How to prepare bibliography
A
free tutorial how to structure and format one’s work, how to cite references, etc. is available on
/learn/tutorials/bas ics-tutorial.aspx
A short guide
Doc. N. Orlova, CSc
There
are several standard citation styles developed and updated by academic associations. The most popular are: APA style, MLA and Chicago manual. Discuss with your thesis supervisor which one you should use. It is not important what particular citation style you select, it is imperative that you are consistent using it.
For example:
Bailey, K., Curtis, A. & Nunan, N. (2001). Pursuing professional development: The self as source. Boston: Heinle and Heinle.
Author,
A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pages of chapter). Location: Publisher
The APA standard is frequently used by writers, editors, students, and educators in the social and behavioral sciences. APA style is employed in theoretical papers, methodological articles, literature reviews, etc. The latest 6th edition was published in July 2009.
Wallace, M.J. (1998). Action research for language teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of work. Location: Publisher
For example: Murphey, T. (2000). Becoming contributing professionals: Nonnative-English-speaking teachers in an EFL environment. In K. E. Johnson (Ed.), Teacher education (pp.105–118). Alexandria, VA: TESOL.
Using
APA Style when writing your paper: some tips and suggestions.
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work. Location: Publisher.
For example:
You
can also find good advice on the site of Concordia University Libraries
http://library.concordia.ca/ At Citation and Style Guides page http://library.concordia.ca/help/howto/cita tions.html
MLA is an accepted format used for references by many researchers in the field of linguistics and literary studies.
A good guide for publishers, writers and editors. The manual is published by the University of Chicago Press.
Author,
A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of the article. Journal Title, Volume number, pages.
For example:
Farrell, T. (2003). Reflective teaching: The principles and practices. English Teaching Forum, 41 (4), 14–21.
bib引用参考书籍
bib引用参考书籍Bibliographies can be a tricky part of academic writing, but they are essential for providing credibility and evidence for your arguments. When citing books in your bibliography, it's important to follow the correct format depending on the citation style required by your professor or publication. This not only ensures that your sources are properly credited, but also allows readers to easily locate the books you have referenced.在学术写作中，参考书目可能会让人感到棘手，但它们对于为你的论点提供可信度和证据至关重要。
在参考书目中引用书籍时，根据你的教授或出版物要求的引用样式，采用正确的格式是非常重要的。
这不仅确保你的来源得到正确的证书，还让读者能够轻松地找到你引用的书籍。
When citing a book in your bibliography, make sure to include all the necessary information such as the author, title, publication date, and publisher. The format of the citation may vary depending on the citation style you are using, whether it's APA, MLA, Chicago, or others. It's also important to include the page numbers of thespecific information you are referencing, especially when quoting directly from the book.在参考书目中引用书籍时，确保包含所有必要信息，比如作者、书名、出版日期和出版商等。
bibliography造句
bibliography造句
以下是用bibliography造的句子：
1.I spent hours searching through the bibliography for relevant sources.
我花了几个小时在参考书目中查找相关资料。
2.The professor required us to include a detailed bibliography in our research paper.
教授要求我们在研究论文中包含详细的参考书目。
3.She carefully compiled the bibliography for her book, making sure to include every
source she had used.
她仔细地为她的书编纂了参考书目，确保包含了她所使用的每一个来源。
4.The bibliography at the end of the chapter lists all the sources used in the text.
章节末尾的参考书目列出了正文中使用的所有来源。
5.He was praised for the thoroughness of his bibliography and the quality of his research.
