南极洲介绍英语.
南极洲作文英文
英文作文：The Mysterious and Beautiful Continent of AntarcticaNestled at the bottom of the Earth, Antarctica is a continent frozen in time, preserving a pristine and untouched natural world. Covered in a thick blanket of ice, it appears as a white wasteland, vast and barren, yet incredibly beautiful.This frozen continent is home to an array of unique wildlife, many of which are found nowhere else on Earth. Penguins, seals, whales, and birds of all shapes and sizes populate the icy landscapes, thriving in this harsh environment. Their resilience and adaptability are a testament to the resilience of life itself.Despite its remote location and harsh conditions, Antarctica has been a source of fascination for explorers and scientists for centuries. The first explorers to brave the icy waters and icy terrain were met with an otherworldly landscape, one that has captivated the imagination ever since.Today, Antarctica is protected by international treaties, ensuring that its pristine environment remains intact for future generations. Research stations dot the continent, conducting valuable research on climate change, the ocean, and the wildlife that call this frozen land home.As the world warms and the ice melts, Antarctica remains a constant reminder of the fragility of our planet. Its beauty and mystery are a call to action, urging us to protect and preserve the natural world that we share. As we look to the future, let us remember the lessons of Antarctica: that our actions have consequences, and that the preservation of our planet is our responsibility.中文作文：神秘而美丽的南极洲位于地球最南端的南极洲，是一个被时间冻结的大陆，保存着原始而未经触碰的自然世界。
Antarctica 南极英文介绍
AntarcticaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, searchThis article is about the continent. For other uses, see AntarcticaAntarctica(i/æntˈɑr tɨkə/or /ænˈtɑr ktɨkə/)[Note 1]is Earth's southernmostcontinent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14.0 million km2(5.4 million sq mi), it is the fifth-largest continent in area after Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages at least 1 mile (1.6 km) in thickness.Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents.[4]Antarcticais considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 inches) along the coast and far less inland.[5] The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89 °C (−129 °F). There are no permanent human residents, but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent. Only cold-adapted organisms survive there, including many types of algae, animals (for example mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades), bacteria, fungi, plants, and protista. Vegetation where it occurs is tundra.Although myths and speculation about a Terra Australis("Southern Land") date back to antiquity, the first confirmed sighting of the continent is commonly accepted to have occurred in 1820 by the Russian expedition of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on Vostok and Mirny. The continent, however, remained largely neglected for the rest of the 19th century because of its hostile environment, lack of resources, and isolation. The Antarctic Treaty was signed in 1959 by 12 countries; to date, 49 countries have signed the treaty. The treaty prohibits military activities and mineral mining, prohibits nuclear explosions and nuclear waste disposal, supports scientific research, and protects the continent's ecozone. Ongoing experiments are conducted by more than 4,000 scientists from many nations.Contents[hide]∙ 1 Etymology∙ 2 History of exploration∙ 3 Geography∙ 4 Geologyo 4.1 Geological history and paleontology▪ 4.1.1 Paleozoic era (540–250 Ma)▪ 4.1.2 Mesozoic era (250–65 Ma)▪ 4.1.3 Gondwanaland breakup (160–23 Ma)▪ 4.1.4 Neogene Period (23–0.05 mya)o 4.2 Geology of present-day Antarctica∙ 5 Climate∙ 6 Population∙7 Biodiversityo7.1 Animalso7.2 Fungio7.3 Plantso7.4 Other organismso7.5 Conservation∙8 Politicso8.1 Antarctic territories∙9 Economyo9.1 Fisherieso9.2 Tourismo9.3 Scientific stations∙10 Researcho10.1 Meteorites∙11 Ice mass and global sea level∙12 Effects of global warming∙13 Ozone depletion∙14 Notes∙15 References∙16 External linksEtymologyThe name Antarctica is the romanized version of the Greek compound word ἀνταρκτική (antarktiké), feminine of ἀνταρκτικός(antarktikos),[6] meaning "opposite to the Arctic", "opposite to the north".[7]Before getting its present geographical connotations, the term was used for other locations which could be defined as "opposite to the north". For example, the short-lived French colony established at Brazil in the 16th Century was called "France Antarctique".The first formal use of the name "Antarctica" as a continental name in the 1890s is attributed to the Scottish cartographer John George Bartholomew.