ReviewofRegionalTectonicsofLongnan陇南区域地质构造研究
陇南山区特色农业气候适宜性区划研究
现代农业科技2017年第21期资源与环境科学>14.5<60>3.5>1 80013.0〜15.0>6.0170〜220<6513.5~14.560~65 2.5~3.51 700~1 80011.0~13.0，15.0~16.0 5.5~6.0150~170,220~25065~7012.5~13.565~70 1.5~2.51 600~1 7009.0~11.0，16.0~17.0 4.5~5.5130~150,250~28070~75<12.5>70<1.5<1 600<9.0，>17.0<4.5<130， >280>75县级边界行政点的矢量数据，推算出每个因子在100 m 网 格上的值，通过数据分析、残差分析、空间分析、叠加计算、无量纲化结果，按照区划要素权重系数年平均气温为0.4， 其他均为0.2，叠加得到花椒种植气候适宜性区划，按照区 划要素权重系数1月平均气温为0.4,其他均为0.2,叠加得 到油橄榄种植气候适宜性区划。
基金项目甘肃省气象局项目“陇南山区特色农业气象灾害风险区划 与气候区划研究”（2013-20)遥作者简介肖志强（1960-)，男，甘肃武都人，高级工程师，从事气候分 析预测、农业气象业务服务及研究工作遥 收稿日期2017-08-112结果与分析2.1油橄榄、花椒物候及气象条件分析油橄榄观测品种佛奥、莱星和花椒观测品种大红袍、二红椒为陇南市主要种植品种。
由表2可知，佛奥与莱星的物 候期基本相同，大红袍比二红椒的物候期明显提前；由于 2013年春季气温异常偏高，油橄榄、花椒物候期比2012年 明显提前。
油橄榄芽期、展叶期和花椒芽期、展叶期、花期主要受 3—4月气温的影响较大，由观测资料与有关文献^分析可 知，油橄榄喜温怕冻，越冬期温度过低或开花期遇寒潮、强陇南山区特色农业气候适宜性区划研究肖志强1李小军2焦素慧1王贤1蒲静1渊1甘肃省陇南市气象局，甘肃陇南746000; 2陇南市卫生学校）摘要本文通过对2012—2013年陇南市油橄榄、花椒全生育期气象和植物学特性的系统观测资料进行对比分析，得出油橄榄、花椒生长关键时段以及对其生长影响相关性最大的气象因子作为指标，利用G IS 技术制作出精细化油橄榄、花椒种植气候适宜性区划图遥结果 表明，陇南市武都区白龙江流域、文县白水江流域、康县东南部、西汉水流域、成县南部和徽县东部等地海拔<1 300m 的河谷、平地、浅山地 带为油橄榄最适宜种植区；陇南市东南部等海拔900耀1 300m 的河谷、平川、浅山缓坡地带为花椒最适宜种植区遥研究结果对指导陇南山区 科学规划、合理布局、充分利用气候资源发展油橄榄、花椒产业，预防和减轻气象灾害损失提供了科学依据遥关键词特色农业；油橄榄;花椒;生态适宜性；气候区划；陇南山区中图分类号S 162.2 文献标识码A 文章编号1007-5739(2017)21-0215-02Study on Climatic Suitability Regionalization of Characteristic Agriculture in Longnan Mountainous AreaXIAO Zhi-qiang 1 LI Xiao-jun2 JIAO Su-hui1 WANG Xian1 PU Jing 1('Longnan Meteorological Bureau in Gansu l ^rovince，Longnan Gansu 746000; 2Longnan City Health School )Abstract Based on the meteorological and botanical characteristics of olive and pepper during the w r hole growth period of Longnan City from2012 to 2013, the meteorological factors influencing the growth of olive and pepper were obtained . And the climatic suitability zoning map was madebased on GIS . The results showr ed that the Bailong River valley，Baishuijiang County,Kang County,western Han River,southern Chen County and eastern Hui county were the most suitable planting areas for olive . Longnan City,such as 900-1 300 m valley ,hirakawa,shallow mountain slope zone were the most suitable planting areas for pepper . The results provide scientific basis for guiding the scientific planning,rational distribution,and making full use of climate resources to develop the industry of olive and pepper , to prevent and reduce the loss of meteorological disasters .Key words characteristic agriculture ；olive ；pepper；ecological suitability；climatic division；Longnan mountainous area陇南市是全国最大的初榨橄榄油生产示范基地和著名 的花椒之乡，目前油橄榄种植面积3.462万hm 2,橄榄油产 量占全国的93%.，花椒种植面积13.333万hm 2。
浅析甘肃陇南武都地段地质探究
浅析甘肃陇南武都地段地质探究施小彬（甘肃省地质调查院，甘肃 兰州 ７３００００）摘 要：武都位于甘肃地区的南部，横贯于秦岭和岷山的两大山系的支脉，在此地高山河谷、丘陵盆地等相互交错，气候属垂直分布，地理差异较为明显，曾被誉为“宝贝的复杂地带”。
本文浅析地段位于中国大陆中央造山带秦岭西段，跨秦岭造山带、勉略构造混杂岩带、松潘～甘孜造山带等一级构造单元。
本文就陇南地区区域地质特征进行简要分析，将其含有丰富的化学特征以及矿产资源进行说明，最终呼吁大家加强对矿产资源的管理和矿区可持续发展。
关键词：物理特征；化学特征；地质中图分类号：Ｐ３１５．２ 文献标识码：Ａ 文章编号：１００２－５０６５（２０１９）２３－０２３３－２On the geological exploration of Wudu District in Longnan, Gansu ProvinceSHI Xiao-bin（Ｇａｎｓｕ Ｇｅｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ Ｓｕｒｖｅｙ Ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ，Ｌａｎｚｈｏｕ ７３００００，Ｃｈｉｎａ）Abstract: Ｗｕｄｕ ｉｓ ｌｏｃａｔｅｄ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｓｏｕｔｈ ｏｆ Ｇａｎｓｕ Ｐｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ． Ｉｔ ｉｓ ａ ｂｒａｎｃｈ ｏｆ Ｑｉｎｌｉｎｇ Ｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎ ａｎｄ Ｍｉｎｓｈａｎ Ｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎ ｓｙｓｔｅｍ． Ｉｎ ｔｈｉｓ ａｒｅａ， ｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎｓ， ｖａｌｌｅｙｓ， ｈｉｌｌｓ ａｎｄ ｂａｓｉｎｓ ａｒｅ ｉｎｔｅｒｌａｃｅｄ． Ｔｈｅ ｃｌｉｍａｔｅ ｉｓ ｖｅｒｔｉｃａｌ ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｇｅｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃａｌ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ ｉｓ ｏｂｖｉｏｕｓ． Ｉｔ ｗａｓ ｏｎｃｅ ｋｎｏｗｎ ａｓ ｔｈｅ ＂ｐｒｅｃｉｏｕｓ ｃｏｍｐｌｅｘ ａｒｅａ＂． Ｉｎ ｔｈｉｓ ｐａｐｅｒ， ｔｈｅ ｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎ ｉｓ ｌｏｃａｔｅｄ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ Ｑｉｎｌｉｎｇ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ Ｃｅｎｔｒａｌ Ｏｒｏｇｅｎｉｃ Ｂｅｌｔ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ ｃｏｎｔｉｎｅｎｔ， ｗｈｉｃｈ ｉｓ ａ ｆｉｒｓｔ－ｃｌａｓｓ ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒａｌ ｕｎｉｔ ｓｕｃｈ ａｓ ｔｈｅ ｔｒａｎｓ Ｑｉｎｌｉｎｇ ｏｒｏｇｅｎｉｃ ｂｅｌｔ， ｔｈｅ ＭＩＡＮＬＵＥ ｔｅｃｔｏｎｉｃ ｍｅｌａｎｇｅ ｂｅｌｔ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ Ｓｏｎｇｐａｎ Ｇａｎｚｉ ｏｒｏｇｅｎｉｃ ｂｅｌｔ． Ｔｈｉｓ ｐａｐｅｒ ｍａｋｅｓ ａ ｂｒｉｅｆ ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ ｏｎ ｔｈｅ ｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌ ｇｅｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓ ｏｆ Ｌｏｎｇｎａｎ ａｒｅａ， ｅｘｐｌａｉｎｓ ｉｔｓ ｒｉｃｈ ｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌ ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓ ａｎｄ ｍｉｎｅｒａｌ ｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ， ａｎｄ ｆｉｎａｌｌｙ ｃａｌｌｓ ｏｎ ｅｖｅｒｙｏｎｅ ｔｏ ｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈｅｎ ｔｈｅ ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ ｏｆ ｍｉｎｅｒａｌ ｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅ ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｍｉｎｉｎｇ ａｒｅａ．Keywords: ｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌ ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓ； ｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌ ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓ； ｇｅｏｌｏｇｙ1 区域地质测区地层分属于康县~略阳地层区，东昆仑-中、南秦岭地层区南秦岭地层分区徽县-成县地层小区。
