生物信息学英语词汇表
生物专业词汇英文
生物专业词汇英文生物专业词汇英文生物篇一：常用生物学英语词汇Aacceptor受体acetate醋酸盐；醋酸根acetyl乙酰基．actin肌动蛋白actinomycinD放线菌素Dactivation活化；激活activesite活性中心adenine腺嘌呤adenosine腺嘌呤核苷adenosyl腺苷的adenovirus腺病毒adheringjunctings粘着连接adhesion粘着；附着adjacent毗邻的adrenal肾上腺的,肾上腺affinity亲和；吸引agar琼脂，洋菜agarose琼脂糖agency媒介agent剂aggregate聚合体albumin白蛋白，清蛋白allelc等位基因allele等位基因突变遗传因子allostericmodification别构修饰allosteric别构的Alzheimer’sdisease阿尔茨海默氏病amino氨基的～acid氨基酸aminopeptidase氨基肽酶amphibian两栖动物amphipathic两亲的两性的amylase淀粉酶anaerobic厌氧的analysis分析，分解analyze 分析anaphase(细胞分裂的)后期anaphase-promotingcomplex,APC 促后期复合物anarogen雄激素anatomy解剖学anionic阴离子的appropriate适当的approximately近似地，大约artificialchromosome人工染色体aspartic天冬氨酸astrocyte星形(神经胶质)，细胞asymmetric不对称的autocatalytic自动催化的autonomouslyreplicating sequenceARS自主复制起序列autophagy自噬作用axon 轴突Bbacteria细菌bacterialartificialchromosome,BAC细菌人工染色体bacteriophage噬菌体basalcellcarcinoma基层细胞癌base碱基basementmembrane基膜bilayer双层binal双重的，两倍的，孪生的binding结合位点blastocoele囊胚腔blastoderm胚盘blastomere卵裂球blastula囊胚Ccancerous癌的capsid(病毒)衣壳carbohydrate碳水化合物，糖类carbonate碳酸盐carboxy羧基carboxylation羧化作用carboxypeptidase羧肽酶carcinogen 致癌剂carcinoma癌cardiovascular心血管的cellsecretion细胞分泌centrifuge离心机cholesterol胆固醇chromatid染色单体chromatin染色质chromatography层析cis-actingelement顺式作用元件cis-Golginetwork,CGN高尔基内侧网络cistron顺反子clathrin-coatedvesicle披网格蛋白小泡clone克隆，无性系(Basidiomycetes)coelom体腔coenzyme辅酶coherent粘着的，连贯的competitiveinhibitor竞争性抵制剂complementary互补的，补充的COPIIcoatedvesiclesCOPII被膜小泡COPIcoatedvesiclesCOPI被膜小泡covalence共价covalentbond共价键covalent共价cross-linked交联的culture培养，栽培cushion缓冲缓和cyclin细胞周期蛋白cyclin-dependentprotein kinases,CDK细胞周期依赖性蛋白激酶cytochrome细胞色素cytomembranesysteme膜系统cytoplasm细胞质cytosine胞嘧啶cytoskeleton细胞骨架cytosol胞液，细胞溶质Ddegrade使降解deletion染色体的缺失denaturation变性dendrite树突deoxyribonucleicacid脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleic脱氧核糖核酸的deoxyribose脱氧核糖dextran葡聚糖dialysis透析，渗析differentialcentrifugation差速离心differentiation分化diffusion扩散，渗滤dilute稀释dimensional维，度，元dimer二聚体Dockingprotein,DP停泊蛋白dodecyl十二烷基donor供体duplicate复制dynamic动力学的，动态的dyneins动力蛋白dysentery痢疾Eedoplasmicreticulum内质网elaborate精细制作的，复杂的elasticconnectivetissue弹力结缔组织electrophoresis电泳embryo胚，胚胎embryogenesis胚胎发生embryology胚胎学embryonic胚胎的encode编码endocrine 内分泌endocytic细胞内吞作用endocytosis胞吞作用endoderm内胚层endomembranesystems内膜系统endoplasmic内质的endoplasmicreticulum内质网envelope包膜，包被enzyme酶epinephrine肾上腺素epithelial上皮的epithelium上皮ERretentionsignal内质网驻留信号estrogen雌激素ethical伦理的，道德的eukaryotic真核生物的evolution进化，进展exonexotron外显子extracellular细胞外的extractv.抽提Fferredoxin铁氧化还原蛋白fibroblast成纤维细胞filtration过滤作用frequency频率，次数fruitfly果蝇function功能，作用fungi 真菌fusion融合，融合体Ggalactose半乳糖galactosidase半乳糖苷酶galactoside半乳糖苷genus属，类germlayer胚层Golgibody高尔基体Golgicomplex高尔基复合体gonad性腺，生殖腺gonadotropin促性腺激素guanine鸟嘌呤Hhaploid单倍体hereditary遗传hereditary遗传的heritable可遗传的heritable可遗传的，被遗传的heterozygote杂合体heterozygous杂合的histone组蛋白homeostasis体内稳态Homo人(学名)homogenizer匀浆器homologous同源的homozygote纯合体homozygous纯合的hormone激素hydrophilic亲水的hydrophobic疏水的hypertonic 高渗的hypotonic低渗的Iidentical完全相同的，同一的immune免疫的immunoglobulin免疫球蛋白immunology免疫学insulin胰岛素integrate整合integrity完整，完全intermediate中间的，中间产物Intermediatefilaments,IFs中间纤维internal内部的，体内的intracellular细胞内的intricate复杂的.，错综的intrinsic内部的，内在的intron内含子（基因内区）isolation分离isotonic等渗的Kkaryotype核型，染色体组型kidney肾kinesins驱动蛋白kinesis运动Llactose乳糖Lamina核纤层lateral侧面的，横向的lesion损害损毁病变病灶病斑病痕ligases 连接酶lipoprotein脂蛋白luciferase荧光素酶lumen腔luminescence生物发光lymph淋巴lympocyte淋巴细胞lysosome溶酶体lysozyme溶菌酶lytic裂解的Mmacrophage巨噬细胞magnesium镁malignant恶性的marrow髓，骨髓matrix基质mechanism机制meiosis减数分裂membrane-boundorganelles膜细胞器MembraneTrafficking膜运输metabolism新陈代谢metaphase 细胞分裂的中期microfilament微丝microglia小神经胶质细胞micron微米microorganism微生物microplast微原生质体microscope显微镜microtube微管microtubule微管Microtubule organizing centers,MTOC微管组织中心mitosis有丝分裂mitotic有丝分裂的mitoticapparatus纺锤体又称为有丝分裂器modification修饰，修改monomer单体Nnanometer毫微米，纳米naturalselection自然选择nervecord 神经索nerve神经nervous神经的neurilemma神经膜neuroglia神经胶质细胞neuroglial神经胶质细胞的neuron神经元neurotransmitter神经递质neutral中性的neutralize中和nickel 镍nicotinamide烟酰胺nitrate硝酸盐nitric硝酸nitrogen氮noncoding非编码的Nuclearenvelope核膜nuclearexportsignals,NES核输出信号nuclear localizationsignals,NLS核定位信号nuclearporecomplex核孔复合体nucleic核酸nucleolarorganizingregion,(NOR)核仁组织区nucleolus（复数nucleoli）核仁nucleoplasm核基质nucleoprotein核蛋白nucleosome核小体核粒nucleotide核苷酸nucleus细胞核Oobesity肥胖的oligomer寡聚体，低聚体oligosaccharide寡糖oncogene癌基因operon操纵子optimal最适宜的，最理想的organelle细胞器，类器官organism生物体，有机体organize使成有机体organogenesis器官发生ovary子房，卵巢Ppaternal父方的父系的Phagocytosis吞噬作用phagocytize吞噬pivotal中枢的，关键的prolong延长prosthetic辅基protease蛋白酶Rregulatorgene调节基因resin树脂ribonucleic核糖核酸ribose核糖ribosomalRNA核糖体RNAribosome核糖体rotational旋转的Ssarcoma肉瘤semiconserevative半保留的sickle-cell镰状细胞smooth endoplasmic reticulum滑面内质网sodiumdodecylsulfate十二烷基硫酸钠solubility溶解度，可溶性soluble可溶的somatic体细胞的sonication超声处理spiral螺旋的splice剪接spontaneous自发的steroid类固醇stroma间质structuralgene结构基因supercoil超螺旋supernatant上清液susceptible敏感的synapse突触synergistic协作的Ttelomere端粒termination终止terminator终止子thrombin凝血酶thromboplastin促凝血酶原激酶thylakoid类囊体thymine胸腺嘧啶thymus胸腺thyroid甲状腺的，甲状腺thyroid-stimulatinghormone甲状腺刺激素thyroxine甲状腺素tick蜱tightjunctions紧密连接topography地形torsion扭转toxicity 毒性toxin毒素traceelement超微量元素tracer示踪物tranposon转座子trans-actingfactor反式作用因子transacetylase转乙酰基酶transcript转录物转录本transcription转录transferRNA转移RNAtransfer传递，传输，变换transform改变，转化transformation转化transGoljinetwork,TGN 高尔基外侧网络translation翻译，平移translocation易位，转位，转运translocators易位子transmission传送，遗传transportbyvesicles膜泡运输trigger触发物，引发剂，触发triglyceride甘油三酯tumor肿瘤，瘤tumorigenicity致瘤性Uultracentrifuge超速离心机ultraviolet紫外线Vvaccine疫苗viruses病毒YYAC酵母人工染色体Zzinc锌zygote合子，受精卵接种环inoculatingloop灭菌器syringefilters保鲜膜clingfilm 烧杯beaker容量瓶volumetricflask量筒graduatedcylinder漏斗funnel称量纸weighingpaper磁力搅拌器magneticstirring生物就英语篇二：生物英文术语第一章细胞遗传学基础细胞（cell）质膜（plasmamembrane，plasmalemma）细胞器（organelle）线粒体（mitochondria）粗面内质网（roughreticulum，rER）高尔基体（Golgibody）核糖体（ribosome）游离核糖体（freeribosomes）核基质（nuclearmatrix）核仁（nucleolus）常染色质（euchromatin）结构异染色质（constitutiveheterochromatin）染色体（chromosome）主缢痕（primaryconstriction）近中着丝粒染色体（submetacentricchromosome端着丝粒（telocentricchromosome））随体（satellite）核小体（nucleosome）单倍体（haploidy）异源多倍体（allopolyploid）双精受精（dispermy）组成型多倍体（constitutionalpolyploid）非整倍性（aneuploidy）单体性（monosomy）超二倍体（hyperploid）双三体性（ditrisomy）染色体不分离（nondisjunction）后期延迟运动（delayedmovement，lagging）镶嵌型（mosaicism）细胞（cell）质膜（plasmamembrane，plasmalemma）细胞器（organelle）线粒体（mitochondria）粗面内质网（roughreticulum，rER）高尔基体（Golgibody）核糖体（ribosome）游离核糖体（freeribosomes）细胞膜（cellmembrane）细胞质（cytoplasm）基质（cytoplasmicmatrix）内质网（endoplasimic，ER）滑面内质网（smoothendoplasmicreticulum，sER中心体（）centrosome）附着核糖体（attachedribosomes）核膜（nuclearmembrane）核液（nuclearsap）染色质（chromatin）异染色质（heterochromatin）兼性异染色质（facultativeheterochromatin）着丝粒（centromere）中着丝粒染色体（metacentricchromosome）近端着丝粒染色体（subtelocentricchromosome次缢痕（secondaryconstriction））端粒（telomere）螺线体（solenoid）多倍体（polyploid）同源多倍体（autopolyploid）合子（zygote）缺倍体（nulliploid）亚倍体（hypoploid）缺对性（nullisomy）三体性（trisomy）四体性（tetrasomy），后期延迟（anaphaselag）混倍性（mixoploidy）嵌合型（chimerism）细胞膜（cellmembrane）细胞质（cytoplasm）基质（cytoplasmicmatrix）内质网（endoplasimic，ER）滑面内质网（smoothendoplasmicreticulum，sER中心体（centrosome）附着核糖体（attachedribosomes）核膜（nuclearmembrane）核基质（nuclearmatrix）核仁（nucleolus）常染色质（euchromatin）染色体（chromosome）主缢痕（primaryconstriction）核液（nuclearsap）染色质（chromatin）异染色质（heterochromatin）着丝粒（centromere）中着丝粒染色体（metacentricchromosome）结构异染色质（constitutiveheterochromatin）兼性异染色质（facultativeheterochromatin）近中着丝粒染色体（submetacentric近端着丝粒染色体（subtelocentricchromosome端着丝粒（telocentricchromosome））随体（satellite）核小体（nucleosome）超螺线体（supersolenoid）核型分析（karyotypeanalysis）C分带（centromerebanding）G分带（Giemsabanding）N分带（Nbanding）细胞周期（cellcycle）有丝分裂（mitosis）有丝分裂期（Mphase）凝线期（synizesis）联会（synapsis）粗线期（pachynema）双线期（diplonema）终变期（diakinesis）染色体重建（chromosomereconstruction）重复（duplication）易位（translocation）假显性现象（pseudodominance）反接重复（reverseduplication）剂量效应（dosageeffect）臂间倒位（pericentricinversion）相互易位（reciprocaltranslocation）复合易位（complextranslocation）第二章分子遗传学基础chromosome次缢痕（secondaryconstriction））端粒（telomere）螺线体（solenoid）核型（karyotype）核型模式图（idiogram）Q分带（quinacrinebanding）R分带（reversebanding）高分辨显带（high-resolutionbanding）间期（interphase）减数分裂（meiosis）细线期（leptonema）偶线期（zygonema）联会复合体（synaptonemalcomplex，SC）双价体（bivalent）交叉端化（terminalizationofchiasmata）浓缩期（diakinesis）缺失（deletion）倒位（inversion）中间缺失（interstitialdeletion）顺接重复（tandemduplication）不等交换（unequalcrossingover）臂内倒位（paracentricinversion）简单易位（simpletranslocation）移位易位（shifttranslocation）等臂染色体（isochromosome）基因gene外显子exon内含子intron基因组genome密码子codon起始密码子initiator同义密码子synonym多义密码子ambiguouscodon核糖体ibosome表观基因组学epigenomics启动子promoter增强子enhancer沉默子silencer化学修饰chemicalmodification基因突变genemutation)碱基base回复突变reversion)暗修复darkrepair)切除修复excisionrepair)缺口修复gaprepair错配修复mismatchrepair重组recombination 同源重组homologousrecombination转座transposition限制性核酸内切酶restrictionendonuclease载体vector第三章免疫遗传学基础免疫力immunity免疫防immunologicdefence自我稳定homeostasis自身免疫病autoimmunedisease非特异性免疫non-specialimmunity特异性免疫specialimmunity免疫应答immuneresponse细胞免疫应答cellularimmunerespons免疫系统immunesystem免疫球蛋白mmunoglobulin(Ig)抗体antibody(Ab)结构域domain型群phenogroup调理作用opsonization基因簇genecluster重组信号序列recombinationsignalsequence(RSS)类别转换classswitch同种型转换isotypeswitch第四章质量性状的遗传质量性状qualititativecharacter遗传descendiblityheredityinherit染色体chromosome性染色体sexchromosome常染色体euchromosome伴性遗传sex-linkedinheritance限性遗传sex—limitedinheritance从性遗传sex—influencedinheritance 血型bloodgroup显性上位作用dominantepistasis隐性上位作用recessiveepistasis重叠作用duplicateeffect基因座位genelocus等位基因allele复等位基因multiplealleles上位基因epistaticgene性连锁基因sex-linkedgene显性性状dominantcharacters隐性性状recessivecharacters育种breeding杂交育种crossbreeding伴性基因sex-linkedgenes隐性纯合子allozygote杂合子heterozygote显性基因dominantgene隐性基因recessivegene就巢性broodiness自别雌雄auto-sexing骡鸭muleduck测交testcross隐性致死recessivelethal半致死基因semi-lethalgene标记基因markergene父本maleparent母本femaleparent繁殖力fecundity遗传效应gencticeffect杂交优势heteroticvigor经济性状practicalcharacters碱基对basepair遗传缺陷geneticdefects下位基因hypostaticgene基因文库genelibrary 完全显性completedominance不完全显性incompletedominance共显性codominance连锁遗传linkageinheritance第五章数量性状的遗传数量性状quantitativetrait表型值phenotypicvalue基因型值genotypicvalue数量性状基因座quantitativetraitlocus主效基因majorgene上位效应epistaticeffect 系统环境效应systimaticevirenmentaleffect随机环境效应randomaticenvirenmentaleffect加性效应additiveeffect显性效应dominanceeffect育种值breedingvalue重复力repeatability 遗传力heritability遗传相关geneticcorrelation表型相关phenotypiccorrelation环境相关environmentalcorrelation 广义遗传力heritabilityinthebroadsense狭义遗传力heritabilityinthenarrowsense实现遗传力realizedhabitability 最大可能生产力mostProbableProducingAbility(MPPA)持久性环境效应permanentenvironmenteffect暂时性环境效应temporaryenvironmentalcoefficient组内相关系数intra-classcorrelationcoefficient最大似然法maximumLikelihood(ML)约束最大似然法restrictedMaximumlikelihood(REML)最小范数二次无偏估计法minimumnormquadraticunbiasedestimation(INQUE) 最小方差二次无偏估计法minimumvariancequadraticunbiasedestimation,(MIVQUE)最佳线性无偏预测bestLinearunbiasedprediction(BLUP)最佳线性无偏估计bestlinearunbiasedestimation(BLUP)混合模型方程mixedmodelequation(ME)方差分析analysisofvariance(ANOVA)类方差分析法ANOVA-likemethod第六章动物生长发育的规律生长growth生长中心growthcenter发育development胚胎期termofembryo生后期termofbirthafter累积生长accumulationgrowth相对生长relativegrowth绝对生长absolutegrowth生长波growthwave第七章性别决定与性别控制雄异配型maleheterogamety雌异配型femaleheterogamety异配性别heterogameticsex同配性别homogameticsex性反转sex-reversal半合基因hemizygousgene从性遗传sex-conditionedinheritance限性遗传sex-limitedinheritanc伴性遗传或性连锁遗传sex-linkedinheritance睾丸决定因子(TDF)testisdeterminingfactor拟（伪）常染色体区域(PAR)pseudoautosomal-regionY染色体性别决定区sex-determiningregionofYchromosome第二性征（副性征）secondarysexualcharacter第八章遗传病与遗传病控制染色体病chromosomaldisease线粒体遗传病mitochondrialdisease单基因遗传病monogeneticdisease多基因遗传病polygeneticormultigenedisorder失显nonpenetrance不完全外显incompletedominance不规则外显irrequlardominance 并蹄syndactylism多趾polydactylism性连锁遗传病sex-linkeddisorder抗病育种breedingfordiseaseresistance性转变sexreversal诱变剂mutagen 断裂剂clastogen致畸剂teratogen猪的应激综合征porcinestresssyndrome(PSS)恶性高热综合症milignanthyperthermiasyndrome(MHS)常染色体显性遗传autosomaldominantdisorder常染色体隐性遗传病autosomalrecessivedisorder第九章畜禽品种物种species品种breed品系strain,line专用品种special-purposebreed兼用品种dual-purposebreed 海福特牛Hereford夏洛莱牛charolais利木赞牛limousine安格斯牛angus阿伯丁-安格斯牛aberdeen-angus契安尼娜牛chianina荷斯坦牛Holstein中国荷斯坦牛chinaholstein西门塔尔牛Simmental尼里-拉维水牛nili-ravi世界西门塔尔牛联合会WSF澳洲美利奴羊australianmerino丹麦红牛danishred摩拉水牛murrah婆罗门牛Brahman圣格鲁迪牛santagertrudis肉牛王beefmaster婆朗格斯牛brangus婆罗福特牛braford西门婆罗牛simbrah夏白雷charbray辛地红牛redsindhi纯血马thoroughbred 阿尔登马ardennes超细毛型superfinemerino细毛型finemerino 中毛型mediumwoolmerino强毛型strongwoolmerino罗姆尼羊romneymarsh无角陶赛特羊polldorset萨福克羊Suffolk诺福克羊norfolk考力代羊corriedale夏洛莱羊charollais萨能山羊sannen安哥拉山羊angoragoat努比亚山羊Nubian波尔山羊boergoat生物就英语篇三：生物英文术语2生物化学上册中英文名词解释汇总第一部分：糖类1.糖（Saccharide）：糖是多羟醛或多羟酮及其缩聚物和某些衍生物的总称。
生物信息学英文术语及释义总汇
Abstract Syntax Notation (ASN.l)（NCBI发展的许多程序，如显示蛋白质三维结构的Cn3D 等所使用的内部格式）A language that is used to describe structured data types formally, Within bioinformatits,it has been used by the National Center for Biotechnology Information to encode sequences, maps, taxonomic information, molecular structures, and biographical information in such a way that it can be easily accessed and exchanged by computer software.Accession number（记录号）A unique identifier that is assigned to a single database entry for a DNA or protein sequence.Affine gap penalty（一种设置空位罚分策略）A gap penalty score that is a linear function of gap length, consisting of a gap opening penalty and a gap extension penalty multiplied by the length of the gap. Using this penalty scheme greatly enhances the performance of dynamic programming methods for sequence alignment. See also Gap penalty.Algorithm（算法）A systematic procedure for solving a problem in a finite number of steps, typically involving a repetition of operations. Once specified, an algorithm can be written in a computer language and run as a program.Alignment（联配/比对/联配）Refers to the procedure of comparing two or more sequences by looking for a series of individual characters or character patterns that are in the same order in the sequences. Of the two types of alignment, local and global, a local alignment is generally the most useful. See also Local and Global alignments.Alignment score（联配/比对/联配值）An algorithmically computed score based on the number of matches, substitutions, insertions, and deletions (gaps) within an alignment. Scores for matches and substitutions Are derived from a scoring matrix such as the BLOSUM and PAM matrices for proteins, and aftine gap penalties suitable for the matrix are chosen. Alignment scores are in log odds units, often bit units (log to the base 2). Higher scores denote better alignments. See also Similarity score, Distance in sequence analysis.Alphabet（字母表）The total number of symbols in a sequence-4 for DNA sequences and 20 for protein sequences.Annotation（注释）The prediction of genes in a genome, including the location of protein-encoding genes, the sequence of the encoded proteins, anysignificantmatches to other Proteins of known function, and the location of RNA-encoding genes. Predictions are based on gene models; e.g., hidden Markov models of introns and exons in proteins encoding genes, and models of secondary