[8]History of explorationMain article: History of AntarcticaSee also: List of Antarctic expeditionsAntarctica has no indigenous population and there is no evidence that it was seen by humans until the 19th century. However, belief in the existence of a Terra Australis– a vast continent in the far south of the globe to "balance" the northern lands of Europe, Asia and North Africa– had existed since the times of Ptolemy (1st century AD), who suggested theidea to preserve the symmetry of all known landmasses in the world. Even in the late 17th century, after explorers had found that South America and Australia were not part of the fabled "Antarctica", geographers believed that the continent was much larger than its actual size.A key part of the story of how Antarctica got its name is how it did not get named Terra Australis. Australia got named after this instead, and it was because of the mistake made by people who had decided that no significant land mass further south of Australia would be found. Explorer Matthew Flinders, in particular, has been credited with popularizing the transfer of the name Terra Australis to Australia. He justified the titling of his book A Voyage to Terra Australis (1814) by writing in the introduction:There is no probability, that any other detached body of land, of nearly equal extent, will ever be found in a more southern latitude; the name Terra Australis will, therefore, remain descriptive of the geographical importance of this country, and of its situation on the globe: it has antiquity to recommend it; and, having no reference to either of the two claiming nations, appears to be less objectionable than any other which could have been selected.[9](For more info about how Australia got named after Terra Australis instead of Antarctica, see Australia#Etymology.)European maps continued to show this hypothesized land until Captain James Cook's ships, HMS Resolution and Adventure, crossed the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773, in December 1773 and again in January 1774.[10] Cook came within about 75 miles (121 km) of the Antarctic coast before retreating in the face of field ice in January 1773.[11]The first confirmed sighting of Antarctica can be narrowed down to the crews of ships captained by three individuals. According to various organizations (the National Science Foundation,[12]NASA,[13]the University of California, San Diego,[14] and other sources),[15][16] ships captained by three men sighted Antarctica in 1820: Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen (a Baltic German captain in the Imperial Russian Navy), Edward Bransfield (an Irish-born captain in the Royal Navy), and Nathaniel Palmer (an American sealer out of Stonington, Connecticut). Von Bellingshausen saw Antarctica on 27 January 1820, three days before Bransfield sighted land, and ten months before Palmer did so in November 1820. On that day the expedition led by Von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on ships Vostok and Mirny reached a point within 32 km (20 mi) of the Antarctic mainland and saw ice fields there. The first documented landing on mainland Antarctica was by the American sealer John Davis in West Antarctica on 7 February 1821, although some historians dispute this claim[citation needed].On 22 January 1840, two days after the discovery of the coast west of the Balleny Islands, some members of the crew of the 1837-40 expedition of Jules Dumont d'Urville disembarked on the highest islet[17] of a group of rocky islands about 4 km from Cape Géodésie on the coast of Adélie Land where they took some mineral, algae and animal samples.[18]In December 1839, as part of the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–42 conducted by the United States Navy (sometimes called the "Ex. Ex.", or "the Wilkes Expedition"), an expedition sailed from Sydney, Australia, into the Antarctic Ocean, as it was then known, and reported the discovery "of an Antarctic continent west of the Balleny Islands" on25 January 1840. That part of Antarctica was later named "Wilkes Land",a name it maintains to this day.Nimrod Expedition South Pole Party (left to right): Wild, Shackleton, Marshall and AdamsExplorer James Clark Ross passed through what is now known as the Ross Sea and discovered Ross Island(both of which were named for him) in 1841. He sailed along a huge wall of ice that was later named the Ross Ice Shelf. Mount Erebus and Mount Terror are named after two ships from his expedition: HMS Erebus and Terror.[19]Mercator Cooper landed in East Antarctica on 26 January 1853.[20]During the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole. Douglas Mawson, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, went on to lead several expeditions until retiring in 1931.