paraphrase-summarise(1)
Paraphrase and Summary 1(with PPT)
Paraphrase & SummaryParaphrasingTo paraphrase means to completely and correctly express other people’s ideas in one’s own words.✧I. Paraphrase a SentenceTo paraphrase a sentence is to use different words to express (phrase) the same idea.✧changing some of the words to synonyms✧changing some of the words to their definitions✧Changing the structure of the sentences1. Paraphrase with SynonymsMy car needs gasoline.a.My automobile needs fuel.b.My wheels need gas.The U.S. government has an enormous debt.a. The federal government has an extremely large debt.b. The national government has a huge debt.More than half of the women who attended the one-day meeting were in business with their spouses.The majority of the women who went to the one-day conference were in business with their husbands.Exercise 1✧With the development of flash memory cards, the market for portable musicplayers jumped sharply.✧Although the coach’s strategy was a little dangerous, the team easy successful.✧Two of the students were expelled for violating the school’s “no fighting”policy.Answers:✧With the invention of flash memory cards, the demand for portable musicplayers increased significantly.✧Even though the coach’s plan was risky, the team was successful.✧T wo students were kicked out of school for breaking the school’s “no fighting”rule.2. Paraphrasing with DefinitionsA college student usually has homework to do.a. A person going to college typically has to study at home.b. People taking college courses usually have assignments to doAlcoholics drink more and enjoy it less than social drinkers.a. A person who is addicted to alcohol consumes more but gets less pleasure than a person who drinks just to be sociable.b. People who really need to drink have a high level of intake but alower level of satisfaction than people who can take it or leave3. Change the Structure of the SentenceThe number of hungry people has increased in the last decade.Answers:There has been a growth in the number of starving population in the last decade.You need the most up-to-date antivirus programs to ensure your hard drive and e-mail are not infected.Answers:a. It is necessary (for you) to have the most modern antivirus programs to protect your hard drive and e-mail.b. The most modern antivirus programs will protect your hard drive and e-mail.II. Paraphrase a ParagraphA perfect paragraph has a topic sentence (the main idea of the paragraph), supporting sentences and a summary or transition sentence.Paraphrasing is more detailed than summarizing.✧Paraphrase the paragraph1. What do people gain from language development? Verbal communication offers many advantages: greater ability to describe one's experiences, greater ability for abstract thought, greater ability to express complex ideas to others. Combined with memory, verbal communication provides the basis for the accumulation of knowledge.In sum, our ability to cope with large amounts of information is dependent on our possession of verbal language system.Answer: Language development enables a person to handle a lot of information efficiently. This includes describing experiences, expressing ideas, and even thinking.Language helps organize knowledge.✧Whether paraphrasing or summarizing, credit is always given to theauthor.The Antarctic is the vast source of cold on our planet, just as the sun is the source of our heat, and it exerts tremendous control on our climate," [Jacques] Cousteau told the camera. "The cold ocean water around Antarctica flows north to mix with warmer water from the tropics, and its upwellings help to cool both the surface water and our atmosphere. Yet the fragility of this regulating system is now threatened by human activity." From "Captain Cousteau," Audubon (May 1990):17.A legitimate paraphrase:According to Jacques Cousteau, the activity of people in Antarctica is jeopardizing a delicate natural mechanism that controls the earth's climate. He fears that human activity could interfere with the balance between the sun, thesource of the earth's heat, and the important source of cold from Antarctic waters that flow north and cool the oceans and atmosphere ("Captain Cousteau" 17).III. Paraphrasing and SummarizingParaphrasing and summarizing are very similar. Both involve taking ideas, words or phrases from a source and crafting them into new sentences within your writing. In addition, summarizing includes condensing the source material into just a few lines.e. g.Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. ParaphrasingIn research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatimSummarizingStudents should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper.Steps of Writing Summary1. Skim the text, noting in your mind the subheadings. If there are no subheadings, try to divide the text into sections. Consider why you have been assigned the text.2. Try to determine what type of text you are dealing with. This can help you identify important information.3. Read the text, highlighting important information and taking notes.4. In your own words, write down the main points of each section.5. Write down the key support points for the main topic, but do not include minor detail.Requirements for writing the summary:1. The summary should cover the original as a whole.2. The material should be presented in a neutral fashion.3. The summary should be a condensed version of the material, presented in your own words.4. Write using "summarizing language." Periodically remind your reader that this is a summary by using phrases such as the article claims, the author suggests, etc.5. Do not include anything that does not appear in the original. (Do not include your own comments or evaluation.)4. Be sure to identify your source.Example: In the feature article "Four Kinds of Reading," the author, Donald Hall, explains his opinion about different types of reading.Exercise 3(自己练习写写)1.Many Egyptians lived and farmed by the Nile River, which flooded every summer.They eagerly anticipated the event because they knew that when the water receded, the land would be better for crops. That's because floodwaters carry along washed-away soil and sediment, then drop it somewhere else. There, the nutrients in the sediment sink into and nourish the land. Then the farmland is richer and ready for crops.。
paraphrase题型要求(一)
paraphrase题型要求(一)Paraphrase题型要求要求概述•Paraphrase题型要求学生基于所给的语句、段落或文章，用自己的话重新表达出相同的意思，但使用不同的词语和句子结构。
•资深的创作者需要在保持原文意思不变的前提下，展现自己独特的写作风格和词汇运用能力。
相关要求1.保持原文意思–Paraphrase要求创作者理解并保留原文的核心含义，避免改变文章的意思。
–适当的改变词语和句子结构来表达相同的意思，但注意不要造成理解上的偏差。
2.使用不同的词语和句子结构–创作者需寻找并使用与原文不同的词语和短语，以及变换句子结构、语态、时态等手段。
–这样可以增加文章的多样性和个人风格，同时也能展示自己的语言表达能力。
3.保持语言流畅和连贯–改写后的句子需要保持良好的语法和逻辑连接，使整篇文章读起来流畅和连贯。
–避免使用过长或过于复杂的句子结构，以免造成阅读障碍。
4.注意上下文和背景知识–创作者需要注意文章的上下文和背景知识，以确保改写后的句子在整篇文章中的适用性和一致性。
–避免偏离原文的主题或改动原文中特定的文化和时代背景。
示例说明•假设原文如下：The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.•可能的改写如下：1.The fast brown fox leaps above the inactive dog.2.The speedy brown fox is leaping over the lazy dog.3.The quick brown fox jumps above the dog that is notactive.这些示例都保留了原文的核心意思，但通过替换词语、改变句子结构和语态等方式进行了改写。
Paraphrasing,Summarizing,andMainIdea
Paraphrasing, Summarizing, and Main IdeaWhat is a Paraphrase?When you paraphrase, you are putting another writer’s words and ideas into your own words. You change the writer’s words and sentence structure but not the writer’s meaning and ideas. Paraphrasing is usually used for shorter pieces of writing that you want to put into your own words.A paraphrase can be as long as the original writing or it can be slightly shorter. It does not condense or reduce the amount of information that the original writer wrote, but a paraphrase does include all the writer’s original ideas, thoughts, details, and examples in your own words. How to ParaphraseThe following are a few steps to help you paraphrase:1.Reread the original piece of writing until you understand it completely (vocabulary andmeaning).2.Look up any words or phrases you don’t understand and find synonyms for these.3.If you need to, paraphrase sentence by sentence, answering the who, what, where,when, why, and how of each sentence.4.When you are done writing, compare your work to the original and make sure thatyou have changed enough of the language so that the paraphrase doesn’t sound likethe original, but also check to make sure you have not changed the meaning or themeof the original writing.5.If you have a unique term or phraseology from the original that you must include inyour paraphrase, make sure you have used quotation marks to indicate that you haveborrowed material word for word from the original source.Example ParaphraseOriginal text: “A remarkable feature of Australian English is its comparative uniformity. Australia,a continent roughly the size of Europe, has almost no regional variation of accent.A citizen of Perth can sound much like a citizen of Adelaide or Sydney, or like astation hand in Alice Springs or Broken Hill. In Britain or the United States, bycontrast, even the outsider can probably decide from the local accent whether he orshe is in Scotland or Dorset, New England or Louisiana.” (McCrum, 1986) Paraphrase: One amazing characteristic of the English spoken in Australia is that it is mostly the same everywhere in the country. Even though Australia is about the same size asEurope, there is almost no change in accent from region to region. Someone livingin Perth sounds similar to someone living in Adelaide or Sydney, as well as a gasstation attendant living in Alice Springs or Broken Hill. On the other hand, evensomeone who is just visiting England or the U.S. can tell from hearing the localaccent whether or not they are in the north or south of England or the east or southof the U.S.