甘肃陇南小麦品种抗条锈病鉴定与评价
甘肃陇南小麦品种抗条锈病鉴定与评价作者：周喜旺王娜刘鸿燕魏志平王希恩岳维云张耀辉贾秋珍宋振宇来源：《安徽农业科学》2024年第05期摘要为了解甘肃陇南小麦育成品种和后备品种对当前条锈菌流行小种的抗性水平，利用条锈菌流行小种CYR32、CYR33和CYR34对60份供试小麦品种分别进行苗期、成株期抗病性鉴定。
结果表明，在所有供试品种中，对CYR32、CYR33和CYR34表现苗期抗病的品种分别有9、22和10份，表现成株期抗病的品种分别有35、38和30份。
结合苗期和成株期鉴定结果，对CYR32、CYR33和CYR34表现苗期感病而成株期抗病的品种分别有28、22和24份，占46.7%、36.7%和40.0%；中梁14号和兰天37号对CYR32、CYR33和CYR34均表现全生育期抗性，占3.3%。
甘肃陇南麦区小麦品种对当前条锈菌流行小种多表现为成株期抗性，筛选出部分具有全生育期或成株期抗性的品种，可作小麦育种的亲本资源加以利用。
关键词小麦品种；抗条锈病；鉴定；评价中图分类号 S435.12 文献标识码 A 文章编号 0517-6611（2024）05-0144-03doi：10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2024.05.035开放科学（资源服务）标识码（OSID）：Evaluation and Identification of Resistance to Stripe Rust of Wheat Varieties in Longnan of Gansu ProvinceZHOU Xi-wang，WANG Na， LIU Hong-yan et al（Tianshui Institute of Agricultural Science，Tianshui，Gansu 741001）Abstract To understand the resistance level of wheat varieties （lines） bred in Longnan of Gansu，60 wheat varieties （lines） were identified at seedling stage and adult stage with three current predominant stripe rust races CYR32，CYR33 and CYR34.The results showed that 9，22 and 10 of the tested materials were resistant to CYR32，CYR33 and CYR34 at seedling stage，respectively;And 35，38 and 30 of the tested materials were resistant to CYR32，CYR33 andCYR34 at adult stage，respectively.Base on the seedling and adult stage reactions，28，22 and 24materials were resistant at seedling stage but susceptible at adult stage to CYR32，CYR33 and CYR34，accounting for 46.7%，36.7% and 40.0%，respectively.Zhongliang 14 and Lantian 37 were resistant at the all stage to CYR32，CYR33 and CYR34，accounting for 3.3% of the tested materials.The resistance of wheat varieties（lines） from the Longnan of Gansu to current predominant stripe rust races was mostly in the adult stage，and some varieties（lines） with at the all stage or adult stage，which can be used as parent resources for wheat breeding.Key words Wheat varieties;Resistance to stripe rust;Identification;Evaluation基金项目甘肃省科技计划项目（21JR7RE900）；甘肃省科技重点研发计划项目（21YF5NE198）。
浅析甘肃陇东地区马兰黄土工程地质特性
《河南水利与南水北调》2023年第9期勘测设计浅析甘肃陇东地区马兰黄土工程地质特性朱金龙（甘肃省水利水电勘测设计研究院有限责任公司，甘肃兰州730000）摘要：甘肃陇东地区的马兰黄土，分布于塬、梁、峁顶部及河(沟)谷斜坡及河道的阶地上。
在该区进行工程建设，当建筑物基础置于马兰黄土中，易发生地基土体湿陷沉降变形而导致建筑物破坏。
因此，必须分析研究陇东地区马兰黄土工程特性。
经对陇东各县区取代表性Ⅰ级原状土样的大量室内试验，采用数据统计和地质分析等方法，浅析了陇东各县区内不同地貌单元区、不同状态下马兰黄土的湿陷性、渗透性、压缩性、抗剪性、击实性等物理力学性质和工程地质特性。
关键词：甘肃陇东地区；马兰黄土；湿陷性；渗透性；压缩性；抗剪性；击实性中图分类号：TV223.2文献标识码：A文章编号：1673-8853（2023）09-0102-021研究区马兰黄土特征1.1粒度成分陇东马兰黄土从北部环县至南部灵台县，从北向南粉粒含量逐渐减小，黏粒含量逐渐增大，塬面及塬边斜坡砂粒含量变化不大。
马兰黄土砂粒含量（平均值）在0.62%～7.14%之间，粉粒在83.25%～61.15%之间，黏粒在16.04%～32.38%之间。
1.2化学成分陇东马兰黄土化学成分有SiO 2、Al 2O 3、Fe 2O 3、CaO 、MgO 、K 2O 、Na 2O 、FeO 、MnO 、TiO 2，其中SiO 2、Al 2O 3、CaO 含量占60%～70%。
自北向南SiO 2和MgO 有减少趋势，而Al 2O 3、Fe 2O 3和FeO 的含量有增加的趋势，CaO 、Na 2O 和K 2O 含量无明显变化规律。
2马兰黄土物理力学性质2.1物理性质根据陇东地区351组马兰黄土原状样试验结果，陇东马兰黄土在天然条件下，土体中含水量随深度增大而增加，干密度亦随深度增大而增大，孔隙比随深度增大而减小。
土体在天然条件下含水量较少，土体处于坚硬~硬塑状态，孔隙较大，弱~微透水，垂直向渗透性略大于水平向。
地方课程资料甘肃陇南介绍资料
甘肃陇南旅游介绍陇南市位于甘肃省东南边陲，是甘肃唯一的长江流域地区，东连陕西，南接四川，北靠天水，西连甘南，为甘肃南下东出之要冲。
陇南地处中国大陆二级阶梯向三级阶梯的过渡地带，位于秦巴山区、青藏高原、黄土高原三大地形交汇区域，西部向青藏高原北侧边缘过渡，北部向陇中黄土高原过渡，东部与西秦岭和汉中盆连接，南部向四川盆地过渡，整个地形西北高东南低。
陇南旅游资源独特，不光山奇水秀，文化灿烂，而且历史悠久。
《史记》记载，华夏人文始祖伏羲“生于仇池，长于成纪”，仇池就是现在陇南的西和县，至今伏羲崖还耸立在仇池山上；陇南是中国历史上第一个封建帝国秦王朝的发祥地，秦始皇先祖在我市的礼县繁衍生息数百年才奠定了雄立关中、定鼎中原、统一六国的千秋基业。
比较著名的人文景区景点还有成县杜甫草堂、礼县先秦文化遗址、祁山三国古战场、西和仇池国遗址、阴平三国古栈道。
陇南的自然生态旅游资源也十分丰富，有西北最大的天然溶洞----武都万象洞，国家级森林公园----成县鸡峰山、文县洋汤天池和徽县三滩、康县阳坝、宕昌官鹅沟等生态旅游风景区。
这些独具特色的人文和自然景观，分别与四川九寨沟、甘肃天水麦积山遥相呼应。
独特的地理位置还造就了文化的多元特色。
既有古代氐、羌、藏等民族文化与汉文化的大融合，又有秦陇文化与巴蜀文化的大交汇，其独特的民俗风情，提供给游人的是一份风物常青的画卷。
陇南市位于甘肃省东南部，地处秦巴山区，地理坐标在东经104°1′~106°35′，北纬32°38′~34°31′之间。
东西长221公里，南北宽220公里。
东连陕西，南接四川，西邻甘南藏族自治州，北依定西市和天水市。
现辖武都区和成县、徽县、两当、西和、礼县、康县、文县、宕昌8个县，242个乡镇，3423个村民委员会，54万户。
境内有汉、回、藏等21个民族成份，少数民族人口5万多人。
面积27923平方公里，人口281万。
是甘肃境内唯一的长江流域地区，气候属亚热带向暖温带过渡区，境内高山、河谷、丘陵、盆地交错，气候垂直分布，地域差异明显。
陇南地区泥石流堆积物特征分析
陇南地 区属西秦岭山系 ， 山高坡陡； 区域地质构造 复杂， 岩层破碎 ， 并广泛分 布有千枚岩等软弱岩层和黄 土； 虽年降雨量不大， 但短历时降雨量大。另外本地区 处于区域应力集中地带 、 强烈上升区和著名的南北大地 震带上， 流域发育程度处于壮年期早期 ， 比附近 的河流 都要年轻。加之一些区段河沟与地主应力方向垂直嘲， 这些特殊条件造成本地区泥石流特别发育 。
①
交通 部 西部 交 通 建 设 科技 项 目（０ ２３ ８０ ０３ ） ２ ０ １ ０ ６工程
２０ 年第 ７ ０７ 期
积相互交错 、 超复和重叠 。这类冲积扇的纵横 比降在泥 石流冲积扇中是最大的 ， 比泥石流堆积锥的纵横 比降 但 小 。粘性泥 石流 冲积扇 在发育初 期一般 具椭 圆形 ， 中期 具不对称性 。发育 晚期 冲积扇 累积到一 定高度 ， 因扇 面 形态改变 已经不利 于继 续 沉 积 ， 因泥 石 流 由稠 变稀 ， 或 或 为开发利用 扇 面以人 工 排导 沟 将 泥石 流 引 至低 处 沉 积时， 均可形成大扇套小扇的串珠状多级扇面。如武都 新寨沟， 由于扇面发展和泥石流性质的改变 ， 呈现 四级 扇面， 最低两级扇形地近五 、 六十年来形成。 剪子河稀性泥石流沟组成物质较均一， 粘度低。形 成的冲积扇的纵横 比降在泥石流冲积扇 中是最 小的。 勾坝河 流域 等泥石 流组成物 质粒 度相对 宽广 ， 山 口后 出 粗大颗粒首先堆积 ， 后续流体也随之堆积。这类冲积扇 的纵横比降在泥石流冲积扇中居于 中等。稀性泥石流 冲积扇， 在发育初期一般呈狭长锥形 ， 中期或 晚期也呈 不对 称性 。短 期 内如 不受地 质构造 运动 影响 ， 般都无 一 串珠状形态ｌ 。 ７ ］
维普资讯
２０ 年第 ７ ０７ 期
甘肃陇南市银杏大蚕蛾发现新的形态(英文)