structure in RNA.Anonymous FTP（匿名FTP）When a FTP service allows anyone to log in, it is said to provide anonymous FTP ser-vice. A user can log in to an anonymous FTP server by typing anonymous as the user name and his E-mail address as a password. Most Web browsers now negotiate anonymous FTP logon without asking the user for a user name and password. See also FTP.ASCIIThe American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) encodes unaccented letters a-z, A-Z, the numbers O-9, most punctuation marks, space, and a set of control characters such as carriage return and tab. ASCII specifies 128 characters that are mapped to the values O-127. ASCII tiles are commonly called plain text, meaning that they only encode text without extra markup.BAC clone（细菌人工染色体克隆）Bacterial artificial chromosome vector carrying a genomic DNA insert, typically 100–200 kb. Most of the large-insert clones sequenced in the project were BAC clones.Back-propagation（反向传输）When training feed-forward neural networks, a back-propagation algorithm can be used to modify the network weights. After each training input pattern is fed through the network, the network’s output is compared with the desired output and the amount of error is calculated. This error is back-propagated through the network by using an error function to correct the network weights. See also Feed-forward neural network.Baum-Welch algorithm（Baum-Welch算法）An expectation maximization algorithm that is used to train hidden Markov models.Baye’s rule（贝叶斯法则）Forms the basis of conditional probability by calculating the likelihood of an event occurring based on the history of the event and relevant background information. In terms of two parameters A and B, the theorem is stated in an equation: The condition-al probability of A, given B, P(AIB), is equal to the probability of A, P(A), times the conditional probability of B, given A, P(BIA), divided by the probability of B, P(B). P(A) is the historical or prior distribution value of A, P(BIA) is a new prediction for B for a particular value of A, and P(B) is the sum of the newly predicted values for B. P(AIB) is a posterior probability, representing a new prediction for A given the prior knowledge of A and the newly discovered relationships between A and B.Bayesian analysis（贝叶斯分析）A statistical procedure used to estimate parameters of an underlyingdistribution based on an observed distribution. See also Baye’s rule.Biochips（生物芯片）Miniaturized arrays of large numbers of molecular substrates, often oligonucleotides, in a defined pattern. They are also called DNA microarrays and microchips.Bioinformatics （生物信息学）The merger of biotechnology and information technology with the goal of revealing new insights and principles in biology. /The discipline of obtaining information about genomic or protein sequence data. This may involve similarity searches of databases, comparing your unidentified sequence to the sequences in a database, or making predictions about the sequence based on current knowledge of similar sequences. Databases are frequently made publically available through the Internet, or locally at your institution.Bit score （二进制值/ Bit值）The value S' is derived from the raw alignment score S in which the statistical properties of the scoring system used have been taken into account. Because bit scores have been normalized with respect to the scoring system, they can be used to compare alignment scores from different searches.Bit unitsFrom information theory, a bit denotes the amount of information required to distinguish between two equally likely possibilities. The number of bits of information, AJ, required to convey a message that has A4 possibilities is log2 M = N bits.BLAST （基本局部联配搜索工具，一种主要数据库搜索程序）Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. A set of programs, used to perform fast similarity searches. Nucleotide sequences can be compared with nucleotide sequences in a database using BLASTN, for example. Complex statistics are applied to judge the significance of each match. Reported sequences may be homologous to, or related to the query sequence. The BLASTP program is used to search a protein database for a match against a query protein sequence. There are several other flavours of BLAST. BLAST2 is a newer release of BLAST. Allows for insertions or deletions in the sequences being aligned. Gapped alignments may be more biologically significant.Block（蛋白质家族中保守区域的组块）Conserved ungapped patterns approximately 3-60 amino acids in length in a set of related proteins.BLOSUM matrices（模块替换矩阵，一种主要替换矩阵）An alternative to PAM tables, BLOSUM tables were derived using local multiple alignments of more distantly related sequences than were used for the PAM matrix. These are used to assess thesimilarity of sequences when performing alignments.Boltzmann distribution（Boltzmann 分布）Describes the number of molecules that have energies above a certain level, based on the Boltzmann gas constant and the absolute temperature.Boltzmann probability function(Boltzmann 概率函数)See Boltzmann distribution.Bootstrap analysisA method for testing how well a particular data set fits a model. For example, the validity of the branch arrangement in a predicted phylogenetic tree can be tested by resampling columns in a multiple sequence alignment to create many new alignments. The appearance of a particular branch in trees generated from these resampled sequences can then be measured. Alternatively, a sequence may be left out of an analysis to deter-mine how much the sequence influences the results of an analysis.Branch length（分支长度）In sequence analysis, the number of sequence changes along a particular branch of a phylogenetic tree.CDS or cds （编码序列）Coding sequence.Chebyshe, d inequalityThe probability that a random variable exceeds its mean is less than or equal to the square of 1 over the number of standard deviations from the mean.Clone （克隆）Population of identical cells or molecules (e.g. DNA), derived from a single ancestor.Cloning Vector （克隆载体）A molecule that carries a foreign gene into a host, and allows/facilitates the multiplication of that gene in a host. When sequencing a gene that has been cloned using a cloning vector (rather than by PCR), care should be taken not to include the cloning vector sequence when performing similarity searches. Plasmids, cosmids, phagemids, YACs and PACs are example types of cloning vectors.Cluster analysis（聚类分析）A method for grouping together a set of objects that are most similar from a larger group of related objects. The relationships are based on some criterion of similarity or difference. For sequences, a similarity or distance score or a statistical evaluation of those scores is used.CobblerA single sequence that represents the most conserved regions in a multiple sequence alignment. The BLOCKS server uses the cobbler sequence to perform a database similarity search as a way to reach sequences that are more divergent than would be found using the single sequences in the alignment for searches.Coding system (neural networks)Regarding neural networks, a coding system needs to be designed for representing input and output. The level of success found when training the model will be partially dependent on the quality of the coding system chosen.Codon usageAnalysis of the codons used in a particular gene or organism.COG（直系同源簇）Clusters of orthologous groups in a set of groups of related sequences in microorganism and yeast (S. cerevisiae). These groups are found by whole proteome comparisons and include orthologs and paralogs. See also Orthologs and Paralogs.Comparative genomics（比较基因组学）A comparison of gene numbers, gene locations, and biological functions of genes in the genomes of diverse organisms, one objective being to identify groups of genes that play a unique biological role in a particular organism.Complexity (of an algorithm)（算法的复杂性）Describes the number of steps required by the algorithm to solve a problem as a function of the amount of data; for example, the length of sequences to be aligned.Conditional probability（条件概率）The probability of a particular result (or of a particular value of a variable) given one or more events or conditions (or values of other variables).Conservation （保守）Changes at a specific position of an amino acid or (less commonly, DNA) sequence that preserve the physico-chemical properties of the original residue.Consensus（一致序列）A single sequence that represents, at each subsequent position, the variation found within corresponding columns of a multiple sequence alignment.Context-free grammarsA recursive set of production rules for generating patterns of strings. These consist of a set of terminal characters that are used to create strings, a set of nonterminal symbols that correspond to rules and act as placeholders for patterns that can be generated using terminal characters, a set of rules for replacing nonterminal symbols with terminal characters, and a start symbol.Contig （序列重叠群/拼接序列）A set of clones that can be assembled into a linear order. A DNA sequence that overlaps with another contig. The full set of overlapping sequences (contigs) can be put together to obtain the sequence for a long region of DNA that cannot be sequenced in one run in a sequencing assay. Important in genetic mapping at the molecular level.CORBA（国际对象管理协作组制定的使OOP对象与网络接口统一起来的一套跨计算机、操作系统、程序语言和网络的共同标准）The Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) is an open industry standard for working with distributed objects, developed by the Object Management Group. CORBA allows the interconnection of objects and applications regardless of computer language, machine architecture, or geographic location of the computers.Correlation coefficient（相关系数）A numerical measure, falling between - 1 and 1, of the degree of the linear relationship between two variables. A positive value indicates a direct relationship, a negative value indicates an inverse relationship, and the distance of the value away from zero indicates the strength of the relationship. A value near zero indicates no relationship between the variables.Covariation (in sequences)（共变）Coincident change at two or more sequence positions in related sequences that may influence the secondary structures of RNA or protein molecules.Coverage (or depth) （覆盖率/厚度）The average number of times a nucleotide is represented by a high-quality base in a collection of random raw sequence. Operationally, a 'high-quality base' is defined as one with an accuracy of at least 99% (corresponding to a PHRED score of at least 20).Database（数据库）A computerized storehouse of data that provides a standardized way for locating, adding, removing, and changing data. See also Object-oriented database, Relational database.DendogramA form of a tree that lists the compared objects (e.g., sequences or genes in a microarray analysis) in a vertical order and joins related ones by levels of branches extending to one side of the list.Depth （厚度）See coverageDirichlet mixturesDefined as the conjugational prior of a multinomial distribution. One use is for predicting the expected pattern of amino acid variation found in the match state of a hid-den Markov model (representing one column of a multiple sequence alignment of proteins), based on prior distributions found in conserved protein domains (blocks).Distance in sequence analysis（序列距离）The number of observed changes in an optimal alignment of two sequences, usually not counting gaps.DNA Sequencing （DNA测序）The experimental process of determining the nucleotide sequence of a region of DNA. This is done by labelling each nucleotide (A, C, G or T) with either a radioactive or fluorescent marker which identifies it. There are several methods of applying this technology, each with their advantages and disadvantages. For more information, refer to a current text book. High throughput laboratories frequently use automated sequencers, which are capable of rapidly reading large numbers of templates. Sometimes, the sequences may be generated more quickly than they can be characterised.Domain （功能域）A discrete portion of a protein assumed to fold independently of the rest of the protein andpossessing its own function.Dot matrix（点标矩阵图）Dot matrix diagrams provide a graphical method for comparing two sequences. One sequence is written horizontally across the top of the graph and the other along the left-hand side. Dots are placed within the graph at the intersection of the same letter appearing in both sequences. A series of diagonal lines in the graph indicate regions of alignment. The matrix may be filtered to reveal the most-alike regions by scoring a minimal threshold number of matches within a sequence window.Draft genome sequence （基因组序列草图）The sequence produced by combining the information from the individual sequenced clones (by creating merged sequence contigs and then employing linking information to create scaffolds) and positioning the sequence along the physical map of the chromosomes.DUST （一种低复杂性区段过滤程序）A program for filtering low complexity regions from nucleic acid sequences.Dynamic programming（动态规划法）A dynamic programming algorithm solves a problem by combining solutions to sub-problems that are computed once and saved in a table or matrix. Dynamic programming is typically used when a problem has many possible solutions and an optimal one needs to be found. This algorithm is used for producing sequence alignments, given a scoring system for sequence comparisons.EMBL （欧洲分子生物学实验室，EMBL数据库是主要公共核酸序列数据库之一）European Molecular Biology Laboratories. Maintain the EMBL database, one of the major public sequence databases.EMBnet （欧洲分子生物学网络）European Molecular Biology Network: /was established in 1988, and provides services including local molecular databases and software for molecular biologists in Europe. There are several large outposts of EMBnet, including EXPASY.Entropy（熵）From information theory, a measure of the unpredictable nature of a set of possible elements. The higher the level of variation within the set, the higher the entropy.Erdos and Renyi lawIn a toss of a “fair” coin, the number of heads in a row that can be expected is the logarithm of the number of tosses to the base 2. The law may be generalized for more than two possible outcomes by changing the base of the logarithm to the number of out-comes. This law was used to analyze the number of matches and mismatches that can be expected between random sequences as a basis for scoring the statistical significance of a sequence alignment.EST （表达序列标签的缩写）See Expressed Sequence TagExpect value (E)（E值）E value. The number of different alignents with scores equivalent to or better than S that are expected to occur in a database search by chance. The lower the E value, the more significant the score. In a database similarity search, the probability that an alignment score as good as the one found between a query sequence and a database sequence would be found in as many comparisons between random sequences as was done to find the matching sequence. In other types of sequence analysis, E has a similar meaning.Expectation maximization (sequence analysis)An algorithm for locating similar sequence patterns in a set of sequences. A guessed alignment of the sequences is first used to generate an expected scoring matrix representing the distribution of sequence characters in each column of the alignment, this pattern is matched to each sequence, and the scoring matrix values are then updated to maximize the alignment of the matrix to the sequences. The procedure is repeated until there is no further improvement.Exon （外显子）Coding region of DNA. See CDS.Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) （表达序列标签）Randomly selected, partial cDNA sequence; represents it's corresponding mRNA. dbEST is a large database of ESTs at GenBank, NCBI.FASTA （一种主要数据库搜索程序）The first widely used algorithm for database similarity searching. The program looks for optimal local alignments by scanning the sequence for small matches called "words". Initially, the scores of segments in which there are multiple word hits are calculated ("init1"). Later the scores of several segments may be summed to generate an "initn" score. An optimized alignment that includes gaps is shown in the output as "opt". The sensitivity and speed of the search are inversely related and controlled by the "k-tup" variable which specifies the size of a "word". (Pearson andLipman)Extreme value distribution（极值分布）Some measurements are found to follow a distribution that has a long tail which decays at high values much more slowly than that found in a normal distribution. This slow-falling type is called the extreme value distribution. The alignment scores between unrelated or random sequences are an example. These scores can reach very high values, particularly when a large number of comparisons are made, as in a database similarity search. The probability of a particular score may be accurately predicted by the extreme value distribution, which follows a double negative exponential function after Gumbel.False negative（假阴性）A negative data point collected in a data set that was incorrectly reported due to a failure of the test in avoiding negative results.False positive （假阳性）A positive data point collected in a data set that was incorrectly reported due to a failure of the test. If the test had correctly measured the data point, the data would have been recorded as negative.Feed-forward neural network （反向传输神经网络）Organizes nodes into sequence layers in which the nodes in each layer are fully connected with the nodes in the next layer, except for the final output layer. Input is fed from the input layer through the layers in sequence in a “feed-forward” direction, resulting in output at the final layer. See also Neural network.Filtering (window size)During pair-wise sequence alignment using the dot matrix method, random matches can be filtered out by using a sliding window to compare the two sequences. Rather than comparing a single sequence position at a time, a window of adjacent positions in the two sequences is compared and a dot, indicating a match, is generated only if a certain minimal number of matches occur.Filtering （过滤）Also known as Masking. The process of hiding regions of (nucleic acid or amino acid) sequence having characteristics that frequently lead to spurious high scores. See SEG and DUST.Finished sequence（完成序列）Complete sequence of a clone or genome, with an accuracy of at least 99.99% and no gaps.Fourier analysisStudies the approximations and decomposition of functions using trigonometric polynomials.Format (file)（格式）Different programs require that information be specified to them in a formal manner, using particular keywords and ordering. This specification is a file format.Forward-backward algorithmUsed to train a hidden Markov model by aligning the model with training sequences. The algorithm then refines the model to reduce the error when fitted to the given data using a gradient descent approach.FTP (File Transfer Protocol)（文件传输协议）Allows a person to transfer files from one computer to another across a network using an FTP-capable client program. The FTP client program can only communicate with machines that run an FTP server. The server, in turn, will make a specific portion of its tile system available for FTP access, providing that the client is able to supply a recognized user name and password to the server.Full shotgun clone （鸟枪法克隆）A large-insert clone for which full shotgun sequence has been produced.Functional genomics（功能基因组学）Assessment of the function of genes identified by between-genome comparisons. The function of a newly identified gene is tested by introducing mutations into the gene and then examining the resultant mutant organism for an altered phenotype.gap （空位/间隙/缺口）A space introduced into an alignment to compensate for insertions and deletions in one sequence relative to another. To prevent the accumulation of too many gaps in an alignment, introduction of a gap causes the deduction of a fixed amount (the gap score) from the alignment score. Extension of the gap to encompass additional nucleotides or amino acid is also penalized in the scoring of an alignment.Gap penalty（空位罚分）A numeric score used in sequence alignment programs to penalize the presence of gaps within an alignment. The value of a gap penalty affects how often gaps appear in alignments produced by the algorithm. Most alignment programs suggest gap penalties that are appropriate for particular scoring matrices.Genetic algorithm（遗传算法）A kind of search algorithm that was inspired by the principles of evolution. A population of initial solutions is encoded and the algorithm searches through these by applying a pre-defined fitness measurement to each solution, selecting those with the highest fitness for reproduction. New solutions can be generated during this phase by crossover and mutation operations, defined in the encoded solutions.Genetic map （遗传图谱）A genome map in which polymorphic loci are positioned relative to one another on the basis of the frequency with which they recombine during meiosis. The unit of distance is centimorgans (cM), denoting a 1% chance of recombination.Genome（基因组）The genetic material of an organism, contained in one haploid set of chromosomes.Gibbs sampling methodAn algorithm for finding conserved patterns within a set of related sequences. A guessed alignment of all but one sequence is made and used to generate a scoring matrix that represents the alignment. The matrix is then matched to the left-out sequence, and a probable location of the corresponding pattern is found. This prediction is then input into a new alignment and another scoring matrix is produced and tested on a new left-out sequence. The process is repeated until there is no further improvement in the matrix.Global alignment（整体联配）Attempts to match as many characters as possible, from end to end, in a set of twomore sequences.Gopher (一个文档发布系统，允许检索和显示文本文件)Graph theory（图论）A branch of mathematics which deals with problems that involve a graph or network structure. A graph is defined by a set of nodes (or points) and a set of arcs (lines or edges) joining the nodes. In sequence and genome analysis, graph theory is used for sequence alignments and clustering alike genes.GSS（基因综述序列）Genome survey sequence.GUI（图形用户界面）Graphical user interface.H （相对熵值）H is the relative entropy of the target and background residue frequencies. (Karlin and Altschul, 1990). H can be thought of as a measure of the average information (in bits) available per position that distinguishes an alignment from chance. At high values of H, short alignments can be distinguished by chance, whereas at lower H values, a longer alignment may be necessary. (Altschul, 1991)Half-bitsSome scoring matrices are in half-bit units. These units are logarithms to the base 2 of odds scores times 2.Heuristic（启发式方法）A procedure that progresses along empirical lines by using rules of thumb to reach a solution. The solution is not guaranteed to be optimal.Hexadecimal system（16制系统）The base 16 counting system that uses the digits O-9 followed by the letters A-F.HGMP （人类基因组图谱计划）Human Genome Mapping Project.Hidden Markov Model (HMM)（隐马尔可夫模型）In sequence analysis, a HMM is usually a probabilistic model of a multiple sequence alignment, but can also be a model of periodic patterns in a single sequence, representing, for example, patterns found in the exons of a gene. In a model of multiple sequence alignments, each column of symbols in the alignment is represented by a frequency distribution of the symbols called a state, and insertions and deletions by other states. One then moves through the model along a particular path from state to state trying to match a given sequence. The next matching symbol is chosen from each state, recording its probability (frequency) and also the probability of going to thatparticular state from a previous one (the transition probability). State and transition probabilities are then multiplied to obtain a probability of the given sequence. Generally speaking, a HMM is a statistical model for an ordered sequence of symbols, acting as a stochastic state machine that generates a symbol each time a transition is made from one state to the next. Transitions betweenstates are specified by transition probabilities.Hidden layer（隐藏层）An inner layer within a neural network that receives its input and sends its output to other layers within the network. One function of the hidden layer is to detect covariation within the input data, such as patterns of amino acid covariation that are associated with a particular type of secondary structure in proteins.Hierarchical clustering（分级聚类）The clustering or grouping of objects based on some single criterion of similarity or difference.An example is the clustering of genes in a microarray experiment based on the correlation between their expression patterns. The distance method used in phylogenetic analysis is another example.Hill climbingA nonoptimal search algorithm that selects the singular best possible solution at a given state or step. The solution may result in a locally best solution that is not a globally best solution.Homology（同源性）A similar component in two organisms (e.g., genes with strongly similar sequences) that can be attributed to a common ancestor of the two organisms during evolution.Horizontal transfer（水平转移）The transfer of genetic material between two distinct species that do not ordinarily exchange genetic material. The transferred DNA becomes established in the recipient genome and can be detected by a novel phylogenetic history and codon content com-pared to the rest of the genome.HSP （高比值片段对）High-scoring segment pair. Local alignments with no gaps that achieve one of the top alignment scores in a given search.HTGS/HGT（高通量基因组序列）High-throughout genome sequences。
生物专业英语词汇
生物专业英语词汇——词素（词根）部分一、表示数量的词素1. haplo,mono,uni ：单，一，独haploid 单倍体monoxide一氧化碳monoatomic单原子的2. bi,di,dipl,twi,du：二，双，两，偶biocolor 双色,dichromatic 双色的,diplobacillus 双杆菌dikaryon 双核体twin ：孪生dual 双重的3. tri :三，丙triangle三角triacylglycerol三酰甘油tricarboxylic acid cycle 三羧酸循环4. quadri,quadru,quart,tetr,tetra：四quadrilateral四边的quadrivalent四价的quadruped四足动物tetrode四极管tetracycline四环素5. pent,penta,quique五pentose戊糖pentagon五角形pentane戊烷quintuple 五倍的pentose戊糖pentomer五邻粒6. hex,hexa,sex 六hexose已糖hexapod六足动物hexapoda昆虫纲hexamer六聚体7. hepta,sept(i) 七heptane 庚烷heptose 庚糖heptoglobin七珠蛋白8. oct八octpus 章鱼octagon八角形octane 辛烷octase 辛糖9. enne,nona九nonapeptide 九肽enneahedron 九面体10. deca,deka 十:decapod 十足目动物decahedron 十面体decagram 十克11. hecto, 百hectometer百米hectoliter百升hectowatt 百瓦12. kilo,千kilodalton (KD) 千道尔顿kilobase 千碱基kiloelectron volt 千电子伏特13. deci,十分之一，分decimeter 分米decigram 十分之一克14. centi,百分之一15. milli,千分之一，毫millimole 毫摩（尔）milliliter 毫升16. micro,百万分之一，微，微小，微量microgram微克microogranism微生物microecology 微生态学micropipet微量移液器17. nano十亿分之一，毫微，纳nanosecond十亿分之一秒nanometer纳米18. demi,hemi,semi半demibariel 半桶hemicerebrum 大脑半球semiopaque半透明semi-allel半等位基因semi-conductor半导体19. holo 全，整体，完全holoenzyme 全酶holoprotein全蛋白holocrine全（质分）泌20. mega巨大，兆，百万megaspore大孢子，megabasse兆碱基megakaryocyte巨核细胞megavolt兆伏megalopolitan特大城市21. macro 大，巨大，多macrophage巨噬细胞macrogamete大配子macroelement常量元素macromolecular大分子22. poly,multi,mult 多，复合polyacrylate聚丙烯酸酯polymerase 聚合酶multichain多链的multinucleate 多核的multicistronic mRNA多顺反子mRNA multicopy多拷贝二、表示颜色的词素1. chrom颜色chromophore生色团chromosome染色体chromatography色谱法2. melan,melano,nigr 黑melanoma黑素瘤melanin黑色素melanophore黑色素细胞3. xantho,flavo,fla,flavi,lute黄xanthophyl叶黄素xanthous黄色的，黄色人种xathine黄嘌呤flavin(e)黄素flavone黄酮letein黄体素，叶黄素flavin adenine dinucleotide(FAD)黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸4. erythro, rub, rubrm, ruf,红erythrocyte红细胞erythromycin红霉素erythropoitin(EPO)促红细胞生成素5. chloro,chlor绿，氯chlorophyll叶绿素chloride氯化物chloramphenicol氯霉素6. cyan,cyano 蓝，青紫色，氰cyanophyceae 蓝藻纲cyanobacteria蓝细菌cyanide氰化物7 aur,glid,chrys金色aureomycin金霉素chrysose 金藻淀粉chrysanthemum菊花glidstone 金沙石glid 镀金8 leu,leuco,leuk,leuko,blan,alb无色，白色leucine亮氨酸leukaemia=leucosis白血病bleaching powder漂白粉albomycin白霉素三、表示摄食的词素1 -vore 食......动物，-vorous食......动物的algivore食藻动物carnivore 食肉动物herbivore 食草动物omnivore 杂食动物2-phage吃（食）食......生物（体）-phagous吃（食）......的phage噬菌体phagocyte 吞噬细胞zoophage食肉动物saprophage腐食者四、表示方位和程度的词素1 endo,ento,内，在内endocrine内分泌endocytosis胞吞作用endogamy近亲繁殖endolysin 内溶素entoderm内胚层2 ec, ect, exc, extra 外，外面，表面ectoblast外胚层ectoparasite 外寄生生物extract 抽取，浸出3 meso 中，中间mesosphere 中圈，中层mesoplast 中胚层质4 intra,intro,inter 在内，向内intra-allelic interaction 等位基因内相互作用intracellular（细）胞内的interurban城市之间5 centri,centro,medi,mid 中心，中央，中间centrifuge离心centriole 中心粒centrosome 中心体centrogeng着丝基因6 epi,peri 上，外，旁epidermal growth factor(EGF): 表皮生长因子epibranchial上鳃的perilune 近月点7 sub,suc,suf,sug 下，低，小suborder 亚目submucosa粘膜下层subclone亚克隆subcellular 亚细胞subsection小节，分部8 super,supra 上，高，超superconductor超导体superfluid 超流体superoxide 超氧化物supramolecular超分子的9 hyper 超过，过多hypersensitive 过敏的hyperelastic 超弹性的hypertension 高血压hyperploid 超倍体10 hypo下，低，次hypoglycaemia 低血糖hypotension低血压hypophysis脑下垂体11 iso 等，相同，同iso-osmotic等渗的isopod等足目动物isotope同位素12 oligo，olig少，低，寡，狭oligohaline 狭盐性oligogene寡基因oligomer寡聚体oligophagous寡食性oligarchy寡头政治13 eury 多，宽，广eurythermal 广温的euryhaline广盐性eurytopic species广幅种14 ultr 超ultra-acoustics 超声学ultra-structure超微结构ultroviolet紫外线15 infra 下，低，远infralittoral 潮下带，远岸的infrahuman类人生物infrared红外线的infrastructure基础结构，基本结构五、表示动物不同器官和组织的词素1 cephal,capit,cran 头，头颅2 cyte 细胞3 carn,my,mya,myo,肉，肌肉4 haem,haemat,hem,aem,sangul 血5 soma,corp 体，身体6 some,plast 体，颗粒7 hepa,hepat 肝heparin 肝素hepatopancreas肝胰腺hepatocyte 肝细胞hepatoma肝癌8 ren,nephr 肾adrnal肾上腺的nephridia肾管nephron肾单位9 card,cord 心cardiotoxin 心脏毒素cardiovascular center 心血管中枢electrocardiogram心电图concord一致，和谐10 ophthalm,ocell,ocul 眼ophthalmology眼科学ophthalmia眼炎ophthalmologist眼科专家11 branchi 鳃filibranch丝鳃lamellibrnch瓣鳃sencondary branchium次生鳃12 brac ,brachi 腕，手臂brachiolaria 短腕幼虫brachionectin臂粘连蛋白bracelet手镯13 dent,odont 牙齿dentin牙质odontphora 齿舌odontoblast成牙质细胞14 plum羽plumatus 羽状的plumule绒毛plumage （鸟的）羽毛15 foli,foil 叶follicle滤泡foiling叶形foliage 叶子foliose 多叶的常用的后缀后缀在缀合法中只起改变词性的作用，不改变词根的含意，这在第一章内已叙述。
