ECE R 100-2002关于纯电动汽车的结构和功能安全及.
新能源汽车技术-第2版-第2章-电动汽车的基本结构和工作原理可修改全文
2.1. 2 纯电动汽车的结构
除了车身、 底盘等传统内燃机汽车上具备的组成部分, 纯电动汽车还包括由电驱动系统、 蓄电池系统及电控系统组成的 “ 三 大电” 系统和由电制动、 电转向、 电空调组成的 “ 三小电” 系统。 其中, 由驱动电机和控制系统组成的电驱动系统是 纯电动汽车的动力核心, 也是区别于 传统内燃机汽车的最大不同点, 如图 2-3 所示。 (1) ) 电源 蓄电源为电动汽车的驱动电机提供电能。 目前纯电动汽车使用的动力蓄 电池包括磷酸铁锂蓄电池、 锰酸锂蓄电 池、 三元锂离子蓄电池等。 (2) ) 驱动电机 驱动电机的作用是将电源的电能转化为机械能, 通过传动装置或者 直接驱动车轮和工作装置。 (3) ) 电控系统 电动汽车的各个组成部分都需要由控制单元进行管理和控制, 包括 了整车控制器、 蓄电池管理系统及电机控 制器等, 相互之间通过 CAN 总线或其他方式进行 通信,实现整车的驱动行驶。
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2. 按照动力混合程度分类 混合动力电动汽车按照传统内燃机和电动机动力的混合程度不同, 可分为微度混合型 ( 电动机峰值功率和发动机的额定功 率比不大于 5%)、 轻度混合型 ( 电动机峰值功率和发动机 的额定功率比为 5% ~ 15%)、 中度混合型 ( 电动机峰值功 率和发动机的额定功率比为 15% ~ 40%) 和深度混合型 ( 电动机峰值功率和发动机的额定功率比大于 40%)。 (1)微度混合动力电动汽车 微度混合动力电动汽车也称为起—停混合动力电动汽 车。在微度混合动力电动汽车中, 电动机 仅作为内燃机的起动机或发电机使用, 不为汽车行驶 提供持续动力, 通常是在传统内燃机的起动机上加装传动带驱动起 动机。 如图 2-10 所示, 该 电机为发电/ 起动一体化电动机, 用来控制发动机的起动和停止, 从而取消发动机的怠 速, 降 低了油耗和排放。 一般微度混合技术可以节省油耗 4. 5%。
纯电动汽车的基本组成和结构ppt课件
三相感应电 机
车轮
固定速比变速 器和差速器
车轮
能量管理系 统
镍氢电池
辅助动力 源
动力转向 系统
方向盘
蓄电池充电 器
冷风和暖气
能源子系统
辅助子系统
交流电源
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奥运纯电动客车构型
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纯电动汽车的结构形式
C
M
GB D
M GB D
FG
FG
M
M
M
FG
M
FG
C:离合器； D: 差速器；FG: 固定速比 变速箱；GB: 变速箱；M: 电机
（3）纯电动汽车运行中消耗纯电动汽车可以充分利用夜间电网低谷为电
池充电，避免了电能的浪费。
（5）纯电动汽车能够实现更好的控制性能，包括
运动控制、舒适性、故障诊断等，同时可以更容
易地实现智能化交通管理。
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纯电动汽车也具有以下缺点：
（1）低的电池能量密度。 （2）过重的电池组。 （3）有限的续驶里程与汽车动力性能。 （4）电池组昂贵的价格及有限的循环 寿命。 （5）汽车附件的使用受到限制。
电动机驱动子系统
制指令来控制电力电子变换 踏板
器的功率装置的通断
车辆控制器
电力电子 变换器
加速踏板
功率转换器的功能是调节
电机和电源之间的功率流
能量管理系统和车辆控制
能量管理单 元
能源
器一起控制再生制动及其能 量的回收，能量管理系统和
能量的燃料 供给单元
电机
辅助电源 温度控制单
元
车轮 机械传动装置
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轮毂电机驱动
高速内转子电机： 必须装固定速比 的减速器来降低 车速。
制动鼓 电机绕组
纯电动汽车的结构及工作原理
车的结构与燃油汽车相比，主要增加了电力驱动控制系统，而取消了 发动机，电力驱动控制系统的组成与工作原理如图所示，它由电力驱 动主模块、车载电源模块和辅助模块三大部分组成。
二、纯电动汽车的结构原理
• 当汽车行驶时，由蓄电池输出电能(电流)通过控制器驱动电动机运转，
它的功用是向电动机提供驱动电能、监测电源使用情况以及控制充电 机向蓄电池充电。
• 纯电动汽车的能量管理主要是指电池管理系统，它的主要功用是对电
动汽车用电池单体及整组进行实时监控、充放电、巡检、温度监测等。
• 充电控制器是把交流电转化为相应电压的直流电，并按要求控制其电
流。
二、纯电动汽车的结构原理
3.辅助模块
• 中央控制单元根据加速踏板和制动踏板的输入信号，向驱动控制器发
出相应的控制指令，对电动机进行启动、加速、减速、制动控制。
二、纯电动汽车的结构原理
1．电力驱动主模块
• 驱动控制器是按中央控制单元的指令和电动机的速度、电流反馈信号，
对电动机的速度、驱动转矩和旋转方向进行控制。驱动控制器必须和 电动机配套使用。
13l汽油发动机起动发电机等附件发动机控制单元ecu油箱变速箱动车动力系统区别m1纯电动车2940kw永磁同步电机电机管理系统mcu336v锂电池包电池管理系统bms整车管理系统vms固定速比减速器左前轮右前轮左后轮右后轮电机电机管理系统mcu逆变器电池系统bms电池本体发电机dcdc高低压转换器cancan高压连接机械连接常规汽油车纯电动车左前轮右前轮左后轮右后轮dcdc高低压转换器canbms电池电机vmsmcuvmsicumcubmscancancanmotorcontrolunit电机控制单元batterymanagementsystem电池管理系统vehiclemanagementsystem整车控制系统instrumentclusterunit仪表显示单元cancan电动空调m1电动车通过电动压缩机满足用户制冷要求通过ptc满足系统取暖除霜除雾要求
ECE_R_100欧盟认证之 电动汽车电安全认证法规
ACTS ADOPTED BY BODIES CREATED BY INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTSOnly the original UN/ECE texts have legal effect under international public law. The status and date of entry into force of this Regulationshould be checked in the latest version of the UN/ECE status document TRANS/WP.29/343, available at:/trans/main/wp29/wp29wgs/wp29gen/wp29fdocstts.htmlRegulation No 100 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations (UN/ECE) —Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles with regard to specific requirements forthe electric power trainIncorporating all valid text up to:01 series of amendments — Date of entry into force: 4 December 2010CONTENTSREGULATION1. Scope2. Definitions3. Application for approval4. Approval5. Specifications and tests6. Modification and extension of the type approval for vehicle type7. Conformity of production8. Penalties for non-conformity of production9. Production definitely discontinued10. Names and addresses of technical services responsible for conducting approval tests and of adminis ätrative departments11. Transitional provisionsANNEXESAnnex 1 — CommunicationAnnex 2 — Arrangements of approval marksAnnex 3 — Protection against direct contacts of parts under voltageAnnex 4 — Isolation resistance measurement methodAnnex 5 — Confirmation method for function of on-board isolation resistance monitoring systemAnnex 6 — Essential characteristics of road vehicles or systemsAnnex 7 —Determination of hydrogen emissions during the charge procedures of the traction batteryL 57/54 Official Journal of the European Union 2.3.20111. SCOPEThe following prescriptions apply to safety