Occurrence Reasons and Control Measures of Caligula Japonica in Longnan CityQiao Xu1, Wang Yicun1*, Wu Gang1, Wang Siyuan2, Hu Jizhou3, Liu Tiexin1, Feng Shanqin11. Longnan Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wudu 746000, China;2. Walnut Service Center of Kangxian County, Kangxian 746500, China;3. Forestry Bureau of Chengxian County, Chengxian 742500, ChinaAbstract Caligula Japonica has continuously broke out in large scale in Longnan City, Gansu Province, causing heavy economic losses. In order to effectively control the insect and to increase the production benefit of walnut in Longnan, the authors have investigated and observed the morphological characters and living habits of C. Japonica. The major causes of continuous large-scale occurrence of C. Japonica in Longnan City are analyzed concretely, and the integrated control measures are put forward from the aspects of silvicultural measures, physical control, chemical control and biological control.Key words Walnut; Caligula Japonica; Occurrence regularity; Control technology; Longnan City, Gansu ProvinceWalnut (Juglans regia) is one of the characteristic pillar industries in Longnan City, Gansu Province. After years of sustained development, the current planting area of walnut reaches 140533 hm2, and it is the main economic source of farmers in the producing areas. However, due to extensive management for long term, the adult walnut trees far away from villages are still in the natural state of only harvest without management, while large introduction of new varieties and continuous expansion of planting area leads to increasingly serious pest damage, coupled with that tall walnut tree increases difficulties in pests and diseases control, Caligula Japonica has successively broken out and flooded in large scale in walnut trees especially in recent years. According to the survey, it was first found in 2006 that the pest broke out unexpectedly in Kangxian and Huixian counties in Longnan City, Gansu Province, with the occurrence area of 240 hm2; in 2009, the occurrence had spread from Kangxian and Huixian to Chengxian, Wudu, Liangdang and Lixian counties, and the occurrence area rapidly increased to 169330 hm2; there were about 5089200 walnut trees damaged by the pest, and the pest had further spreading trend. Therefore, the Gansu provincial government and Longnan municipal government have issued documents for several years, and held the scene to deploy pests and diseases control in Longnan walnut. Currently, it has become a top priority for Longnan agriculture.1 Distribution Status and Damage Characteristics1.1 Distribution status and host plantsCaligula japonica Moore, formerly named Dictyoploca japonica Butler, belongs to Caligula, Saturniidae, Lepidoptera[1]. It is mainly distributed in the provinces (regions) of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong , Hubei, Shaanxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Guizhou, Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and Taiwan in China, as well as Japan, North Korea and Russia at abroad. There are 38 species of host plants for C. japonica belonging to 30 genera and 20 families, such as walnut, sumac (Toxicdendron vernicifluum), ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), plum (Prunus spp.), pear (Pyurs spp.), persimmon (Diospyros kaki), apple (Malus pumila),chestnut (Castanea mollissima), maple (Pterocarya stenoptera), willow (Salix babylonica), hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), camphor (Cinnamomum camphora), oriental cherry (Cerasus ssp.), etc.[2].1.2 Damage characteristicsThe C. japonica larvae after the third instar will overeat walnut leaves, and thousands of larvae will eat up the whole leaves of walnut trees under severe occurrence, remaining veins and green fruits. Because of bald crown, the trees can not carry out photosynthesis, and young fruits are largely dropping due to the lack of nutrition; the one-year-old branches of the damaged tree are dried in the following year, or the tree will die under severe condition[3]. After eating up the leaves of walnut trees, the larvae will transfer to other hosts, such as sumac, chestnut, apple, maple, etc., to feed on leaves[4].2 Morphological Features2.1 AdultThe specimens of C. japonica are shown in Fig. 1 (a-d), while the specimen in Fig. 1a is the female moth, and those in b, c and d are the male moths. The male moth can be divided into three types: b is pale brown male moth; c is dark brown male moth; d is reddish brown male moth. The male moth is 26-29 mm long, with the wingspan of 112-127 mm, and the antennae are feathery. The female month is 35 mm long, with the wingspan of 131-133 mm, which is brown or orange-yellow or reddish brown, with thick abdomen; the antennae are pectinated, with the same color as the body; the forewing is slightly concaved backwards in the outer margin, with a distinct black spot near top vertex angle and a red spot in the rear of the black spot; there is an eye-like spot in the median cell of inferior wing; both forewing and inferior wings have a very clear wavy horizontal line substantially parallel with the exterior margin.2.2 EggThe egg