(over)What is a Summary?When you summarize, you are putting the writer’s words and ideas into your own words as well shortening the length of the original work. A summary is a shortened version of the original work that includes the writer’s main idea with some of the more important supporting points and general ideas in your own words. A summary is shorter than a paraphrase. Summarizing is generally used for longer original pieces of writing that you want to put into your own words. Summarizing captures the writer’s main ideas in a shorter version of the original and does not include all of the writer’s examples and supporting details .How to SummarizeThe following are a few steps to help you summarize:1.Reread the material you want to summarize and make sure you understand themeaning and any unfamiliar vocabulary.2.Underline topic sentences.3.Write a sentence that expresses the writer’s main idea in your own words.4.Write a few sentences that express the writer’s most important supporting ideas (referto the topic sentences you underlined for step #2). Do not copy phrases or sentences.Put everything in your own words. If you cannot do this, reread the passage until youfully understand it.5.Do not include examples, descriptive details, or quotations.6.Reread your summary to determine whether it contains sufficient information. Use thistest: Would your summary be understandable to someone who had not read thearticle/book? If not, revise your summary to include additional information.Example SummaryOriginal text: “A remarkable feature of Australian English is its comparative uniformity. Australia,a continent roughly the size of Europe, has almost no regional variation of accent.A citizen of Perth can sound much like a citizen of Adelaide or Sydney, or like astation hand in Alice Springs or Broken Hill. In Britain or the United States, bycontrast, even the outsider can probably decide from the local accent whether he orshe is in Scotland or Dorset, New England or Louisiana.” (McCrum, 1986) Summary: One of the amazing characteristics of English spoken in Australia is that it sounds so similar all over the country. In contrast, the English spoken in England and theUnited States has a distinct accent from region to region.What is the Main Idea?The main idea of a piece of writing is the writer’s general message. It is the thought that is present from the beginning to the end, and most of the sentences support, describe, or explain the main idea. The main idea can often be found in the first or last sentence of the paragraph or introduction, depending on how long the piece of writing is that you are reading.How to Find the Main IdeaThe following are a few questions to ask yourself to help you discover the main idea:1.“What idea is common to most of the text?2.What is the idea that relates the parts to the whole?3.What opinion do all the parts support?4.What idea do they all explain or describe?” (Reader’s Choice, p.18, 2002)Example Main IdeaOriginal text: “A remarkable feature of Australian English is its comparative uniformity. Australia,a continent roughly the size of Europe, has almost no regional variation of accent.A citizen of Perth can sound much like a citizen of Adelaide or Sydney, or like astation hand in Alice Springs or Broken Hill. In Britain or the United States, bycontrast, even the outsider can probably decide from the local accent whether he orshe is in Scotland or Dorset, New England or Louisiana.” (McCrum, 1986)Main Idea: The English spoken in Australia sounds almost the same in all parts of the country compared to the English spoken in England and the U.S. where the accent canchange from region to region.(All material adapted f rom OWL website and Reader’s Choice, 2002)。
paraphrase (1) 雅思同义词
核心同义词转换重要important, valuable, essential, critical, crucial, vital, indispensable, turning point, require, depend on，priority下降decline, descend, fall, drop, slump, reduce, lessen, minimize, vanish(消失) 上升raise, rise, boom, grow, soar, surge, ascend, speed up, accelerate,充足enough, sufficient, suffice, adequate, plenty, abundant不足defective, inadequate, insufficient, scarce, shortage, lack, deplete促进boost, promote, enhance, further, facilitate繁荣flourish, boom, prosper, thrive有利的beneficial, profitable, rewarding, productive,成功achievement, accomplishments, feats, pay-off致命的deadly, fatal, lethal, mortal优点advantageous, virtue, merit, benefit, positive side,方法approach, access减轻relieve, alleviate退化deteriorate, degenerate, degrade落后的rudimentary, primitive破坏devastate, destroy, demolish, damage, spoil, ruin有害的harmful, devastating, detrimental, disastrous, destructive, catastrophic有毒的poisonous, toxic, noxious复杂的complex, complicated, sophisticated缺点disadvantage, failing, defect, fault, weakness, negative