aeschylus Tragic dramatist Sophocles Tragic dramatist Euripides Tragic dramatist 喜剧家：Aristophanes Comedy writer 历史学家：Herodotus wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians Father of history Thucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse the greatest historian that have ever lived 哲学和科学：Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematics Heracleitue Fire is the primary element Democritus Materialist，one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory Socrates Dissect of oneself，virtue was high worth of life，dialectical method Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas Aristotle Direct observation，theory follow fact，idea and matter together made concrete individual realities Euclid a textbook of geometry Archimedes when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the weight of the water displaced “Give me a place to stand and I…ll move the World”Others Diogenes（the Cynics）Pyrrhon（the Sceptics）Epicurus（the Epicureans）Zeno（the Stoics）4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander，king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.达到顶峰，146 B.C.被罗马攻克2.基督教和圣经Jews—以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠，1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及，开始他们的Exodus，他在Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine，known as Canaan，Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament，6th century B.C.，他们在Babylon形成synagogue（忧太集会）来发扬他们的教义。
最新（前2章）欧洲文化入门课后习题答案讲课教案
最新（前2章）欧洲文化入门课后习题答案讲课教案欧洲文化入门课后习题答案：Division one: Greek culture and Roman culture希腊、罗马文化Ⅰ.Greek culture 希腊文化1.What are the major elements in European culture?There are two main elements ——the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element.2.What were the main features of ancient Greek society?In Greek society, only adult male citizen had real power and the citizenship was a set of rights which a man inherited from his father. The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labor. Slaves worked for their masters. The exploitation was a serious social problem. The Greeks loved sports. They often took part in the contests of sports in Olympus Mount, thus Olympic Games came into being.3.What did Homer do? Why is he important in the history of European literature?He depicted the great Greek men who lived in the period 1200-1100B.C. and wars happening at that time. As an author of epics, he employed fine literary language to describe wars and men, even though they were dull. He stood in the peek of Greek literature and exerted a great influence on his followers.4.Who were the outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece? What important plays dideach of them write?Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides were three outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece. Aeschylus: Prometheus Bound, Persians, AgamemnonSophocles: Oedipus the King, Electra, AntigoneEuripides: Andromache, Medea, Trojan Women5.Were there historians then? Who were they? What did each of them write about? Yes, there are. They were Herodotus and Thucydides.Herodotus wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. Thucydides wrote about the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse.6. Would you say that philosophy was highly developed then? Who were the major philosophers?No, I wouldn’t. Because those philosophical ideas were only idealism or simple materialism or metaphysics. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were the major philosophers at that time.7. Did Socrates write any book? How then do we know about him? What distinguished his philosophy?No, he didn’t. We know Socrates chiefly through what Plato recorded of him in the famous Dialogues written by Plato. He considered that philosophy rested with the dissect of oneself and virtue was high worth of life. His method of argument, by questions and answers, was known as the dialectical method.8. Tell some of Plato’s ideas. Why do people call him an idealist?(1) Men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideas”, like beauty, truth, and goodness. (2) We should not look at the things which are not seen: for the things which are not seen eternal. Because he emphasized the importance of “ideas” and believed that “thought”had created the world, people call him an idealist.9. In what important ways was Aristotle different from Plato? What are some of Aristotle’s works that are still influential today?(1) Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking. (2) He thought that “idea” and matter together made concrete individual realities in which he differed from Plato who held that ideas had higher reality than the political world. His significant works includes: Ethics, Politics and Rhetoric.10. Who were some of the other philosophers active in that period? Does the word “Epicurean” in its modern sense convey the true meaning of the philosophy of the ancient Epicureans? What were their views on pleasure?(1) They were Heracleitue, Democritus, Diogenes, Pyrrhon, Epicurus and Zeno.(2)No, it doesn’t. The ancient Epicureans believed pleasure to be the highest worth of life, but by pleasure they meant, not sensual enjoyment but that attained by the practice of virtue. But this idea was misled by modern people, in their sense, the wor d “Epicurean” has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living.11. Say something about Greek sculpture, pottery and architecture. What was the most famous Greek temple? Is it still there?