高中英语词性转换

高中英语词性转换
高中英语词性转换

浅谈英语构词法(转)

掌握英语构词法是高中学生应该具备的一项基本技能。它对于帮助学生扩大词汇量,准确地推测文章中词汇的含义具有非常重要的意义。现就英语中常见的三种构词法加以总结说明。

一. 转化:指由一种词性转化为另一种词性的构词形式。

1. 名词转化为动词:

book (n 书—v 预定);seat (n 座位—v 使就位;落座);water (n 水—v 浇水);shoulder (n 肩膀—v 负责任)

2. 动词转化为名词:

try (v 尝试—n 尝试);look (v 看—n 表情);swim (v 游泳—n 游泳);dream (v 做梦—n 梦)

3. 形容词转化为动词:

dirty (adj 脏的—v 弄脏);slow (adj 慢的—v 放慢;减慢);right (adj 正确的—v 纠正);dry (adj 干的—v 变干);free (adj 自由的—v 解放;使自由);wrong (adj 错误的—v 弄错;受委屈)

4. 形容词转化为名词:

dear (adj 昂贵的—n 喜欢的人/ 物);quiet (adj 寂静的—n 寂静);total (adj 全部的—n 总数)

5. 其它词类的转化情况:

Our classroom faces south. (south:n 南方;南面—adv 向南;朝南)

6. 当英语词汇转化时,转化后的词的读音常有变化。

二. 合成:指由两个或两个以上本身有独立含义的词合在一起组成一个有具体意义的新词的构词形式。

1. 合成形容词的常见构词形式:

⑴数词+ 名词

a five - year plan (五年计划);first-class products (一级品);second-hand goods (二手货);a four-word (四字成语)

⑵数词+ 名词+ed

a three - legged bench (三条腿的登子);a one - eyed camel (一只眼的骆驼)

⑶数词+ 名词+ 形容词

a 20-year-old lady (一位20 岁的女士);a 1,000-metre-long bridge (一座1000 米长的桥)

⑷名词+ 现在分词

peace-loving (热爱和平的);meat-eating (食肉的);English-speaking (说英语的);history-making (创造历史的)

⑸名词+ 过去分词

heart-broken (伤心的);man-made (人造的);state-owned (国有的);water-covered (被水覆盖的)

⑹形容词+ 名词+ed

absent-minded (漫不经心的);blue-eyed (蓝眼睛的);good-tempered (好脾气的);kind-hearted (和善的)

⑺形容词+ 现在分词

bad-looking (相貌丑陋的);fine-sounding (动听的);easy-going (容易相处的)

⑻形容词+ 名词

short-term (短期的);part-time (兼职的);high-class (高级的);large-scale (大

规模的)

⑼副词+ 现在分词

hard-working (努力工作的);far-reaching (深远的);ever-lasting (永恒的)

⑽副词+ 过去分词

well-developed (高度发达的);well-known (著名的);well-trained (训练有素的)⑾其他构词形式的合成形容词

all-round (全面的);face-to-face (面对面的);thank-you (感谢的);out-of-date (过时的)

2. 合成名词的常见构成形式:

①名词+ 名词

silkworm (蚕);footprint (脚印);newspaper (报纸);glasshouse (温室);bedroom (卧室)

②名词+ 动名词

handwriting (书法);sun-bathing (日光浴);sight-seeing (观光)

③形容词+ 名词

shorthand (速记);hotline (热线);blackboard (黑板)

④动名词+ 名词

waiting-room (候车室);sleeping-pill (安眠药);writing-desk (写字台);reading-room (阅览室)

⑤动词+ 名词

pickpocket (扒手);post office (邮局);playground (操场);break-water (防波堤)

⑥动词+ 副词

get-together (联欢会);break-through (突破);take-off (起飞);lookout (岗哨)

⑦副词+ 动词

downfall (垮台);overthrow (推翻);outbreak (爆发);income (收入;所得)

⑧其他构成形式的合成名词

well-being (福利);good-for-nothing (无用之人);by-product (副产品);touch-me-not (含羞草);self-improvement (自我完善);self-criticism (自我批评)注意:合成词如果出现复数形式时通常在其后加-s 或-es ,如by-products,reading-rooms,但应特别注意:passers-by,lookers-on 等词语是在其表达该词中心含义的词上加-s 或-es .

3. 合成动词及其他合成词类:

overthrow (推翻);sleep-walk (梦游);undergo (经历);everything (一切);furthermore (而且);forever (永远);maybe (也许)

三. 派生:指由一个词根加上前缀和(或)后缀构成另一个词的构词形式。

1. 前缀:一般而言,前缀只改变词的含意,并不改变词的词性,有些前缀如en- ,under- 等却使原词改变了词性,如force (n 力量)—enforce (v 加强);rich (adj 富有)—enrich (v 使富裕);line (n 线)—underline (v 在……之下画线)。