requirements with respect to the electric power trainof road vehicles of categories M and N, with a maximum design speed exceeding 25 km/h,equipped with one or more traction motor(s) operated by electric power and not permanentlyconnected to the grid, as well as their high voltage components and systems which aregalvanically connected to the high voltage bus of the electric power train.This regulation does not cover post crash safety requirements of road vehicles.2. DEFINITIONSFor the purpose of this regulation the following definitions apply:2.1. ‘Active driving possible mode’ means the vehicle mode when application of pressure to theaccelerator pedal (or activation of an equivalent control) or release of the brake system willcause the electric power train to move the vehicle.2.2. ‘Barrier’ means the part providing protection against direct contact to the live parts from anydirection of access.2.3. ‘Conductive connection’ means the connection using connectors to an external power supplywhen the rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) is charged.2.4. ‘Coupling system for charging the rechargeable energy storage system (RESS)’ means the electricalcircuit used for charging the RESS from an external electric power supply including the vehicleinlet.2.5. ‘Direct contact’ means the contact of persons with live parts.2.6. ‘Electrical chassis’ means a set made of conductive parts electrically linked together, whosepotential is taken as reference.2.7. ‘Electrical circuit’ means an assembly of connected live parts which is designed to be electricallyenergized in normal operation.2.8. ‘Electric energy conversion system’ means a system that generates and provides electric energy forelectric propulsion.2.9.‘Electric power train’ means the electrical circuit which includes the traction motor(s), and mayinclude the RESS, the electric energy conversion system, the electronic converters, the associatedwiring harness and connectors, and the coupling system for charging the RESS.2.10. ‘Electronic converter’ means a device capable of controlling and/or converting electric power forelectric propulsion.2.11. ‘Enclosure’ means the part enclosing the internal units and providing protection against directcontact from any direction of access.2.12.‘Exposed conductive part’ means the conductive part which can be touched under the provisionsof the protection degree IPXXB, and which becomes electrically energized under isolation failureconditions.2.13. ‘External electric power supply’ means an alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) electricpower supply outside of the vehicle.2.14. ‘igh Voltage’ means the classification of an electric component or circuit, if its working voltageis > 60 V and 1 500 V DC or > 30 V and 1 000 V AC root mean square (rms).2.15. ‘igh voltage bus’ means the electrical circuit, including the coupling system for charging theRESS that operates on high voltage.Journal of the European Union L 57/552.16. ‘Indirect contact’ means the contact of persons with exposed conductive parts.2.17. ‘Live parts’ means the conductive part(s) intended to be electrically energized in normal use.2.18. ‘Luggage compartment’ means the space in the vehicle for luggage accommodation, bounded bythe roof, hood, floor, side walls, as well as by the barrier and enclosure provided for protectingthe power train from direct contact with live parts, being separated from the passengercompartment by the front bulkhead or the rear bulkhead.2.19. ‘On-board isolation resistance monitoring system’ means the device which monitors the isolationresistance between the high voltage buses and the electrical chassis.2.20. ‘Open type traction battery’ means a liquid type battery requiring refilling with water andgenerating hydrogen gas released to the atmosphere.2.21. ‘Passenger compartment’ means the space for occupant accommodation, bounded by the roof,floor, side walls, doors, window glass, front bulkhead and rear bulkhead, or rear gate, as well asby the barriers and enclosures provided for protecting the power train from direct contact withlive parts.2.22. ‘Protection degree’ means the protection provided by a barrier/enclosure related to the contactwith live parts by a test probe, such as a test finger (IPXXB) or a test wire (IPXXD), as defined inAnnex 3.2.23. ‘Rechargeable energy storage system (RESS)’ means the rechargeable energy storage system thatprovides electric energy for electric propulsion.2.24.