大学英语六级综合作文考试试题(二)

2020年英语六级考试真题试卷附答案和解析(第2套)

英语六级考试真题试卷附答案和解析(第2套)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on living in thevirtual world. Try to imagine what will happen when people spe nd more and more time in thevirtual world instead of interacting in the real w orld. You are required to write at least 150 wordsbut no more than 200 words Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer. from the four choices marked A), B),C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.1. A) The project the man managed at CucinTech.B) The updating of technology at CucinTech.C)The man's switch to a new career.D) The restructuring of her company.2. A) Talented personnel.B) Strategic innovation.C) Competitive products.D) Effective promotion.3. A) Expand the market.B) Recruit more talents.C) Innovate constantly.D) Watch out for his competitors.4. A) Possible bankruptcy.B) Unforeseen difficulties.C) Conflicts within the company.D) Imitation by one's competitors.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.5. A) The job of an interpreter.B) The stress felt by professionals.C) The importance of language proficiency.D) The best way to effective communication.6. A) Promising.B) Admirable.C) Rewarding.D) Meaningful.7. A) They all have a strong interest in language.B) They all have professional qualifications.C) They have all passed language proficiency tests.D) They have all studied cross-cultural differences.8. A) It requires a much larger vocabulary.B) It attaches more importance to accuracy.C) It is more stressful than simultaneous interpreting.D) It puts one's long-term memory under more stress..Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each pa ssage, you willhear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questio ns will be spoken only once.After you hear a question, you must choose the b est answer from the four choices marked A),B), C) and D). Then mark the cor responding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line throughthe centre. Passage OneQuestions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.9. A) It might affect mothers' health.B) It might disturb infants' sleep.C) It might increase the risk of infants, death.D) It might increase mothers' mental distress.10. A) Mothers who breast-feed their babies have a harder time falling asleep.B) Mothers who sleep with their babies need a little more sleep each night.C) Sleeping patterns of mothers greatly affect their newborn babies' health.D) Sleeping with infants in the same room has a negative impact on mother s.11. A) Change their sleep patterns to adapt to their newborn babies'.B) Sleep in the same room but not in the same bed as their babies.C) Sleep in the same house but not in the same room as their babies.D) T ake precautions to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome. Passage TwoQuestions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard. 12. A) A lot of native languages have already died out in the US.B) The US ranks first in the number of endangered languages.C) The efforts to preserve Indian languages have proved fruitless.D) More money is needed to record the native languages in the US.13. A) To set up more language schools.B) To document endangered languages.C) To educate native American children.D) To revitalise America's native languages.14. A) The US govemment's policy of Americanising Indian children.B) The failure of American Indian languages to gain an official status.C) The US government's unwillingness to spend money educating Indians.D) The long-time isolation of American Indians from the outside world.15. A) It is being utilised to teach native languages.B) It tells traditional stories during family time.C) It speeds up the extinction of native languages.D) It is widely used in language immersion schools.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by threeor four questions. The recordings will be played only once. A fter you hear a question, you mustchoose the best answer from the four choic es marked A),B),C) and D). Then mark thecorresponding letter on Answer Sh eet 1 with a single line through the centre.Recording OneQuestions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard. 16. A) It pays them up to half of their previous wages while they look for wo rk.B) It covers their mortgage payments and medical expenses for 99 weeks.C) It pays their living expenses until they find employment again.D) It provides them with the basic necessities of everyday life.17. A) Creating jobs for the huge army of unemployed workers.B) Providing training and guidance for unemployed workers.C) Convincing local lawmakers to extend unemployment benefits.D) Raising funds to help those having no unemployment insurance.18. A) To offer them loans they need to start their own businesses.B) To allow them to postpone their monthly mortgage payments.C) To create more jobs by encouraging private investments in local companies.D) To encourage big businesses to hire back workers with government subsi dies.Recording TwoQuestions 19 to 22 are based on the recording you have just heard.19. A) They measured the depths of sea water.B) They analyzed the water content.C) They explored the ocean floor.D) They investigated the ice.20. A) Eighty percent of the ice disappears in summer time.B) Most of the ice was accumulated over the past centuries.C) The ice ensures the survival of many endangered species.D) The ice decrease is more evident than previously thought.21. A) Arctic ice is a major source of the world's fresh water.B) The melting Arctic ice has drowned many coastal cities.C) The decline of Arctic ice is irreversible.D) Arctic ice is essential to human survival.22. A) It will do a lot of harm to mankind.B) There is no easy way to understand it.C) It will advance nuclear technology.D) There is no easy technological solution to it.Recording ThreeQuestions 23 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard. 23. A) The reason why New Zealand children seem to have better self-contro l.B) The relation between children's self-control and their future success.C) The health problems of children raised by a single parent.D) The deciding factor in children's academic performance.24. A) Children raised by single parents will have a hard time in their thirties.B) Those with a criminal record mostly come from single parent families.C) Parents must learn to exercise self-control in front of their children.D) Lack of self-control in parents is a disadvantage for their children.25. A) Self-control can be improved through education.B) Self-control can improve one's financial situation.C) Self-control problems may be detected early in children.D) Self-control problems will diminish as one grows up.Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are requiredto select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on ,Answer Street 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.The robotics revolution is set to bring humans face to face with an old fear—man-made creations as smart and capable as we are but without a moral compass. As robots take on ever more complex roles, the question naturally 26__________ : Who will be responsible when they do something wrong? Manufacturers? Users? Software writers? The answer depends on the robot. Robots already save us time, money and energy. In the future, they will improve our health care, social welfare and standard of living. The 27__________ of computational power and engineering advances will 28__________ enable lower-cost in-home care for the disabled, 29__________ use of driverless cars that may reduce drunk- and distracted-driving accidents and countless home and service-industry uses for robots, from street cleaning to food preparation. But there are 30__________ to be problems. Robot cars will crash. A drone (遥控飞行器) operator will 31__________ someone's privacy. A robotic lawn mower will run over a neighbor's cat. Juries sympathetic to the 32__________ of machines will punish entrepreneurs with company-crushing 33__________ and damages. What should governments do to protect people while 34__________ space for innovation?Big, complicated systems on which much public safety depends, like driverless cars, should be built, 35__________ and sold by manufacturers who take responsibility for ensuring safety and are liable for accidents. Governments should set safety requirements and then let insurers price the risk of the robots based on the manufacturer's driving record, not the passenger's.A. arisesB. ascendsC. boundD. combinationE. definiteF. eventuallyG. interfereH. invadeI. manifestingJ. penaltiesK. preservingL. programmedM. proximatelyN. victimsO. widespreadSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten stateme nts attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the pa ragraphs. Identify the paragraphfrom which the information is derived. You m ay choose a paragraph more than once. Eachparagraph is marked with a lette r. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter onAnswer Sheet 2.Reform and Medical Costs[A] Americans are deeply concerned about the relentless rise in health care costs and health insurance premiums. They need to know if reform will help solve the problem. The answer isthat no one has an easy fix for rising medic al costs. The fundamental fix—reshaping how careis delivered and how doct ors are paid in a wasteful, abnormal system—is likely to be achievedonly thr ough trial and error and incremental (渐进的）gains.[B] The good news is that a bill just approved by the House and a bill approve d by the SenateFinance Committee would implement or test many reforms t hat should help slow the rise inmedical costs over the long term. As a report i n The New England Journal of Medicine concluded,"Pretty much every proposed innovation found in the health policy literature these days is contained in these measures."[C] Medical spending, which typically rises faster than wages and the overall economy, ispropelled by two things: the high prices charged for medical servi ces in this country and thevolume of unnecessary care delivered by doctors and hospitals, which often perform a lotmore tests and treatments than a pa tient really needs.[D] Here are some of the important proposals in the House and Senate bills t o try to address those problems, and why it is hard to know how well they wil l work.[E] Both bills would reduce the rate of growth in annual Medicare payments to hospitals,nursing homes and other providers by amounts comparable to the productivity savingsroutinely made in other industries with the help of new technologies and new ways to organize work. This proposal could save Medi care more than $100 billion over the next decade. Ifprivate plans demanded similar productivity savings from providers, and refused to letproviders shift additional costs to them, the savings could be much larger. Critics sayCongr ess will give in to lobbyists and let inefficient providers off the hook That is f ar less likelyto happen if Congress also adopts strong upaygo” rules requiring that any increase inpayments to providers be offset by new taxes or budget cuts.[F] The Senate Finance bill would impose an excise tax(消费税）on health insurance plans thatcost more than $8,000 for an individual or $21,000 for a family. It would most likely causeinsurers to redesign plans to fall beneath the threshold. Enrollees would have to pay moremoney for many ser vices out of their own pockets, and that would encourage them to thinktwice about whether an expensive or redundant test was worth it. Economists pro ject thatmost employers would shift money from expensive health benefits in to wages. The House billhas no similar tax. The final legislation should. [G] Any doctor who has wrestled with multiple forms from different insurers, or patients whohave tried to understand their own parade of statements, kn ow that simplification ought tosave money. When the health insurance indus try was still cooperating in reform efforts, itstrade group offered to provide st andardized forms for automated processing. It estimated thatstep would save hundreds of billions of dollars over the next decade. The bills would lock that pledge into law.[H] The stimulus package provided money to convert the inefficient, paper-driven medicalsystem to electronic records that can be easily viewed and tran smitted. This requires openinvestments to help doctors convert. In time it sh ould help restrain costs by eliminating redundant tests, preventing drug inte ractions, and helping doctors find the best treatments.[I] Virtually all experts agree that the fee-for-service system—doctors are rew arded for the quantity of care rather than its quality or effectiveness—is a pr imary reason that the cost ofcare is so high. Most agree that the solution is to push doctors to accept fixed payments tocare for a particular illness or for a patient's needs over a year. No one knows how to makethat happen quickly . The bills in both houses would start pilot projects within Medicare. Theyincl ude such measures as accountable care organizations to take charge of a pati ent's needswith an eye on both cost and quality, and chronic disease manag ement to make sure theseriously ill, who are responsible for the bulk of all he alth care costs, are treated properly. Forthe most part, these experiments rely on incentive payments to get doctors to try them.[J] Testing innovations do no good unless the good experiments are identifie d and expandedand the bad ones are dropped. The Senate bill would create a n independent commission tomonitor the pilot programs and recommend changes in Medicare's payment policies to urge providers to adopt reforms t hat work. The changes would have to be approved or rejected as awhole by C ongress, making it hard for narrow-interest lobbies to bend lawmakers to the ir will.[K] The bills in both chambers would create health insurance exchanges on which smallbusinesses and individuals could choose from an array of private plans and possibly a public option. All the plans would have to provide standa rd benefit packages that would be easy tocompare. To get access to millions of new customers, insurers would have a strong incentive to sell on the exch ange. And the head-to-head competition might give them a strong incentiv e to lower their prices, perhaps by accepting slimmer profit margins or dema nding better deals from providers.[L] The final legislation might throw a public plan into the competition, but thanks to thefierce opposition of the insurance industry and Republican criti cs, it might not save muchmoney. The one in the House bill would have to ne gotiate rates with providers, rather thanusing Medicare rates, as many reform ers wanted.[M] The president's stimulus package is pumping money into research to com pare how wellvarious treatments work. Is surgery, radiation or careful moni toring best for prostate (前列腺)cancer? Is the latest and most expensive cholesterol-lowering drug any bet ter than its commoncompetitors? The pending bills would spend additional m oney to accelerate this effort.[N] Critics have charged that this sensible idea would lead to rationing of car e.(That would betrue only if you believed that patients should have an unrestr ained right to treatments provento be inferior.) As a result, the bills do not r equire, as they should, that the results of thesestudies be used to set payme nt rates in Medicare.[O] Congress needs to find the courage to allow Medicare to pay preferentially for treatmentsproven to be superior. Sometimes the best treatment might b e the most expensive. But overall, we suspect that spending would come do wn through elimination of a lot of unnecessary or even dangerous tests and treatments.[P] The House bill would authorize the secretary of health and human servic es to negotiatedrug prices in Medicare and Medicaid. Some authoritative an alysts doubt that the secretarywould get better deals than private insurers alr eady get. We believe negotiation could work. Itdoes in other countries. [Q] Missing from these bills is any serious attempt to rein in malpractice cos ts. Malpracticeawards do drive up insurance premiums for doctors in high-ris k specialties, and there is some evidence that doctors engage in "defensive medicine" by performing tests and treatmentsprimarily to prove they are not negligent should they get sued.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