他的参考书目的完整性和研究质量受到了赞扬。
APA格式指南
APA格式指南第一部分APA 格式指南1．缩写（Abbreviation）尽量避免缩写形式，但对于较长的、常用的表达形式可采用。
第一次使用缩写时应说清楚指代内容。
例如：American Psychological Association (APA)Second Language Acquisition (SLA)Experimental Group (EG)/Control Group (CG)论文中避免使用“Don?t” and “Can?t”等形式.2．文内引用格式（In-Text Citations）（1）直接引述（Direct citation）当所引用的作者是句子的一部分时：引述一个作者时，例如：Long (1991) argues that without this, outcomes such as those from immersion education are likely to occur, with a lack of sustained development.引述两个作者时中间用and (不用&)连接，例如：Perkins and Gass (1996) argue that, since proficiency is multidimensional, it does not always develop at the same rate in all domains.引述三个以上少于六个作者时：第一次引用时，例如：Sanders, Spooren and Noordman (1992) present a useful taxonomy of coherence relations.从第二次引用开始，第一个作者的姓+ et al. 表达，例如：Sanders et al. (1992) studied coherence relations based on four criteria.引述六个以上的作者时，可直接用第一个作者的姓+ et al. 表达。
IEC61400-1-2005风电机组设计要求标准英汉对照
需要什么文档直接在我的文档里搜索比直接在网站大海捞针要容易的多也准确省时的多
INTERNATIONAL STANrbines – Part 1:
Design requirements
Publication numbering As from 1 January 1997 all IEC publications are issued with a designation in the 60000 series. For example, IEC 34-1 is now referred to as IEC 60034-1.
Further information on IEC publications The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC, thus ensuring that the content reflects current technology. Information relating to this publication, including its validity, is available in the IEC Catalogue of publications (see below) in addition to new editions, amendments and corrigenda. Information on the subjects under consideration and work in progress undertaken by the technical committee which has prepared this publication, as well as the list of publications issued,is also available from the following: IEC Web Site (www.iec.ch) Catalogue of IEC publications The on-line catalogue on the IEC web site (www.iec.ch/searchpub) enables you to search by a variety of criteria including text searches,technical committees and date of publication. Online information is also available on recently issued publications, withdrawn and replaced publications, as well as corrigenda. IEC Just Published This summary of recently issued publications (www.iec.ch/online_news/justpub) is also available by email. Please contact the Customer Service Centre (see below) for further information. Customer Service Centre If you have any questions regarding this publication or need further assistance, please contact the Customer Service Centre: Email: custserv@iec.ch Tel: +41 22 919 02 11 Fax: +41 22 919 03 00 .
机械应力对锂离子电池性能的影响
byHyoncheol KmA dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Mechanical Engineering) in The University of Michigan 2009
Doctoral Committee: Professor Ann Marie Sastry, Chair Professor James R. Barber Associate Professor Christian M. Lastoskie Associate Professor Wei Lu
©
Hyoncheol Kim 2009 All Rights Reserved
€
To My Parents
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank Prof. Ann Marie Sastry for her guidance and support. I was lucky to have her as my advisor because I have learned not only how to solve problems in science and technology from her great expertise, but also and more importantly how we can contribute to the world with what we can do for the better future. Her enthusiasm toward life and work is the most valuable thing I have learned at school and will always guide me throughout my life and career. Many thanks go to my committee members, Prof. James R. Barber, Prof. Christian M. Lastoskie, and Prof. Wei Lu for serving on my committee and providing your valuable advices on my thesis. I am very grateful to all of our current and former group members, Dr. Myounggu Park, Mr. Xiangchun Zhang, Mr. Myoungdo Chung, Mr. Min Zhu, Mr. Sangwoo Han, Mr. Dong Hoon Song, Ms. Qiuye Jin, Dr. Chia-Wei Wang, Dr. Munish V. Inamdar, Dr. Fabio Albano, Dr. Yenhung Chen, Dr. Kimberly Cook, Dr. Yun-Bo Yi, Dr. Taeyong Kim, Ms. Tahira Reid, and Mr. Peter Verhees for their support and sharing the wonderful moments for the past years. I also would like to thank my friends, Jiwon, Chi-Shan, Jung Kap and Jong-Hoon for their help and encouragement. Most importantly, I would like to thank my parents Ip Kwon Kim and Bup Jin Song, and my sister Hyun Hee for their love and support. I also would like to thank my parents in-law, Jeong Hong Chung and Myung Sook Lee, and
how to write a biography