[21]In addition, Shackleton himself and three other members of his expedition made several firsts in December 1908 –February 1909: they were the first humans to traverse the Ross Ice Shelf, the first to traverse the Transantarctic Mountain Range (via the Beardmore Glacier), and the first to set foot on the South Polar Plateau. An expedition led by Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen from the ship Fram became the first to reach the geographic South Pole on 14 December1911, using a route from the Bay of Whales and up the Axel Heiberg Glacier.[22]One month later, the doomed Scott Expedition reached the pole.Richard E. Byrd led several voyages to the Antarctic by plane in the 1930s and 1940s. He is credited with implementing mechanized land transport on the continent and conducting extensive geological and biological research.[23]However, it was not until 31 October 1956 that anyone set foot on the South Pole again; on that day a U.S. Navy group led by Rear Admiral George J. Dufek successfully landed an aircraft there.[24]The first person to sail single-handed to Antarctica was the New Zealander David Henry Lewis, in 1972, in a 10-meter steel sloop Ice Bird.GeographyMain article: Geography of AntarcticaSee also: Extreme points of Antarctica and List of Antarctic and subantarctic islandsLabelled map of Antarctica.Centered asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle, Antarctica is the southernmost continent and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean; alternatively, it may be considered to be surrounded by the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, or by the southern waters of the World Ocean. It covers more than 14,000,000 km2(5,400,000 sq mi),[1]making it the fifth-largest continent, about 1.3 times as large as Europe. The coastline measures 17,968 km (11,165 mi)[1]and is mostly characterized by ice formations, as the following table shows:Coastal types around Antarctica[25]Type FrequencyIce shelf (floating ice front) 44%Ice walls (resting on ground) 38%Ice stream/outlet glacier (ice front or ice wall) 13%Rock 5%Total 100%Antarctica is divided in two by the Transantarctic Mountains close to the neck between the Ross Sea and the Weddell Sea. The portion west of the Weddell Sea and east of the Ross Sea is called West Antarctica and the remainder East Antarctica, because they roughly correspond to the Western and Eastern Hemispheres relative to the Greenwich meridian.Elevation colored by relief heightAbout 98% of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, a sheet of ice averaging at least 1.6 km (1.0 mi) thick. The continent has about 90% of the world's ice (and thereby about 70% of the world's fresh water). If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft).[26] In most of the interior of the continent, precipitation is very low, down to 20 mm (0.8 in) per year; in a few "blue ice" areas precipitation is lower than mass loss by sublimation and so the local mass balance is negative. In the dry valleys the same effect occurs over a rock base, leading to a desiccated landscape.West Antarctica is covered by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. The sheet has been of recent concern because of the real, if small, possibility of its collapse. If the sheet were to break down, ocean levels would rise byseveral metres in a relatively geologically short period of time, perhaps a matter of centuries. Several Antarctic ice streams, which account for about 10% of the ice sheet, flow to one of the many Antarctic ice shelves.East Antarctica lies on the Indian Ocean side of the Transantarctic Mountains and comprises Coats Land, Queen Maud Land, Enderby Land, Mac. Robertson Land, Wilkes Land and Victoria Land. All but a small portion of this region lies within the Eastern Hemisphere. East Antarctica is largely covered by the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.Mount Erebus, an active volcano on Ross IslandVinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m (16,050 ft), is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. Antarctica contains many other mountains, both on the main continent and the surrounding islands. Located on Ross Island, Mount Erebus is the world's southernmost active volcano. Another well-known volcano is found on Deception Island, which is famous for a giant eruption in 1970. Minor eruptions are frequent and lava flow has been observed in recent years. Other dormant volcanoes may potentially be active.[27] In 2004, an underwater volcano was found in the Antarctic Peninsula by American and Canadian researchers. Recent evidence shows this unnamed volcano may be active.[28]Antarctica is home to more than 70 lakes that lie at the base of the continental ice sheet. Lake Vostok, discovered beneath Russia's Vostok Station in 1996, is the largest of these subglacial lakes. It was once believed that the lake had been sealed off for 500,000 to one million years but a recent survey suggests that, every so often, there are large flows of water from one lake to another.