6月英语六级考试作文真题「卷二」

6月英语六级考试作文真题「卷二」2016年6月英语六级考试作文真题「卷二」2016年6月英语六级第二套作文的主题是虚拟现实与现实生活的关系。

下面是店铺整理的真题和参考范文，希望能帮到大家!2016年6月英语六级考试作文真题Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on living in thevirtual world. Try to imagine what will happen when people spend more and more time in thevirtual world instead of interacting in the real world. You are required to write at least 150 wordsbut no more than 200 words。

参考范文1：第一段:说明科技发展对人类生活的改变,引出话题.说明,我们交流方式的.变化.第二段:人们虚拟世界的交流给我们带来的影响.第三段:得出结论.We have to admit that the impactoftechnology on society is unquestionable. Whetherconsidering the TV or thecomputers, technology has had a hugeimpact on society. While not every advancehas been beneficial,there have been many positive effects of technology. Theinternet isone typical example.With the development of science andtechnology, the worldis no longer what it used to be. But the ability ofcommunication isa significant skill which should be cultivated if we want tosurviveand succeed in the world. But the way of communication with peoplehaschanged dramatically. Almost everyone today has a computer, anduses it tocommunicate with their friends, family, and evenbusiness. The virtual worldcommunication has changed the way thatpeople communicate.Since communication between peoplein the real world is of utmost importance, lack of communicationwilllead to perish of human beings. Through communication in thereal world, mutualunderstanding can be promoted and fosteredbetween people, which cannot bereplaced by the virtualcommunication.参考范文2：The relation between the virtual world and the real one has aroused public attention in recent years, and has become a stormy topic on in TV programs, newspapers, university classes and many aspects of our everyday life.The topic’s status as the focus of public concern mainly results from the virtual world based on the Web is a double-edged sword for human beings in the real world. For one thing, it is undoubted that the virtual world does bring men unprecedented experience, such as on-line shopping, chat with friends and family members on the web, playing video games, e-commerce and so on; it seems that the virtual world can meet all requirements of humans. For another thing, as the wisest creature on the planet, we, humans should reflect on what will take place if they take more and more time to live in the virtual world rather than in the real world. For my part, if we do so, the time we spend with friends or family will become less. And we hardly see them once in a week. It will make us feel lonely if we continue to be indulged in the virtual world instead of enjoying the real life , such as talking with friends on the phone or going out with them.To my best understanding, we should distinguish that the virtual world is totally different from the real one and the former cannot replace the latter either. Otherwise we will be reduced to the slaves in the virtual reality. If we want to enjoy our life andkeep our friendship more effectively, we should spend more time with them in our real life. Only in this way can we not only make full use of the communication tool in the virtual word but also make our real life more meaningful and colorful.。

2023年六月六级考试真题第二套作文

2023年六月六级考试真题第二套作文全文共5篇示例，供读者参考年高考作文题目：新高考i卷故事的力量试题内容：阅读下面的材料，根据要求写作。

（60分）好的故事，可以帮我们更好地表达和沟通，可以触动心灵、启迪智慧；好的故事，可以改变一个人的命运，可以展现一个民族的形象……故事是有力量的。

以上材料引发了你怎样的联想和思考？请写一篇文章。

要求：选准角度，确定立意，明确文体，自拟标题；不要套作，不得抄袭；不得泄露个人信息；不少于字。

年六月六级考试真题第二套作文1好的故事，可以帮我们更好地表达和沟通，可以触动心灵、启迪智慧；好的故事，可以改变一个人的命运，可以展现一个民族的形象……故事是有力量的。

以上材料引发了你怎样的联想和思考？请写一篇文章。

要求：选准角度，确定立意，明确文体，自拟标题；不要套作，不得抄袭；不得泄露个人信息；不少于字。

“讲一个故事吧！”这是我们在生活中听得最多的话语之一。

无论是童年时期，听妈妈给你讲睡前故事，还是成年后，看电影、阅读小说或收听朋友分享的人生经历，故事总是深深地吸引着我们。

好的故事，不仅可以激发我们内心的共鸣，还可以打动我们的心灵，指引我们的方向。

正如材料中所说，“好的故事可以帮我们更好地表达和沟通，可以触动心灵、启迪智慧；好的故事可以改变一个人的命运，可以展现一个民族的形象……故事是有力量的。

”故事是一种传统文化，它蕴含着丰富的道德理念和情感价值。

故事的主角很少是英雄或者神仙，而是普通人，是我们身边的老师、父母、朋友等。

他们的故事让我们在日常生活中获得了很多启示和帮助，帮助我们更好地了解自己，更好地面对困难和挑战。

比如，中国的《聊斋志异》、《红楼梦》、《三国演义》等，都是中国文化中的传统名著，它们讲述了不同年代的人物身上的故事，传达了关于珍爱生命、道德品质等的思想。

这些故事时间虽然长久且久远，但是在今天，仍有着广泛而深刻的影响。

而现今社会，电影、小说、音乐等艺术作品中数不胜数的故事，也在讲述着它们融入了当下社会的声音。

2023年12月大学英语六级考试真题及答案(第二套)