‘Service disconnect’ means the device for deactivation of the electrical circuit when conductingchecks and services of the RESS, fuel cell stack, etc.2.25. ‘Solid insulator’ means the insulating coating of wiring harnesses provided in order to cover andprotect the live parts against direct contact from any direction of access; covers for insulating thelive parts of connectors, and varnish or paint for the purpose of insulation.2.26. ‘Vehicle type’ means vehicles which do not differ in such essential aspects as:(a) installation of the electric power train and the galvanically connected high voltage bus;(b) nature and type of electric power train and the galvanically connected high voltagecomponents.2.27. ‘Working voltage’ means the highest value of an electrical circuit voltage root-mean-square (rms),specified by the manufacturer, which may occur between any conductive parts in open circuitconditions or under normal operating condition. If the electrical circuit is divided by galvanicisolation, the working voltage is defined for each divided circuit, respectively.3. APPLICATION FOR APPROVAL3.1. The application for approval of a vehicle type with regard to specific requirements for the electricpower train shall be submitted by vehicle manufacturer or by his duly accredited Representative.3.2. It shall be accompanied by the under-mentioned documents in triplicate and followingparticulars:3.2.1. Detailed description of the vehicle type as regards the electric power train and the galvanicallyconnected high voltage bus.3.3.A vehicle representative of the vehicle type to be approved shall be submitted to the technicalservice responsible for conducting the approval tests.L 57/56 Official Journal of the European Union 2.3.20113.4. The competent Authority shall verify the existence of satisfactory arrangements for ensuringeffective control of the conformity of production before type approval is granted.4. APPROVAL4.1. If the vehicle submitted for approval pursuant to this Regulation meets the requirements ofparagraph 5 below and Annexes 3, 4, 5 and 7 to this Regulation, approval of this vehicletype shall be granted.4.2. An approval number shall be assigned to each type approved. Its first two digits (at present 01for the Regulation in its current form) shall indicate the series of amendments incorporating themost recent major technical amendments made to the Regulation at the time of issue of theapproval. The same Contracting Party shall not assign the same number to another vehicle type.4.3. Notice of approval or of refusal or of extension or withdrawal of approval or productiondefinitely discontinued of a vehicle type pursuant to this Regulation shall be communicated tothe Parties to the Agreement applying this Regulation, by means of a form conforming to themodel in Annex 1 to this Regulation.4.4. There shall be affixed, conspicuously and in a readily accessible place specified on the approvalform, to every vehicle conforming to a vehicle type approved under this Regulation an inter änational approval mark consisting of:4.4.1. A circle surrounding the Letter ‘E’ followed by the distinguishing number of the country whichhas granted approval (1).4.4.2. The number of this Regulation, followed by the Letter ‘R’, a dash and the approval number to theright of the circle described in paragraph 4.4.1.4.5. If the vehicle conforms to a vehicle type approved under one or more other Regulations annexedto the Agreement in the country which has granted approval under this Regulation, the symbolprescribed in paragraph 4.4.1 need not be repeated; in this case the Regulation and approvalnumbers and the additional symbols of all the Regulations under which approval has beengranted in the country which has granted approval under this Regulation shall be placed invertical columns to the right of the symbol prescribed in paragraph 4.4.1.4.6.The approval mark shall be clearly legible and shall be indelible.4.7. The approval mark shall be placed on or close to the vehicle data plate affixed by the Manu äfacturer.4.8. Annex 2 to this Regulation gives examples of the arrangements of the approval mark.5. SPECIFICATIONS