[29]There is some evidence, in the form of ice cores drilled to about 400 m (1,300 ft) above the water line, that Lake Vostok's waters may contain microbial life. The frozen surface of the lake shares similarities with Jupiter's moon Europa. If life is discovered in Lake Vostok, this would strengthen the argument for the possibility of life on Europa.[30] On 7 February 2008, a NASA team embarked on a mission to Lake Untersee,searching for extremophiles in its highly alkaline waters. If found, these resilient creatures could further bolster the argument for extraterrestrial life in extremely cold, methane-rich environments.[31]GeologyMain article: Geology of AntarcticaSubglacial topography and bathymetry of bedrock underlying Antarctica ice sheetThe above map shows the subglacial topography of Antarctica. As indicated by the scale on left-hand side, blue represents portion of Antarctica lying below sea level. The other colors indicate Antarctic bedrock lying above sea level. Each color represents an interval of 2,500 feet in elevation. Map is not corrected for sea level rise or isostatic rebound, which would occur if the Antarctic ice sheet completely melted to expose the bedrock surface.topographic map of Antarctica after removing the ice sheet and accounting for both isostatic rebound and sea level rise. Hence this map suggests what Antarctica may have looked like 35 million years ago, when the Earth was warm enough to prevent the formation of large-scale ice sheets in Antarctica.Geological history and paleontologyMore than 170 million years ago, Antarctica was part of the supercontinent Gondwana. Over time, Gondwana gradually broke apart and Antarctica as we know it today was formed around 25 million years ago. Antarctica was not always cold, dry and covered in ice sheets. At a number of points in its long history it was farther north, experienced a tropical or temperate climate, was covered in forests, and inhabited by various ancientlife-forms.Paleozoic era (540–250 Ma)During the Cambrian period, Gondwana had a mild climate. West Antarctica was partially in the Northern Hemisphere, and during this period large amounts of sandstones, limestones and shales were deposited. East Antarctica was at the equator, where sea floor invertebrates and trilobites flourished in the tropical seas. By the start of the Devonian period(416 Ma), Gondwana was in more southern latitudes and the climate was cooler, though fossils of land plants are known from this time. Sand and silts were laid down in what is now the Ellsworth, Horlick and Pensacola Mountains. Glaciation began at the end of the Devonian period (360 Ma), as Gondwana became centered around the South Pole and the climate cooled, though flora remained. During the Permian period, theplant life became dominated by fern-like plants such as Glossopteris, which grew in swamps. Over time these swamps became deposits of coal in the Transantarctic Mountains. Towards the end of the Permian period, continued warming led to a dry, hot climate over much of Gondwana.[32]Mesozoic era (250–65 Ma)As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, the seed fern became established, and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as "mammal-like reptiles", were common in Antarctica during the Late Permian and Early Triassic and included forms such as Lystrosaurus. The Antarctic Peninsula began to form during the Jurassic period (206–146 Ma), and islands gradually rose out of the ocean. Ginkgo trees and cycads were plentiful during this period. In West Antarctica, coniferous forests dominated through the entire Cretaceous period (146–65 Ma), though Southern beech began to take over at the end of this period. Ammonites were common in the seas around Antarctica, and dinosaurs were also present, though only three Antarctic dinosaur genera (Cryolophosaurus and Glacialisaurus, from the Hanson Formation,[33] and Antarctopelta) have been described to date.[34] It was during this period that Gondwana began to break up.Gondwanaland breakup (160–23 Ma)The cooling of Antarctica occurred stepwise, as the continental spread changed the oceanic currents from longitudinal equator-to-pole temperature-equalizing currents to latitudinal currents that preserved and accentuated latitude temperature differences.Africa separated from Antarctica around 160 Ma, followed by the Indian subcontinent, in the early Cretaceous (about 125 Ma). About 65 Ma, Antarctica (then connected to Australia) still had a tropical to subtropical climate, complete with a marsupial fauna. About 40 Ma Australia-New Guinea separated from Antarctica, so that latitudinal currents could isolate Antarctica from Australia, and the first ice began to appear. During the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event about 34 million years ago, COlevels have been found to be about 760 ppm[35] and had been2decreasing from earlier levels in the thousands of ppm.Around 23 Ma, the Drake Passage opened between Antarctica and South America, resulting in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current that completelyisolated the continent. Models of the changes suggest that declining CO2 levels became more important.