2023年12月大学英语六级考试真题及答案（第二套）2023年12月大学英语六级考试真题及答案第二套英语六级听力第二套1.A) Spending their holidays in a novel way.2. D) He once owned a van.3. A) Generate their own electricity.4.C) Enjoying the freedom to choose where to go and work.5. C) Her job performance has worsened over the past month.6.B) Some problems at home7. B) The womans work proficiency.8. C) The woman will be off work on the next two Mondays.9. D) It can enable us to live a healthier and longer life.10.B) The spouses level of education can impact oneshealth.11.A) They had more education than their spouses.12.C) Forecasting flood risks accurately.13.D) To improve his mathematical flooding model.14.A) To forecast rapid floods in real time.15.B) They set up Internet-connected water-level sensors.16.B) To argue about the value of a college degree.17.D) The factor of wages.18.A) The sharp decline in marriage among men with no college degrees.19.C) More and more people prioritize animal welfare when buying things to wear.20.D)Avoided the use of leather and fur.21.A)Whether they can be regarded as ethical.22.D) The era we live in is the most peaceful in history.23.C) They believed the world was deteriorating.24.B) Our psychological biases.25.A) Paying attention to negative information.翻译第二篇在中国，随着老龄化社会的到来，养老受到普遍关注。

2022年6月六级真题第二套

2022年6月大学英语六级考试真题(二)Part ⅠWriting (30minutes)Directions:For this part. you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay that begins with the sentence“Nowadays more and more people keep learning new skills to adapt to a fast-changing world. You can make comments. cite examples, or use your personal experienices to develop your essay. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.Part ⅡListening Comprehension (25minutes)说明:由于2022年6月六级考试全国共考了1套听力，本套真题听力与前1套内容完全一样，因此在本套真题中不再重复出现。