side, drawback, flaw, shortcoming阻碍obstacle, barrier, hurdle, hinder,快速的rapid, swift, quick, instant, immediate, prompt渐渐的gradual, step by step, by degrees 影响influence, effect, impact(负面)干涉interfere, intervene, disturb, disrupt很多的considerable, substantial, countless, numerous, innumerable, enormous, tremendous, dramatic, significant, vast, broad, wide, great强烈的intense, intensive, severe, extreme, drastic, explosive基本的fundamental, basic, foundation 卓越的excellent, stand out, exceptional, distinguished, remarkable, extraordinary, prominent, eminent, dominant明显的marked, obvious, evident, apparent, remarkable与…有关connected with, link to, associate with, relate to, involve with, concern with, with regard to, regarding, concerning, on, about创新novel, innovative, creative, original 最近的recent, current, nowadays, present, contemporary适合的appropriate, proper, suitable, fit 昂贵的expensive, costly, luxurious客观的objective, unbiased, impersonal公平的fair, equal, equitable, impartial, just随意的casual, random, unplanned改变transform, shift, revise, convert, turn, modify, change提供offer, grant, supply, render, provide 发送transmit, deliver, emit, give off取代displace, take the place of, give way to, substitute, take over同意agree, concur, reach consensus,限制restrict, restrain, constrain, confine, bound, limit产生create, produce, develop, manufacture, yield, generate强调emphasize, stress, focus on, highlight, concentrate激励motivate, spur, impetus, driving force, push, stimulus, thrust, incentive 导致lead to, contribute to, bring about, result in, breed, induce, spark源自于originate from, stem from, derive from, date back to, come from开始start, begin, initiate, launch, commence, embark on回忆recall, recollect, retrospect, remember, memorize预期anticipate, forecast, predict, expect, foresee大约approximate, about, almost, nearly 能力ability, capacity, faculty, competence环境circumstance, environment, surrounding, background, setting像like, such as, similar to, resemble附：雅思同义词转换不是像大家手机有道字典里的那种，用我上课时候说法是有人文气息。
高级英语Paraphrase 和翻译
Lesson 1.Paraphrase：1. We're elevated 23 feet. (para 3)We' re 23 feet above sea level.2. The place has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever bothered it. (para 3) 2. The house has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever caused any damage to it.3.We can batten down and ride it out. (para 4) 3. We can make the necessary preparations and survive the hurricane without much damage.4. The generator was doused, and the lights went out. (para 9) 4. Water got into the generator and put it out. It stopped producing electricity, so the lights also went out.5. Everybody out the back door to the cars! (para 10) 5. Everybody go out through the back door and run to the cars.6. The electrical systems had been killed by water. (para 11) 6. The electrical systems in the car had been put out by water.7. John watched the water lap at the steps, and felt a crushing guilt. (para 17) 7. As John watched the water inch its way up the steps, he felt a strong sense of guilt because he blamed himself for endangering the whole family by deciding not to flee inland.8. Get us through this mess, will You? (para 17) 8. ()h God, please help us to get through this storm safely.9. She carried on alone for a few bars; then her voice trailed away. (para 21) 9. Grandmother Koshak sang a few words alone and then her voice gradually grew dimmer and stopped.10. Janis had just one delayed reaction. (para 34) 10. Janis displayed rather late the exhaustion brought about by the nervous tension caused by the hurricane.1.Simile: 1. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. (comparingthe passing of children to the passing of buckets of water in a fire brigade when fighting a fire)2. The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. (comparing the soundof the wind to the roar of a passing train)Metaphor : 1. We can batten down and ride it out. ( comparing the house in a hurricane to a ship fighting a storm at sea) 2. Wind and rain now whipped the house. (Strong wind and rain was lashing the house as if with a whip.)Translation1) 每架飞机起飞之前必须经过严格的检查。
paraphrase 1
3a. A successful career tends to cost some women a happy marriage. 3b. Some women achieve success in their career at the expense of marital happiness. 4a. Technology has significantly transformed education at several major turning points in our history. 4b. History has demonstrated that technology affects education profoundly.
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Citation
1) 2) 3) 4) Summary Paraphrase Direct quotation A combination of these methods
1) Summary
When you summarize you condense an extended idea or argument into a sentence or more in your own words.