[36] The ice began to spread, replacing the forests that then covered the continent.Neogene Period (23–0.05 mya)Since about 15 Ma, the continent has been mostly covered with ice.[37]Intermittent warm periods allowed Nothofagus shrubs to cling to the Sirius group in the Dominion Range as late as 3-4 Ma.[38]After that the Pleistocene ice-age covered the whole continent and destroyed all major plant life on it.[39]Geology of present-day AntarcticaThe geological study of Antarctica has been greatly hindered by the fact that nearly all of the continent is permanently covered with a thick layer of ice. However, new techniques such as remote sensing,ground-penetrating radar and satellite imagery have begun to reveal the structures beneath the ice.Geologically, West Antarctica closely resembles the Andes mountain range of South America.[32] The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras. This sediment uplift was accompanied by igneous intrusions and volcanism. The most common rocks in West Antarctica are andesite and rhyolite volcanics formed during the Jurassic period. There is also evidence of volcanic activity, even after the ice sheet had formed, in Marie Byrd Land and Alexander Island. The only anomalous area of West Antarctica is the Ellsworth Mountains region, where the stratigraphy is more similar to the eastern part of the continent.East Antarctica is geologically varied, dating from the Precambrian era, with some rocks formed more than 3 billion years ago. It is composed of a metamorphic and igneous platform which is the basis of the continental shield. On top of this base are various modern rocks, such as sandstones, limestones, coal and shales laid down during the Devonian and Jurassic periods to form the Transantarctic Mountains. In coastal areas such as Shackleton Range and Victoria Land some faulting has occurred.The main mineral resource known on the continent is coal.[37] It was first recorded near the Beardmore Glacier by Frank Wild on the Nimrod Expedition, and now low-grade coal is known across many parts of the Transantarctic Mountains. The Prince Charles Mountains contain significant deposits of iron ore. The most valuable resources of Antarctica lie offshore, namely the oil and natural gas fields found in the Ross Sea in 1973. Exploitation of all mineral resources is banned until 2048 by the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty.ClimateMain article: Climate of AntarcticaAntarctica is the coldest of Earth's continents. The coldest natural temperature ever recorded on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at the Russian Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983.[40] For comparison, this is 11 °C (20°F) colder than subliming dry ice. Antarctica is a frozen desert with little precipitation; the South Pole itself receives less than 10 cm (4 in) per year, on average. Temperatures reach a minimum of between −80 °C (−112 °F) and −90 °C (−130 °F) in the interior in winter and reach a maximum of between 5 °C (41°F) and 15 °C (59°F) near the coast in summer. Sunburn is often a health issue as the snow surface reflects almost all of the ultraviolet light falling on it.[41]The snow surface at Dome C Station is typical of most of the continent's surface.East Antarctica is colder than its western counterpart because of its higher elevation. Weather fronts rarely penetrate far into the continent, leaving the center cold and dry. Despite the lack of precipitation over the central portion of the continent, ice there lasts for extended time periods. Heavy snowfalls are not uncommon on the coastal portion of the continent, where snowfalls of up to 1.22 metres (48 in) in 48 hours have been recorded.At the edge of the continent, strong katabatic winds off the polar plateau often blow at storm force. In the interior, however, wind speeds are typically moderate. During summer, more solar radiation reaches the surface during clear days at the South Pole than at the equator because of the 24 hours of sunlight each day at the Pole.[1]Antarctica is colder than the Arctic for three reasons. First, much of the continent is more than 3 kilometres (2 mi) above sea level, and temperature decreases with elevation in the troposphere. Second, theArctic Ocean covers the north polar zone: the ocean's relative warmth is transferred through the icepack and prevents temperatures in the Arctic regions from reaching the extremes typical of the land surface of Antarctica. Given the latitude, long periods of constant darkness or constant sunlight create climates unfamiliar to human beings in much of the rest of the world.