is oval and short cylindrical, slightly flat on both ends, with the hatching hole covered by colloids on the top where the hatching larvae will come out. The egg is 2.2-2.5 mm in long diameter and 1.2-1.5 mm in short diameter, which is bright green in the early stage and then gradually becomes gray-white, with beige pattern on eggshell. The eggs are neatly arranged along with the bark seam.2.3 LarvaThe newly hatched larvae are black, which have black hairs on the dorsum, gray-white or orange abdomen with three-color bold lines combined with black, brown and yellow; the lateral body and the lower side of the larvae after the third instar gradually become light green; the mature larvae are green, with white dorsum. Each instar larva has long hairs on the dorsum which initially are yellow-green and later become white. Each segment has blue oval stigma in the lower part of both sides except the periproct; there are 1-2 bristles on the dorsum and hair tumors in the lateral side. The mature larva is 100-120 mm in length and 10-15 mm in width, with neat hair band connected by hair follicles on the dorsum.2.4 CocoonThe newly formed cocoon is sliver white, and it is gradually dried and becomes brown with the formation of pupa. The cocoon interweaved by thick silks is sarong-like, oval, 66-61 mm in length and 25-27 mm in width. The mesh is 2-7 mm in irregular shape. There is opening pore in the rear end of cocoon. The bave is thick, with smooth surface and hard leather substance.2.5 PupaThe pupa is 36-44 mm in length and 13-18 mm in width, and the female pupa is slightly larger than the male one; the pupa is reddish brown, and the female pupa has darker color than the male one.3 Life history and habits3.1 Life historyC. japonica occurs for one generation each year in Longnan, and survives the winter as eggs in bark gaps of walnut trunk. When the walnut leaves are grown from late April to early May in the following year, the eggs begin to hatch. The larval period mostly comprises of six instars, and few are seven instars. The fourth instar larvae fed with ginkgo leaves can pupate. The larval period lasts about 60 d. The larvae enter the overeating period from late May to early June; the larvae that have been fully developed will successively fall down from trees during late June and mid July, and then creep up again from ground, weeds or shrubs to search the pupation sites, while only few larvae pupate in residual leaves on trees. The adults are emerged from mid July to early September, and spawn in early September. The eggs are laid in bark gaps of walnut trunks, and will cluster into blocks to go through the winter. The adults still can be induced by lights till late September.3.2 HabitsThe adults are usually emerged in the evening. The moth is totally wet after emergence, with soft wings close to body wall, and it will begin to fly after 1-2 h. The adults hide in shadows during the daytime, and activate in the evening. They will start mating in the second evening, with the duration of 12-24 h. The female moths begin to spawn after 3-4 d, and each female can spawn for three to five times. The adults have phototaxis and strong flying ability, and the fluorescent lamp can lure more male moths within the range of 8 km. The fecundity is about 100-600 eggs, with an average of 300 eggs. The eggs are generally laid in the trunk bark gaps of aging trees with the diameter more than 20 cm, at the height of 1-3 cm. The fecundity is proportional to trunk diameter of walnut tree; the fecundity in the walnut tree with the diameter less than 20 cm accounts for less than 1% of total fecundity; the fecundity in the walnut tree with the diameter of 21-30 cm accounts for 14% of total fecundity; the fecundity in the walnut tree with the diameter more than 30 cm accounts for 85% of total fecundity. The fecundity in sunny leeward plots is higher than that in shady slopes and ditches.Larva hatching has a great relationship with environmental temperature. The same egg mass or the eggs in the same walnut tree are hatched neatly, but the hatching time of eggs in the walnut trees at different slopes is inconsistent. Generally, the hatching in sunny slope is earlier than that in shady slope, with a difference of about 20d. The newly hatched larvae often gather near egg masses, and then cluster together after 1 h to climb from trunk to bore leaves in middle and lower part of crown. The first and the second instar larvae often damage together on leaf back, but their appetite is very small. There are at least 12-30 larvae on a single leaf, or 40-60 larvae to themaximum. The larvae are feeding in neat arrangement with their heads towards leaf margin, and they mostly cluster together until the third instar period. The larvae after the forth instar have increased appetite, and gradually disperse to the whole tree for feeding. When the leaves are eaten up, they will shift together to another walnut tree. The earlier hatched larvae in sunny slope can reach seven instars, and the late hatched