(1) Along with the formation of Greek civilization, Greek sculpture, pottery and architecture got many great achievements. Greeks put into works of art the things they admired and worshiped, the scientific rules they discovered. Greek art evolved from the archaic period to the classical period which marked its maturity. (2) the most famous temple was the Acropolis at Athens.(3) Yes, it is still there.12. Give some examples to show the enormous influence of Greek culture on English literature.Some examples:(1) A Freudian term “Oedipus Complex” of 19th century originating from a Greek tragedy in which king Oedipus unknowingly killed his father and married his mother. (2) In the early part of the 19th century , in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have them selves become classics: Byron’ s Isle of Greece, Shelley’ s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’ s Ode on a Grecian Urn. (3) In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.Ⅱ. Roman culture 罗马文化1.What did the Roman have in common with the Greeks? And what was the chiefdifference between them?(1)The Romans had a lot in common with the Greeks. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified —Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on—and their myths to be fused. Their languages worked in similar ways and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland.(2) There was one big difference. The Romans built up a vast empire. The Greeks didn’t,excepted for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.2.Explain Pax Romana.In the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperorwith the title of Augustus. Two centuries later, the Roman empire reached its greatest extent in the North and East. The emperors mainly relied on a strong army—the famous Roman Legions and an influential bureaucracy to exert their rules. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years. This remarkable phenomenon in the history is known as Pax Romana.3.What contributions did the Romans make to the rule of law?In Roman’s earliest stage, only a number of patricians knew the customary legal procedure. When the rules were put into writing in the middle of the third century B.C. it marked a victory for the plebeians. There was further development of law under the emperors until it was codified, eventually to become the core of modern civil and commercial law in many Western countries.4.Who were the important prose writers in ancient Rome? What does “Ciceronian”mean? Did Cicero write that kind of rhetorical prose all the time?<1>Marcus Tullius Cicero and Julius Caesar were two important prose writers. <2> Ciceronian means Cicero’s eloquent oratorical manner of writing, Which has had an enormous influence on the development of European prose.<3> No, he didn’t. Because Cicero appears as a different man with a different style, far less rhetorical, but colloquial and intimate.5.Give th e example of the terse style of Julius Caesar’s prose.An example: I came, I saw, I conquered (models of succinct Latin).6.Who was Lucretius? What did he do?(1)Lucretius was a poet of ancient Rome.(2)He wrote the philosophical poem On the Nature of Thing to expound the ideas of Epicurus the Greek atomist.7.What is the book for which Virgil has been famous throughout the countries? In whatways is the book linked with the Greek past?(1)The book was Aeneid. (2)The story was about Aeneas, one of the princes of Troy, who escaped from that burning city when it fell to the Greeks, to carry on the Trojan cause in a new place, Ro me. He didn’t go alone, but, carrying his father on his shoulders and leading his little son by the hand, a family group of three generations moved together. Thus in this way the book is linked with the Greek past.8.Why do we say Aeneus is a truly tragic hero?Because Aeneas had to betray the great passion of his life, his love for Dido, queen of Carthage, so that he could fulfill his historic mission.9.What is the chief Roman achievement in architecture? Give some examples.(1)The Romans were great engineers. They covered their world from one end to the other withroads, bridges, aqueducts, theatres and arenas.(2)Some examples:A.The Pantheon: the greatest the best preserved Roman temple built in 27B.C..B.Pont du Gard: it is an exceptionally well-preserved aqueduct that spans a wide valley insouthern France.10.Why are the wall-paintings of the ancient Romans still significant to us today?Roman painting was strongly influenced by the art of Greece.And it also had pecularities of its own. Unfortunately much of the painting no longer exists. There are, however, some wall-paintings from Pompeii and other towns near Naples. These wall-paintings include stilllives, landscape paintings and figure paintings. Among them were Lady Musician and Young Girl, the Maiden Gathering Flowers and the Landscape.Division two: the Bible and Christianity基督教及其《圣经》1.What was the Hebrew’s major contrib ution to world civilization?The history of the Hebrews was handed down orally from one generation to another in the form of folktales and stories, which were recorded later in the Old Testament, which still later became the first part of the Christian Bible. Thus the Hebrews made one of the greatest contributions to the world civilization.2.Why do we say Judaism and Christianity are closely related?Judaism and Christianity are closely related: ⑴it was the Jewish tradition which gave birth to Christian ity; ⑵both originated in Palestine—the hub of migration and trade route, which led to exchange ideas over wide areas.3.When did the great exodus take place?Around 1300 B.C., Moses, the famous Hebrew leader, went to see the pharaoh of Egypt, telling him that Yahweh wanted the pharaoh to end Hebrew slavery and let the Hebrew leave Egypt. With