How to Write a BiographyA biography is simply the story of a life. Biographies can be just a few sentences long, or they can fill an entire book—or two.•Very short biographies tell the basic facts of someone's life and importance.•Longer biographies include that basic information of course, with a lot more detail, but they also tell a good story.Biographies analyze and interpret the events in a person's life. They try to find connections, explain the meaning of unexpected actions or mysteries, and make arguments about the significance of the person's accomplishments or life activities. Biographies are usually about famous or infamous people, but a biography of an ordinary person can tell us a lot about a particular time and place. They are often about historical figures, but they can also be about people still living.Many biographies are written in chronological order. Some group time periods around a major theme (such as "early adversity" or "ambition and achievement”). Still others focus on specific topics or accomplishments. Biographers use primary and secondary sources:•Primary sources are things like letters, diaries, or newspaper accounts.•Secondary sources include other biographies, reference books, or histories that provide information about the subject of the biography.To write a biography you should:1.Select a person you are interested in2.Find out the basic facts of the person's life. Start with the encyclopedia（百科全书）and almanac（年历）.3.Think about what else you would like to know about the person, andwhat parts of the life you want to write most about. Some questions you might want to think about include:o What makes this person special or interesting?o What kind of effect did he or she have on the world and other people?o What are the adjectives you would most use to describe the person?o What examples from their life illustrate those qualities?o What events shaped or changed this person's life?o Did he or she overcome obstacles? Take risks? Get lucky?o Would the world be better or worse if this person hadn't lived?How and why?4.Do additional research at your library or on the Internet to findinformation that helps you answer these questions and tell an interesting story.Sample writing:Biography of Thomas Edison:/od/estartinventors/a/Edison_Bio.htmBiography of Adolf Hitler:/index.php/biography-of-adolf-hitlerBiography of William Shakespeare:/l_biography.htmlWriting task:Choose one of your favorite celebrities and write a biography of him or her. You should write within 300 words.。
如何做好准备作文英文翻译
如何做好准备作文英文翻译Preparing for an English essay involves several key steps to ensure success. Here's a comprehensive guide to help you excel in your writing:1. Understand the Prompt: The first step is to thoroughly understand the essay prompt. Analyze what is being asked, identify key themes or questions, and clarify any doubts you may have. Understanding the prompt iscrucial as it forms the basis of your essay.2. Research the Topic: Once you understand the prompt, conduct thorough research on the topic. Gather relevant information from credible sources such as books, scholarly articles, and reputable websites. Take notes while researching to organize your thoughts and ideas effectively.3. Create an Outline: Before diving into writing,create a detailed outline for your essay. An outline helps structure your thoughts and ensures that your essay flowslogically from one point to another. Divide your essay into introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion, and outline the main points you want to discuss in each section.4. Develop a Thesis Statement: Based on your research and analysis, formulate a clear and concise thesis statement that presents the main argument or perspective of your essay. Your thesis statement should be debatable and provide direction for the rest of your essay.5. Draft the Essay: With your outline and thesis statement in hand, start drafting your essay. Begin with a compelling introduction that grabs the reader's attention and introduces the topic and your thesis statement. Then, develop each point in the body paragraphs, providing evidence and examples to support your arguments. Ensurethat each paragraph transitions smoothly to the next.6. Revise and Edit: Once you've completed the first draft, take time to revise and edit your essay. Check for coherence, clarity, and consistency in your arguments and ideas. Pay attention to grammar, punctuation, and spellingerrors, and ensure that your writing adheres to the conventions of academic English.7. Seek Feedback: It's always helpful to get feedbackon your writing from peers, teachers, or mentors. Shareyour essay with someone you trust and ask for their honest feedback. Consider their suggestions and revise your essay accordingly to improve its quality.8. Proofread: Before submitting your final essay, thoroughly proofread it to catch any remaining errors or typos. Read your essay aloud or backwards to spot mistakes that you might have missed. Pay attention to formatting requirements such as font size, margins, and citation style.9. Finalize Your Essay: Make any necessary revisions based on the feedback you've received and ensure that your essay meets all the requirements of the prompt. Double-check that you've cited your sources properly and includeda bibliography if required. Once you're satisfied with your essay, submit it with confidence.By following these steps, you can effectively prepare for writing an English essay and increase your chances of producing a well-written and cohesive piece of work. Remember to start early, stay organized, and give yourself plenty of time for research, writing, and revision.。