(完整版)生物学专业英语词汇
Botany植物学Cell theory细胞学说cell membrane细胞膜nucleus 细胞核Organelle 细胞器cell wall细胞壁cytoplasm细胞质protoplast原生质体cell cycle细胞周期mitochondrion 线粒体photosynthesis光合作用unit membrane 单位膜chloroplast 叶绿体chlorophyll叶绿素xanthophyll叶黄素carotene胡萝卜素golgiosome高尔基体ribosome 核糖体lysosome溶酶体microfilament微丝nuclear fission核分裂reproduction繁殖primary wall初生壁secondary wall次生壁plasmodesma胞间连丝mitosis有丝分裂amitosis无丝分裂meiosis减数分裂cytokinesis胞质分裂interphase间期prophase前期metaphase中期anaphase后期telophase末期tissue组织pistil 雌蕊stamen雄蕊ovary子房pollination传粉pollen tube花粉管porogamy珠孔受精chalazogamy合点受精mesogamy中部受精apomixis无融合生殖apogamy无配子生殖patrogenesis孤雄生殖parthenogensis 孤雌生殖apospory无孢子生殖pericarp果皮life history生活史root system根系main root主根lateral root侧根taproot system直根系fibrous root system须根系cortex皮层vascular cylinder 维管柱pericycle中柱鞘xylem ray 木射线vascular ray 维管射线phloem ray韧皮射线root cap根冠Casparian strip凯氏带primary xylem初生木质部primary phloem初生韧皮部vascular ray 维管射线xylem ray 木射线phelloderm栓内层phloem ray韧皮射线embryo胚homologous organ同源器官analogous organ同功器官endosperm胚乳seed coat种皮radicle胚根plumule胚芽hypocotyl下胚轴cotyledon子叶dormancy休眠seed germination种子萌发eukaryote真核生物prokaryote原核生物algae藻类blue-green algae蓝藻trichogyne受精丝mucopolysaccharide黏多糖gelatinous sheath 胶质鞘exospore外生孢子heterosexual cell异性细胞green algae绿藻isogamy同配生殖anisogamy 异配生殖anisogamy 卵式生殖zygogamy 接合生殖haploid单倍体diploid二倍体polyploid多倍体carposporophyte孢子体brown algae褐藻sea-tangle海带agar琼脂fungi菌类parasitism寄生saprophytic腐生的lichen地衣archegonium颈卵器antheridium精子器antiphyte孢子体gametophyte配子体protonema原丝体bryophyta 苔藓植物cruciferae十字花科vascular plants微管植物aquatic plant水生植物salicaceae杨柳科angiosperm被子植物endoplasmic reticulum内质网vegetative reproduction营养繁殖intercellular layer胞间层phellogen& cork cambium木栓形成层asexual reproduction无性繁殖sexual propagation有性繁殖tetradynamous stamen四强雄蕊didynamous stamen二强雄蕊monodelphous stamen单体雄蕊diadelphous stamen二体雄蕊triadelphous stamen三体雄蕊polyadelphous stamens多体雄蕊synantherous stamen聚药雄蕊primary wall cells初生壁细胞vegetative cell营养细胞male sterility雄性不育filiform apparatus丝状器meristem zone 分生区elongation zone伸长区maturation zone成熟区embryophyte有胚植物specific parasitism专性寄生specific saprophyte专性腐生facultative parasitism兼性寄生facultative saprophyte兼性腐生sexual generation有性世代asexual generation无性世代Zoology动物学cell细胞prokaryotic cell原核细胞eukaryotic cell真核细胞protein蛋白质nucleic acid核酸carbohydrate糖lipid脂质protoplasm原生质inclusion内含物cell cycle细胞周期pulmonary alveolus肺泡flagellum鞭毛food vacuole食物泡pinocytosis胞饮作用fission裂体生殖microgamete小配子zygote合子microtubule微管contraction silk 收缩丝merogenesis 卵裂blastocoele 囊胚腔complete cleavage完全卵裂layering分层cynapse突触myoneme肌丝myocyte肌细胞mesoglea中胶层monoecism雌雄同体dioecism雌雄异体velum缘膜radial symmetry辐射对称nerve net神经网planula 浮浪幼虫bilateral symmetry两侧对称mesoderm中胚层tubule cell 管细胞osmoregulation渗透调节acetabulum 腹吸盘oral sucker口吸盘metacercaria囊蚴pseudocoel假体腔cuticle角质膜cloacal pore泄殖孔renette腺肾细emunctory排泄管resting egg休眠卵metamere体节metamerism分节现象sense organ 感觉器periostracum壳皮层prismatic layer壳层nacreous layer珍珠层veliger 面盘幼虫glochidium 钩介幼虫adductor闭壳肌segmentation异律分节linear animal线形动物pericardial cavity围心腔cervical vertebra颈椎sacral vertebra荐椎pulmonary vein肺静脉precaval vein 前腔静脉bladder气囊middle ear中耳tympanum cavity中耳腔amnion羊膜neopallium新皮层lagena 瓶状囊wishbone叉骨postcaval vein后腔静脉glandular stomach腺胃air sac气囊salt gland盐腺sclerotic ring 巩膜骨viviparity胎生placenta胎盘allantois尿囊rumen瘤胃bursa of fabricius 腔上囊masticatory stomach肌胃reticulum网胃omasum瓣胃abomasum皱胃cochlea耳蜗earthworm蚯蚓internal naris内鼻孔amniota羊膜动物arthropod节肢动物coelenterate腔肠动物annelid环节动物cell membrane&plasma membrane细胞膜epithelial tissue上皮组织connective tissue结缔组织cartilage tissue软骨组织osseous tissue骨组织muscular tissue肌肉组织cardiac muscle心肌intercalated disc闰盘Nissl's body尼氏小体colony &group群体meroblastic cleavage不完全卵裂colonial theory 群体说gastrovascular cavity消化循环腔muscle system肌肉体系excretory system排泄系统reproductive system生殖系统digestive system消化系统archinephric duct原肾管basal lamina & basal membrane基膜cross-fertilization异体受精self-fertilization自体受精final host终寄主first intermidate host第一中间寄主semicircular canal半规管second intermediate host第二中间寄主Genetics遗传学heredity 遗传variation 变异gene 基因pisum sativum 豌豆segregation 分离gamete 生殖细胞zygote 合子allele 等位基因genotype 基因型phenotype 表现型test cross 测交oryza sativa 水稻diploid 二倍体haploid 单倍体centromere 着丝粒satellite 随体linker 连丝mitosis 有丝分裂mesoblast中胚层spindle 纺锤体interphase 间期spindle fiber 纺锤丝vicia faba蚕豆nucleoplasm 核质spermatogenous 精原细胞oogonium 卵原细胞spermatid 精细胞Phenocopy 拟表型epistasis上位效应mutant突变型gametic lethal配子致死zygotic lethal合子致死autosome 常染色体dominant lethal显性致死carrier 携带者homozygote 纯合体heterozygote 杂合体genotype 基因型phenotype 表现型linkage group 连锁群interference 干涉coincidence 并发率genetic map 遗传学图wild type野生型mutation 突变heterokaryon 异核体auxotroph 营养缺陷型strain 菌株recipient 受体donor 供体fragment 片段induction 诱导prophage 原噬菌体transduction 转导Mendel’s laws 孟德尔定律law of segregation 分离定律first filial generation 子一代parental generation 亲代dominant character 显性性状recessive character 隐性性状hereditary determinant 遗传因子parental combination 亲组合recombination 重组合punnett square 棋盘法Mendelian character 孟德尔性状primary constriction 初级缢痕secondary constriction 次级缢痕nucleolar organizer 核仁形成区first polar body 第一极体second polar body 第二极体sister chromatids 姐妹染色单体female gametic nucleus 卵核multiple alleles 复等位基因sex-chromosome性染色体sex-linked inheritance 伴性遗传primary constriction 初级缢痕secondary constriction 次级缢痕complementary gene互补基因homologous chromosome 同源染色体sister chromatids 姐妹染色单体secondary oocyte 次级卵母细胞three-point testcross 三点测交primary spermatocyte 初级精母细胞secondary spermatocyte 次级精母细胞first division segregation 第一次分裂分离second division segregation 第二次分裂分离law of independent assortment 自由组合定律Biochemistry 生物化学essential element必需元素trace elements微量元素proteoglycan蛋白聚糖amino acid氨基酸primary structure 一级结构random coil无规卷曲structural domain 结构域subunit亚基degeneration变性adenine腺嘌呤guanine鸟嘌呤cytosine胞嘧啶thymine胸腺嘧啶uracil尿嘧啶nucleoside 核苷nucleotide核苷酸base pairing碱基配对base pair碱基对数base碱基数gyrase旋转酶nucleosome核小体complementary DNA互补DNA plasmid质粒transposons转座子repetitive sequence重复序列exon外显子intron内含子variable loop可变环ribonuclease核糖核酸酶renaturation复性hyperchromic effect增色效应base stacking force碱基堆积力annealing退火melting-out temperature熔解温度hypochromic effect减色效应maltose麦芽糖sucrose蔗糖lactose乳糖starch淀粉glycogen糖原cellulose纤维素cellulase纤维素酶selectivity选择性substrate底物holoenzyme全酶cofactor辅因子coenzyme辅酶oxidase氧化酶metabolism新陈代谢assimilation同化作用catabolism异化作用metabolite代谢产物biological oxidation 生物氧化cytochrome细胞色素rotenone鱼藤酮amytal阿密妥antimycin A抗霉素A cyanide氰化物glycolysis糖酵解ethanol乙醇citrate柠檬酸cis-aconitate 顺乌头酸succinic acid琥珀酸oxaloacetic acid草酰乙酸acetyl-coenzyme乙酰辅酶fumarate延胡索酸glyoxylate cycle 乙醛酸循环malate苹果酸fatty acid 脂肪酸carbon unit一碳单位replicon复制子core enzyme 核心酶primosome引发体Okazaki fragment冈崎片段leading chain 前导链lagging strand后随链terminator终止子telomere端粒telomerase端粒酶replication fork复制叉vector载体promoter启动子terminator终止子operon操纵子codon密码子degeneracy简并性hormone激素citric acid cycle 柠檬酸循环deamination脱氨基作用urea cycle尿素循环euchromatin常染色质messenger RNA信使RNAtransfer RNA转移RNA ribosome RNA核糖体RNA metabolic regulation代谢调节feedback regulation反馈调节structural gene结构基因promoter gene启动基因operator gene操纵基因regulator gene调节基因termination factor终止因子triplet code三联体密码initiator codon起始密码termination codon终止密码semiconservative replication半保留复制ornithine cycle鸟氨酸循环ketogenic amino acid生酮氨基酸glucogenic amino acid生糖氨基酸oxidative deamination氧化脱氨作用transamination转氨基作用reverse transcription逆转录decarboxylation脱羧作用semidiscontinuous replication半不连续复制reverse transcriptase 逆转录酶missense mutation错义突变synonymous mutation同义突变neutral mutation中性突变nonsense mutation无义突变phosphatidic acid 磷脂酸essential amino acids 必需氨基酸dihydrouracil loop二氢尿嘧啶环anticodon loop反密码子环double-strand circular DNA 双链环形DNA superhelical DNA 超螺旋DNA open circular DNA 开环DNA linear DNA 线形DNAbase stacking force 碱基堆积力secondary structure二级结构super-secondary structure超二级结构tertiary structure三级结构quaternary structure四级结构negative supercoil DNA负超螺旋DNA positive supercoil DNA正超螺旋DNAGlyceraldehyde-3-phosphate甘油醛-3-二磷酸glucogenic and ketogenic amino acid生糖兼生酮氨基酸restriction endonuclease限制性内切酶polymerase chain reaction聚合酶链反应Microbiology微生物学living creatures 生物culture medium 培养基lawn菌苔culture plate 培养平板bacteria 细菌archaea 古生菌eukaryote真核生物prokaryote 原核生物protozoan 原生动物hypha 菌丝mycoplasma 支原体yeast 酵母菌plasmolysis 质壁分离Escherichia Coli大肠杆菌murein胞壁质peptidoglycan 肽聚糖mucopeptide黏肽outer membrane外膜chromosome染色体nucleolus 核仁nucleoid 拟核chromatin 染色质centromere 着丝粒telomere 端粒protoplast 原生质体mycoplasma 支原体glycoprotein 糖蛋白mesosome 间体cytoplasm细胞质megnetosome磁小体nucleoid拟核glycocalyx 糖被capsule 荚膜flagellum 鞭毛lysosome 溶酶体chloroplast 叶绿体thylakoid类囊体inorganic salt 无机盐peptone 蛋白胨sulfur bacteria 硫细菌beef extract牛肉膏vitamin 维生素inclusion body 内含物lithotroph 无机营养型medium 培养基agar 琼脂organotroph 有机营养型antiport 逆向运输active transport 主动运输pinocytosis 胞饮作用catabolism 分解代谢passive transport 被动运输uniport 单向运输anabolism 合成代谢fermentation发酵batch culture 分批培养log phase 对数生长期stationary phase 稳定生长期lag phase 迟缓期decline phase衰亡期aerobe 好氧菌antibiotic 抗生素antigenome 反基因组transformation 转化genome 基因组plasmid 质粒transforming factor 转化因子diploid 二倍体haploid 单倍体transposable element 转座因子conjugation接合作用transposon转座子phenotype 表型genotype基因型auxotroph营养缺陷型wild-type野生型transition 转换transversion 颠换spontaneous mutation 自发突变reverse mutation 回复突变sexduction 性导transduction 转导promoter 启动子operon 操纵子recombination repair 重组修复repressor 阻遏蛋白corepressor辅阻遏物clone 克隆denaturation 变性annealing 退火extension 延伸cloning vector 克隆载体replicon 复制子telomere 端粒cohesive end 黏性末端promoter 启动子terminator 终止子gene therapy 基因治疗phylogeny 系统发育ammonification 氨化作用nitrification 硝化作用denitrification 反硝化作用expression vector 表达载体aerobic respiration有氧呼吸anaerobic respiration无氧呼吸origin of replication 复制起始点incompatibility 不亲和性gene mutation 基因突变synonymous mutation 同义突变chromosomal aberration 染色体畸变missense mutation 错义突变frame-shift mutation 移码突变lactose operon 乳糖操纵子negative transcription control 负转录调控tryptophan operon 色氨酸操纵子cytoplasmic inheritance 细胞质遗传genetic engineering 基因工程recombinant DNA technology 重组DNA技术palindromic structure 回文结构spread plate method 涂布平板法pour plate method 倾注培养法streak plate method 平板划线法shake tube method 稀释摇管法continuous culture 连续培养。
生物信息学主要英文术语及释义
生物信息学主要英文术语及释义Coding region of DNA. See CDS.Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) （表达序列标签）Randomly selected, partial cDNA sequence; represents it's corresponding mRNA. dbEST is a large database of ESTs at GenBank, NCBI.FASTA （一种主要数据库搜索程序）The first widely used algorithm for database similarity searching. The program looks for optimal local alignments by scanning the sequence for small matches called "words". Initially, the scores of segments in which there are multiple word hits are calculated ("init1"). Later the scores of several segments may be summed to generate an "initn" score. An optimized alignment that includes gaps is shown in the output as "opt". The sensitivity and speed of the search are inversely related and controlled by the "k-tup" variable which specifies the size of a "word". (Pearson and Lipman)Extreme value distribution（极值分布）Some measurements are found to follow a distribution that has a long tail which decays at high value s much more slowly than that found in a normal distribution. This slow-falling type is called the extreme value distribution. The alignment scores between unrelated or random sequences are an example. These scores can reach very high value s, particularly when a large number of comparisons are made, as in a database similarity search. The probability of a particular score may be accurately predicted by the extreme value distribution, which follows a double negative exponential function after Gumbel.False negative（假阴性）A negative data point collected in a data set that was incorrectly reported due to a failure of the test in avoiding negative results.False positive （假阳性）A positive data point collected in a data set that was incorrectly reported due to a failure of the test. If the test had correctly measured the data point, the data would have been recorded as negative.Feed-forward neural network （反向传输神经网络）Organizes nodes into sequence layers in which the nodes in each layer are fully connected with the nodes in the next layer, except for the final output layer. Input is fed from the input layer through the layers in sequence in a “feed-forward” direction, resulting in output at the final layer. See also Neural network.Filtering (window size)During pair-wise sequence alignment using the dot matrix method, random matches can be filtered out by using a sliding window to compare the two sequences. Rather than comparing a single sequence position at a time, a window of adjacent positions in the two sequences is compared and a dot, indicating a match, is generated only if a certain minimal number of matches occur.Filtering （过滤）Also known as Masking. The process of hiding regions of (nucleic acid or amino acid) sequence having characteristics that frequently lead to spurious high scores. See SEG and DUST.Finished sequence（完成序列）Complete sequence of a clone or genome, with an accuracy of at least 99.99% and no gaps.Fourier analysisStudies the approximations and decomposition of functions using trigonometric polynomials.Format (file)（格式）Different programs require that information be specified to them in a formal manner, using particular keywords and ordering. This specification is a file format.Forward-backward algorithmUsed to train a hidden Markov model by aligning the model with training sequences. The algorithm then refines the model to reduce the error when fitted to the given data using a gradient descent approach.FTP (File Transfer Protocol)（文件传输协议）Allows a person to transfer files from one computer to another across a network using an FTP-capable client program. The FTP client program can only communicate with machines that run an FTP server. The server, in turn, will make a specific portion of its tile system available for FTP access, providing that the client is able to supply a recognized user name and password to the server.Full shotgun clone （鸟枪法克隆）A large-insert clone for which full shotgun sequence has been produced.Functional genomics（功能基因组学）Assessment of the function of genes identified by between-genome comparisons. The function of a newly identified gene is tested by introducing mutations into the gene and then examining the resultant mutant organism for an altered phenotype.gap （空位/间隙/缺口）A space introduced into an alignment to compensate for insertions and deletions in one sequence relative to another. To prevent the accumulation of too many gaps in an alignment, introduction of a gap causes the deduction of a fixed amount (the gap score) from the alignment score. Extension of the gap to encompass additional nucleotides or amino acid is also penalized in the scoring of an alignment. Gap penalty（空位罚分）A numeric score used in sequence alignment programs to penalize the presence of gaps within an alignment. The value of a gap penalty affects how often gaps appear in alignments produced by the algorithm. Most alignment programs suggest gap penalties that are appropriate for particular scoring matrices.Genetic