AND TESTS5.1. Protection against electrical shockThese electrical safety requirements apply to high voltage buses under conditions where they arenot connected to external high voltage power supplies.Journal of the European Union L 57/57(1) 1 for Germany, 2 for France, 3 for Italy, 4 for the Netherlands, 5 for Sweden, 6 for Belgium, 7 for H ungary, 8 for the Czech Republic, 9 for Spain, 10 for Serbia, 11 for the United Kingdom, 12 for Austria, 13 for Luxembourg, 14 for Switzerland, 15 (vacant), 16 for Norway, 17 for Finland, 18 for Denmark, 19 for Romania, 20 for Poland, 21 for Portugal, 22 for the Russian Federation, 23 for Greece, 24 for Ireland, 25 for Croatia, 26 for Slovenia, 27 for Slovakia, 28 for Belarus, 29 for Estonia, 30 (vacant), 31 for Bosnia and H erzegovina, 32 for Latvia, 33 (vacant), 34 for Bulgaria, 35 (vacant), 36 for Lithuania, 37 for Turkey, 38 (vacant), 39 for Azerbaijan, 40 for The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, 41 (vacant), 42 for the European Community (Approvals are granted by its member States using their respective ECE symbol), 43 for Japan, 44 (vacant), 45 for Australia, 46 for Ukraine, 47 for South Africa, 48 for New Zealand, 49 for Cyprus, 50 for Malta, 51 for the Republic of Korea, 52 for Malaysia, 53 for Thailand, 54 and 55 (vacant), 56 for Montenegro, 57 (vacant) and 58 for Tunisia. Subsequent numbers shall be assigned to other countries in the chronological order in which they ratify or accede to the Agreement Concerning the Adoption of Uniform Technical Prescriptions for Wheeled Vehicles, Equipment and Parts which can be Fitted and/or be Used on Wheeled Vehicles and the Conditions for Reciprocal Recognition of Approvals Granted on the Basis of these Prescriptions, and the numbers thus assigned shall be communicated by the Secretary-General of the United Nations to the Contracting Parties to the Agreement.5.1.1. Protection against direct contactThe protection against direct contact with live parts shall comply with paragraphs 5.1.1.1 and5.1.1.2. These protections (solid insulator, barrier, enclosure, etc.) shall not be able to be opened,disassembled or removed without the use of tools.5.1.1.1. For protection of live parts inside the passenger compartment or luggage compartment, theprotection degree IPXXD shall be provided.5.1.1.2. For protection of live parts in areas other than the passenger compartment or luggagecompartment, the protection degree IPXXB shall be satisfied.5.1.1.3. ConnectorsConnectors (including vehicle inlet) are deemed to meet this requirement if:(a) they comply with 5.1.1.1 and 5.1.1.2 when separated without the use of tools; or(b) they are located underneath the floor and are provided with a locking mechanism; or(c) they are provided with a locking mechanism and other components shall be removed withthe use of tools in order to separate the connector; or(d) the voltage of the live parts becomes equal or below DC 60V or equal or below AC 30V(rms) within 1 second after the connector is separated.5.1.1.4. Service disconnectFor a service disconnect which can be opened, disassembled or removed without tools, it isacceptable if protection degree IPXXB is satisfied under a condition where it is opened, disas äsembled or removed without tools.5.1.1.5. Marking5.1.1.5.1. The symbol shown in Figure 1 shall appear on or near the RESS. The symbol background shallbe yellow, the bordering and the arrow shall be black.Figure 1Marking of high voltage equipment5.1.1.5.2. The symbol shall also be visible on enclosures and barriers, which, when removed expose liveparts of high voltage circuits. This provision is optional to any connector for high voltage buses.This provision shall not apply to any of the following cases:(a) where barriers or enclosures cannot be physically accessed, opened, or removed; unless othervehicle components are removed with the use of tools;(b) where barriers or enclosures are located underneath the vehicle floor.5.1.1.5.3. Cables for high voltage buses which are not located within enclosures shall be identified byhaving an outer covering with the colour orange.5.1.2. Protection against indirect contact5.1.2.1. For protection against electrical shock which could arise from indirect contact, the exposedconductive parts, such as the conductive barrier