larvae in shady slope will move around after the sixth instar, looking for pupation sites. They will fall down from trees as moving around, and then crawl upward again from shrubs, weeds or ground, in order to search for the pupation sites. Only a few larvae pupate in residual leaves of walnut trees. The top twigs of dwarf plants on the ground with high humidity are the best choice for pupation. There are more cocoons in shrubs and weeds at the height of 0.5-1.0 m from the ground, and also a small amount of cocoons on crops or twig forks of small arbor crown at the height of 1.5-3.0 m from the ground. It is the aestivation period of insects after pupation.4 Predators of C. japonicaA total of 68 kinds of predators against C. japonica have been recorded, such as Trichogramma sp.,Telenomus sp., Apanteles sp., Anastatus japonicus Ashmead, Hierodula patellifera, etc. The parasitic fungi include Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo)Vuillemin, Dictyoploca japonica, Cytoplasmic Polyhedrosis virus, etc.5 Outbreak reasons of C. japonica(1) The planting structures of walnut have changed, and new ecological environment provides the environmental foundation for outbreak of C. japonica. With the continuous support on characteristic pillar industries by Longnan municipal government and increase income of farmers from walnut industry, the walnut planting area in Longnan expands rapidly. Currently, the planting area has reached 140533 hm2, and walnut income has become the main economic sources of farmers. However, the development of walnut tree also provides sufficient foodstuffs for C. japonica. In addition, lower management level in some field leads to overgrown weeds, which provides suitable pupation sites for C. japonica, offering very favorable conditions for generation continuation.(2) Due to global warming, the overwintering eggs of C. japonica can go through the winter safely, resulting in expanding initial population number of C. japonica. Large occurrence of C. japonica is closely related to the temperature and rainfall in last winter and from July to September. High temperature and drought in summer and autumn, and rainy and wet in winter and spring is one of the reasons for outbreak of C. japonica.(3) When farmers introduce a large number of new walnut varieties everywhere, C. japonica is also unwittingly introduced. In recent years, 114 fine walnut varieties (lines, strains) have been introduced and bred in Longnan City, of which 13 are foreign varieties, 31 are nonlocal varieties from other provinces, 20 are local varieties in Gansu Province, and 50 are local varieties in Longnan City. A total of 17 improved walnut seed orchards occupied 279.33 hm2have been established, and walnut industry has received considerable development. However, large introduction of walnut varieties and relatively backward quarantine technology results in introduction of C. japonica, especially the introduction from outbreak area of C. japonica in Shaanxi, is bound to cause large breeding and outbreak of the insect.(4) Frequent outbreaks and migration of C. japonica in neighboring provinces is also one ofthe reasons for its outbreak in Longnan City. In 1956, C. japonica broke out in Guangxi, and the leaves of 18000 ginkgo trees were eaten up completely[6]. In 1996, C. japonica broke out in Caijiaqiao Forest Farm in Jingde County, Anhui Province, and the damage on Sassafras albidum led to S. albidum dry rot, causing decayed timber and severe economic losses[7]. In 1996, severe damage of C. japonica on walnut in Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province, injured more than 0.3 million walnut trees to varying degrees in Zhenba County, causing yield reduction of 0.4 million kg and direct economic loss of 1.6 million yuan[8]. C. japonica severely occurred in Luanchuan County, Henan Province, from 1998 to 2001. The insect was first found in Longnan City in 2006, and then rapidly broke out in counties of Kangxian, Chengxian, Liangdang and Huixian; about 119200 walnut trees had been injured in the main walnut producing area, with the injured area of 397.3 hm2, and the annual yield reduction was 3600 t. In 1997, the affected area in Zhongyuan and Yeping towns in Hanbin District, Ankang City, was 800 hm2, resulting in yield cuts of 65.4% in that year and 28.9% in the following year, and the dead plants accounted for 4.7%. In 2008, C. japonica broke out again in Hanbin and Xiangshan, resulting in the injured area of 1000 hm2. In 2009, C. japonica had been found in 10 counties in Chenggu County, Shaanxi Province, leading to the injured area of 533 hm2. In 2009, the outbreak area of C. japonica in Jiuhuashan of Zhuoshan County, Hubei Province reached 1200 hm2, and the broadleaf trees, such as Betula spp., S. albidum,Liriodendron chinense, Populus tomentosa, Toxicodendron vernicifluum, etc., were attacked.