英语国家概况

Chapter 1Buckingham Palace 白金汉宫Guildhall 市政厅St.Paul’s Cathedral 圣保罗大教堂Big Ben 大本钟The Tower Bridge of London 伦敦塔桥The Covent Garden 科芬园Celtic people 凯尔特人William the Conqueror 征服者威廉The Duke of Normandy 诺曼底公爵The Renaissance 文艺复兴1.Why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?Tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland to enjoy the beautifulScottish scenery , to drink whisky and to see Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.2.How many periods can the development of the English language be divided intoand what are they?The development of the English language can be divided into three periods :Old English ,Middle English and Modern English.3.Why did English become more and more important after the Black Death?The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death ,so English thus grew in importance compared to French .Chapter2Edward the Confessor 忏悔者爱德华Missionaries 传教士Pop Greory格列高一世St.Augustine圣奥古斯丁Westminster Abbey威斯敏斯特教堂The House of Anjou 安如王朝The House of Plantagenet金雀花王朝The Magna Carter 大宪章The Provisions of Westminster威斯敏斯特条例The House of York 约克王朝The House of Lancaster 兰开斯特王朝The House of Tudor 都铎王朝The Reformation 宗教改革The Act of Supremacy 至尊法案The constitutional monarchy 君主立宪Commonwealth 英联邦Restoration王朝复辟The Glorious Revolution 光荣革命The Bill of Rights 人权法案The enclosure movement 圈地运动Spring Jenny 珍妮纺纱机The proletariat 无产阶级Dominions英联邦自治领The opium War 鸦片战争The Sues Canal 苏伊士运河The Allies 协约国The Central Powers 同盟国The Pearl harbor 珍珠港Three Majestic Circles 三环外交North Atlantic Treaty Organization 北大西洋公约组织Operation Desert Storm 沙漠风暴联合行动The bureaucracy官僚制度Operation Desert Fox 沙漠之狐行动1.what were the results of the Industrial Revolution in Britain?Queen V ictoria made t remendous achievements in almost every aspect .She promoted further industrialization , the building of railways and the growth of tradeand commerce .During her reign ,Britain developed into an empire including abouta quarter of the global population and quarter of the world’s landmass.2.what were the two camps in World War 1?In World war 1 the tow camps were the Central Powers –mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and the Allies –mainly France ,Great Britain ,Russia ,Italy and from 1917,the United States.3.why did Britain cooperate closely with the United States after World War2?Britain cooperated closely with the United States after World War2 since theyallied during World War 2 and shared the same concerns about the Soviet Union .Charter3Constitution宪法Parliamentary国会的Statutory law成文法Common law 习惯法Conventions 判例法The legislature 立法机关The executive行政部门The judiciary 司法部门The House of loads 上议院The House of Common 下议院The Republic of 1649-1660克伦威尔执政共和国Hereditary peers 世袭贵族The highest court of appeal上诉法院Constituencies选区Cabinet内阁Magistrates’ court 地方法院County court 郡法院The Conservative Party保守党【右派】The Labor Party 工党【左派】The Liberal Party 自由民主党Candidate候选人The Commonwealth英联邦1.what are the three functions of the House of the Commons?To draft laws , to scrutinize the activities of the government and to futuregovernment policy.2.what kind of public image does the Liberal Democrats have in Britain?the Liberal Democrats is perceived as a ‘middle’party between the Conservative Party and the Labor Party .Many people see it as comparatively flexible andpragmatic in its balance of the individual and the social .It emphasizes theneed for a change in Britain’s constitutional arrangements to make the government more democratic and accountable .3.why are independent candidates unlikely to win in the general election?Independent candidates are unlikely to win the general election because evenif they were elected ,they would be powerless in Parliament against the larger parties .Therefore ,voters usually do not vote for them .Chapter5Comprehensive school 综合学校Grammar school 文法学校Eton and Winchester 伊顿公学和温彻斯特工学General Certificate of Secondary Education [ECSE]普通高级教育证书The six form 第六级学院General Certificate of Education 普通教育高级证书Polytechnics工艺专科学校Bachelor of Art [BA]文学学士Bachelor of Science[MS]理工学士The Open University 开放式大学Cambridge 剑桥Oxford 牛津The King’s College of London 帝国学院The London school of Economic andPolitical Science伦敦政治经济学院The Observer观察家报The Times 泰晤士报BIG THREEThe Times 泰晤士报The Guardian 卫报The Daily Telegraph 每日电讯报Tabloids 通俗小报The British