Methods of Paraphrasing
1. use different vocabulary with the same meaning 1) use synonyms 2) give definitions 2. use different grammar 3. use different structure 1) change sentence order 2) combine sentences 3) split sentences
Lesson15_Howtoparaphraseandsummarize英语写作优选全文
Summarizing and ParaphrasingOWL of Purdue UniversityI. Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing1. Differences among quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizingThese three ways of incorporating other writers' work into your own writing differ according to the closeness of your writing to the source writing.•Quotations must be identical to the original, using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the originalauthor.•Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words. A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source. Paraphrased material is usuallyshorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source andcondensing it slightly.•Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the originalsource. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material.2. Why use quotations, paraphrases, and summaries?Quotations, paraphrases, and summaries serve many purposes. You might use them to:•Provide support for claims or add credibility to your writing;•Refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing;•Give examples of several points of view on a subject;•Call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with;•Highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by quoting the original;•Distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order to cue readers that the words are not your own;•Expand the breadth or depth of your writing.Writers frequently intertwine summaries, paraphrases, and quotations. As part of a summary of an article, a chapter, or a book, a writer might include paraphrases of various key points blended with quotations of striking or suggestive phrases as in the following example:In his famous and influential work The Interpretation of Dreams, Sigmund Freudargues that dreams are the "royal road to the unconscious" (page #), expressing incoded imagery the dreamer's unfulfilled wishes through a process known as the"dream-work" (page #). According to Freud, actual but unacceptable desires arecensored internally and subjected to coding through layers of condensation anddisplacement before emerging in a kind of rebus puzzle in the dream itself (page #).3. How to use quotations, paraphrases, and summaries?It might be helpful to follow these steps:•Read the entire text, noting the key points and main ideas.•Summarize in your own words what the single main idea of the essay is.•Paraphrase important supporting points that come up in the essay.•Consider any words, phrases, or sentences that you believe should be quoted directly.There are several ways to integrate quotations into your text. Often, a short quotation works well when integrated into a sentence. Longer quotations can stand alone.Remember that quoting should be done only sparingly; be sure that you have a good reason to include a direct quotation when you decide to do so. You'll find guidelines for citing sources and punctuating citations at our documentation guide pages.II. Paraphrasing: Write It in Your Own Words1. A paraphrase is...•your own rendition (演绎，翻译) of essential information and ideas expressed by someone else, presented in a new form.•one legitimate way (when accompanied by accurate documentation) to borrow from a source.• a more detailed restatement than a summary, which focuses concisely on a single main idea.2. Paraphrasing is a valuable skill because...•it is better than quoting information from an undistinguished passage.•it helps you control the temptation to quote too much.•the mental process required for successful paraphrasing helps you to grasp the full meaning of the original.3. Six Steps to Effective Paraphrasing1)Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning.2)Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card.3)Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you envision usingthis material. At the top of the note card, write a key word or phrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase.4)Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version accurately expressesall the essential information in a new form.5)Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have borrowedexactly from the source.6)Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can credit it easily ifyou decide to incorporate the material into your paper.4. Some examples to compareParaphrasing refers to rewriting a given sentence using your own words. When we need to use a sentence in our writing that someone else wrote, we paraphrase it. That is, we use the sameidea(s) in that sentence and write it differently. In addition to using different words, we use different grammar. The main purpose of paraphrasing has to do with being able to use someone else’s ideas while we write our own texts. Of course, it is required that any writer acknowledges the original source using the proper citation format.Example1:Original sentence: The shoe store is closed because of the bad weather conditions. Inappropriate paraphrase: The shoe store is closed because of the bad weather.Comments: This paraphrase has too many words repeated; for example, “The shoe store is closed because of” are repeated. It is important to use different words and different grammatical structures, while keeping the same meaning of the original sentence.Appropriate paraphrase:Since the weather is terrible, the shoe store is not openComments:As can be seen in the above example, in addition to using different words, the grammatical structure of the sentence was changed by starting with the second part (dependent clause) of the original sentence.Example 2:The original passage:Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. (Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers.2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.)A legitimate paraphrase:In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).A plagiarized version:Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.III. Paraphrasing and Summarizing1. Why do we need to paraphrase and summarize?Whether you are writing for the workplace or for academic purposes, you will need to research and incorporate the writing of others into your own texts. Two unavoidable steps