and enclosure, shall be galvanically connectedsecurely to the electrical chassis by connection with electrical wire or ground cable, or bywelding, or by connection using bolts, etc. so that no dangerous potentials are produced.L 57/58 Official Journal of the European Union 2.3.20115.1.2.2. The resistance between all exposed conductive parts and the electrical chassis shall be lower than0.1 ohm when there is current flow of at least 0,2 amperes.This requirement is satisfied if the galvanic connection has been established by welding.5.1.2.3. In the case of motor vehicles which are intended to be connected to the grounded externalelectric power supply through the conductive connection, a device to enable the galvanicconnection of the electrical chassis to the earth ground shall be provided.The device should enable connection to the earth ground before exterior voltage is applied to thevehicle and retain the connection until after the exterior voltage is removed from the vehicle.Compliance to this requirement may be demonstrated either by using the connector specified bythe car manufacturer, or by analysis.5.1.3. Isolation resistance5.1.3.1. Electric power train consisting of separate Direct Current- or Alternating Current-busesIf AC high voltage buses and DC high voltage buses are galvanically isolated from each other,isolation resistance between the high voltage bus and the electrical chassis shall have a minimumvalue of 100 Ɵ/volt of the working voltage for DC buses, and a minimum value of 500 Ɵ/volt ofthe working voltage for AC buses.The measurement shall be conducted according to Annex 4, ‘Isolation resistance measurementmethod’.5.1.3.2. Electric power train consisting of combined DC- and AC-busesIf AC high voltage buses and DC high voltage buses are galvanically connected isolationresistance between the high voltage bus and the electrical chassis shall have a minimum valueof 500 Ɵ/volt of the working voltage.However, if all AC high voltage buses are protected by one of the 2 following measures, isolationresistance between the high voltage bus and the electrical chassis shall have a minimum value of100Ɵ/V of the working voltage:(a) double or more layers of solid insulators, barriers or enclosures that meet the requirement inparagraph 5.1.1 independently, for example wiring harness;(b) mechanically robust protections that have sufficient durability over vehicle service life such asmotor housings, electronic converter cases or connectors.The isolation resistance between the high voltage bus and the electrical chassis may be demon ästrated by calculation, measurement or a combination of both.The measurement shall be conducted according to Annex 4, ‘Isolation Resistance MeasurementMethod’.5.1.3.3. Fuel cell vehiclesIf the minimum isolation resistance requirement cannot be maintained over time, then protectionshall be achieved by any of the following:(a) double or more layers of solid insulators, barriers or enclosures that meet the requirement inparagraph 5.1.1 independently;(b) on-board isolation resistance monitoring system together with a warning to the driver if theisolation resistance drops below the minimum required value. The isolation resistancebetween the high voltage bus of the coupling system for charging the RESS, which is notenergized besides during charging the RESS, and the electrical chassis need not be monitored.The function of the on-board isolation resistance monitoring system shall be confirmed asdescribed in Annex 5.Journal of the European Union L 57/59L 57/60 Official Journal of the European Union 2.3.20115.1.3.4. Isolation resistance requirement for the coupling system for charging the RESSFor the vehicle inlet intended to be conductively connected to the grounded external AC powersupply and the electrical circuit that is galvanically connected to the vehicle inlet during chargingof the RESS, the isolation resistance between the high voltage bus and the electrical chassis shallbe at least 1 ƓƟ when the charger coupler is disconnected. During the measurement, the tractionbattery may be disconnected.