Broadcasting Corporation [BBC]英国广播公司Costume dramas 古装剧Independent Television 英国独立电视台The British Sky Broadcasting Group PLC[BSkyB]英国天空广播集团Christmas pantomime 童话剧Cinderella 灰姑娘Easter 复活节Bonfire Night篝火晚会Guy Fawkes Night 盖伊:福克斯之夜1.what used to be major functions of grammar schools and vocational schools inBritain ?Grammar s chools were to train the most academically capable students and prepare them for university ,whereas vocational schools were to help the less successful students to learn a trade.2.what kind of subjects do British comprehensive schools provide?A general education ,academic subjects like literature and science, and morepractical subject like cooking and carpentry.3.In what ways do British universities enjoy complete academic provide?Because they can appoint their own staff,decide which students to admit ,provide their own courses and award their own degrees.’4.What role does the media play in British leisure cultre?Because it helps to shape the public’s opinion,determine people’s political orientation and consolidate or undermine the rule of a government.Chapter6Beowulf 贝奥古夫The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》Tragical History of Doctor .Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧William Shakespeare 莎士比亚A Midsummer Night Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人>. As You Like 《如你所愿》Twelfth Night《第十二夜》Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》《王子复仇记》Othello《奥赛罗》King Lear《李尔王》Macbeth《麦克白》Antony and Cleopatra《安东尼与克里奥佩特拉The Neoclassical Period 新古典主义Bourgeois Revolution 资产阶级革命The Reformation 宗教改革Jonh Milton约翰.弥尔顿The Paradise Lost 《失乐园》Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》Alexander Pope亚历山大婆柏An Essay on Criticism《批评论》The Rape of the lock 《劫发记》Homer’s Iliad《伊利亚特》Odyssey《奥德赛》Jonathan Swift乔纳森斯威夫特Gulliver’s Travels 《格列佛游记》Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔笛福Robinson Crusoe 《鲁宾孙漂流记》The Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期William Worldsworth 威廉华兹华斯Samuel Taylor Coleridge 柯津Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌谣集My Heart Leaps Up《我心雀跃》The Preface 《序言》Declaration of Independence 《独立宣言》I wandered lonely as a cloud 《我好似一朵孤独的流云》The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子咏》Jonh Keats 济慈George Gordon Byron 拜伦Child Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德哈罗德游记》Don Juan 《唐璜》Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱The Revolt of Islam《伊斯兰的反叛》The Masque of AnarchyA Defense of Poetry 《诗篇> Prometheus Unbound 《解放了的普罗米修斯》Ode to the West Wind 《西风颂》To a Skylark 《云雀颂》The Victorian Period 维多利亚时代Charles Dickens 查尔斯狄更新Stratification 分化The Pickwick Papers《匹克威克外传》Great Expectations 《远大前程》Oliver Twist 《雾都孤儿》A Tale of Two cities 《双城记》David Copperfield 大卫科波菲尔Jane Austen 简奥斯丁Sense and Sensibility 《理智与感情》Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》Park 《曼斯菲尔德庄园》Emma《爱玛》Northanger abbey 《诺桑觉寺》Persuasion 《劝导》The three Bronte sisters 夏洛蒂勃朗特三姐妹Jane Eyre 《简爱》Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》George Eliot 乔治艾略特Surmount 超越Exquisiteness细腻Profundity深刻The Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》Salas Marner《织工马南》Middlemarch 《米德尔马契》Thomas Hardy托马斯哈代The Return of the Native《还乡》The Major of the Casterbridge《卡斯特桥市长》Tess of the d’Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》The Trumpet Major《号长兵》A pair of Blue Eyes《一双蓝眼睛》Desperate Remedies《非常手段》The hand of Ethelberta《艾塞尔博塔的婚姻》Under the Greenwood Tree《绿荫下》Far from the Madding Crowd《远离尘嚣》Neo-Romanticism新浪漫主义Aestheticism 唯美主义Robert Louis Stevenson 罗伯特路易斯史蒂文森Treasure Island 《金银岛》Kidnapped 《诱拐》Strange Case of Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde《化身博士》Oscar Wilde 奥斯卡王尔德The Happy Prince and Other Tales 《快乐王子和他的故事》The Nightinggale and the Rose 《夜莺与蔷薇》The picture of Dorian Gray《道林格雷德画像》Salome 莎乐美萨洛美Hedonist 享乐主义The Modern Period 现代主义Joseph Conrad 约瑟夫康拉德Heart of the Darkness《黑暗的中心》Lord Jim 《吉姆爷》Virginia Woolf弗吉尼亚伍尔芙Mrs.Dalloway《戴洛维夫人》To the Lighthouse《灯塔》Orlando 《奥多兰》A Room of One’s Own 《自己的房间》James Joyce 詹姆斯乔伊斯Monologue 独白Ulysses 《尤利西斯》Finnegans Wake 《芬尼根守夜人》D．