in that process are paraphrasing (changing the language into your own) and summarizing (getting rid of smaller details and leaving only the primary points). These steps are necessary for three reasons.changes, it limits your own1)F irst, if you used the original writer’s language without anylearning; by paraphrasing and summarizing, you make a piece of information your own,and you understand it better.2)Second, the original writers did not write for the audiences you are targeting; there areinevitably contents and language choices that will not necessarily work for your audience.3)Third, what authors write is considered to be their property, just like a coat or a car; bycopying it (without giving credit), you can be accused of plagiarism.Summarizing and paraphrasing are frequently used together, even though not always.2. How to write a summarySummarizingA summary should be a short version of a longer original source. Its main goal is to present a large amount of information in a short and concise text that includes only the most important ideas of the original text.Example 1:Original sentence:“The movement toward education by computer is developing fast. Massive Open Online Courses, called MOOCs, are changing how people learn in many places. For years, people could receive study materials from colleges or universities and take part in online classes. But such classes were not designed for many thousands of students at one time, as MOOCs are.” (MOOCS Are Moving Forward , Voice of America, )Inappropriate summary:Voice of America website:“Computer education is growing fast. MOOCs are influencing how we study. People received materials from universities for a long time to be able to take classes online. MOOCs are the only ones thousands can take at a time.”Comments: The inappropriate summary is almost as long as the original text, which is a characteristic of a paraphrase. A summary needs to be concise.Appropriate summary: According to a Voice of America article, a fast-growing MOOCs movement allows thousands to take online classes at once, changing how we learn. Comments: The appropriate summary keeps the original main idea and it is much shorter than the original text.Example 2:The original passage:Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. (Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers.2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.)An acceptable summary:Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47).3. Six steps to write a summary:To write a good summary it is important to thoroughly understand the material you are working with. Here are some preliminary steps in writing a summary.1.Skim the text, noting in your mind the subheadings. If there are no subheadings, try todivide the text into sections. Consider why you have been assigned the text. Try todetermine what type of text you are dealing with. This can help you identify important info.2.Read the text, highlighting important information and taking notes.3.In your own words, write down the main points of each section.4.Write down the key support points for the main topic, but do not include minor detail.5.Go through the process again, making changes as appropriate.6.Write the summary.•The summary should cover the original as a whole.•The material should be presented in a neutral fashion.•The summary should be a condensed version of the material, presented in your own words.•Do not include anything that does not appear in the original. (Do not include your own comments or evaluation.)•Be sure to identify your source.IV. Paraphrase and Summary ExercisesExercise 1: Paraphrase the following sentences1)“Passive safety systems help lessen the impact of driving accidents. They do nothing tocontribute to preventing drivers from getting into an accident.”•Important points:•Relationships between points:•Linking phrases or expressions:•Possible synonyms:impact→prevent→accident→getting into an accident→Paraphrase:2)“… nondriving-related devices, such as car stereos, mobile phones, and, more recently,navigation systems, divert drivers’ attention increasingly more away from the primary sources of infor mation necessary for safe operation of the vehicle: the road and other road users.”•Important points:•Relationships between points:•Linking phrases or expressions:•Possible synonyms:Paraphrase:Exercise 2: Paraphrase the following sentences.1.The student requested that the professor excuses her absence, but the professor refused.2.There will be a music concert next to Vienna coffee shop. Would you like to go?3.International Center is hosting English Conversation classes. They help non-native speakers ofEnglish practice their English speaking skills.4.The office of International Students and Scholars at Purdue University is located in Schleman Hall.5.The car that was pulled over by the police officer yesterday just had an accident. That driver isnot careful.Exercise 3:Try to summarize the following statements as briefly and possible.1.People whose professional activity lies in the field of politics are not conspicuous (易见的；明显的) for their respect for factual accuracy.2.The climatic conditions prevailing in the British Isles (岛) show a pattern of alternating andunpredictable periods of dry and wet weather, accompanied by a similarly irregular cycle of temperature changes.3.It is undeniable that the large majority of non-native learners of English experience a numberof problems in attempting to master the phonetic (语音的) patterns of the language.4.Tea, whether of the China or Indian variety, is well known to be high on the list of thosebeverages which are most frequently drunk by the inhabitants of the British Isles.5.It is not uncommon to encounter sentences which, though they contain a great number ofwords and are constructed in a highly complex way, none the less turn out on inspection toconvey very little meaning of any kind.6.One of the most noticeable phenomena in any big city, such as London or Paris, is thesteadily increasing number of petrol-driven vehicles, some in private ownership, othersbelonging to the public transport system, which congest (充满，拥挤) the roads andrender (致使，造成) rapid movement more difficult year by year.。
Paraphrase AND summarize
Paraphrased as: If Upper Paleolithic people believed superstitiously that drawing a picture of human image will cause death or injury to the person in question, maybe it is the reason why there were so few human images portrayed in the cave art.