(RESS)systemenergy5.2. Rechargeablestoragecurrentexcessive5.2.1. ProtectionagainstThe RESS shall not overheat.If the RESS is subject to overheating due to excessive current, it shall be equipped with aprotective device such as fuses, circuit breakers or mains contactors.H owever, the requirement may not apply if the manufacturer supplies data that ensure thatoverheating from excessive current is prevented without the protective device.gasof5.2.2. AccumulationPlaces for containing open type traction battery that may produce hydrogen gas shall be providedwith a ventilation fan or a ventilation duct to prevent the accumulation of hydrogen gas.5.3. FunctionalsafetyAt least a momentary indication shall be given to the driver when the vehicle is in ‘active drivingpossible mode’.H owever, this provision does not apply under conditions where an internal combustion engineprovides directly or indirectly the vehicle’s propulsion power.When leaving the vehicle, the driver shall be informed by a signal (e.g. optical or audible signal) ifthe vehicle is still in the active driving possible mode.If the on-board RESS can be externally charged by the user, vehicle movement by its ownpropulsion system shall be impossible as long as the connector of the external electric powersupply is physically connected to the vehicle inlet.This requirement shall be demonstrated by using the connector specified by the car manufacturer.The state of the drive direction control unit shall be identified to the driver.of5.4. Determinationemissionshydrogen5.4.1. This test shall be carried out on all vehicles equipped with open type traction batteries.7AnnextopresentReguätheinshalldescribedtestbeconductedthe5.4.2. Thefollowingmethodlation. The hydrogen sampling and analysis shall be the ones prescribed. Other analysis methodscan be approved if it is proven that they give equivalent results.7,Annexhydrogenemissionsshallinnormalcharge5.4.3. Duringagivenprocedureinconditionsthebe below 125 g during 5 h, or below 25 × t2g during t2(in h).5.4.4. During a charge carried out by an on-board charger presenting a failure (conditions given inAnnex 7), hydrogen emissions shall be below 42 g. Furthermore the on-board charger shall limitthis possible failure to 30 minutes.automatically,controlledincludingthearestopbatterychargingthe5.4.5. Alllinkedoperationstothefor charging.ofcontrolthemanualphases.chargingbe5.4.6. Itanotshallpossibletotakepowercutsnotoraffectshalltoofoperations5.4.7. Normalmainsconnectionthedisconnectionandthe control system of the charging phases.5.4.8. Important charging failures shall be permanently signalled to the driver. An important failure is afailure that can lead to a disfunctioning of the on-board charger during charging later on.5.4.9. The manufacturer has to indicate in the owner’s manual, the conformity of the vehicle to theserequirements.5.4.10. The approval granted to a vehicle type relative to hydrogen emissions can be extended todifferent vehicle types belonging to the same family, in accordance with the definition of thefamily given in Annex 7, Appendix 2.6. MODIFICATIONS AND EXTENSION OF T H E TYPE APPROVAL FOR VE H ICLE TYPE6.1. Every modification of the vehicle type shall be notified to the administrative department whichapproved the vehicle type. The department may then either:6.1.1. Consider that the modifications made are unlikely to have an appreciable adverse effect and thatin any case the vehicle still complies with the requirements, or6.1.2. Require a further test report from the technical service responsible for conducting the tests.6.2. Confirmation or refusal of approval, specifying the alteration, shall be communicated by theprocedure specified in paragraph 4.3 above to the Parties to the Agreement applying thisRegulation.6.3. The competent Authority issuing the extension of approval shall assign a series number for suchan extension and inform thereof the other Parties to the 1958 Agreement applying the Regu älation by means of a communication form conforming to the model in Annex 1 to thisRegulation.7. CONFORMITY OF PRODUCTION7.1.Every vehicle approved under this Regulation shall be so manufactured as to conform to the type approved by meeting the requirements set out in paragraph 5 above.7.2. In order to verify that the requirements of paragraph 7.1 are met, suitable controls of the production shall be carried out.7.3. The holder of the approval shall, in particular:7.3.1. Ensure the existence of procedures for the effective quality control of