[41] Third, the Earth is at aphelion in July (i.e., the Earth is furthest from the Sun in the Antarctic winter), and the Earth is at perihelion in January (i.e., the Earth is closest to the Sun in the Antarctic summer). The orbital distance contributes to a colder Antarctic winter (and a warmer Antarctic summer) but the first two effects have more impact.[42]The aurora australis, commonly known as the southern lights, is a glow observed in the night sky near the South Pole created by the plasma-full solar winds that pass by the Earth. Another unique spectacle is diamond dust, a ground-level cloud composed of tiny ice crystals. It generally forms under otherwise clear or nearly clear skies, so people sometimes also refer to it as clear-sky precipitation. A sun dog, a frequent atmospheric optical phenomenon, is a bright "spot" beside the true sun.[41]PopulationSee also: Demographics of Antarctica and Research stations of AntarcticaThe "ceremonial" South Pole, at Amundsen–Scott StationA number of governments maintain permanent manned research stations throughout the continent. The number of people conducting and supporting scientific research and other work on the continent and its nearby islands varies from about 1,000 in winter to about 5,000 in the summer. Many of the stations are staffed year-round, the winter-over personnel typically arriving from their home countries for a one-year assignment. An Orthodox church, Trinity Church, opened in 2004 at the Russian Bellingshausen Station is also manned year-round by one or two priests, who are similarly rotated every year.[43][44]The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000 in the summer (over 2,000 in some years) to some 200 in the winter. Most of the whalers were Norwegian, with an increasing proportion of Britons. The settlements included Grytviken, Leith Harbour, King Edward Point, Stromness, Husvik, Prince Olav Harbour, Ocean Harbour and Godthul. Managers and other senior officers of the whaling stations often lived together with their families. Among them was the founder of Grytviken, Captain Carl Anton Larsen, a prominent Norwegian whaler and explorer who, along with his family, adopted British citizenship in 1910.The first child born in the southern polar region was Norwegian girl S olveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen, born in Grytviken on 8 October 1913, and her birth was registered by the resident British Magistrate of South Georgia. She was a daughter of Fridthjof Jacobsen, the assistant manager of the whaling station, and of Klara Olette Jacobsen. Jacobsen arrived on the island in 1904 and became the manager of Grytviken, serving from 1914 to 1921; two of his children were born on the island.[45]Emilio Marcos Palma was the first person born south of the 60th parallel south(the continental limit according to the Antarctic Treaty),[46]as well as the first one born on the Antarctic mainland, in 1978 at Base Esperanza, on the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula;[47][48] his parents were sent there along with seven other families by the Argentine government to determine if family life was suitable on the continent. In 1984, Juan Pablo Camacho was born at the Frei Montalva Station, becoming the first Chilean born in Antarctica. Several bases are now home to families with children attending schools at the station.[49] In 2009, eleven children were born in Antarctica (south of the 60th parallel south): eight at the Argentinean Esperanza Base[50] and three at the Chilean Frei Montalva Station.[51]BiodiversitySee also: Antarctic ecozone, Antarctic microorganism, and Wildlife of Antarctica。
仿照五年级课本英语作文写北极介绍一下南极
仿照五年级课本英语作文写北极介绍一下南极Antarctica is Earth's southernmost continent, located almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle. It is surrounded by the Southern Ocean and divided into East Antarctica and West Antarctica by the Transantarctic Mountains. With an area of 14.2 million square kilometers, Antarctica is the fifth-largest continent and is covered by an ice sheet that averages 1.9 kilometers in thickness. The continent is the coldest, driest, and windiest on Earth, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm along the coast and even less inland. There are no permanent human residents in Antarctica, but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside at various research stations throughout the year. Antarctica plays a vital role in global climate and ocean circulation systems due to its immense ice sheet and unique geographical location.中文翻译如下:南极洲是地球最南端的大陆,几乎全部位于南极圈以南。
南极洲英语作文