How do we paraphrase?
Take notes Take abbreviated notes; set the notes aside then paraphrase from the notes. Reading: Sentence Simplification Questions Speaking Section: Q3, Q4
Upper Paleolithic people, like many contemporary peoples, believes that if they drew a human image in their cave art, it would cause death or injury. Many contemporary peoples believe that the drawing of a human image can cause death or injury, so they, like Upper Paleolithic people, rarely depict human figures in their cave art.
Examples
Original Text Most men, even in this comparatively free country, through mere ignorance and mistake, are so occupied with the factitious cares and superfluously coarse labors of life that its finer fruits cannot be plucked by them. (from Walden by Henry David Thoreau, page 109) Paraphrase Thoreau argued that most people miss some of the best pleasures in life because they make the mistake of working unnecessarily hard and worrying about unimportant problems
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TECHNIQUE
• Replacing difficult vocabulary words or phrases with words the student understands • Rewriting lengthy or complex sentences into simpler sentences, or combining simple sentences into more interesting, complex sentences • Explaining concepts and abstract ideas from sentences or passages using more clear and concise wording • Translating ideas and information into students’ own ollowing sentences: 1. This seems to be the way forward for most firms. 2. Offering staff opportunities for training has a positive impact on motivation. 3. Highly competitive companies discovered that brands matter almost as much as new technology. 4. Mobile phones are the world’s most widespread communications devices. 5. A revamped image breathed life back into the Gucci brand.
• Read the whole sentence or several sentences of the passage to have at least a general understanding of the context in which words are being used.
• Make sure that the synonyms you use in your paraphrased version do not change the meaning of the passage.
WRITING TECHNIQUES
Paraphrasing & summarising
PARAPHRASE
• Paraphrasing is the process of restating information in different words. • When we paraphrase, we maintain the original meaning, but we say it in our own words. • Good paraphrasing skills are necessary to create effective summaries, prepare for tests, answer essay test questions, and avoid plagiarism when researching reports.
6. The Internet accounts for only a tiny slice of the overall advertising pie. 7. More than half the budget has gone down the drain. 8. Pay alone rarely keeps people with an employer. 9. The old definitions of manufacturing are no longer worth much. 10.The world is a risky place, especially for people concerned with business. 11. Employers want to hire employees for a longterm career rather than a particular job.
ANSWER KEY 1. This is probably the only way for most companies. 2. Giving employees training opportunities provides good motivation. 3. Rival companies found that brands are nearly as important as new technology. 4. Mobile phones are the most commonly used communication tool around the world. 5. An improved image brought back business for the Gucci brand. 6. The Internet is only a small part of advertising. 7. Most of the budget has been wasted. 8. Salary alone does not ensure staff loyalty. 9. Old methods of production are no longer important. 10. There are lots of challenges for businessmen. 11. Employers prefer staff that are loyal to what they can do.
ANSWER KEY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Developing quickly / evolving/ advancing Very good name expanding internationally Become common Improved goods Taking the right decision Fight back working within a short timeline Achieve good performance Quick development more disagreements Increased limitations / difficulties
TIPS FOR PARAPHRASING
1. Know how to choose and use a dictionary and a thesaurus Choose editions which are appropriate to your reading level.
2. Understand the context
Sometimes a word can be replaced by more than one word: E.g. Workforce = people who work (staff) reduce = cut down famous = well known continuous = non-stop / on-going temporary = for the time being different = not the same punctual = on time reliable = can be depended upon (dependable / responsible)
Rewrite the following in your own words:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. fast-changing excellent reputation going global become widespread better-made products moving in the right direction counter attack working on a tight deadline bring dramatic results rapid advances increasing conflicts of interest growing restrictions
3. Use “semantic” paraphrasing : word for word
• How a synonym is used can change the meaning of the word or sentence. • For example: seek = find job-seekers x job finders (better equivalent: job hunters) • Cover = close • Cover losses = compensate for losses • potential = possible , probable, likely • potential customers = prospective clients • grow = plant • companies need to grow = expand
4. Use “syntactic” paraphrasing
• In addition to replacing key words, change the structure of the original sentences by either inverting the order of sentence parts, breaking them into shorter sentences, or combining simple sentences into compound and complex sentences.
5. Rewrite the paraphrased version