vehicles.7.3.2. H ave access to the testing equipment necessary for checking the conformity of each approvedtype.7.3.3. Ensure that test result data are recorded and that the annexed documents remain available for aperiod to be determined in agreement with the administrative department.7.3.4.Analyse the results of each type of test, in order to verify and ensure the consistency of char äacteristics of the vehicle, making allowance for permissible variations in industrial production.7.3.5.Ensure that for each type of vehicle at least the tests prescribed in paragraph 5 of this Regulation are carried out.7.3.6. Ensure that any set of samples or test pieces giving evidence of non-conformity with the type oftest in question shall give rise to a further sampling and test. All necessary steps shall be taken tore-establish conformity of the corresponding production.7.4. The competent Authority which has granted type approval may at any time verify the conformitycontrol methods applied in each production unit.7.4.1.At every inspection, the test records and production records shall be presented to the visitinginspector.7.4.2. The inspector may take samples at random to be tested in the Manufacturer’s laboratory. Theminimum number of samples may be determined according to the results of the Manufacturer’sown checks.7.4.3. When the quality level appears unsatisfactory or when it seems necessary to verify the validity ofthe tests carried out in application of paragraph 7.4.2, the inspector shall select samples to besent to the technical service which has conducted the type approval tests.Journal of the European Union L 57/617.4.4. The competent Authority may carry out any test prescribed in this Regulation.7.4.5. The normal frequency of inspections by the competent Authority shall be one per year. Ifunsatisfactory results are recorded during one of these visits, the competent Authority shallensure that all necessary steps are taken to re-establish the conformity of production asrapidly as possible.8. PENALTIES FOR NON-CONFORMITY OF PRODUCTION8.1. The approval granted in respect of a vehicle type, pursuant to this Regulation may be withdrawnif the requirements laid down in paragraph 7 above are not complied with, or if the vehicle or itscomponents fail to pass the tests provided for in paragraph 7.3.5 above.8.2. If a Contracting Party to the Agreement applying this Regulation withdraws an approval it haspreviously granted, it shall forthwith so notify the other Contracting Parties applying this Regu älation, by means of a communication form conforming to the Model in Annex 1 to thisRegulation.9. PRODUCTIONDEFINITIVELY DISCONTINUED If the holder of the approval completely ceases to manufacture a type of vehicle approved inaccordance with this Regulation, he shall so inform the Authority which granted the approval. Upon receiving the relevant communication, that Authority shall inform thereof the otherContracting Parties to the 1958 Agreement applying this Regulation by means of a communi äcation form conforming to the model in Annex 1 to this Regulation.10. NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF TEC H NICAL SERVICES RESPONSIBLE FOR CONDUCTING APPROVALTESTS AND OF ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENTSThe Contracting Parties to the 1958 Agreement applying this Regulation shall communicate tothe United Nations Secretariat the names and addresses of the technical services responsible forconducting approval tests and the administrative departments which grant approval and to whichforms certifying approval or extension or refusal or withdrawal of approval or productiondefinitely discontinued, issued in other countries are to be sent.11. TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS11.1. As from the official date of entry into force of the 01 series of amendments, no Contracting Partyapplying this Regulation shall refuse to grant approval under this Regulation as amended by the01 series of amendments.11.2. As from 24 months after the date of entry into force, Contracting Parties applying this Regu älation shall grant approvals only if the vehicle type to be approved meets the requirements of thisRegulation as amended by the 01 series of amendments.11.3. Contracting Parties applying this Regulation shall not refuse to