H Lawrence 劳伦斯Sons and Lovers 《儿子和情人》The Rainbow 《彩虹》Lady Chatterley’s Lover 《查泰莱夫人的情人》William Butler Yeats 威廉巴特勒叶慈The Wild Swans at Coole 《库尔的野天鹅》The Tower 《塔楼》Michael Robartes《麦克尔罗巴斯蒂与舞蹈者》T.S Eliot 托马斯耶特尔那斯艾略特The Waste Land 《荒原》Four Quartets 《四个四重奏》Murder in the Calthedral《大教堂中的谋杀》George Bernard Shaw 乔治萧伯纳Plays Pleasant and Unpleasant 《愉快和不快乐戏剧》Widower’s Houses 《鳏夫的房产》Mrs.Warren’s Profession 《华伦夫人的职业》Arms and the Man 《武器与人》Pygmalion 《卖花女》Saint Joan 《圣女贞德》The Postmodern Period 后现代主义George Orwell 乔治奥威尔Totalitarian 极权主义的Theater of the Absurd 荒诞派戏剧William Golding 威廉戈尔丁Lord of the Files 《蝇王》V.S.Naipaul 奈保尔The Middle Passage《中途航道》Indian Trilogy印度三部曲An Area of Darkness《幽暗国度》A Wounded Civilization 《受伤的文明》A Million Mutinies Now 《百万叛变的今天》The Mystic Masseur 《灵异推拿师》In a Free State《自由国度》A Bend in the River 《河湾》Half a life 《半生》Samuel Beckett 哈罗德品特The Birthday Party 《生日派对》The Caretaker 《看门人》The Homecoming 《回乡》Betrayal 《背叛》Ashes to Ashes 《从灰烬到灰烬》1.what are the three categories of Shakespeare’s plays and theirrepresentatives?A Midsummer Night’s Dream ,the Merchant of Venice ,As You Like it and TwelfthNight .His great tragedies are represented by Hamlet , Othello,King Lear,Macbeth and Romeo and Juliet .His major historical plays include Richard 3,Henry 5 and Antony and Cleopatra.2.what is critical Realism?It is a literary school which flourished in the 1840s and the early 1850s .TheCritical realists described the chief traits of society and criticized thecapitalist system from a democratic viewpoint .The greatest English criticalrealist is Charls Dickens.3.what are the two new literary trends prevailing at the end of the 19th century?Neo-Romanticism and Aestheticism4.what is the stream of the consciousness?A writing technique which puts the unorganized flow of thought onto thepage .Writers who adopt this technique give precedence to the depiction of thecharacters’mental and emotional reactions to external events ,rather than the events themselves.Chapter8Great Lakes 五大湖Lake Superior 苏必利尔湖Lake Huron休伦湖Lake Erie 伊利湖Lake Ontario 安大略湖Lake Michigan 密歇尔根湖The Appalachian Range 阿巴拉契亚山脉Eskimos爱斯基摩人Melting pot 大熔炉Nationality Act Amendments《移民与国际法修正案》Protestant 新教徒The Westward Movement西进运动1.Why is United States regarded as a ‘melting pot’and a ‘salad bowl’?The United States is not merely a nation,dut a nation of nations.The immigrants came in waves,including the Europeans,the Aficans and the Asians.2.What do you think is the best way to help assimilation in a multiculturalsociety?To be open and tolerant toward different cultures .People from differentracial and ethnic backgrounds should respect each other.Society should creat opportunities to help immigrants become assimilated .At the same time theimmigrants should keep their own language ,customs and religion,contributing to the diversity of a multicultural society.Chapter9Mongoloid 蒙古人的Plymouth 普利茅斯Concord 康科德Lexington列克星顿Militiamen 民兵The Treaty of Paries 巴黎条约The civil war 内战Saratoga 萨拉托加The Emancipation Proclamation 《解放宣言》Gettysburg葛底斯堡Richmond里士满The Axis countries 轴心国Normandy 诺曼底The Truman Doctrine 杜鲁门主义Watergate Scandal 水门事件Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty战略武器限制条约The North American Free Trade Agreement[NAFTA]北美自由贸易协定The Pentagon 五角大楼The US.Capitol 国会大厦The al-Qaeda基地组织Small contingents 分遣队Taliban regime 塔利班政权State of the Union Address国家咨文1.What was the cause of the American Civil War?The Southern planters of America needed a large number of black Afican slaves to manage their plantations and they regarded the slacers as their property.In the North ,with the development of industry ,there was a growing demandfor free labor . what ‘s more ,the Northerners demanded a law to protecttariffs and asked the government to finance the building of railways androads. But the Southerners were against it and advocated free trade so asto purchase cheaper goods from foreign countries. The accumulating conflicts led to the division of the North and the South and finally the American Civil War.2.What made the United States a powerful country by the end of the World War2?During the Two World Wars,America remained neutral in the early stage .However,Americans continued their profitable trade with the warring countries .Therefore , they not only retained their military forces ,butalso accumulated great wealth .When America entered the wars, it was almost at the end of the wars.By sharing the fruit of victory wit other allies,America greatly strengthened its power and become a powerful country be the end of the world war 2.。