Bibliography写作要求及格式
Retrieved 6 April 2006. </English/BridgingTheGapOfCultures/czwj/Post.htm>.Almeida, D. M. Father's participation of family work: Consequences for father's stress and father-child relations [D]. Unpublished master's dissertation, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, 1990.Asher, E. The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (vol.10) [Z]. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1994.Bateson, A. G., Ralph A. Alexander, and Martin D. Murphy. Cognitive processing differences between novice and expert computer programmers [J]. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies 26.6 (1987) : 649-60.Biguenet, J., and R. Schulte, eds. The Craft of Translation [C]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.Cicero, M. T. De Oratore [M]. Trans. J. S. Watson. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1986.Cigarette sales fall 30% as California tax rises [N]. New York Times 14 Sept. 1999: A17.Di Rado, A. Trekking through college: Classes explore modern society using the World of Star Trek [N]. Los Angeles Times 15 Mar. 1995: A3.Dostoevsky, F. Crime and Punishment [M]. Trans. Jessie Coulson. Ed. George Gibian.New York: Norton, 1964.Encyclopedia of Indiana [Z]. New York: Somerset, 1993.Frye, N. A Study of English Romanticism [M]. New York: Random, 1968.Frye, N. Anatomy of Criticism: Four essays[M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957.Frye, N., ed. Sound and Poetry [C]. New York: Columbia University Press, 1957. Gruen, E. S. Culture and National Identity in Republican Rome [M]. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1992.Gruen, E. S.The Image of Rome[M]. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1969.IELTS: Information for candidates 2006 [OL]. Retrieved 9 January 2006.</mediacentre/latestieltsdevelopments/Information_for_cand idates_2006.pdf>.James, N. E. Two sides of paradise: the Eden myth according to Kirk and Spock [A].Spectrum of the Fanta s tic. Ed. Donald Palumbo. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood, 1988. 219-23.Lynch, T. DSN trials and tribbleactions review [OL]. Psi Phi: Bradley’s Science Fiction Club. 1996. Bradley University. Retrieved 8 Oct. 1997.</ campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep/503r.html>.National Research Council. China And Global Change: Opportunities for collaboration [M]. Washington Academy, 1992.Okuda, M., and D. Okuda. Star Trek Chronology: The history of the future [M]. New York: Pocket, 1993.Street Map of Ancient Rome [Z]. New York: Random House, 1968.Wilcox, R. V. Shifting roles and synthetic women in Star Trek: The next generation[J].Studies in Popular Culture 13.2 (1991): 53-65.Zhong, W. H. An overview of translation in China: Practice and theory [J/OL].Translation Jo urnal. V ol. 7. Retrieved 6 April 2006. </journal/24china.htm>.刘玉梅. 英汉语篇语料分析：衔接显化、语域与语篇连贯[J]. 四川外国语学报2002 (11)：130-33.王佐良主编. 英国文学名篇选注[M]. 北京：商务出版社，1987.张道真. 现代英语用法词典[Z]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1983.朱贤智，林崇德. 思维发展心理学[M]. 北京：北京师范大学出版社，1986.。
教你学术论文 毕业论文的写作教程 academic paper
General Introduction to Academic WritingI.types of academic paper1.according to the purpose the paper servesa.term paper for a university courseb.research paper to be published in a journalc.thesis or dissertation for a university degree2.according to the content of the papera.Experience Papersb.Methodology Papersc.Opinion Papersd.Systems Paperse.Theory PapersII.Features of academic papers1.ObjectiveIt expresses the author’s understanding of the topic based onexperiments, facts, data and analysis2.FormalThe words and structure are rather formal and rigid. The mostwidely accepted formats are the APA-format（AmericanPsychological Association）and the MLA-format （ModernLanguage Association）.III.Parts of a paper1. A research paper is usually made up of the following parts●Title page●Abstract●Outline (or Table of Contents. Optional. Usually placed right beforeor right after the abstract)●Text (introduction, body and conclusion)●Notes (optional. Sometimes figures and tables are also allowed)●Works cited ( or Bibliography)●Appendix (optional. Placement: After all the other parts)●Acknowledgements (optional. Sometimes it is placed before theabstract and sometimes at the end of a paper)2. An empiric paper frequently follows this structure:•Title•Abstract•Introduction•Methodology•Results•Discussion•Conclusion•ReferencesIV. steps in preparing a research paper1. 