grant extensions of approval tothe preceding series of amendments to this Regulation.11.4. Contracting Parties applying this Regulation shall continue to grant approvals to those types ofvehicles which comply with the requirements of this Regulation as amended by the precedingseries of amendments during the 24 months’ period which follows the date of entry into force ofthe 01 series of amendments.11.5. Notwithstanding the transitional provisions above, Contracting Parties whose application of thisRegulation comes into force after the date of entry into force of the most recent series ofamendments are not obliged to accept approvals which were granted in accordance with anyof the preceding series of amendments to this Regulation.L 57/62 Official Journal of the European Union 2.3.2011。
中国 全球电动汽车标准
中国全球电动汽车标准一、电池系统安全电池系统安全是电动汽车最重要的标准之一。
电池系统的设计应符合以下要求：1. 电池单体、电池模块及电池系统的安全性应符合相关标准及规定。
2. 电池系统的机械强度应满足车辆在行驶过程中可能遇到的冲击和碰撞。
3. 电池系统应配备有效的热管理系统，以防止电池过热和起火。
4. 电池系统应具有高可靠性，并能够在各种恶劣环境下正常运行。
二、充电设施安全电动汽车充电设施的安全性同样重要。
以下是一些关键标准：1. 充电设施应符合相关电气安全规范，确保操作人员和乘客的安全。
2. 充电设施应具备防雷、防静电等保护措施。
3. 充电设施应配备消防设施，并符合消防安全规定。
4. 充电设施应具备过载保护、短路保护等功能。
三、车辆安全性能电动汽车的安全性能应满足以下要求：1. 车辆的结构设计应能够承受碰撞产生的冲击力，确保乘员的安全。
2. 车辆应配备安全气囊、安全带、ABS等基本安全配置。
3. 车辆的电气系统应符合相关电气安全规范，防止漏电、短路等问题。
4. 车辆的驾驶系统应稳定可靠，并能够应对各种复杂路况。
四、电磁兼容性电动汽车的电磁兼容性应满足以下要求：1. 车辆应符合电磁辐射和电磁抗扰度相关标准，确保不会对其他设备产生干扰。
2. 车辆应具备电磁防护功能，以保护乘员和设备的安全。
3. 充电设施应符合电磁兼容性相关标准，以避免对周围环境产生干扰。
五、电池回收利用电动汽车的电池回收利用应遵循以下标准：1. 电池回收利用应符合国家相关法律法规及环保要求。
2. 电池回收企业应具备相应的资质和条件，以保证回收利用过程的规范性和安全性。
3. 电池回收利用过程中应采取必要的环保措施，避免对环境造成污染。
4. 电池回收利用行业应加强信息共享和技术创新，提高回收利用效率和经济性。
六、电动发动机系统性能电动发动机是电动汽车的核心部件之一，其性能直接影响到车辆的性能和安全性。
以下是一些关键标准：1. 电动发动机的功率和扭矩应能够满足车辆行驶需求，并具备良好的加速性能。
电动汽车结构图解
电动汽车结构图解电动汽车结构图解一、电动汽车的基本结构：能源管理系统能源管理系统的主要功能是在汽车行驶中进行能源分配，协调各功能部分工作的能量管理，使有限的能量源最大限度地得到利用。
能源管理系统与电力驱动主模块的中央控制单元配合在一起控制发电回馈，使在纯电动汽车降速制动和下坡滑行时进行能量回收，从而有效地利用能源，提高纯电动汽车的续程能力。
能源管理系统还需与充电控制器一同控制充电。
为提高蓄电池性能的稳定性和延长使用寿命，需要实时监控电源的使用情况，对蓄电池的温度、电解液浓度、蓄电池内阻、电池端电压、当前电池剩余电量、放电时间、放电电流或放电深度等蓄电池状态参数进行检测，并按蓄电池对环境温度的要求进行调温控制，通过限流控制避免蓄电池过充、放电，对有关参数进行显示和报警，其信号流向辅助模块的驾驶室显示操纵台，以便驾驶员随时掌握并配合其操作，按需要及时对蓄电池充电并进行维护保养。
二、电动汽车的基本结构：充电控制器充电控制器是把电网供电制式转换为对蓄电池充电要求的'制式，即把交流电转换为相应电压的直流电，并按要求控制其充电电流。
充电器开始时为恒流充电阶段。
当电池电压上升到一定值时，充电器进入恒压充电阶段，输出电压维持在相应值，充电器进入恒压充电阶段后，电流逐渐减小。
当充电电流减小到一定值时，充电器进如涓流充电阶段。
还有的采用脉冲式电流进行快速充电。
三、电动汽车的基本结构：电动机电动机在纯电动汽车中被要求承担着电动和发电的双重功能，即在正常行驶时发挥其主要的电动机功能，将电能转化为机械旋转能；而在降速和下坡滑行时又被要求进行发电，将车轮的惯性动能转换为电能。
对电动机的选型一定要根据其负载特性来选，通过对汽车行驶时的特性分析，可知汽车在起步和上坡时要求有较大的起动转矩和相当的短时过载能力，并有较宽的调速范围和理想的调速特性，即在起动低速时为恒转矩输出，在高速时为恒功率输出。
电动机与驱动控制器所组成的驱动系统是纯电动汽车中最为关键的部件，纯电动汽车的运行性能主要取决于驱动系统的类型和性能，它直接影响着车辆的各项性能指标，如车辆在各工况下的行驶速度、加速与爬坡性能以及能源转换效率。
新能源汽车生产标准
新能源汽车生产标准随着环境污染问题的日益严重，新能源汽车正成为全球汽车产业的发展方向。
为了保证新能源汽车的质量和安全性，制定一系列规范、规程和标准是十分必要的。
本文将分析和讨论新能源汽车生产的各方面标准。
一、车身结构标准新能源汽车的车身结构标准旨在确保车身的强度和安全性能。
该标准规定了车身结构设计的参数和要求，如车身整体刚度、钢板材质、连接件强度等。
此外，还应考虑乘客的安全性和车身对外部碰撞的保护性能。
二、电池系统标准新能源汽车的核心是电池系统，为了保证电池的性能和安全，制定电池系统标准非常重要。
该标准应包括电池的类型和容量、电池组装工艺、电池包安装和固定等方面的要求，以确保电池系统的高效运行，并避免诸如短路、过充、过放等电池安全问题。
三、电控系统标准新能源汽车的电控系统标准是确保车辆正常运行和驾驶安全的保障。
此标准应包括车速控制、电机工作状态、制动力和悬挂系统等方面的要求，以保证车辆的稳定性和驾驶者的安全。
四、充电设施标准新能源汽车的充电设施标准是确保车辆充电过程的安全和效率。
该标准应包括充电设施的类型、充电功率、充电接口和安全防护措施等方面的要求，以提高充电效率、降低电池损坏风险，并确保驾驶员的安全。
五、车辆性能评估标准新能源汽车的性能评估标准旨在评估车辆的综合性能和能效。
该标准应包括车辆的续航里程、动力性、耗能等方面的要求，以提供消费者选购车辆的参考指标，同时也可用于衡量生产车辆的质量和技术进步。
六、可持续发展标准新能源汽车的可持续发展标准是确保车辆在整个生命周期中对环境的影响最小化的关键。
该标准应包括车辆的生产、使用和报废等阶段的环境指标和要求，以提高车辆的资源利用率、减少废弃物的排放，并促进新能源汽车产业的可持续发展。
七、配件和材料标准新能源汽车的配件和材料标准是确保车辆整体质量和安全性能的关键。
此标准应包括车辆所使用的零部件和材料的质量要求和技术规范，以确保车辆各部件的可靠性和寿命，并减少由于配件和材料质量不达标而引发的故障和安全隐患。
电动汽车的车辆安全标准
电动汽车的车辆安全标准随着社会对环保和可持续发展的关注不断增加，电动汽车作为一种环保型交通工具逐渐受到广泛认可并成为市场中的热门产品。
然而，与传统燃油汽车相比，电动汽车在车辆安全性方面存在一些独特的问题和挑战。
因此，建立和遵守电动汽车的车辆安全标准至关重要。
本文将探讨电动汽车的车辆安全标准，以确保人们在使用这些车辆时的安全。
一、电动汽车的电池安全标准电动汽车的关键部件之一就是电池。
电池作为电动汽车的能量存储装置，其性能和稳定性对车辆的安全至关重要。
因此，制定电动汽车的电池安全标准是保障使用者安全的首要任务。
1. 电池材料和组装：电动汽车的电池必须使用具有高稳定性和低燃烧性的材料，并采用合适的组装技术，以防止电池过热、燃烧或爆炸的风险。
2. 电池管理系统：电动汽车的电池管理系统应具备过电压、过电流、过温等保护功能，可以及时检测和管理电池的状态，以确保电池在安全的范围内工作。
3. 电池充电和放电安全：电动汽车的电池充电和放电过程中需要遵守相应的安全标准，包括充电装置的安全性能、充电电流的限制等，以防止电池过度充电或放电造成事故。
二、电动汽车的高压系统安全标准与传统燃油车不同，电动汽车采用高压系统来驱动电动机。
因此，电动汽车的高压系统安全标准是确保车辆运行安全的关键。
1. 高压电缆和接插件：电动汽车的高压电缆和接插件必须具备高电压下的绝缘性能和耐高温、高湿等特性，以防止漏电、触电等事故。
2. 高压系统的密封性：电动汽车的高压系统必须具备良好的密封性能，防止高压部件受潮、受尘等情况，从而减少电器故障的风险。
3. 高压系统的绝缘性：电动汽车的高压系统需要在各种环境条件下保持良好的绝缘性能，以防止漏电或触电事故的发生。
三、电动汽车的 passively safe 设计标准为了保护车辆内部乘客和行人的安全，电动汽车需要具备 passively safe 设计特点。
传统燃油车通常通过吸能结构来实现 passively safe，电动汽车也应遵循相应的标准。