Part ⅢReading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet2with a single line through the centre.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Thinking kind thoughts about yourself and your loved ones can prove beneficial for your overall well being.empirical evidence has shown. Researchers carried out an investigation to explore the 26 between having kind thoughts and a person's psychological state.For the study,five groups of participants were presented with a different set of audio instruactions. some of which encouraged the participants to think 27_about themselves and others which persuaded them to think in a self-critical manner. After listening to the audio instructions. the participants were asked to answer a series of questions. These included whether they felt agitated. how likely they were to show kindness to themselves and how28 they felt to other individuals.The participants who were instructed to think kindly about themselves were more likely to exhibit a bodily response associated with being relaxed and feeling safe. Their heart rates also dropped. which is a healthy sign of a heart that can respond flexibly to situations. Yet._29_, those who listened to the critical audio clips were noted as having a higher heart rate and sweat response afterwards, both of which30 feelings of threat and distress.Having the ability to switch off the body's natural threat response can 31_ a person's immune system. This, in turn, gives them a greater likelihood of recovering quickly from illness. These findings help us to further understand some of our clinical trials research findings, where we show that individuals with 32depression benefit particularly from self-awareness-based _33therapy. They essentially learn to become more sympathetic to themselves.The sense is that for people34_to depression, meeting their negative thoughts and feelingswith 35 is a radically different way: that these thoughts are not facts. It introduces a different way of being and knowing that is quite transformative for many people.A)adverselyB)amiablyC) boostD)cognitiveE)compassionF ) connectedG)correlationH)fascinatedI)indignantlyJ)insulationK)lavishL)proneM) recurrentN) signifyO) surpassP) downwardSection BDirections:In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter: Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Saving Our PlanetA) In the long view, the human relationship with forests has been one of brutal destruction, but even it carries elements of slow hope. In the Middle Ages, there was no shortage of timber in most parts of the world, and few saw cutting down forests as a problem. Yet in 1548 the people of Venice estimated that an important timber supply would last only 30 years at their current rate of usage一but different forest management would make it possible to meet the demand for many centuries to come. The idea of preserving resources came out of a concern for the future: a fear of using up resources faster than they could be replenished (补充).B) Economic interests were at the core of this understanding of trees and forests. It would take more than three centuries be fore scientists began to understand that timber production is not the only, and possibly not the most important, function of forests. The late 19th and early 20th century saw an increasing recognition that forests serve as habitats for countless animal and plant species that all rely on each other. They take over protective functions against soil erosion and landslides (塌方); they make a significant contribution to the water balance as they prevent surface runoff; they filter dirt particles, greenhouse gases and radioactive substances from the air, they produce oxygen; they provide spaces for recreation and they preserve historic and prehistoric remains. As a result, forests around the world have been set aside as parks or wilderness areas.C) Recent years have seen a big change in our view of forests. Peter Wohlleben's book The Hidden Lijfe of Trees (2015), an international bestseller, suggests that trees can warn each other of danger through a 'wood wide web' of roots and fungi (真菌). They support each other through sharing of nutrients and information, and they even keep ancient stumps alive by feeding them solutions of sugars. Such insights have made us aware of deep ecological and plant species that all rely on each other. They take over protective functions against soil erosion and landslides (塌方); they make a significant contribution to the water balance as they prevent surface runoff; they filter dirt particles, greenhouse gases and radioactive substances from the air, they produce oxygen; they provide spaces for recreation and they preserve historic and prehistoric remains. As a result, forests around the world have been set aside as parks or wilderness areas.D)Recent years have seen a big change in our view of forests. Peter Wohlleben's book The Hidden Lijfe of Trees (2015), an international bestseller, suggests that trees can warn each other of danger through a 'wood wide web' of roots and fungi (真菌). They support each other through sharing of nutrients and information, and they even keep ancient stumps alive by feeding them solutions of sugars. Such insights have made us aware of deep ecological have adopted the term 'environment' over the past decades. They are exploring intricate connections within and between complex ecologies, as well as the impact that human environment-making (through techno-industrial, economic and other manipulative developments) has had on the biosphere.E) The rise of the idea of the environment and a scholarly understanding of ecological processes has influenced new technologies and also politics. We have come to ask questions about vulnerability and risk, world ecologies, and the relationship between nature and power. The search for an adequate response to climate change occupies centre stage in international diplomacy.F) Social and environmental activists, scientists and indigenous groups have called the Paris Agreement of the United Nations Climate Change Conference in December 2015 insufficient, weak, or compromised. To some extent, they are right: climate change has already destroyed tens of thousands of livelihoods, and the situation will worsen in the near future for millions of mostly poorer people who will join the ranks of those who have already been displaced by climate change and extreme weather events. But the Paris Conference nevertheless marked a historic step toward the recognition of the need for action on climate change, the cutting of carbon emissions and world cooperation. There were 195 nations that came to the table in Paris and agreed to limits on emissions. Historically, nothing comparable had happened prior to this. Before the 20th century, a handful of scientists had been interested in the theoretical relationship between greenhouse gases and climate change, but only the empirical evidence accumulated since the late 20th century established a clear connection between the burning of fossil fuels and a vastly accelerated rise in global temperatures.G) The current crisis is not the first that humans have encountered, and a look at the struggles with pollution in recent history reveals transformations that once seemed unimaginable. The 'London fog’ that came to define the capital through British novels and thrillers is in reality smogor smoke, a legacy of industrialisation. After a century of ignorance, London was hit by the Great Smog of December 1952 - the worst air-pollution event in the history of the United Kingdom which caused the deaths of approximately 12,000 people. Shortly thereafter, public initiatives and political campaigns led to strict regulations and new laws, including the Clean Air Act (1956). Today, London has effectively reduced traffic emissions through the introduction of a Congestion Charge Zone in 2003, and an Ultra Low Emission Zone in 2019.H) Scientific evidence that we are living in an era of climate change, resource exhaustion and potential ecological disaster is overwhelming. How do we motivate a public exhausted by never-ending scenarios of doom and disaster, when the challenges seem so huge and so impossible to solve? Statistics about extinction and the gloom of decline will not in themselves get us out of our often self-created ecological traps: instead, they are more likely to result in paralysis and inaction.I) We need stories and histories of change and transformation: ecological stories that make us . confront the fact that human power is potentially destructive, and that the survival of our species on this planet depends on the preservation of soil and water, and the habitats and ecological systems.J) It is time that we show successes and accelerations in ecological awareness, action and restoration; stories that include past successes and future visions about the rise of urban gardening and of renaturalised riverscapes, of successful protests against polluted air and water, of the rise of regional markets and slow food, and the planting of trees around the globe, of initiatives and enterprises that work towards ecological restoration. The reality of ecological curses seems far greater than the power of the hopes left at the bottom of Pandora's box. But if we believe that nothing can be changed, then we are giving up our opportunity to act.K)Today's saving powers will not come from a deusex machina (解围之神). In an ever-more complex and synthetic world, our saving powers won't come from a single source, and certainly not from a too-big-to-fail approach or from those who have been drawn into the whirlpool of our age of speed. Hope can work as a wake up call. It acknowledges setbacks. The concept of slow hope suggests that we can't expect things to change overnight. If the ever-faster exhaustion of natural resources (in ecological terms) and the“ shrinking of the present (in social terms) are urgent problems of humans, then cutting down on exhaustive practices and working towards a stretching of the present' will be ways to move forward.36. Climate change has wrought havoc on the lives of tens of thousands of people.37. It took scientists a long time to realise that the function of forests goes far beyond providing humans with timber.38. There is abundant evidence that we are now facing a possible ecological disaster.39. Environmental science became academic disciplines only some sixty years ago.40. Things cannot change overnight, but reducing the consumption of natural resources will help solve the ecological crisis.41. Human perception of forests has undergone a tremendous change in the past years.42. Recent history shows reduction of pollution once seemingly impossible, can actually be accomplished.43. People began to consider preserving natural resources when they feared they would have nothing to use in the future.44. If we doubt our ability to reverse ecological deterioration, we are throwing away the chance to take action.45. How to respond effectively to climate change has become the focus of international diplomacy.