algorithm（遗传算法）A kind of search algorithm that was inspired by the principles of evolution. A population of initial solutions is encoded and the algorithm searches through these by applying a pre-defined fitness measurement to each solution, selecting those with the highest fitness for reproduction. New solutions can be generated during this phase by crossover and mutation operations, defined in the encoded solutions.Genetic map （遗传图谱）A genome map in which polymorphic loci are positioned relative to one another on the basis of the frequency with which they recombine during meiosis. The unit of distance is centimorgans (cM), denoting a 1% chance of recombination.Genome（基因组）The genetic material of an organism, contained in one haploid set of chromosomes.Gibbs sampling methodAn algorithm for finding conserved patterns within a set of related sequences. A guessed alignment of all but one sequence is made and used to generate a scoring matrix that represents the alignment. The matrix is then matched to the left-out sequence, and a probable location of the corresponding pattern is found. This prediction is then input into a new alignment and another scoring matrix is produced and tested on a new left-out sequence. The process is repeated until there is no further improvement in the matrix.Global alignment（整体联配）Attempts to match as many characters as possible, from end to end, in a set of twomore sequences. Gopher (一个文档发布系统，允许检索和显示文本文件)Graph theory（图论）A branch of mathematics which deals with problems that involve a graph or network structure. A graph is defined by a set of nodes (or points) and a set of arcs (lines or edges) joining the nodes. In sequence and genome analysis, graph theory is used for sequence alignments and clustering alike genes.GSS（基因综述序列）Genome survey sequence.GUI（图形用户界面）Graphical user interface.H （相对熵值）H is the relative entropy of the target and background residue frequencies. (Karlin and Altschul, 1990).H can be thought of as a measure of the average information (in bits) available per position that distinguishes an alignment from chance. At high value s of H, short alignments can be distinguished by chance, whereas at lower H value s, a longer alignment may be necessary. (Altschul, 1991)Half-bitsSome scoring matrices are in half-bit units. These units are logarithms to the base 2 of odds scores times 2.Heuristic（启发式方法）A procedure that progresses along empirical lines by using rules of thumb to reach a solution. The solution is not guaranteed to be optimal.Hexadecimal system（16制系统）The base 16 counting system that uses the digits O-9 followed by the letters A-F.HGMP （人类基因组图谱计划）Human Genome Mapping Project.Hidden Markov Model (HMM)（隐马尔可夫模型）In sequence analysis, a HMM is usually a probabilistic model of a multiple sequence alignment, but can also be a model of periodic patterns in a single sequence, representing, for example, patterns found in the exons of a gene. In a model of multiple sequence alignments, each column of symbols in the alignment is represented by a frequency distribution of the symbols called a state, and insertions and deletions by other states. One then moves through the model along a particular path from state to state trying to match a given sequence. The next matching symbol is chosen from each state, recording its probability (frequency) and also the probability of going to that particular state from a previous one (the transition probability). State and transition probabilities are then multiplied to obtain a probability of the given sequence. Generally speaking, a HMM is a statistical model for an ordered sequence of symbols, acting as a stochastic state machine that generates a symbol each time a transition is made from one state to the next. Transitions betweenstates are specified by transition probabilities.Hidden layer（隐藏层）An inner layer within a neural network that receives its input and sends its output to other layers within the network. One function of the hidden layer is to detect covariation within the input data, such as patterns of amino acid covariation that are associated with a particular type of secondary structure in proteins.Hierarchical clustering（分级聚类）The clustering or grouping of objects based on some single criterion of similarity or difference.Anexample is the clustering of genes in a microarray experiment based on the correlation between their expression patterns. The distance method used in phylogenetic analysis is another example.Hill climbingA nonoptimal search algorithm that selects the singular best possible solution at a given state or step. The solution may result in a locally best solution that is not a globally best solution.Homology（同源性）A similar component in two organisms (e.g., genes with strongly similar sequences) that can be attributed to a common ancestor of the two organisms during evolution.Horizontal transfer（水平转移）The transfer of genetic material between two distinct species that do not ordinarily exchange genetic material. The transferred DNA becomes established in the recipient genome and can be detected by a novel phylogenetic history and codon content com-pared to the rest of the genome.HSP （高比值片段对）High-scoring segment pair. Local alignments with no gaps that achieve one of the top alignment scores in a given search.HTGS/HGT（高通量基因组序列）High-throughout genome sequencesHTML（超文本标识语言）The Hyper-Text Markup Language (HTML) provides a structural description of a document using a specified tag set. HTML currently serves as the Internet lingua franca for describing hypertext Web page documents.HyperplaneA generalization of the two-dimensional plane to N dimensions.HypercubeA generalization of the three-dimensional cube to N dimensions.Identity （相同性/相同率）The extent to which two (nucleotide or amino acid) sequences are invariant.Indel（插入或删除的缩略语）An insertion or deletion in a sequence alignment.Information content (of a scoring matrix)A representation of the degree of sequence conservation in a column of ascoring matrix representing an alignment of related sequences. It is also the number of questions that must be asked to match the column to a position in a test sequence. For bases, the max-imum possible number is 2, and for proteins, 4.32 (logarithm to the base 2 of the number of possible sequence characters).Information theory（信息理论）A branch of mathematics that measures information in terms of bits, the minimal amount of structural complexity needed to encode a given piece of information.Input layer（输入层）The initial layer in a feed-forward neural net. This layer encodes input information that will be fed through the network model.Interface definition languageUsed to define an interface to an object model in a programming language neutral form, where an interface is an abstraction of a service defined only by the operations that can be performed on it. Internet（因特网）The network infrastructure, consisting of cables interconnected by routers, that pro-vides global connectivity for individual computers and private networks of computers. A second sense of the word internet is the collective computer resources available over this global network.Interpolated Markov modelA type of Markov model of sequences that examines sequences for patterns of variable length in order to discriminate best between genes and non-gene sequences.Intranet（内部网）Intron （内含子）Non-coding region of DNA.Iterative（反复的/迭代的）A sequence of operations in a procedure that is performed repeatedly.Java（一种由SUN Microsystem开发的编程语言）K （BLAST程序的一个统计参数）A statistical parameter used in calculating BLAST scores that can be thought of as a natural scale for search space size. The value K is used in converting a raw score (S) to a bit score (S').K-tuple（字/字长）Identical short stretches of sequences, also called words.lambda （λ，BLAST程序的一个统计参数）A statistical parameter used in calculating BLAST scores that can be thought of as a natural scale for scoring system. The value lambda is used in converting a raw score (S) to a bit score (S').LAN（局域网）Local area network.Likelihood（似然性）The hypothetical probability that an event which has already occurred would yield a specific outcome. Unlike probability, which refers to future events, likelihood refers to past events. Linear discriminant analysisAn analysis in which a straight line is located on a graph between two sets of data pointsin a location that best separates the data points into two groups.Local alignment（局部联配）Attempts to align regions of sequences with the highest density of matches. In doing so, one or more islands of subalignments are created in the aligned sequences.Log odds score（概率对数值）The logarithm of an odds score. See also Odds score.Low Complexity Region (LCR) （低复杂性区段）Regions of biased composition including homopolymeric runs, short-period repeats, and more subtle overrepresentation of one or a few residues. The SEG program is used to mask or filter LCRs in amino acid queries. The DUST program is used to mask or filter LCRs in nucleic acid queries.Machine learning（机器学习）The training of a computational model of a process or classification scheme to distinguish between alternative possibilities.Markov chain（马尔可夫链）Describes a process that can be in one of a number of states at any given time. The Markov chain is defined by probabilities for each transition occurring; that is, probabilities of the occurrence of state sj given that the current state is sp Substitutions in nucleic acid and protein sequences are generally assumed to follow a Markov chain in that each site changes independently of the previous history ofthe site. With this model, the number and types of substitutions observed over a relatively short period of evolutionary time can be extrapolated to longer periods of time. In performing sequence alignments and calculating the statistical significance of alignment scores, sequences are assumed to be Markov chains in which the choice of one sequence position is not influenced by another.Masking （过滤）Also known as Filtering. The removal of repeated or low complexity regions from a sequence in order to improve the sensitivity of sequence similarity searches performed with that sequence.Maximum likelihood (phylogeny, alignment)（最大似然法）The most likely outcome (tree or alignment), given a probabilistic model of evolutionary change in DNA sequences.Maximum parsimony（最大简约法）The minimum number of evolutionary steps required to generate the observed variation in a set of sequences, as found by comparison of the number of steps in all possible phylogenetic trees.Method of momentsThe mean or expected value of a variable is the first moment of the value s of the variable around the mean, defined as that number from which the sum of deviations to all value s is zero. The standard deviation is the second moment of the value s about the mean, and so on.Minimum spanning treeGiven a set of related objects classified by some similarity or difference score, the mini-mum spanning tree joins the most-alike objects on adjacent outer branches of a tree and then sequentially joins less-alike objects by more inward branches. The tree branch lengths are calculated by the same neighbor-joining algorithm that is used to build phylogenetic trees of sequences from a distance matrix. The sum of the resulting branch lengths between each pair of objects will be approximately that found by the classification scheme.MMDB （分子建模数据库）Molecular Modelling Database. A taxonomy assigned database of PDB (see PDB) files, and related information.Molecular clock hypothesis（分子钟假设）The hypothesis that sequences change at the same rate in the branches of an evolutionarytree.Monte Carlo（蒙特卡罗法）A method that samples possible solutions to a complex problem as a way to estimate a more general solution.Motif （模序）A short conserved region in a protein sequence. Motifs are frequently highly conserved parts of domains.Multiple Sequence Alignment （多序列联配）An alignment of three or more sequences with gaps inserted in the sequences such that residues with common structural positions and/or ancestral residues are aligned in the same column. Clustal W is one of the most widely used multiple sequence alignment programsMutation data matrix（突变数据矩阵，即PAM矩阵）A scoring matrix compiled from the observation of point mutations between aligned sequences. Also refers to a Dayhoff PAM matrix in which the scores are given as log odds scores.N50 length （N50长度，即覆盖50%所有核苷酸的最大序列重叠群长度）A measure of the contig length (or scaffold length) containing a 'typical' nucleotide. Specifically, it isthe maximum length L such that 50% of all nucleotides lie in contigs (or scaffolds) of size at least L. Nats (natural logarithm)A number expressed in units of the natural logarithm.NCBI （美国国家生物技术信息中心）National Center for Biotechnology Information (USA). Created by the United States Congress in 1988, to develop information systems to support thebiological research community.Needleman-Wunsch algorithm（Needleman-Wunsch算法）Uses dynamic programming to find global alignments between sequences.Neighbor-joining method（邻接法）Clusters together alike pairs within a group of related objects (e.g., genes with similar sequences) to create a tree whose branches reflect the degrees of difference among the objects.Neural network（神经网络）From artificial intelligence algorithms, techniques that involve a set of many simple units that hold symbolic data, which are interconnected by a network of links associated with numeric weights. Units operate only on their symbolic data and on the inputs that they receive through their connections. Most neural networks use a training algorithm (see Back-propagation) to adjust connection weights, allowing the network to learn associations between various input and output patterns. See also Feed-forward neural network.NIH （美国国家卫生研究院）National Institutes of Health (USA).Noise（噪音）In sequence analysis, a small amount of randomly generated variation in sequences that is added to a model of the sequences; e.g., a hidden Markov model or scoring matrix, in order to avoid the model overfitting the sequences. See also Overfitting.Normal distribution（正态分布）The distribution found for many types of data such as body weight, size, and exam scores. The distribution is a bell-shaped curve that is described by a mean and standard deviation of the mean. Local sequence alignment scores between unrelated or random sequences do not follow this distribution but instead the extreme value distribution which has a much extended tail for higher scores. See also Extreme value distribution.Object Management Group (OMG)（国际对象管理协作组）A not-for-profit corporation that was formed to promote component-based software by introducing standardized object software. The OMG establishes industry guidelines and detailed object management specifications in order to provide a common framework for application development. Within OMG is a Life Sciences Research group, a consortium representing pharmaceutical companies, academic institutions, software vendors, and hardware