①表示否定意义的前缀,往往使原词变成它的反义词。

前缀含义词根派生词

dis- 不like (喜欢)dislike (不喜欢)

un- 不fair (公平)unfair (不公平)

il- 不;无legal (合法的)illegal (非法的)

in- 不;非correct (正确的)incorrect (不正确的)

im- 非possible (可能的)impossible (不可能的)

ir- 不;非regular (规则的)irregular (不规则的)

non- 无;非smoker (烟民)non-smoker (不吸烟者)

en- 使courage (勇气)encourage (鼓励)

fore- 前;预先head (头)forehead (前额)

inter- 在……之间national (国家的)international (国际的)

kilo- 千meter (米)kilometer (千米)

micro- 微量的;微小的computer (计算机)microcomputer (微机)

mid- 在…中间autumn (秋天)mid-autumn (中秋)

mis- 错误地understand (理解)misunderstand (误解)

over- 在…上,过分;超过head (头)overhead (在头顶上的)

re- 再;重;又build (修建)rebuild (重建)

seimi- 半circle (圆)semicircle (半圆)

2. 后缀:通常情况下,后缀不但改变词,还改变词性,常见的后缀有动词后缀、副词后缀、形容词后缀和名词后缀。

①动词后缀:

后缀含义词根派生词

-en 变得…wide (宽的)widen (加宽;变宽)

-ify 使…beauty (美)beautify (使漂亮)

-ize/ise 使…real(的)realize (实现)

②副词后缀:

后缀含义词根派生词

-ly 在…状态中happy (高兴;幸福)happily (高兴地;幸福地)

-ward 朝…方向/地方back (后)backward (向后;朝后)

③形容词后缀:

后缀含义词根派生词

-able/-ible 可…的;能…的comfort (舒服)comfortable (舒适的)

-al/-ial 属于…的;有…特点practice (练习)practical (实际的;可行的)-ed 有…特性的interest (兴趣)interested (感兴趣的)

-ful 充满…的harm (伤害;损伤)harmful (有害的;致伤的)

-ish 有…属性的self (自己)selfish (自私的)

-ive 有…倾向的create (创造)creative (创造性的)

④名词后缀:

后缀含义词根派生词

-ance/-ence 指行为、状态perform (表演)performance (演出;表演)

-dom 指性质、状态free (自由的)freedom (自由)

-er/or 指人的身份work (工作)worker (工人)

-ess 指人的身份host (招待;主持)hostess (女主人)

-ese 表示国籍China (中国)Chinese (中国人)

-ian 指人的身份music (音乐)musician (音乐家)

-ism 与主义有关的social (社会的)socialism (社会主义)

名词后缀

1)-or/er/ess/crat/cis:做某件事情或职业的人或物:worker, debtor

2)-acy, 表示\"性质,状态,境遇\" democracy, accuracy, diplomacy

3)-ance, -ence表示\"性质,状况,行为,过程,总量,程度”importance, diligence, difference, obedience

4)-ancy, -ency, 表示\"性质,状态,行为,过程\" frequency, urgency, efficiency,

5)-bility, 表示\"动作,性质,状态\" possibility, flexibility, feasibility,

6)-dom, 表示\"等级,领域,状态\" freedom, kingdom, wisdom

7)-hood, 表示\"资格,身份, 年纪,状态\" childhood, manhood, falsehood

8)-ion, -sion, -tion, -ation, -ition, 表示\"行为的过程,结果,状况\" action, solution, conclusion, destruction, expression, correction

9)-ism, 表示\"制度,主义,学说,信仰,行为\" socialism, criticism, colloquialism, heroism

10)-ity, 表示\"性质,状态,程度”purity, reality, ability, calamity

11)-ment, 表示\"行为,状态,过程,手段及其结果treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, argument

12)-ness, 表示\"性质,状态,程度\" goodness, kindness, tiredness, friendliness

13)-ship, 表示\"情况,性质,技巧,技能及身份,职业”hardship, membership, friendship

14)-th, 表示\"动作,性质,过程,状态\" depth, wealth, truth, length, growth

15)-tude, 表示\"性质,状态,程度\" latitude, altitude(海拔)

16)-ure, 表示\"行为,结果\" exposure, pressure, failure, procedure(手续),

17-grapy, 表示\"……学,写法”biography, calligraphy, geography

18)-ic, ics, 表示\"……学……法\" logic, mechanics, electronics, linguistics

19)-ology, 表示\"……学……论”biology, zoology, technology(工艺学)

20)-nomy, 表示\"……学……术\" astronomy, economy, bionomy(生态学)

2. 形容词后缀

(1)带有“属性,倾向,相关”的含义

1)-able, -ible, visible, flexible

2)名词-ish, foolish, bookish, selfish(注意accomplish, vanish)

3)-ive, active, sensitive, productive

4)-like, manlike, childlike

5)名词-ly, manly, fatherly, scholarly, motherly

6)-some, troublesome, handsome

7)-ful, beautiful, wonderful, helpful, truthful

8)-ous, dangerous, generous, courageous, various

9)-ent, violent

10)-most, foremost, topmost

11)less, 表示否定,countless, stainless, wireless

3. 动词后缀

1)-ize, ise, 表示\"做成,变成,……化“modernize, mechanize, democratize, organize

2)-en, 表示\"使成为,引起,使有”quicken, weaken, soften, harden

3)-fy, 表示\"使……化, 使成”beautify, purify, intensify, signify, simplify

4)-ish, 表示\"使,令”finish, abolish, diminish, establish

5)-ate, 表示“成为……,处理,作用”separate, operate, indicate

4. 副词后缀

(形容词)-ly:bad→badly坏地/恶劣地,careful→carefully小心地

-wise(OE):clock→clockwise(a./adv.)顺时针方向的(地);like→likewise同样地-wards:out→outwards向外面地,north→northwards向北方地

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