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Since American idol star Taryn Southern started composing music with AI in 2017, musicians all over the world have begun wondering about the implications of AI and modern technology where music production is concerned. Using AI in the creation of music is perceived by some as a helpful tool and by others as almost“the beginning of the e nd'. In Taryn's case, AI software enabled her to communicate melodies and chords that she didn't know how to put together herself. The end product was therefore a collaborative effort, rather than a piece entirely produced by technology. Taryn's story has a distinctly positive feel that highlights the advantages of using AI in music production. It can serve as a source of inspiration, and as an ideal jumping off point should a musician be hit with writer 's block (文思枯竭).Conversely to seeing AI as a tool, some musicians consider it to be hugely detrimental to the music scene. At the moment, because such technology is still so young, the music it's producing is not necessarily what we want to hear. In short, it's not of great quality. Those who have produced their own music, or even fans of authentic, artistic music, will also argue that a computer could never emulate the work (and human touch) of a true musician.Music has been an integral part of the story of humans for ages; in fact, the first known piece of music is believed to be around 3,400 years old. Songs have long been used as a means of communicating messages and folk stories, covering everything from societal ethics to world history. Since many people see music as such an inherently human expression, it is often considered as too precious to impart onto technology. The thought of a computer generating a ‘random' piece of music that hasn't been painstakingly created by an artist is almost seen as sacrilegious (亵渎神圣的).Regardless of which side of the argument you fall on, it seems likely that the use of AI in music production will only become more frequent. Our modern world is preoccupied with technological advancements. Instead of shying away from the idea of this bleak future, the best approach to take is one of optimism and curiosity. While there are always bound to be stubborn old-school musicians who refuse to use tech, music producers should consider AI as something to be embraced. AI music software is still very much in its infancy, but with more investors interested in the development and outcomes of such technology, and considering the rapid growth rate ofother tech advances in recent years, it's only a matter of time until AI-produced music is seen as the new norm.46. How do some musicians perceive using AI in creating music?A) It would help to produce more music idols.B) It would be detrimental to music production.C) It would hinder the understanding of authentic music.D) It would be the beginning of a new era in music creation.47. What does Taryn Southern's story illustrate?A) AI technology is conducive to music composition.B) Musicians will be unable to create music without high tech.C) Musicians are often at their wits' end in their creative effort.D) AI technology is indispensable to creating melodies and chords.48. Why are some musicians opposed to the use of AI in creating music?A) Music produced with AI technology lacks humanness.B) Music created with AI technology is easily emulated.C) It will depreciate humans' role in music composition.D) It will deplete young musicians' creative inspiration.49. Why do many people think music is too precious to impart to AI technology?A) It cannot be created without pains.B) It cannot be produced at random.C) It is part of human life.D) It is human specific.50. What does the author think of the future of AI music?A) It will continue to arouse the interest of music investors.B) It has the prospect of becoming the norm in the future.C) It will be gradually accepted by old-school musicians.D) It may eventually lose its freshness and appeal.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.A few weeks ago, a well-meaning professor tried to explain the physiological process behind viruses and the human body in a tweet and was immediately criticized for a mistake in his information. He then issued an apology and deleted his erroneous tweet. Communicating science beyond the academic bubble is necessary to augmenting public understanding of health and environmental issues and helping individuals make well-informed personal decisions. However, scientists who engage in science communication must acknowledge that even in their area, their expertise is deep but narrow. They need to recognize the constraints in their own knowledge. That is not to suggest that they only write or present on their own research, but rather, that they consult with an expert if the topic is outside of their discipline. Fact-checking with a scientist who works in the specialty will prevent the unintentional spread of misinformation, and the process of doing so may yield interesting new information that can be incorporated.Some have argued that the public is not educated enough to understand scientific information,especially for any complex phenomena, but this is absurd. Science instruction can be found at all levels of public education with most secondary schools offering classes or biology, physics, and chemistry. If anything, social media has shown that the public craves knowledge based on a solid scientific foundation. Even the public discourse that follows most scientific articles shows that online readers can understand even the most baffling of scientific principles.It is equally imperative to emphasize that being an expert on a topic doesn't automatically make a scholar qualified to communicate it to a nonscientific audience. A number of scientists recently have been offering public-aimed explanations of scientific phenomena. Even though they have appropriate credentials, they often do very little in the way of explaining. One biologist shared a complicated analogy involving a library, books, paper, a recipe, ingredients, and a cake to explain the process behind vaccines. Any explanation that requires witen key to keep track of what each item represents is not a clear example for public consumption. Science communication is a science in and of itself. It requires rigorous training and instruction. A scientist should take communication courses that can teach a person how to identify and eliminate jargon and how to develop effective analogies to explain complex concepts. One cannot assume communication expertise - imagine if someone just decided that they were a physicist and started trying to contribute to the field without the necessary background. Doing a poor job communicating science to the public will only create confusion and widen the gap between science and society, a gap that scientists are trying to close.51. What does the author say about communicating science to the general public?A) It will help them to keep abreast of the latest scientific developments.B) It is a necessary means to improve their understanding of scientific issues.C) It will get them more involved in academic debates on environmental problems.D) It is an effective way to augment scientists' influence beyond the academic circle.52. What does the author advise scientists do to deal with topics outside of their specialty?A) Write or present on them from new angles.B) Utilize information from diverse sources.C) Tum to a specialist for professional help.D) Fact-check with colleagues in their field.53. What does the author say we can learn from social media?A) A solid academic foundation is essential to understanding bffling scientific principles.B) Modern technology has facilitated communication between scientists and the public.C) Scientific articles have gained increasing popularity among the general public.D) The public's understanding of science is much better than some have claimed.54. What does the example of the biologist who shared an intricate analogy show?A) It is helpful to use ilustrations in explaining scientific phenomena.B) It is imperative to have appropriate titles to explain scientific issues.C) A learned scholar is not necessarily a qualified science communicator.D) A nonscientific audience cannot duly understand principles of science.55. What does the author suggest scientists do to close the gap between science and society?A) Explain complex concepts scientificallyC) Take courses in public speaking.B) Make appropriate use of scientific terms.D) Develop communication skills.Part ⅣTranslation (30minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2Directions: For this par, you are allowed 30 mimutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.南京长江大桥是长江上首座由中国设计、采用国产材料建造的铁路、公路两用桥，.上层的4车道公路桥长4589 米，下层的双轨道铁路桥长6772米。