vendors who are working together to improve communication and inter-operability among computational resources in life sciences research. See CORBA.Object-oriented database（面向对象数据库）Unlike relational databases (see entry), which use a tabular structure, object-oriented databases attempt to model the structure of a given data set as closely as possible. In doing so, object-oriented databases tend to reduce the appearance of duplicated data and the complexity of query structure often found in relational databases.Odds score（概率/几率值）The ratio of the likelihoods of two events or outcomes. In sequence alignments and scoring matrices,the odds score for matching two sequence characters is the ratio of the frequency with which the characters are aligned in related sequences divided by the frequency with which those same two characters align by chance alone, given the frequency of occurrence of each in the sequences. Odds scores for a set of individually aligned positions are obtained by multiplying the odds scores for each position. Odds scores are often converted to logarithms to create log odds scores that can be added to obtain the log odds score of a sequence alignment.OMIM （一种人类遗传疾病数据库）Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Database of genetic diseases with references to molecular medicine, cell biology, biochemistry and clinical details of the diseases.Optimal alignment（最佳联配）The highest-scoring alignment found by an algorithm capable of producing multiple solutions. This is the best possible alignment that can be found, given any parameters supplied by the user to the sequence alignment program.ORF （开放阅读框）Open Reading Frame. A series of codons (base triplets) which can be translated into a protein. There are six potential reading frames of an unidentifed sequence; TBLASTN (see BLAST) transalates a nucleotide sequence in all six reading frames, into a protein, then attempts to align the results to sequeneces in a protein database, returning the results as a nucleotide sequence. The most likely reading frame can be identified using on-line software (e.g. ORF Finder).Orthologous（直系同源）Homologous sequences in different species that arose from a common ancestral gene during speciation; may or may not be responsible for a similar function. A pair of genes found in two species are orthologous when the encoded proteins are 60-80% identical in an alignment. The proteins almost certainly have the same three-dimensional structure, domain structure, and biological function, and the encoding genes have originated from a common ancestor gene at an earlier evolutionary time. Two orthologs 1 and II in genomes A and B, respectively, may be identified when the complete genomes of two species are available: (1) in a database similarity search of all of the proteome of B using I as a query, II is the best hit found, and (2) I is the best hit when 11 is used as a query of the proteome of B. The best hit is the database sequence with the highest expect value (E). Orthology is also predicted by a very close phylogenetic relationship between sequences or by a cluster analysis. Compare to Paralogs. See also Cluster analysis.Output layer（输出层）The final layer of a neural network in which signals from lower levels in the network are input into output states where they are weighted and summed togive an outpu t signal. For example, the output signal might be the prediction of one type of protein secondary structure for the central amino acid in a sequence window.OverfittingCan occur when using a learning algorithm to train a model such as a neural net or hid-den Markov model. Overfitting refers to the model becoming too highly representative of the training data and thus no longer representative of the overall range of data that is supposed to be modeled.。
(完整版)常用生物学专业英语词汇
(完整版)常用生物学专业英语词汇Aabdomen 腹部abdominal 腹部的abiotic 非生物的abnormal 反常的，变态的abscisic 脱落酸abscission 脱落absorb 吸收（水、热、光等) absorption spectrum 吸收光谱，吸收谱absorption 吸收作用abut 连接accelerate 加速,加快acceptable 可接受的acceptor 受体acetate 醋酸盐;醋酸根acetone 丙酮acetyl 乙酰基acorn 橡树子acquire［o’kwaio)uJ．获得，取得．actin 肌动蛋白actinomycinD 放线菌素D activation 活化；激活activationenergy 活化能active site 活性中心active 主动的；活性的adapt 使适应,改编适应adaptin 衔接蛋白adaptive radiation 适应辐射adenine 腺嘌呤adenosine 腺嘌呤核苷adenosyl 腺苷的adenovirus 腺病毒adhering junctings 粘着连接adhesion 粘着；附着adipose 脂肪多的adjacent 毗邻的adjust 调节，调整；校正admit 让……进入adolescent 青少年adrenal肾上腺的，肾上腺adulthood 成年affinity 亲和；吸引agar 琼脂，洋菜agarose 琼脂糖agency 媒介agent 剂aggregate 聚合体Agrobacterium tumefaciens 根癌农杆菌airborne 空气传播的alanine 丙氨酸albino 白化体albumin 白蛋白，清蛋白aldosterone 醛固酮，醛甾酮allcviate 减轻；缓和allelc 等位基因allele 等位基因突变遗传因子allosteric modification 别构修饰allosteric 别构的aloft 向上Alzheimer’s disease 阿尔茨海默氏病amino 氨基的～acid氨基酸aminocyclopropylcarboxylic氨基环丙烷羧酸aminopeptidase 氨基肽酶amnion 羊膜amoeboid 阿米巴样的amphibian 两栖动物amphipathic 两亲的两性的amphiploid 双倍体amplify 扩增amylase 淀粉酶anaerobic 厌氧的anal 肛门的,臀的analogous 机能相似的，同功的analysis 分析，分解analyze 分析anaphase （细胞分裂的）后期anaphase—promoting complex,APC 促后期复合物anarogen 雄激素anatomy 解剖学ancestor 祖先ancient 古老（的生物) 古老的anemia 贫血（症) 局部缺血angiosperm 被子植物anionic 阴离子的antagonistic 对抗性的antagonize 对抗；中和antennae 触角anterior 前的anther 花药anticodon 反密码子antidiuretiC 抗利尿的抗利尿anus 肛门anus 肛门aorta 主动脉apex （复）apices 顶，顶点apparatus 体；器官;装置appendicitis 阑尾炎appendix 阑尾appetlte 食欲，胃口appreciable 可估计的appropriate 适当的approximately 近似地,大约archaebacteria 古细菌archaic 古代的arterial 动脉的arteriole 小动脉artery 动脉arthritis 关节炎artificial chromosome 人工染色体aspartic 天冬氨酸astrocyte 星形(神经胶质），细胞asymmetric 不对称的atmosphere 大气层，大气圈atrium 心房autocatalytic 自动催化的autonomic neuron 自主神经元autonomously replicatingsequence ARS 自主复制起序列autophagy 自噬作用axon 轴突axoplasm 轴浆Bbacillus 杆菌bacteria 细菌bacterial artificialchromosome， BAC 细菌人工染色体bacteriophage 噬菌体bacterium 细菌basal cell carcinoma 基层细(完整版)常用生物学专业英语词汇胞癌base 碱基basement membrane 基膜bicarbonate 碳酸氢盐bilateral symmetry 两侧对称bilayer 双层binal 双重的，两倍的,孪生的binding 结合位点binomial 双名的biochemical 生物化学的biogeography 生物地理学biology 生物学biotechnology 生物技术biotic 生物的bipedal 两足动物的bipolar 双极的blastocoele 囊胚腔blastoderm 胚盘blastomere 卵裂球blastula 囊胚blister水疱，疱blood pressure 血压blood-clotting 凝血boron 硼botanist 植物学家botanist 植物学家boulder 巨砾，圆石bounce 跳起breeze 微风bryophytes 苔藓类植物bud 芽buffer 缓冲,缓冲剂bulb 鳞茎bulky 泡状bumble 犯大错bump 碰,撞bundle 维管束bunting 巫鸟buoyancy 浮力buoyant 有浮力的butanol 丁醇Ccaecilian 无足类caffeine 咖啡因cambium 形成层Cambrian 寒武纪cancerous 癌的capillary bed 毛细血管床capillary 毛细血管capsid (病毒)衣壳carbohydrate 碳水化合物，糖类carbonate 碳酸盐carboxy 羧基carboxylation 羧化作用carboxypeptidase 羧肽酶carcinogen 致癌剂carcinoma 癌cardiovascular 心血管的carotenoid 类胡萝卜素carotid 颈动脉的carpel 心皮catalyze 催化catecholamine 儿茶酚胺cateract 白内障cell secretion细胞分泌cell wall 细胞壁cellulose 纤维素,植物纤维物质Cenozoic 新生代centiped 少足类central dogma 中心法则central vacuole 中央液泡centrifuge 离心机centriole 中心粒centromere 着丝粒,着丝点centromeric sequence CEN 着丝粒序列cephalization 头部形成cerebellum 小脑cerebral 大脑的champion 拥护者channel通道,管道chemotaxis 趋化性chlorine 氯，氯气chlorofluorocarbon 含氯氟烃chlorophyll 叶绿素chlorophyllase 叶绿素酶chloroplast 叶绿体chloroquine 氯奎choke 窒息，噎cholesterol 胆固醇chordate 脊索动物chorion 绒毛膜chromatid 染色单体chromatin 染色质chromatography 层析chromosome 染色体chylomicron 乳糜小滴chyme 食糜chymotripisn 糜蛋白酶chysophyte 金藻chytrids 壶菌cicada 蝉ciliated 具纤毛的Ciliophora 纤毛门circadian 全天的circulate 循环，环流circumstance 环境cis-acting element 顺式作用元件cis-Golgi network, CGN 高尔基内侧网络cistron 顺反子citric 柠檬的clathrin-coated vesicle 披网格蛋白小泡cleavage 卵裂,细胞分裂cleave 分开clone 克隆，无性系clot 凝块cloverleaf 三叶草club fungi 珊瑚菌担子菌（Basidiomycetes)coccus 球菌coccyx 尾骶骨的尾骨code 密码coelom 体腔coenzyme 辅酶coexist 共存coherent 粘着的，连贯的coil 卷，盘绕coincidence 巧合coleoptile 胚芽鞘collagen 骨胶原，成胶质collateral 侧支collenchyma 厚角组织commensalisms 共栖，共生competitive inhibitor 竞争性抵制剂complementary 互补的，补充的concentration 浓度connective tissue 结缔组织(完整版)常用生物学专业英语词汇constitutive enzyme 组成酶Constitutive secretory pathway 组成型分泌途径contaminant 沾染物contour 轮廓,外形contractile 可收缩的contraction 收缩convulsion 惊厥coolant 冷却剂COPII coated vesicles COPII被膜小泡COPI coated vesicles COPI被膜小泡copulate 交配cord 索cork 皮层，木栓cornea 角膜cortex 皮质corticosteroid 皮质甾类cortisol 肾上腺皮质索cotyledon 子叶cotyledonary 子叶的counterpart 副本，复本covalence 共价covalent bond 共价键covalent 共价covering 覆盖cranial nerves 脑神经cranial 脑的crawl 蠕动creature 生物crenate 圆齿状的crest 达到顶点cretaceous 白垩纪的crevice 裂缝crispnsee 脆，鲜嫩cristae 嵴（拉）crossing over 遗传物质的交换cross—linked 交联的crustacea 浮游甲壳动物crustacean 甲壳动物crystalline 结晶的culture 培养，栽培cushione 缓冲缓和cuticle 表皮，角质层cutin 角质cyanobacteria 蓝细菌cyclin 细胞周期蛋白cyclin-dependent proteinkinases, CDK 细胞周期依赖性蛋白激酶cytochrome 细胞色素cytokinin 细胞分裂素cytomembrane systeme 膜系统cytoplasm 细胞质cytosine 胞嘧啶cytoskeleton 细胞骨架cytosol 胞液，细胞溶质Ddaughter chromosome 子染色体debris 碎片decipher 破译decomposer 分解者degenerate 变性degrade 使降解deletion 染色体的缺失denaturation 变性dendrite 树突deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleic 脱氧核糖核酸的deoxyribose 脱氧核糖deposition 沉积作用deprive 剥夺deprive 夺去derevative 衍生物desensitization脱敏现象，减感作用detergent 去垢剂deuterostome 后口动物development 发育，发展dextran 葡聚糖dialysis 透析，渗析diaphragm 横隔膜diastolic 心脏舒张的diatom 硅藻differential centrifugation差速离心differentiation 分化diffraction 衍射diffusion 扩散，渗滤digestive tract 消化道dihybrid 双因子杂种dilute 稀释dimensional 维,度，元dimer 二聚体dioxide 二氧化物dip 浸，蘸dipeptide 二肽diploid 二倍体的distort 变形，扭曲distortion 畸变，变形，失真divergence 分歧diverse vesicle 消化泡diversity 多样性，差异Docking protein， DP 停泊蛋白dodecyl 十二烷基dominant 显性的，显性性状donor 供体dormant 休眠的dorsal 背面的dorsal root ganglion 背根神经节dorsal 背部的double helix 双螺旋duodenum 十二指肠duplicate 复制dynamic 动力学的，动态的dyneins 动力蛋白dysentery 痢疾Eearlobe 耳垂earthworm 蚯蚓echinoderm 棘皮动物ecological 生态学的ecosystem 生态系统ectoderm 外胚层ectotherm 冷血动物edoplasmic reticulum 内质网effector 效应器efferent 传出的egg 蛋，卵egg-laying mammals 卵生哺乳动物egret 白鹭，冠毛eject 排斥,逐出elaborate 精细制作的，复杂的elastic connective tissue 弹(完整版)常用生物学专业英语词汇力结缔组织elastin 弹性蛋白electron 电子electrophoresis 电泳embryo 胚,胚胎embryogenesis 胚胎发生embryology 胚胎学embryonic 胚胎的emulsion 乳状液encephalitis 脑炎encode 编码endocrine 内分泌endocytic 细胞内吞作用endocytosis 胞吞作用endoderm 内胚层endomembrane systems 内膜系统endoplasmic 内质的endoplasmic reticulum内质网endosome 内体endosperm胚乳endosymbiosis 内共生endothelial 内皮的endotherm 热血动物enucleate 去…。
生物专业英语词汇必备
生物专业英语词汇—词素（词根）部分一、表示数量的词素1. haplo,mono,uni 单，一，独haploid 单倍体monoxide一氧化碳monoatomic单原子的2. bi,di,dipl,twi,du：二，双，两，偶biocolor 双色,dichromatic 双色的,diplobacillus 双杆菌dikaryon 双核体twin 孪生dual 双重的3. tri 三，丙Triple 三倍的triangle三角triacylglycerol三酰甘油tricarboxylic acid cycle 三羧酸循环4.quadri,quadru,quart,tetr,tetra：四Quadruple 四倍的quadrilateral四边的quadrivalent四价的quadruped四足动物tetrode四极管tetracycline四环素5. pent, penta, quique五pentose戊糖pentagon五角形pentane戊烷quintuple 五倍的pentose戊糖pentomer五邻粒6. hex,hexa,sex 六hexose已糖hexapod六足动物hexapoda昆虫纲hexamer六聚体7. hepta,sept(i) 七heptane 庚烷heptose 庚糖heptoglobin七珠蛋白8. oct八octpus 章鱼octagon八角形octane 辛烷octase 辛糖9. enne, nona九nonapeptide 九肽enneahedron 九面体10. deca, deka :十decapod 十足目动物decahedron 十面体decagram 十克11. hecto, 百hectometer百米hectoliter百升hectowatt 百瓦12. kilo,千kilodalton (KD) 千道尔顿kilobase 千碱基kiloelectron volt 千电子伏特13. deci,十分之一，分decimeter 分米decigram 十分之一克14. centi,百分之一15. milli,千分之一，毫millimole 毫摩（尔）milliliter 毫升16. micro,百万分之一，微，微小，微量microgram微克microogranism微生物microecology微生态学micropipet微量移液器17. nano十亿分之一，毫微，纳nanosecond十亿分之一秒nanometer纳米18. demi,hemi,semi半hemicerebrum 大脑半球[hemi'seribrəm]semiopaque半透明：['semiəu'peik]semi-allel半等位基因semi-conductor半导体19. holo 全，整体，完全holoenzyme 全酶holoprotein全蛋白holocrine全（质分）泌20. mega巨大，兆，百万megaspore大孢子， ['megəspɔ:]megabasse兆碱基megakaryocyte巨核细胞megavolt兆伏megalopolitan特大城市[.megə'lɔpəlis]21. macro 大，巨大，多macrophage巨噬细胞macrogamete大配子macroelement常量元素macromolecular大分子22. poly,multi,mult 多，复合polyacrylate聚丙烯酸酯polymerase 聚合酶multichain多链的multinucleate 多核的multicistronic mRNA多顺反子mRNA multicopy多拷贝二、表示颜色的词素1. chrom颜色chromophore生色团['krəuməfɔ:]chromosome染色体chromatography色谱法 [krəumə'tɔgrəfi]2. melan,melano,nigr 黑melanoma黑素瘤melanin黑色素melanophore黑色素细胞3. xantho,flavo,fla,flavi,lute黄xanthophyl叶黄素xanthous黄色的，黄色人种xathine黄嘌呤flavin(e)黄素flavone黄酮letein黄体素，叶黄素flavin adeninedinucleotide(FAD)黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸4. erythro, rub, rubrm, ruf,红erythrocyte红细胞 [i'riθrə.sait]erythromycin红霉素erythropoitin(EPO)促红细胞生成素5. chloro,chlor绿，氯chlorophyll叶绿素['klɔrəfil] chloride氯化物chloramphenicol氯霉素6. cyan,cyano 蓝，青紫色，氰cyanophyceae 蓝藻纲cyanobacteria蓝细菌cyanide氰化物7 aur, glid, chrys金色aureomycin金霉素chrysose 金藻淀粉chrysanthemum菊花glidstone 金沙石glid 镀金8 leu,leuco,leuk,leuko,blan,alb 无色，白色leucine亮氨酸leukaemia=leucosis白血病bleaching powder漂白粉albomycin白霉素三、表示摄食的词素1 -vore 食......动物，-vorous食......动物的algivore食藻动物carnivore 食肉动物herbivore 食草动物omnivore 杂食动物2-phage吃（食）食......生物（体）-phagous吃（食）......的phage噬菌体phagocyte 吞噬细胞zoophage食肉动物saprophage腐食者四、表示方位和程度的词素1 endo,ento,内，在内endocrine内分泌endocytosis胞吞作用endogamy近亲繁殖endolysin内溶素entoderm内胚层2 ec, ect, exc, extra 外，外面，表面ectoblast外胚层ectoparasite 外寄生生物extract 抽取，浸出3 meso 中，中间mesosphere 中圈，中层mesoplast 中胚层质4 intra,intro,inter 在内，向内intra-allelic interaction 等位基因内相互作用intracellular（细）胞内的interurban城市之间5 centri,centro,medi,mid 中心，中央，中间centrifuge离心centriole 中心粒centrosome 中心体centrogeng着丝基因6 epi,peri 上，外，旁epidermal growth factor(EGF):表皮生长因子epibranchial上鳃的perilune近月点7 sub,suc,suf,sug 下，低，小suborder 亚目submucosa粘膜下层subclone亚克隆subcellular亚细胞subsection小节，分部8 super,supra 上，高，超superconductor超导体superfluid 超流体superoxide 超氧化物supramolecular超分子的9 hyper 超过，过多hypersensitive 过敏的hyperelastic 超弹性的[haipəri'læstik]hypertension 高血压hyperploid 超倍体10 hypo下，低，次hypoglycaemia 低血糖hypotension低血压hypophysis脑下垂体[haiˈpɔfisis]11 iso 等，相同，同iso-osmotic等渗的isopod等足目动物isotope同位素12 oligo，olig少，低，寡，狭oligohaline 狭盐性oligogene寡基因oligomer寡聚体oligophagous寡食性oligarchy寡头政治13 eury 多，宽，广eurythermal 广温的euryhaline广盐性eurytopic species广幅种14 ultr 超ultra-acoustics 超声学ultra-structure超微结构ultroviolet紫外线15 infra 下，低，远infralittoral 潮下带，远岸的infrahuman类人生物infrared红外线的infrastructure基础结构，基本结构五、表示动物不同器官和组织的词素1 cephal,capit,cran 头，头颅2 cyte 细胞3 carn,my,mya,myo,肉，肌肉4 haem,haemat,hem,aem,sangul 血5 soma,corp 体，身体6 some,plast 体，颗粒7 hepa,hepat 肝heparin 肝素hepatopancreas肝胰腺hepatocyte 肝细胞hepatoma肝癌8 ren,nephr 肾adrenal肾上腺的nephridia肾管nephron肾单位9 card,cord 心cardiotoxin 心脏毒素cardiovascular center 心血管中枢electrocardiogram心电图concord一致，和谐10 ophthalm,ocell,ocul 眼ophthalmology眼科学ophthalmia眼炎ophthalmologist眼科专家11 branchi 鳃filibranch丝鳃lamellibrnch瓣鳃sencondary branchium次生鳃12 brac ,brachi 腕，手臂brachiolaria 短腕幼虫brachionectin臂粘连蛋白bracelet手镯13 dent,odont 牙齿dentin牙质odontphora 齿舌odontoblast成牙质细胞14 plum羽plumatus 羽状的plumule绒毛plumage （鸟的）羽毛15 foli, foil 叶follicle滤泡foiling叶形foliage 叶子foliose 多叶的常用的后缀后缀在缀合法中只起改变词性的作用，不改变词根的含意，这在第一章内已叙述。
生物信息学主要英文术语及释义