南极洲英语作文English: The frozen continent of Antarctica, located in the southern hemisphere, holds a unique allure with its extreme climate, stunning landscapes, and diverse wildlife. Despite its harsh conditions, Antarctica plays a crucial role in regulating the Earth's climate by storing the majority of the planet's fresh water in its ice sheets. Exploring Antarctica offers a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to witness unparalleled natural beauty, including towering icebergs, pristine glaciers, and playful penguins. However, this pristine environment is under threat from climate change, with rising temperatures leading to the rapid melting of its ice shelves and impacting the delicate balance of its ecosystems. It is essential for us to take action to protect Antarctica and ensure that future generations can continue to marvel at its breathtaking wonders.中文翻译: 南极洲是位于南半球的冻土大陆，以其极端的气候、令人叹为观止的景观和多样的野生动物而具有独特的魅力。
南极的中英文介绍
南极的中英文介绍中文介绍：南极，这片神秘而广阔的大陆，位于地球的最南端，几乎完全被冰雪覆盖。
它是地球上唯一没有永久居民的大陆，也是人类探索和研究的最晚的处女地之一。
南极的气候极其严酷，全年大部分时间都处于极寒状态，温度可以低至零下60摄氏度。
然而，正是这种极端的气候条件，使得南极成为了一个独特的生态系统，孕育了大量的野生动物，如企鹅、海豹和鲸鱼等。
英文介绍：Antarctica, this mysterious and vast continent, lies at the southernmost tip of the Earth, almost entirely covered in ice and snow. It is the only continent on Earth without permanent human residents and one of the latest to be explored and studied humans. The climate of Antarctica is extremely harsh, with most of the year spent in extreme cold, temperatures can drop to as low as 60 degrees Celsius. However, it is precisely these extreme climatic conditions that make Antarctica a unique ecosystem, nurturing a large number of wildlife, such as penguins, seals, and whales.中文介绍：南极的地质历史可以追溯到数亿年前，当时它曾是连接南美洲、非洲、印度和澳大利亚的古大陆的一部分。
随着时间的推移，这些大陆逐渐分离，南极洲最终形成了今天的模样。
关于南极洲的英语作文小学
The Magic of Antarctica: A Journey to theSouth PoleHave you ever dreamed of stepping foot on a place where the only sound is the whisper of the wind and the only view is a blanket of pure white snow? Welcome to Antarctica, a frozen paradise that holds the secrets of the coldest, driest, and windiest continent on Earth.Antarctica, the fifth largest continent, is a land of extremes. It's home to the tallest icebergs, the fastestice flows, and the coldest temperatures on record. Despite its harsh environment, Antarctica is a haven for wildlife. Here, penguins waddle gracefully across the snow, whales breach the icy waters, and seabirds soar freely in the skies.But what makes Antarctica truly unique is its isolation. Surrounded by the icy waters of the Southern Ocean, this remote continent is the least explored and least populated place on Earth. It's a land where time seems to stand still, and where the only footprints left are those of the brave explorers who have ventured here before.Visiting Antarctica is a once-in-a-lifetime experience. As you stand on the deck of a research vessel, the vast expanse of white snow and ice stretches out before you, and you feel a sense of awe and humility. You realize that you are just a small part of this vast and mysterious world.But Antarctica is not just about its beauty and isolation. It's also a reminder of our responsibility towards the environment. As the effects of climate change become increasingly evident, Antarctica stands as a sentinel, warning us of the consequences of our actions.It's a call to action, urging us to protect our planet and preserve its natural wonders for future generations.In conclusion, Antarctica is a magical place thatoffers an unparalleled experience. It's a journey into the unknown, a chance to witness the beauty and fragility of our planet. As you stand on the South Pole, surrounded by nothing but ice and snow, you feel a sense of connection to the natural world and a renewed sense of purpose. Antarctica, the land of dreams and adventure, is a must-visit destination for anyone who loves nature and exploration.**南极洲的魔力：通往南极点的旅程**你是否曾梦想过踏上这样一片土地，那里唯一的声音是风的低语，唯一的景色是纯白的雪毯？欢迎来到南极洲，地球上最冷、最干燥、风力最强的大陆的冰雪天堂。
关于南极洲的知识英语作文
Antarctica,the southernmost continent on Earth,is an intriguing place that has captured the imagination of scientists,explorers,and the general public alike.Here are some key facts and insights about this vast,icy expanse:1.Geographical Position:Antarctica is located at the Earths South Pole and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean.It is almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle,which means it experiences extreme seasonal variations in daylight.2.Size and Terrain:It is the fifthlargest continent,with an area of about14million square kilometers.The terrain is predominantly icecovered,with an average ice thickness of about1.6kilometers.Beneath the ice,there are mountains,valleys,and plains.3.Climate:The climate in Antarctica is the coldest on Earth,with temperatures that can drop to89degrees Celsius.It is also the driest continent,receiving very little precipitation,mostly in the form of snow.4.Wildlife:Despite the harsh conditions,Antarctica is home to a variety of wildlife, including penguins,seals,and whales.The most famous