2017年6月大学英语六级考试真题答案(第二套)

【作文及范文】Directions: Suppose you are asked to give advice on whether to major in humanities or science, write an essay to state your opinion. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.参考范文：Living in a world which is full of changes and challenges,we are confronted with new problems every single day. Of all the issues, one might concern the high school graduates the most, and it is if there are two options: to major in science or humanities. As for me, I prefer the latter.Why,you may wonder, should I prefer to major in humanities. The reasons responsible for it can be listed as follows .Among the most important reasons cited by people is that to major in humanities，directly or indirectly，can not only enrich our basic knowledge about the diversified culture but also sharpen one’s insight in daily routine，which is of great importance in one’s growth.What’s more, to study humanities can give us an independent personality and a deeper vision towards the world, if it were not for those two attributes, how could we achieve great goals in this dog-eat-dog world.Above all, in such a society where emphasis，more often than not，is laid on the depth of one’s thought, to choose humanities as one’s major, must be the best way .To major humanities, so at least it seems to me, is preferable for college students, if they had the chance, in the process of which we will develop an innovative thought mode.As a proverb goes ,there is no difficulty that an innovative thought mode can not solve, no door that an innovative thought mode can not open, no mountain that an innovative thought mode can not surmount.【听力】Long conversation 1Q1: B Having friendly colleagues解析：原文中前半部分男士说到：“The most important factor for the majority of the people interviewed was having friendly, supportive colleagues.”对于大部分接受采访的人来说，最重要的因素是拥有友好的、互相支持的同事们。