附录：生物信息学主要英文术语及释义Abstract Syntax Notation (ASN.l)（NCBI发展的许多程序，如显示蛋白质三维结构的Cn3D等所使用的内部格式）A language that is used to describe structured data types formally, Within bioinformatits,it has been used by the National Center for Biotechnology Information to encode sequences, maps, taxonomic information, molecular structures, and biographical information in such a way that it can be easily accessed and exchanged by computer software.Accession number（记录号）A unique identifier that is assigned to a single database entry for a DNA or protein sequence.Affine gap penalty（一种设置空位罚分策略）A gap penalty score that is a linear function of gap length, consisting of a gap opening penalty and a gap extension penalty multiplied by the length of the gap. Using this penalty scheme greatly enhances the performance of dynamic programming methods for sequence alignment. See also Gap penalty. Algorithm（算法）A systematic procedure for solving a problem in a finite number of steps, typically involving a repetition of operations. Once specified, an algorithm can be written in a computer language and run as a program.Alignment（联配/比对/联配）Refers to the procedure of comparing two or more sequences by looking for a series of individual characters or character patterns that are in the same order in the sequences. Of the two types of alignment, local and global, a local alignment is generally the most useful. See also Local and Global alignments. Alignment score（联配/比对/联配值）An algorithmically computed score based on the number of matches, substitutions, insertions, and deletions (gaps) within an alignment. Scores for matches and substitutions Are derived from a scoring matrix such as the BLOSUM and PAM matrices for proteins, and aftine gap penalties suitable for the matrix are chosen. Alignment scores are in log odds units, often bit units (log to the base 2). Higher scores denote better alignments. See also Similarity score, Distance in sequence analysis.Alphabet（字母表）The total number of symbols in a sequence-4 for DNA sequences and 20 for protein sequences.Annotation（注释）The prediction of genes in a genome, including the location of protein-encoding genes, the sequence of the encoded proteins, any significantmatches to other Proteins of known function, and the location of RNA-encoding genes. Predictions are based on gene models; e.g., hidden Markov models of introns and exons in proteins encoding genes, and models of secondary structure in RNA.Anonymous FTP（匿名FTP）When a FTP service allows anyone to log in, it is said to provide anonymous FTP ser-vice. A user can log in to an anonymous FTP server by typing anonymous as the user name and his E-mail address as a password. Most Web browsers now negotiate anonymous FTP logon without asking the user for a user name and password. See also FTP.ASCIIThe American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) encodes unaccented letters a-z, A-Z, the numbers O-9, most punctuation marks, space, and a set of control characters such as carriage return and tab. ASCII specifies 128 characters that are mapped to the values O-127. ASCII tiles are commonly called plain text, meaning that they only encode text without extra markup.BAC clone（细菌人工染色体克隆）Bacterial artificial chromosome vector carrying a genomic DNA insert, typically 100–200 kb. Most of the large-insert clones sequenced in the project were BAC clones.Back-propagation（反向传输）When training feed-forward neural networks, a back-propagation algorithm can be used to modify the network weights. After each training input pattern is fed through the network, the network’s output is compared with the desired output and the amount of error is calculated. This error is back-propagated through the network by using an error function to correct the network weights. See also Feed-forward neural network.Baum-Welch algorithm（Baum-Welch算法）An expectation maximization algorithm that is used to train hidden Markov models.Baye’s rule（贝叶斯法则）Forms the basis of conditional probability by calculating the likelihood of an event occurring based on the history of the event and relevant background information. In terms of two parameters A and B, the theorem is stated in an equation: The condition-al probability of A, given B, P(AIB), is equal to the probability of A, P(A), times the conditional probability of B, given A, P(BIA), divided by the probability of B, P(B). P(A) is the historical or prior distribution value of A, P(BIA) is a new prediction for B for a particular value of A, and P(B) is the sum of the newly predicted values for B. P(AIB) is a posterior probability, representing a new prediction for A given the prior knowledge of A and the newly discovered relationships between A and B.Bayesian analysis（贝叶斯分析）A statistical procedure used to estimate parameters of an underlyingdistribution based on an observed distribution. See also Baye’s rule.Biochips（生物芯片）Miniaturized arrays of large numbers of molecular substrates, often oligonucleotides, in a defined pattern. They are also called DNA microarrays and microchips.Bioinformatics （生物信息学）The merger of biotechnology and information technology with the goal of revealing new insights and principles in biology. /The discipline of obtaining information about genomic or protein sequence data. This may involve similarity searches of databases, comparing your unidentified sequence to the sequences in a database, or making predictions about the sequence based on current knowledge of similar sequences. Databases are frequently made publically available through the Internet, or locally at your institution.Bit score （二进制值/ Bit值）The value S' is derived from the raw alignment score S in which the statistical properties of the scoring system used have been taken into account. Because bit scores have been normalized with respect to the scoring system, they can be used to compare alignment scores from different searches.Bit unitsFrom information theory, a bit denotes the amount of information required to distinguish between two equally likely possibilities. The number of bits of information, AJ, required to convey a message that has A4 possibilities is log2 M = N bits.BLAST （基本局部联配搜索工具，一种主要数据库搜索程序）Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. A set of programs, used to perform fast similarity searches. Nucleotide sequences can be compared with nucleotide sequences in a database using BLASTN, for example. Complex statistics are applied to judge the significance of each match. Reported sequences may be homologous to, or related to the query sequence. The BLASTP program is used to search a protein database for a match against a query protein sequence. There are several other flavours of BLAST. BLAST2 is a newer release of BLAST. Allows for insertions or deletions in the sequences being aligned. Gapped alignments may be more biologically significant.Block（蛋白质家族中保守区域的组块）Conserved ungapped patterns approximately 3-60 amino acids in length in a set of related proteins.BLOSUM matrices（模块替换矩阵，一种主要替换矩阵）An alternative to PAM tables, BLOSUM tables were derived using local multiple alignments of more distantly related sequences than were used for the PAM matrix. These are used to assess the similarity of sequences when performing alignments.Boltzmann distribution（Boltzmann 分布）Describes the number of molecules that have energies above a certain level, based on the Boltzmann gas constant and the absolute temperature.Boltzmann probability function(Boltzmann概率函数)See Boltzmann distribution.Bootstrap analysisA method for testing how well a particular data set fits a model. For example, the validity of the branch arrangement in a predicted phylogenetic tree can be tested by resampling columns in a multiple sequence alignment to create many new alignments. The appearance of a particular branch in trees generated from these resampled sequences can then be measured. Alternatively, a sequence may be left out of an analysis to deter-mine how much the sequence influences the results of an analysis.Branch length（分支长度）In sequence analysis, the number of sequence changes along a particular branch of a phylogenetic tree.CDS or cds （编码序列）Coding sequence.Chebyshe, d inequalityThe probability that a random variable exceeds its mean is less than or equal to the square of 1 over the number of standard deviations from the mean. Clone （克隆）Population of identical cells or molecules (e.g. DNA), derived from a single ancestor.Cloning Vector （克隆载体）A molecule that carries a foreign gene into a host, and allows/facilitates the multiplication of that gene in a host. When sequencing a gene that has been cloned using a cloning vector (rather than by PCR), care should be taken not to include the cloning vector sequence when performing similarity searches. Plasmids, cosmids, phagemids, YACs and PACs are example types of cloning vectors.Cluster analysis（聚类分析）A method for grouping together a set of objects that are most similar from a larger group of related objects. The relationships are based on some criterion of similarity or difference. For sequences, a similarity or distance score or a statistical evaluation of those scores is used.CobblerA single sequence that represents the most conserved regions in a multiple sequence alignment. The BLOCKS server uses the cobbler sequence to perform a database similarity search as a way to reach sequences that are more divergent than would be found using the single sequences in the alignment for searches.Coding system (neural networks)Regarding neural networks, a coding system needs to be designed for representing input and output. The level of success found when training the model will be partially dependent on the quality of the coding system chosen. Codon usageAnalysis of the codons used in a particular gene or organism.COG（直系同源簇）Clusters of orthologous groups in a set of groups of related sequences in microorganism and yeast (S. cerevisiae). These groups are found by whole proteome comparisons and include orthologs and paralogs. See also Orthologs and Paralogs.Comparative genomics（比较基因组学）A comparison of gene numbers, gene locations, and biological functions of genes in the genomes of diverse organisms, one objective being to identify groups of genes that play a unique biological role in a particular organism. Complexity (of an algorithm)（算法的复杂性）Describes the number of steps required by the algorithm to solve a problem as a function of the amount of data; for example, the length of sequences to be aligned.Conditional probability（条件概率）The probability of a particular result (or of a particular value of a variable) given one or more events or conditions (or values of other variables). Conservation （保守）Changes at a specific position of an amino acid or (less commonly, DNA) sequence that preserve the physico-chemical properties of the original residue.Consensus（一致序列）A single sequence that represents, at each subsequent position, the variation found within corresponding columns of a multiple sequence alignment. Context-free grammarsA recursive set of production rules for generating patterns of strings. These consist of a set of terminal characters that are used to create strings, a set of nonterminal symbols that correspond to rules and act as placeholders for patterns that can be generated using terminal characters, a set of rules for replacing nonterminal symbols with terminal characters, and a start symbol. Contig （序列重叠群/拼接序列）A set of clones that can be assembled into a linear order. A DNA sequence that overlaps with another contig. The full set of overlapping sequences (contigs) can be put together to obtain the sequence for a long region of DNA that cannot be sequenced in one run in a sequencing assay. Important in genetic mapping at the molecular level.CORBA（国际对象管理协作组制定的使OOP对象与网络接口统一起来的一套跨计算机、操作系统、程序语言和网络的共同标准）The Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) is an open industry standard for working with distributed objects, developed by the Object Management Group. CORBA allows the interconnection of objects and applications regardless of computer language, machine architecture, or geographic location of the computers.Correlation coefficient（相关系数）A numerical measure, falling between - 1 and 1, of the degree of the linear relationship between two variables. A positive value indicates a direct relationship, a negative value indicates an inverse relationship, and the distance of the value away from zero indicates the strength of the relationship.A value near zero indicates no relationship between the variables. Covariation (in sequences)（共变）Coincident change at two or more sequence positions in related sequences that may influence the secondary structures of RNA or protein molecules. Coverage (or depth) （覆盖率/厚度）The average number of times a nucleotide is represented by a high-quality base in a collection of random raw sequence. Operationally, a 'high-quality base' is defined as one with an accuracy of at least 99% (corresponding to a PHRED score of at least 20).Database（数据库）A computerized storehouse of data that provides a standardized way for locating, adding, removing, and changing data. See also Object-oriented database, Relational database.DendogramA form of a tree that lists the compared objects (e.g., sequences or genes in a microarray analysis) in a vertical order and joins related ones by levels of branches extending to one side of the list.Depth （厚度）See coverageDirichlet mixturesDefined as the conjugational prior of a multinomial distribution. One use is for predicting the expected pattern of amino acid variation found in the match state of a hid-den Markov model (representing one column of a multiple sequence alignment of proteins), based on prior distributions found in conserved protein domains (blocks).Distance in sequence analysis（序列距离）The number of observed changes in an optimal alignment of two sequences, usually not counting gaps.DNA Sequencing （DNA测序）The experimental process of determining the nucleotide sequence of a region of DNA. This is done by labelling each nucleotide (A, C, G or T) with either a radioactive or fluorescent marker which identifies it. There are several methods of applying this technology, each with their advantages and disadvantages. For more information, refer to a current text book. High throughput laboratories frequently use automated sequencers, which are capable of rapidly reading large numbers of templates. Sometimes, the sequences may be generated more quickly than they can be characterised. Domain （功能域）A discrete portion of a protein assumed to fold independently of the rest of the protein and possessing its own function.Dot matrix（点标矩阵图）Dot matrix diagrams provide a graphical method for comparing two sequences. One sequence is written horizontally across the top of the graph and the other along the left-hand side. Dots are placed within the graph at the intersection of the same letter appearing in both sequences. A series of diagonal lines in the graph indicate regions of alignment. The matrix may be filtered to reveal the most-alike regions by scoring a minimal threshold number of matches within a sequence window.Draft genome sequence （基因组序列草图）The sequence produced by combining the information from the individual sequenced clones (by creating merged sequence contigs and then employing linking information to create scaffolds) and positioning the sequence along the physical map of the chromosomes.DUST （一种低复杂性区段过滤程序）A program for filtering low complexity regions from nucleic acid sequences. Dynamic programming（动态规划法）A dynamic programming algorithm solves a problem by combining solutions to sub-problems that are computed once and saved in a table or