this began the Exodus, which lasted forty years.4.Who was Moses? What did he do for the Hebrews?Moses was a famous Hebrew leader. Around 1300 B.C., Moses led the Hebrews to leave Egypt for the Promised Land. This was called the Exodus which lasted forty years. When thewandering Hebrews left the desert and entered the mountainous Sinai, Moses climbed to the top of the mountain to receive form god message, which came to be known as the Ten Commandments. He died shortly before the Hebrews arrived at their homeland.5.What are the Ten Commandments about?The Ten Commandment are a set of rules Moses commands all Israel to obey in the name of God: ⑴Yahweh is the only God al l Israel should worship;⑵ Do not carve and serve any idol to worship; ⑶Do not take the name of God in vain; ⑷Keep the Sabbath day and labor in the other six days; ⑸Honor and respect one’s parents; ⑹Do not kill; ⑺Do not commit adultery; ⑻Do not steal; ⑼Do not bear false witness against people; ⑽Do not desire one’s neighbor’s wife, nor his house, nor his field, nor his servants, nor his livestock, nor anything else.6.What writings make up the New Testament?The New Testament consists of 14 books. The four accounts, which were believed to have been written by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, four of Jesus’ early followers, are the first part of the New Testament and tell of the birth, teaching, death and Resurrection of Jesus. Then come: the Acts of the Apostles, a history of the early Christian movement: the Epistles, or letters to the church groups around the Mediterranean; and lastly the book of Revelation, a visionary accountof the final triumph of God’s purpose.7.How did the relations between Christians and the Roman government change?The early Christian were subject to persecutions by the Roman government. Jesus Christ was crucified by the Roman government. After Jesus died, his disciplines St. Peter and St. Paulsuffered martyrdom under the Roman Emperor Nero about 65 A.D. Nero even burned Christians in his garden in 64 A.D. For 240 years after the martyrdoms of Peter and Paul, persecutions of Christians continued. The chief persecutions were under Nero, Domitian, Trajan, Valerian and Diocletian. Despite these persecutions, Christians continued to spread steadily over the Mediterranean region. It began to draw men and women from all classes and the attitude of the Roman government toward Christianity began to change. By 305 Diocletian gave up his effort to destroy the young religion. When ConstantineⅠ won the throne from his rivals, he believedthat God had helped him, and in 313 he issued the Edict of Milan which granted religious freedom to all and made Christianity legal. Under Constantine Christianity made great contribution of the empire. The emperors who followed ConstantineⅠcontinued pro-Christian policies. In 392 A.D., Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions. Now Christianity had changed from an object of oppression toa weapon in the hands of the ruling class to crush their opponents.8.How did Christian monks help Western civilization survive?The Christian monks helped western civilization survive in many ways: ⑴The Christian monksspread Christianity to the Mediterranean region and some of them even suffered martyrdom;⑵Some monks translated the Old Testament into Greek and St. Jerome translated the wholeBible into Latin. Later some such as John Wycliffe and William Tyndale translat ed the Bible into the vernacular; ⑶In the MiddleAges, people in Western Europe were mainly divided into three classes: clergy, lords and peasants. Of these three classes, the only literate section was the clergy. The Christian monks did a lot to help preserve and transmit a large part of the traditional heritage of the western culture. They not only translated the Bible into Latin or the Vernacular but also copied or translated the ancient works into the vernacular, such as the monks in these monasteries set up by Charlemagne and Alfred the Great.9.Why do we say the Bible has shaped Western culture more decisively than anythingelse ever written?Judeo-Christian tradition constitutes one of the two major components of European culture. The Bible which is virtually related to every phase of human life greatly influences people’s daily life, especially in the Middle Ages when almost everyone was a Christian; The Bible has great impact upon western literature. For a long period of time, the Latin Bible was accepted as the authority and Latin was official language of the Roman Catholic Church, so most Europe literature at that time was in Latin. Besides it is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English. Furthermore, the use of Biblical themes has been a literary tradition. In fact few great English and American writers of the 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th century can be read and appreciated with satisfaction without a sufficientknowledge of the Bible; The study of the Christian teaching especially the Bible has become an important branch of knowledge—scholasticism which has been prevalent for centuries; The Bible has also influenced western philosophies and science. Thus the Bible has shaped western culture moredecisively than anything else ever written.中小学校岗位安全职责加强中小学生安全教育和管理工作，牢固树立“安全第一”思想是根本，明确并强化职责是核心，健全并落实制度是保证，狠抓措施落实是关键。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Nicolaus Copernicus哥白尼 (1473-1543)
哥白尼的学说不仅改变了那个时代人类
对宇宙的认识，而且根本动摇了欧洲中 世纪宗教神学的理论基础。
Nicolaus Copernicus哥白尼
恩格斯的评价： “从此自然科学便开始从神学中解放出来” “科学的发展从此便大踏步前进”
Two merits shared by the great scientists of the 17th century:
First, they showed boldness in
framing hypotheses.