(5) C. japonica has adequate foods due to wide range of host plants. It mainly attacks the tree species such as walnut, chestnut, sumac, ginkgo, birch, poplar ????? and toon, while these species are widely distributed in Longnan, especially large-scale development of walnut tree which is the most favorite food for C. japonica provides food resources and ecological environment for its large-scale occurrence.(6) Large population density is the basis for large-scale outbreak. There are up to 4927 overwintering eggs in the walnut tree with the diameter of about 30 cm; the first to the second instar larvae on a single leaf amount to 40-60 heads. There are more than 2000 larvae in the walnut tree with the DBH of 13 cm; as the larvae are matured, if the male and female ratio is 1:1, there are more than 1000 female adults which will spawn; the fecundity of a female adult is generally 100-600 eggs, and the number of eggs is about 0.3 million according to an average of 300 eggs per female, which is a very alarming figure.(7) The masses in local area still hope that the country can invest or control the pests, and do not actively carry out prevention work, leaving fruiting trees under extensive management.(8) The species and number of natural enemies are insufficient. Large introduction of new walnut varieties and gradual expansion of planting area leads to increasingly serious damage of pests and diseases in walnut. The original ecological balance is destroyed and the number of natural enemies is less, so that the natural restriction against occurrence and development of pests is reduced.(9) The prevention is difficult and the effect is ineffective. Since walnut trees are mostly planted in barren hillside, woodland edge, field ridges or around houses, wide and scattered distribution, inaccessible traffic, lack of water, as well as tall walnut tree, and uncomprehending control techniques, lead to more difficulties in control work and unsatisfactory control effect.6 Integrated Control Methods against C. japonica6.1 Silvicultural measuresCombined with walnut fertilization, pruning, white painting of trunks and orchard management in autumn and winter, the old and upwarping barks of walnut trees must be scraped to eliminate the egg masses on barks. The weeds and shrubs around walnut trees must be cleaned, in order to reduce the population density.6.2 Biological controlThe Bacillus thuringiensis WP (8000 IU/mg) 600-800 times dilution can be sprayed during the peak hatching period of larvae; the explosive power of B. thuringiensis can be ignited in the weather with larger wind, so that B. thuringiensis will spread around and C. japonica larvae will die due to infection of B. thuringiensis spores. “General Lin”(Beauveria bassiana) 600 or 800 times dilution can also be sprayed in late May using high-pressure spraying method.6.3 Physical controlThe egg masses attached on trunks can be cleaned by means of hitting, cutting and scraping during the egg stage (from October to the next March); the trunk can be painted white with lime slurry or lime sulfur at the height of 1.5 m from the ground, to destroy egg masses. The cocoons and pupae of C. japonica can be picked up in the shrub or weeds under walnut trees during the pupal stage, and then burned together. The black light can be set to trap newly hatched adults during the emergence period of adults from late August to September, and the occurrence quantity in the following year can be controlled effectively by reducing fecundity.Kangxian and Huixian of Longgan City have mobilized the masses to manually pick the insects that have finished cocooning and pupating, and country forestry bureau purchases these cocoons at the price of 0.1 yuan/cocoon. More than 1.1 million cocoons have been acquired, then burned and buried deeply. This measure greatly mobilizes the enthusiasm of the masses, and has achieved good results.6.4 Chemical controlThe larval period before the third instar, when the larvae like to cluster together with weak resistance, is the most suitable control period against C. japonica; 90% trichlorfon 1500-2000 times dilution or 25% diflubenzuron 500 time dilution can be timely sprayed during this period, and the insecticidal effect is up to 100%. In addition, Sendebao (avermectin+Bt) WP 2000-3000 times dilution, or 3% high permeation fenoxycarb EC 3000-4000 times dilution, or 1.8% avermectin EC 3000-4000 times dilution, or 0.3% matrine SL 1000-1500 times dilution, or 1.2% nicotine • matrine EC 800-1000 times dilution, can be sprayed to control the insect.Fig. 1 Photos of C. japonica specimensa Female moth (♀)b Pale brown male moth(♂)c Dark brown male moth (♂)d Reddish brown male moth(♂)Received: Accepted:Supported by Science and Technology Innovation Project of Gansu Province (2009GAAS38).* Corresponding author. E-mail:wyc3196@。
陇南市生物多样性保护的生态补偿区域空间选择
3 结论与讨论
3.1 各类补偿区的相关特征分析 四 类 补偿 区 在补 偿 面积 ,补 偿乡 镇 数量 ,补 偿人 口 方
陇南市各乡镇 BI 陇南市各乡镇 BI 陇南市各乡镇 BI
城关镇
5.2 中庙乡
1 1 .4 桥头乡
5.4
碧口镇
1 7 .8 口头坝乡 6 .2 堡子坝乡 4.8
尚德镇
6 肖家乡
6 石坊乡
7
文 铁楼乡 县 丹堡乡
1 7 尖山乡 1 4.8 临江乡
7 .4 石鸡坝乡
7
5.2 中寨乡
5.6
刘家坪乡 1 8 .4 梨坪乡
后 的物种 分布 乡镇 分为 极 重 要,重 要 ,中 等重 要 和 不重 要
4个等级，BI值分别为: 9.4- 1 8 .4,6.6 - 9.4,0- 6.6 和 0.