matrix. Dynamic programming is typically used when a problem has many possible solutions and an optimal one needs to be found. This algorithm is used for producing sequence alignments, given a scoring system for sequence comparisons.EMBL （欧洲分子生物学实验室，EMBL数据库是主要公共核酸序列数据库之一）European Molecular Biology Laboratories. Maintain the EMBL database, one of the major public sequence databases.EMBnet （欧洲分子生物学网络）European Molecular Biology Network: / was established in 1988, and provides services including local molecular databases and software for molecular biologists in Europe. There are several large outposts of EMBnet, including EXPASY.Entropy（熵）From information theory, a measure of the unpredictable nature of a set of possible elements. The higher the level of variation within the set, the higher the entropy.Erdos and Renyi lawIn a toss of a “fair” coin, the number of heads in a row that can be expected is the logarithm of the number of tosses to the base 2. The law may be generalized for more than two possible outcomes by changing the base of the logarithm to the number of out-comes. This law was used to analyze the number of matches and mismatches that can be expected between random sequences as a basis for scoring the statistical significance of a sequence alignment.EST （表达序列标签的缩写）See Expressed Sequence TagExpect value (E)（E值）E value. The number of different alignents with scores equivalent to or better than S that are expected to occur in a database search by chance. The lower the E value, the more significant the score. In a database similarity search, the probability that an alignment score as good as the one found between a query sequence and a database sequence would be found in as many comparisons between random sequences as was done to find the matching sequence. In other types of sequence analysis, E has a similar meaning.Expectation maximization (sequence analysis)An algorithm for locating similar sequence patterns in a set of sequences. A guessed alignment of the sequences is first used to generate an expected scoring matrix representing the distribution of sequence characters in each column of the alignment, this pattern is matched to each sequence, and the scoring matrix values are then updated to maximize the alignment of the matrix to the sequences. The procedure is repeated until there is no further improvement.Exon （外显子）Coding region of DNA. See CDS.Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) （表达序列标签）Randomly selected, partial cDNA sequence; represents it's corresponding mRNA. dbEST is a large database of ESTs at GenBank, NCBI.FASTA （一种主要数据库搜索程序）The first widely used algorithm for database similarity searching. The program looks for optimal local alignments by scanning the sequence for small matches called "words". Initially, the scores of segments in which there are multiple word hits are calculated ("init1"). Later the scores of several segments may be summed to generate an "initn" score. An optimized alignment that includes gaps is shown in the output as "opt". The sensitivity and speed of the search are inversely related and controlled by the "k-tup" variable which specifies the size of a "word". (Pearson and Lipman)Extreme value distribution（极值分布）Some measurements are found to follow a distribution that has a long tail which decays at high values much more slowly than that found in a normal distribution. This slow-falling type is called the extreme value distribution. The alignment scores between unrelated or random sequences are an example. These scores can reach very high values, particularly when a large number of comparisons are made, as in a database similarity search. The probability of a particular score may be accurately predicted by the extreme value distribution, which follows a double negative exponential function after Gumbel.False negative（假阴性）A negative data point collected in a data set that was incorrectly reported due to a failure of the test in avoiding negative results.False positive （假阳性）A positive data point collected in a data set that was incorrectly reported due to a failure of the test. If the test had correctly measured the data point, the data would have been recorded as negative.Feed-forward neural network （反向传输神经网络）Organizes nodes into sequence layers in which the nodes in each layer are fully connected with the nodes in the next layer, except for the final output layer. Input is fed from the input layer through the layers in sequence in a “feed-forward” direction, resulting in output at the final layer. See also Neural network.Filtering (window size)During pair-wise sequence alignment using the dot matrix method, random matches can be filtered out by using a sliding window to compare the two sequences. Rather than comparing a single sequence position at a time, a window of adjacent positions in the two sequences is compared and a dot, indicating a match, is generated only if a certain minimal number of matches occur.Filtering （过滤）Also known as Masking. The process of hiding regions of (nucleic acid or amino acid) sequence having characteristics that frequently lead to spurious high scores. See SEG and DUST.Finished sequence（完成序列）Complete sequence of a clone or genome, with an accuracy of at least 99.99% and no gaps.Fourier analysisStudies the approximations and decomposition of functions using trigonometric polynomials.Format (file)（格式）Different programs require that information be specified to them in a formal manner, using particular keywords and ordering. This specification is a file format.Forward-backward algorithmUsed to train a hidden Markov model by aligning the model with training sequences. The algorithm then refines the model to reduce the error when fitted to the given data using a gradient descent approach.FTP (File Transfer Protocol)（文件传输协议）Allows a person to transfer files from one computer to another across a network using an FTP-capable client program. The FTP client program can only communicate with machines that run an FTP server. The server, in turn, will make a specific portion of its tile system available for FTP access, providing that the client is able to supply a recognized user name and password to the server.Full shotgun clone （鸟枪法克隆）A large-insert clone for which full shotgun sequence has been produced.Functional genomics（功能基因组学）Assessment of the function of genes identified by between-genome comparisons. The function of a newly identified gene is tested by introducing mutations into the gene and then examining the resultant mutant organism for an altered phenotype.gap （空位/间隙/缺口）A space introduced into an alignment to compensate for insertions and deletions in one sequence relative to another. To prevent the accumulation of too many gaps in an alignment, introduction of a gap causes the deduction of a fixed amount (the gap score) from the alignment score. Extension of the gap to encompass additional nucleotides or amino acid is also penalized in the scoring of an alignment.Gap penalty（空位罚分）A numeric score used in sequence alignment programs to penalize the presence of gaps within an alignment. The value of a gap penalty affects how often gaps appear in alignments produced by the algorithm. Most alignment programs suggest gap penalties that are appropriate for particular scoring matrices.Genetic algorithm（遗传算法）A kind of search algorithm that was inspired by the principles of evolution. A population of initial solutions is encoded and the algorithm searches through these by applying a pre-defined fitness measurement to each solution, selecting those with the highest fitness for reproduction. New solutions can be generated during this phase by crossover and mutation operations, defined in the encoded solutions.Genetic map （遗传图谱）A genome map in which polymorphic loci are positioned relative to one another on the basis of the frequency with which they recombine during meiosis. The unit of distance is centimorgans (cM), denoting a 1% chance of recombination.Genome（基因组）The genetic material of an organism, contained in one haploid set of chromosomes.Gibbs sampling methodAn algorithm for finding conserved patterns within a set of related sequences.A guessed alignment of all but one sequence is made and used to generate a scoring matrix that represents the alignment. The matrix is then matched to the left-out sequence, and a probable location of the corresponding pattern is found. This prediction is then input into a new alignment and another scoring matrix is produced and tested on a new left-out sequence. The process is repeated until there is no further improvement in the matrix.Global alignment（整体联配）Attempts to match as many characters as possible, from end to end, in a set of two ormore sequences.Gopher (一个文档发布系统，允许检索和显示文本文件)Graph theory（图论）A branch of mathematics which deals with problems that involve a graph or network structure. A graph is defined by a set of nodes (or points) and a set of arcs (lines or edges) joining the nodes. In sequence and genome analysis, graph theory is used for sequence alignments and clustering alike genes.GSS（基因综述序列）Genome survey sequence.GUI（图形用户界面）Graphical user interface.H （相对熵值）H is the relative entropy of the target and background residue frequencies. (Karlin and Altschul, 1990). H can be thought of as a measure of the average information (in bits) available per position that distinguishes an alignment from chance. At high values of H, short alignments can be distinguished by chance, whereas at lower H values, a longer alignment may be necessary. (Altschul, 1991)Half-bitsSome scoring matrices are in half-bit units. These units are logarithms to the base 2 of odds scores times 2.Heuristic（启发式方法）A procedure that progresses along empirical lines by using rules of thumb to reach a solution. The solution is not guaranteed to be optimal.Hexadecimal system（16制系统）The base 16 counting system that uses the digits O-9 followed by the letters A-F.HGMP （人类基因组图谱计划）Human Genome Mapping Project.Hidden Markov Model (HMM)（隐马尔可夫模型）In sequence analysis, a HMM is usually a probabilistic model of a multiple sequence alignment, but can also be a model of periodic patterns in a single sequence, representing, for example, patterns found in the exons of a gene. In a model of multiple sequence alignments, each column of symbols in the alignment is represented by a frequency distribution of the symbols called a state, and insertions and deletions by other states. One then moves through the model along a particular path from state to state trying to match a given sequence. The next matching symbol is chosen from each state, recording its probability (frequency) and also the probability of going to that particular state from a previous one (the transition probability). State and transition probabilities are then multiplied to obtain a probability of the given sequence. Generally speaking, a HMM is a statistical model for an ordered sequence of symbols, acting as a stochastic state machine that generates a symbol each time a transition is made from one state to the next. Transitions betweenstates are specified by transition probabilities.Hidden layer（隐藏层）An inner layer within a neural network that receives its input and sends its output to other layers within the network. One function of the hidden layer is to detect covariation within the input data, such as patterns of amino acid covariation that are associated with a particular type of secondary structure in proteins.Hierarchical clustering（分级聚类）The clustering or grouping of objects based on some single criterion of similarity or difference.An example is the clustering of genes in a microarray experiment based on the correlation between their expression patterns. The distance method used in phylogenetic analysis is another example.Hill climbingA nonoptimal search algorithm that selects the singular best possible solution at a given state or step. The solution may result in a locally best solution that is not a globally best solution.Homology（同源性）A similar component in two organisms (e.g., genes with strongly similar sequences) that can be attributed to a common ancestor of the two organisms during evolution.Horizontal transfer（水平转移）The transfer of genetic material between two distinct species that do not ordinarily exchange genetic material. The transferred DNA becomes established in the recipient genome and can be detected by a novel phylogenetic history and codon content com-pared to the rest of the genome. HSP （高比值片段对）High-scoring segment pair. Local alignments with no gaps that achieve one of the top alignment scores in a given search.HTGS/HGT（高通量基因组序列）High-throughout genome sequencesHTML（超文本标识语言）The Hyper-Text Markup Language (HTML) provides a structural description of a document using a specified tag set. HTML currently serves as the Internet lingua franca for describing hypertext Web page documents.HyperplaneA generalization of the two-dimensional plane to N dimensions.HypercubeA generalization of the three-dimensional cube to N dimensions.Identity （相同性/相同率）The extent to which two (nucleotide or amino acid) sequences are invariant. Indel（插入或删除的缩略语）An insertion or deletion in a sequence alignment.Information content (of a scoring matrix)A representation of the degree of sequence conservation in a column of a。
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生物信息学常用词语英汉对照表
核酸nucleic acid
核苷酸nucleotide
碱基对base pair
蛋白质protein
酶enzyme
糖sugar
脂类lipid
配体ligand
器官organ
组织tissue
细胞cells
亚细胞subcellular
细胞壁cell wall
细胞膜cell membrane 细胞质cytoplasm
细胞核nucleus
细胞器cell organelle 叶绿体chloroplasts
线粒体mitochondrion 液泡vacuole
染色体chromosome 肽peptide
序列sequence
结构structure
α-螺旋alpha helix
β-折叠片beta sheet
β-转角beta turn
无规卷曲random coil
结构域domain
亚基subunit
二硫键disulfide bond
功能function
数据data
数据库database
链接link
基因gene
基因组genome
转录transcription
翻译translation
逆转录reverse transcription 生物信息学bioinformatics
亲水hydrophilic
疏水hydrophobic
氨基酸amino acids
极性氨基酸polar amino acids 碱性氨基酸basic amino acids 酸性氨基酸acidic amino acids 信号肽signal peptide
酶切enzyme digestion
限制性内切
酶
restriction enzyme 密码子codon
启动子promoter
外显子exon
内含子intron
预测predict
提交submit
对齐alignment
文件file
保存save
编辑edit
另存为save as
复制copy
粘贴paste
剪切cut 删除delete
插入insert
替换replace
查找search
反向互补链reverse complementary chain 单链single strand
双链double strand
分子量molecular weight
植物plant
真菌fungus
病毒viruses
细菌bacteria
哺乳动物mammal
脊椎动物vertebrate
无脊椎动物invertebrate
昆虫insect
双子叶植物dicot
单子叶植物monocot
编码区codon sequence/cds
非翻译区untranslation region/utr
注释annotation
保守区组块block
保守 conservation 一致 consensus 覆盖率 coverage
期望值 expect value/e volue 测序
sequencing
表达序列标
签 express sequence tag/est
过滤 filter 格式 format 空位 gap 空位罚分 gap penalty 同源性 homology 相同性
identity
最大似然法 maximum likelihood 最大简约法 maximum parsimony 模序
motif
两序列联配 pair-wise sequence alignment 多序列联配 multiple sequence alignment 邻接法
neighbor-joining
开放阅读框 open read frame/orf 直系同源 orthology 并系同源
paralogy
相似百分率 similarity percentage
蛋白质组 proteome 冗余 redundancy 显著水平 significant level 相似性值
similarity score。