8 steps/stages1)select topic2)explore data3)gather data4)formulate thesis5)organize data and ideas6)write paper7)review and revise8)publish2. Ten Steps to a Good Research PaperStep 1. Choose Your Topic. When choosing a topic, choose one in which you are interested, and for which there is enough information.If your topic is too broad, you will have difficulty completing your paper. "The Effects of Pollution" is too broad because there are so many effects of pollution. "The Effects of Pollution on Geese in the Northeast Section of Duluth, Minnesota" is too narrow. You are notlikely to find much information that is this specific. "The Effects of Pollution in Yosemite National Park" is just about right as a topic.●Step 2. Locate e information from a variety ofreference sources. These sources include encyclopedias, almanacs, scholarly journals, books, magazines, and newspapers. Find these sources in print form, on CD-ROMS, and on the Internet.●Step 3. Prepare Bibliography Cards. Prepare bibliography cards todocument the sources of information you use when writing your paper.Your library will have style manuals to illustrate how to prepare bibliography cards for various sources of information.●Step 4. Prepare Note e note cards to record notes fromeach source you use when writing your paper. Number your note cards to keep track of them.●Step 5. Prepare an Outline.Write an outline for your paper byorganizing your notes from the note cards into topics, subtopics, details, and subdetails. Use an organization such as:●(topic)⏹(subtopic)⏹(detail)◆(subdetail)●Step 6. Write A Rough e your note cards and outline towrite a rough draft of your paper. As you write your draft, use numbered footnotes to credit sources from which you take quotations or major ideas.●Step 7. Revise Your Rough Draft. Make any changes needed to besure your ideas are clearly expressed and your writing has accurate spelling and grammar.●Step 8. Prepare Your Bibliography.At the end of your paper,provide a list of all the sources you used to gather information for the paper. Your bibliography cards will provide this information. List your sources in alphabetical order by the first word on each of your bibliography cards.●Step 9. Prepare a Title Page and Table of Contents. The title pageis the first page of the paper. It should include the title of your paper, your name, and the date on which the paper is due. The table of contents is the second page. It should list the main topics, important subtopics, and the page on which each is introduced in your paper.●Step 10. Final Checklist. Before handing in your paper, be sure youcan answer "Yes" to each of the following questions.⏹Did I include a title page?⏹Did I include a table of contents?⏹Did I number all pages correctly?⏹Did I provide footnotes for quotations and major sources ofinformation?⏹Did I include a bibliography?⏹Did I keep a second copy for my files?。
如何写bibliography
Referencing using OSCOLASection 6BibliographyKey points•You must always include a bibliography, and well as footnotes.•Every reference you include in your footnotes must also be in your bibliography.•There may be additional sources in your bibliography which do not appear in your footnotes (sources you have used in the preparation of your work but have not referred to directly).Is the information in the bibliography exactly the same as inthe footnotes?•No!•Two key differences:–You leave out page numbers pinpointing a quotation.–The surname of the author comes first, and full firstnames are not used, only initials e.g. in your footnotes an author might be Joe Bloggs, but in the bibliography Bloggs J, followed by the rest of the information.Why the difference?•Not madness –there is a good practical reason.•It makes compiling your bibliography MUCH quicker as you can use the automatic sorting function in WordHow to sort a list alphabetically •First, copy and paste all your footnotes into one list. Add any additional sources you have used.•Keep cases, legislation and secondary sources under separate headingsNext•Delete the page numbers at the end of the reference.•Swap the order of the author’s first name (or initial) and surname around (and add a comma). Replace first names with initials.For example…•Simon Lester and Brian Mercurio et al, World Trade Law. Text, Materials and Commentary(Hart 2008) 78•Catherine Barnard, Substantive Law of the European Union -The Four Freedoms(3rd edn, OUP 2010) 13becomes•Lester, S and Mercurio, B , World Trade Law. Text, Materials and Commentary (Hart 2008)•Barnard, C, Substantive Law of the European Union -The Four Freedoms(3rd edn, OUP 2010)•Now you need to sort the list.How to sort•Highlight your list•Click on ‘Table’in the bar at the top of the page •Then select ‘Sort’•This will open a new window. The default settings will be ‘Paragraphs’, ‘Text’and‘Ascending’. These are the settings you want –so don’t change anything.•Click ‘OK’•Your list will then be arranged in alphabetical order.。