根据 生物 多样性 保护 重要 性评价 的结 果，对生 态补 偿 区进
行 分级.
BI=FB � +SB �
� � �
2
(1)
式中: BI为生物多样性保护重要性指数，FB 为国家一级保
护物种种数，SB 为国家二级保护物种种数， 1 ,2 分别为 FB,S B的权重.
2 生态补偿对象空间选择结果分析
基于模型 ，对陇南市各乡镇的 BI值进行估算和排 序( 见表 1 ) ，鉴于乡镇较多，仅列出典型乡镇的计算结果. 利用 sp ss1 3.0 对 BI值进行层次聚类分析，依据陇南市生 物多样性保护重要性的评价，将整个区域分为 4 个等级:
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Open Journal of Nature Science 自然科学, 2016, 4(2), 137-144Published Online May 2016 in Hans. /journal/ojns/10.12677/ojns.2016.42017Review of Regional Tectonics of LongnanYinqiang Bi1,2, Yaming Tang2*, Maosheng Zhang2, Wei Feng2, Fei Li1,21State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an Shaanxi 2Xi’an Center of Geological Survey, China Geological Survey, Key Laboratory for Geo-Hazards in Loess Area,MLR, Xi’an ShaanxiReceived: Apr. 20th, 2016; accepted: May 5th, 2016; published: May 12th, 2016Copyright © 2016 by authors and Hans Publishers Inc.This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY)./licenses/by/4.0/AbstractLongnan area plays a vital role in studying the tectonic evolution of Chinese mainland. This paper mainly adopts the methods of literature research and is based on the comparative study of the geological structure of Longnan area at home and abroad, which gives an introduction and com-ment of regional tectonics of Longnan on the domestic argumentation concerning tectonic setting, history of the tectonic evolution, regional structure and current activity of fault. What’s more, the riverine areas of Chouni River were tested and studied by geophysical prospecting. We found Luo-Jiabu-Mudan fault, which is a new secondary fault of LiXian-LuoJiabao fault with a certain angle, that the length is about 20 km, the overall tr end is NNW28˚, the fault composed of the nearly three parallel faults, and the activity of fault is strong.KeywordsReview, Geological Structure, Luojiabu-Mudan Fault Zone, Longnan陇南区域地质构造研究现状综述毕银强1,2，唐亚明2*，张茂省2，冯卫2，李飞1,21西北大学地质学系/大陆动力学国家重点实验室，陕西西安2中国地质调查局西安地质调查中心/国土资源部黄土地质灾害重点实验室，陕西西安收稿日期：2016年4月20日；录用日期：2016年5月5日；发布日期：2016年5月12日*通讯作者。
毕银强等摘要陇南地区在研究中国大陆构造演化历史中具有重要的意义。
本文主要以文献研究手段，在对国内外陇南区域地质构造比较研究的基础上，从大地构造背景、构造演化、区域构造以及现今活动性等四个方面入手，对现有的陇南区域地质构造研究成果进行了论述，并采用物探手段对稠泥河沿河地区进行了测试和研究。
研究发现与礼县–罗家堡断裂呈一定交角方向上存在一条新的次级断裂——罗家堡–牡丹断裂，长约20 km，总体走向NNW28˚，断裂由3条相互平行或斜列的次级断裂组合而成，活动性较强。
关键词研究现状，地质构造，罗家堡–牡丹断裂，陇南1. 引言南北活动构造带是我国现今构造活动最为强烈的地区，该带地震次数多且强度大，其强震数约占我国大陆强震总数的三分之一[1]，是崩滑流地质灾害高易发区，也是历史上灾难性地震地质灾害频发区。