Second, they all had immense patience in observation.
读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使 人准确。因此不常作笔记者须记忆特强，不常 讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术， 始能无知而显有知。 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使 人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻 辑修辞学使人善辩；凡有所学，皆成性格。 人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书 使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动 除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃 ，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。
And
therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he does not. 因此不常作笔记者须记忆特强，不 常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者 须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。
如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题须 全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；如不能辨异， 可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如 不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律 师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特药可 医。 王佐良 译
1. Francis Bacon弗兰西斯· 培根
英国散文作家
essayist 哲学家philosopher 政治家statesman
Galileo Galilei伽利略· 伽利莱
The
greatest name in the physics of the period. Italian scientist
Galileo Galilei伽利略· 伽利莱
The first to apply the telescope to the study of the sky, which proved the validity of the Copernicus theory.
Matching
1.William
Shakespeare 2.Thomas More 3. Martin Luther 4. Leonardo da Vinci a. Mona Lisa b. Hamlet c. 95 Theses d. Utopia
Keys for Matching
他是利用望远镜观测天体取得大量成果 的第一位科学
His discoveries:
Acceleration The The
in dynamics 动力加速度
law if inertia 惯性定律 law of falling bodies 自由落体定律
3.牛顿（nd Nature’s laws lay hid in night, God said, “Let Newton be,” and all was light.
自然界和自然规律隐藏在黑暗中 上帝说，让牛顿出生吧！于是一切都是 光明。
牛顿名言
If
I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants 如果说我看得远，那是因为我站在巨人 的肩膀上。
Science
1. From Copernicus to Kepler
A.
Nicolaus Copernicus 哥白尼
Polish
astronomer 波兰 天文学家
theory “日心说”
Heliocentric The
Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs 《天体运行论》
Famous quotations from Bacon
Knowledge
is power 知识就是力量
Of Studies 论学习
Studies
serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. 王佐良译文：读书足以怡情 ，足以博彩，足以长才。
Crafty
men condemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. 有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书 ，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用 处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书 外，全凭观察得之。
Bertrand Russell Said:
The modern world, as far as mental outlooks is concerned, begins in the seventeenth century.
II. Science
A breakthrough in physics and mathematics in the 17th century Chemistry in 18th century Biology in 19th century Psychology in 20th century
1.
Advance in science, astronomy, physics and pure mathematics. 2. The outlook of educated men was transformed. 3. The newly emerged class, the bourgeoisie.
English Revolution
Enclosure
movement Puritan movement Civil War – 1642 Cromwell as Protector – 1649 Restoration of Stuart – 1660 Glorious Revolution – 1688 The Bill of Rights – 1689
王佐良译文：
读书使人充实； 讨论使人机智；笔记使人精确。
2. John Milton(约翰· 弥尔顿)and English Revolution
John
Milton British poet The man of thought Ranks with Shakespeare & Chaucer in English literature
Review Practice
Three Words – Features of Renaissance
Humanism Christianity Knighthood Bourgeoisie Shakespeare Chaucer
Keys for Features
Humanism Bourgeoisie Shakespeare
创立归纳法(induction)
马克思称他是“英国唯物主义和
整个现代实验科学的真正始祖。”
Bacon’s main works
The
Advancement of Learning《广学
论》 The New Atlantics《新大西岛》 The Novum Organum(New Method) 《新工具 》 Essays《培根论说文集》
有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书， 唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用 书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。 读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书 上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思 。 书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须 咀嚼消化。换言之，有只需须读部分者，有只 须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯 注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘 要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经 提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味矣。
英国的数学家及物理学家 微积分(Calculus
)缔造者 万有引力理论的发明者 Law of universal gravitation
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica 《自然哲学的数学原理 》
蒲伯为牛顿墓碑而题的未被采用的墓 志铭：
III. Philosophy, Politics and Literature in England
创立
论读书 读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。 其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博彩也， 最见于高谈论阔之中；其长才也，最见于处世 判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一 判别枝节，然纵观统筹、全局策划，则舍好学 深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太 盛则矫，全屏条文断事乃学究故态。 读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不 足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如 何修剪移接；而书中所示，如不以经验范之， 则又大而无当。
Famous quotations from Bacon