of these is the Emperor Penguin, which breeds in the harshest conditions of any penguin species.5.Ecology:The Antarctic ecosystem is delicate and has adapted to the extreme conditions.The continent is surrounded by a unique marine ecosystem that supports a rich variety of marine life,including krill,which is a key food source for many Antarctic animals.6.Research:Antarctica is a hub for scientific research,with numerous research stations operated by various countries.These stations study everything from climate change to the behavior of penguins and the properties of the ice.7.International Treaty:The Antarctic Treaty System was established in1959to regulate the continents use,primarily for scientific research.It prohibits military activity,mineral mining,and nuclear testing and supports the protection of the continents ecosystem.8.Ice Shelves and Glaciers:Antarctica has several large ice shelves,such as the Ross Ice Shelf,which is the largest.The movement and melting of these ice shelves are critical to understanding global sealevel rise.9.Polar Vortex:The polar vortex is a large area of low pressure and cold air surrounding the Earths poles.It plays a significant role in the climate of Antarctica,influencing weather patterns and the distribution of cold air.10.Mystery and Exploration:Antarctica remains a place of mystery and exploration. While much is known about its geography and wildlife,there is still much to learn about its geology,climate history,and the potential for life beneath its ice.In conclusion,Antarctica is a continent of extremes,offering a unique environment for scientific study and a stark reminder of the power and resilience of life in the most inhospitable conditions on our planet.。
英语阅读 南极洲
英语阅读南极洲Antarctica, the fifth largest continent in the world, isa land of extremes. Located at the Earth's southernmost point, it is known for its harsh climate, stark landscapes, and unique wildlife.One of the defining features of Antarctica is its icy terrain, with an average elevation of around 8,200 feet above sea level. The continent is covered by a thick ice sheet, which holds about 70% of the world's fresh water. This makes Antarctica a crucial component of the planet's climate system, as changes in temperature and ice levels here can have far-reaching effects on global sea levels and weather patterns.Despite its cold and inhospitable environment, Antarctica is home to a surprising variety of wildlife. Penguins are perhaps the most iconic residents of the continent, with several species, including the emperor penguin and the Adéliepenguin, making their homes here. Other animals that call Antarctica home include seals, whales, and a variety of seabirds.Antarctica is also a hub of scientific research, with numerous research stations operated by countries from around the world. Scientists come to Antarctica to study everything from climate change and glaciology to astronomy and microbiology. The continent's remote location and harsh conditions make it an ideal laboratory for studying some of the most pressing questions facing our planet today.In recent years, Antarctica has been the focus of growing concerns about the impacts of climate change. Rising temperatures have led to a significant increase in melting ice and shrinking glaciers, with potentially catastrophic consequences for global sea levels. Researchers are closely monitoring these changes and working to understand their implications for the future of the planet.Despite its challenges, Antarctica remains a source of wonder and fascination for people around the world. Its pristine landscapes, unique wildlife, and importantscientific discoveries continue to capture the imagination of all who visit or study this remote and awe-inspiring continent.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
区域范围
由围绕南极的大陆、陆缘冰和岛屿组成、 其中大陆面积1239.3万平方千米、 陆缘冰面积158.2万平方千米、 岛屿面积7.6万平方千米、
地理地貌
• 南极洲是由冈瓦纳大陆分离解体而成，横 贯南极山脉 将南极大陆分成东西两部分。 这两部分在地理和地质上差别很大、
• 东南极洲是一块很古老的大陆，它的中心 位于南极点，从任何海边到南极点的距离 都很远。 东南极洲平均海拔高度2500米， 最大高度4800米、
地形特征
• 地形：横贯南极的山脉将南极大陆分为两部分。东南极洲， 面积较大，为一古老的地盾和准平原，横贯南极山脉绵延 于地盾的边缘；西南极洲面积较小，为一褶皱带，由山地、 高原和盆地组成、
• 南极洲大陆平均海拔2350米，是地球上平均海拔最高的大 洲、
气候特征
• 南极洲的气候是极地气候、特点是酷寒、烈风和 干燥。全洲年平均气温为－25℃，内陆高原平均 气温为－56℃左右、
• 极端最低气温曾达－89.8℃，为世界最冷的陆地。 冬季极端气温很少低于-40℃、
• 世界上最低的气温记录是-88.3℃ 、
自然资源
• 南极洲蕴藏的矿物有220余种。 • 主要有煤、石油、天然气、铂、铀、铁、锰、铜、
镍、钴、铬、铅、锡、锌、金、铜、铝、锑、石 墨、银、金刚石等。 • 主要分布在东南极洲、南极半岛和沿海岛屿地区。
关于生物
• 南极洲腹地几乎是一片不毛之地。那里仅有的生 物就是一些简单的植物和一两种昆虫
• 。气候严寒的南极洲，植物难于生长，偶能见到 一些苔藓、地衣等植物。
• 海岸和岛屿附近有鸟类和海兽。鸟类以企鹅为多。 夏天，企鹅常聚集在沿海一带，构成有代表性的 南极景象。
洋，鲸成群，为世界重要的捕鲸区。
水资源
• 南极洲是个巨大的天然“冷库”，是世界上淡水 的重要储藏地。
• 南极洲径流量少，但冰川都是淡水资源，从淡水 资源的储量看，是个大洲中最多的。
• 多年平均径流量分为一个地区和大洲的总量、人 均的、单位面积的总量、
谢谢、
南极洲
Antarctica
南极洲（英文名称：Antarctica；法文名称：Antarctique
• 中文名称：南极洲 • 外文名称：Antarctica • 别名：第七大陆 • 地理位置：四周濒太平洋、印度洋和大西洋 • 面积：1400万平方千米 • 气候条件：冰原气候、 • 主要动物：企鹅，海豹 • 地形：冰原覆盖的高原 • 西南极洲经度：西经50°-西经160° • 东南极洲经度：西经30°-东经170°