而陇南恰好处于南北活动构造带与东西祁秦构造带的交叉部位，地质构造尤其复杂，地震活动性强，地震烈度VII~VIII，基岩滑坡和大部分土质滑坡均发生在地震之后。
据统计，研究区70年代发生的滑坡有80%是由1976年松潘地震引起的。
由于陇南地区既有南北经向构造活动和行迹，也有东西纬向构造活动和行迹，表现出复杂的活动构造特征，因此陇南地区不仅是地震高烈度区，而且也是地质灾害的高易发区。
如陇南武都区地质灾害的发育程度、暴发频率、发生规模和危害、威胁程度均居全国之首[2]。
因此，本文主要以文献研究手段，在对国内外陇南地区地质构造比较研究的基础上，从大地构造背景、构造演化、区域构造以及现今活动性等四个方面入手，对现有的陇南区域地质构造研究成果进行了论述，并采用物探手段对稠泥河沿河地区进行了测试和研究，为新构造、活动构造与地震地质方面的进一步调查研究奠定基础。
2. 大地构造背景青藏高原东北部的陕甘川地区是中国构造分区中南北与东西构造分区的交汇位置[3](图1)。
许多学者认为印度板块与欧亚板块的碰撞及其后的印度板块向北楔入作用所引起的挤压应力以及受到较为稳定的阿拉善及鄂尔多斯块体阻挡的共同作用导致了青藏高原强烈隆升，而青藏高原的向北东挤压作用造就了陇南地区从东昆仑断裂向西秦岭北缘断裂逐渐转换过渡的复杂构造系统[4]-[7]，并且过渡过程中运动分量的吸收和转换来源于陇南地区近于平行的北西向断裂及其与这些断裂组成“V”字型构造的北东向断裂系统，并且断裂走滑位移的转换主要是通过青藏高原向NE方向的扩展和局部次级块体的侧向滑动调整所完成的，而运动转换过程造成了过渡断层上的局部应力集中促使地震发生，特别是临潭–宕昌断裂是东昆仑断裂系统和西秦岭断裂系统之间一个重要的转换纽带，其可能受来自西秦岭北缘断裂本身及青藏高原向北东推挤过程的影响，因此更容易发生地震[8]。
据史料记载，东昆仑断裂和西秦岭断裂均发生过大于等于7级地震，尤其是陇南地区“V”字型断裂系统中的北东向断裂引发了一系列中强地震[8] [9]，如礼县–罗家堡断裂发生了礼县8级地震，临江断裂或哈南–青山湾–稻畦子断裂发生了1879年武都8级地震[10]-[12]。
毕银强等1-贺兰断裂带；2-石门–马超营断裂带；3-天水–丹凤主缝合带；4-徽成盆地；5-文县–略阳断裂带；6-城口–房县断裂带；7-松潘缝合带；8-龙门山断裂带；9-华蓥山断裂带；10-研究区Figure 1. The thumbnail about the distribution of regional structural unit in the west Qinlingand adjacent regions [13]图1. 西秦岭及邻区区域构造单元分布关系略图(引自文献[13])3. 构造演化晚奥陶世加里东运动，秦岭、祁连、松潘–甘孜全面沉降，秦祁海形成；志留纪末祁连运动，秦祁古海板块向北俯冲，北秦岭加里东褶皱带形成[14]，而且西秦岭与华北板块发生碰撞，使得西秦岭整体抬升，大部分成为陆地；海西早期秦岭古海进入地槽下沉阶段，南秦岭北带接受优地槽型沉积，南部为冒地槽型沉积，松潘–甘孜与北带相同，属优地槽沉积，而且西秦岭地块从早泥盆世晚期开始由东部开始形成伸展盆地，并在中泥盆世达到最大。
随后，由于东部受到挤压，盆地逐步向西发展，形成了一种东部逐渐抬升、西部逐渐向西伸展下陷的状况。
晚泥盆世受到挤压，北部形成前陆盆地。
海西末期北秦岭古海收缩闭合隆起褶皱成山，礼县–柞水海西褶皱带形成，松潘–甘孜古海基底的碧口群也回返出露地表，印支运动初期古海板块继续向北俯冲，南秦岭古海板块发生拉张，张裂带形成，巨厚的下、中三叠统复里石建造形成，西秦岭沉积盆地也逐渐形成，它是南部伸展盆地和北部前陆盆地共同发展的结果[13]。
印支运动中晚期，西秦岭褶皱山系形成。
之后，受迭部–白龙江、成县–太白山弧形断裂左行走滑的影响，在褶皱弧顶及以东位置发生走滑伸展，形成长条形的地堑–半地堑盆地。
同期沿青川断裂、西秦岭北缘断裂、礼县–罗家堡断裂以及西和断裂分别形成了天水盆地、安化–成县盆地以及西和盆地。
受断裂运动学调整的影响，西秦岭地区新近纪盆地遭受挤压而发生构造反转。
新近纪盆地的形成与反转历史清楚地记录了青藏高原东北缘新近纪晚期向东构造挤出的过程[15]。
早更新世至中更新世，青藏高原剧烈抬升至3000 m以上，地面切割强盛，季风加剧。
晚更新世，青藏高原再次抬升，高原东缘山地新构造运动强盛，秦岭南北两坡阶地抬较其它时期为高，山势趋于陡峻，岩层断裂破碎。
晚更新世后期至全新世间，印支板块继续向北推挤，青藏高原东部的陇南山区又历经了一次抬升运动，但地壳升降幅度大大衰减，表现在本区新构造运动十分活跃，特别是南带隆起剥蚀加剧，地形切割强烈，构成现代复杂的地貌景观，奠定了现代地质构造的基础。
在古老的剥蚀面上，依次沉积了下更新统石质黄土、中更新统冲积黄土、上更新统马兰黄土与全新统近代黄土[16]。
毕银强等4. 区域构造陇南地区地处秦岭山系，介于青藏高原、黄土高原和四川盆地三大地貌单元之间，以西秦岭构造块体为主体，受不同的构造单元之间的拼接、南北构造带的叠置和青藏高原隆升的影响，主体表现出沿北西向构造线方向形成大致互相平行的逆冲褶皱构造带。
研究区的构造形迹发育的主要特点是大型复背斜和复向斜与大型逆冲推覆断层、走滑断层相互交切、改造和叠加，形成各种不同序次和不同尺度的构造形迹，强烈改造了岩石地层体[17]。
4.1. 断裂分布及其影响陇南地区处于两条区域性大断裂——东昆仑断裂和西秦岭北缘断裂(F1)围限中，2条断裂的运动控制了该地区的主要构造变形，进而经过长期的多阶段的构造演化，形成了复杂的断裂构造系统和断裂活动历史。