2018年12月大学英语六级真题试卷(二)(题后含答案及解析)

2018年12月大学英语六级真题试卷（二）(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Writing 2. Listening Comprehension 3. Reading Comprehension 4. TranslationPart I Writing1．For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on how to balance job responsibilities and personal interests. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.正确答案：How to Balance Job Responsibilities and Personal Interests When it comes to the issue of how to balance job responsibilities and personal interests, the majority of people will be confused. Since both of them have a significant impact on our life, then how to strike a balance between the two. Here are my views. On the one hand, we should attach primary importance to job responsibilities, as our job can provide us regular income with which we can live the life we like. Besides, now that we’ve taken this job, we should regard it as our mission and be conscientious about it. On the other hand, important as it is, job is not everything of our life. It’ s also necessary for us to spend due time on our personal interests, so that we can take a rest from work. What’ s more, whether we can develop our personal interests also has a great effect on our life quality. All in all, it is high time that we placed great emphasis on the balance of job responsibilities and personal interests. We are supposed to ensure the time to develop our interests on the condition of finishing our job.解析：这是一篇议论文写作，话题是如何平衡工作责任与个人兴趣。

2020年英语六级考试真题试卷附答案和解析(第2套)

英语六级考试真题试卷附答案和解析(第2套)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on living in thevirtual world. Try to imagine what will happen when people spe nd more and more time in thevirtual world instead of interacting in the real w orld. You are required to write at least 150 wordsbut no more than 200 words Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer. from the four choices marked A), B),C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.1. A) The project the man managed at CucinTech.B) The updating of technology at CucinTech.C)The man's switch to a new career.D) The restructuring of her company.2. A) Talented personnel.B) Strategic innovation.C) Competitive products.D) Effective promotion.3. A) Expand the market.B) Recruit more talents.C) Innovate constantly.D) Watch out for his competitors.4. A) Possible bankruptcy.B) Unforeseen difficulties.C) Conflicts within the company.D) Imitation by one's competitors.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.5. A) The job of an interpreter.B) The stress felt by professionals.C) The importance of language proficiency.D) The best way to effective communication.6. A) Promising.B) Admirable.C) Rewarding.D) Meaningful.7. A) They all have a strong interest in language.B) They all have professional qualifications.C) They have all passed language proficiency tests.D) They have all studied cross-cultural differences.8. A) It requires a much larger vocabulary.B) It attaches more importance to accuracy.C) It is more stressful than simultaneous interpreting.D) It puts one's long-term memory under more stress..Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each pa ssage, you willhear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questio ns will be spoken only once.After you hear a question, you must choose the b est answer from the four choices marked A),B), C) and D). Then mark the cor responding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line throughthe centre. Passage OneQuestions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.9. A) It might affect mothers' health.B) It might disturb infants' sleep.C) It might increase the risk of infants, death.D) It might increase mothers' mental distress.10. A) Mothers who breast-feed their babies have a harder time falling asleep.B) Mothers who sleep with their babies need a little more sleep each night.C) Sleeping patterns of mothers greatly affect their newborn babies' health.D) Sleeping with infants in the same room has a negative impact on mother s.11. A) Change their sleep patterns to adapt to their newborn babies'.B) Sleep in the same room but not in the same bed as their babies.C) Sleep in the same house but not in the same room as their babies.D) T ake precautions to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome. Passage TwoQuestions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard. 12. A) A lot of native languages have already died out in the US.B) The US ranks first in the number of endangered languages.C) The efforts to preserve Indian languages have proved fruitless.D) More money is needed to record the native languages in the US.13. A) To set up more language schools.B) To document endangered languages.C) To educate native American children.D) To revitalise America's native languages.14. A) The US govemment's policy of Americanising Indian children.B) The failure of American Indian languages to gain an official status.C) The US government's unwillingness to spend money educating Indians.D) The long-time isolation of American Indians from the outside world.15. A) It is being utilised to teach native languages.B) It tells traditional stories during family time.C) It speeds up the extinction of native languages.D) It is widely used in language immersion schools.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by threeor four questions. The recordings will be played only once. A fter you hear a question, you mustchoose the best answer from the four choic es marked A),B),C) and D). Then mark thecorresponding letter on Answer Sh eet 1 with a single line through the centre.Recording OneQuestions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard. 16. A) It pays them up to half of their previous wages while they look for wo rk.B) It covers their mortgage payments and medical expenses for 99 weeks.C) It pays their living expenses until they find employment again.D) It provides them with the basic necessities of everyday life.17. A) Creating jobs for the huge army of unemployed workers.B) Providing training and guidance for unemployed workers.C) Convincing local lawmakers to extend unemployment benefits.D) Raising funds to help those having no unemployment insurance.18. A) To offer them loans they need to start their own businesses.B) To allow them to postpone their monthly mortgage payments.C) To create more jobs by encouraging private investments in local companies.D) To encourage big businesses to hire back workers with government subsi dies.Recording TwoQuestions 19 to 22 are based on the recording you have just heard.19. A) They measured the depths of sea water.B) They analyzed the water content.C) They explored the ocean floor.D) They investigated the ice.20. A) Eighty percent of the ice disappears in summer time.B) Most of the ice was accumulated over the past centuries.C) The ice ensures the survival of many endangered species.D) The ice decrease is more evident than previously thought.21. A) Arctic ice is a major source of the world's fresh water.B) The melting Arctic ice has drowned many coastal cities.C) The decline of Arctic ice is irreversible.D) Arctic ice is essential to human survival.22. A) It will do a lot of harm to mankind.B) There is no easy way to understand it.C) It will advance nuclear technology.D) There is no easy technological solution to it.Recording ThreeQuestions 23 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard. 23. A) The reason why New Zealand children seem to have better self-contro l.B) The relation between children's self-control and their future success.C) The health problems of children raised by a single parent.D) The deciding factor in children's academic performance.24. A) Children raised by single parents will have a hard time in their thirties.B) Those with a criminal record mostly come from single parent families.C) Parents must learn to exercise self-control in front of their children.D) Lack of self-control in parents is a disadvantage for their children.25. A) Self-control can be improved through education.B) Self-control can improve one's financial situation.C) Self-control problems may be detected early in children.D) Self-control problems will diminish as one grows up.Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are requiredto select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on ,Answer Street 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.The robotics revolution is set to bring humans face to face with an old fear—man-made creations as smart and capable as we are but without a moral compass. As robots take on ever more complex roles, the question naturally 26__________ : Who will be responsible when they do something wrong? Manufacturers? Users? Software writers? The answer depends on the robot. Robots already save us time, money and energy. In the future, they will improve our health care, social welfare and standard of living. The 27__________ of computational power and engineering advances will 28__________ enable lower-cost in-home care for the disabled, 29__________ use of driverless cars that may reduce drunk- and distracted-driving accidents and countless home and service-industry uses for robots, from street cleaning to food preparation. But there are 30__________ to be problems. Robot cars will crash. A drone (遥控飞行器) operator will 31__________ someone's privacy. A robotic lawn mower will run over a neighbor's cat. Juries sympathetic to the 32__________ of machines will punish entrepreneurs with company-crushing 33__________ and damages. What should governments do to protect people while 34__________ space for innovation?Big, complicated systems on which much public safety depends, like driverless cars, should be built, 35__________ and sold by manufacturers who take responsibility for ensuring safety and are liable for accidents. Governments should set safety requirements and then let insurers price the risk of the robots based on the manufacturer's driving record, not the passenger's.A. arisesB. ascendsC. boundD. combinationE. definiteF. eventuallyG. interfereH. invadeI. manifestingJ. penaltiesK. preservingL. programmedM. proximatelyN. victimsO. widespreadSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten stateme nts attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the pa ragraphs. Identify the paragraphfrom which the information is derived. You m ay choose a paragraph more than once. Eachparagraph is marked with a lette r. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter onAnswer Sheet 2.Reform and Medical Costs[A] Americans are deeply concerned about the relentless rise in health care costs and health insurance premiums. They need to know if reform will help solve the problem. The answer isthat no one has an easy fix for rising medic al costs. The fundamental fix—reshaping how careis delivered and how doct ors are paid in a wasteful, abnormal system—is likely to be achievedonly thr ough trial and error and incremental (渐进的）gains.[B] The good news is that a bill just approved by the House and a bill approve d by the SenateFinance Committee would implement or test many reforms t hat should help slow the rise inmedical costs over the long term. As a report i n The New England Journal of Medicine concluded,"Pretty much every proposed innovation found in the health policy literature these days is contained in these measures."[C] Medical spending, which typically rises faster than wages and the overall economy, ispropelled by two things: the high prices charged for medical servi ces in this country and thevolume of unnecessary care delivered by doctors and hospitals, which often perform a lotmore tests and treatments than a pa tient really needs.[D] Here are some of the important proposals in the House and Senate bills t o try to address those problems, and why it is hard to know how well they wil l work.[E] Both bills would reduce the rate of growth in annual Medicare payments to hospitals,nursing homes and other providers by amounts comparable to the productivity savingsroutinely made in other industries with the help of new technologies and new ways to organize work. This proposal could save Medi care more than $100 billion over the next decade. Ifprivate plans demanded similar productivity savings from providers, and refused to letproviders shift additional costs to them, the savings could be much larger. Critics sayCongr ess will give in to lobbyists and let inefficient providers off the hook That is f ar less likelyto happen if Congress also adopts strong upaygo” rules requiring that any increase inpayments to providers be offset by new taxes or budget cuts.[F] The Senate Finance bill would impose an excise tax(消费税）on health insurance plans thatcost more than $8,000 for an individual or $21,000 for a family. It would most likely causeinsurers to redesign plans to fall beneath the threshold. Enrollees would have to pay moremoney for many ser vices out of their own pockets, and that would encourage them to thinktwice about whether an expensive or redundant test was worth it. Economists pro ject thatmost employers would shift money from expensive health benefits in to wages. The House billhas no similar tax. The final legislation should. [G] Any doctor who has wrestled with multiple forms from different insurers, or patients whohave tried to understand their own parade of statements, kn ow that simplification ought tosave money. When the health insurance indus try was still cooperating in reform efforts, itstrade group offered to provide st andardized forms for automated processing. It estimated thatstep would save hundreds of billions of dollars over the next decade. The bills would lock that pledge into law.[H] The stimulus package provided money to convert the inefficient, paper-driven medicalsystem to electronic records that can be easily viewed and tran smitted. This requires openinvestments to help doctors convert. In time it sh ould help restrain costs by eliminating redundant tests, preventing drug inte ractions, and helping doctors find the best treatments.[I] Virtually all experts agree that the fee-for-service system—doctors are rew arded for the quantity of care rather than its quality or effectiveness—is a pr imary reason that the cost ofcare is so high. Most agree that the solution is to push doctors to accept fixed payments tocare for a particular illness or for a patient's needs over a year. No one knows how to makethat happen quickly . The bills in both houses would start pilot projects within Medicare. Theyincl ude such measures as accountable care organizations to take charge of a pati ent's needswith an eye on both cost and quality, and chronic disease manag ement to make sure theseriously ill, who are responsible for the bulk of all he alth care costs, are treated properly. Forthe most part, these experiments rely on incentive payments to get doctors to try them.[J] Testing innovations do no good unless the good experiments are identifie d and expandedand the bad ones are dropped. The Senate bill would create a n independent commission tomonitor the pilot programs and recommend changes in Medicare's payment policies to urge providers to adopt reforms t hat work. The changes would have to be approved or rejected as awhole by C ongress, making it hard for narrow-interest lobbies to bend lawmakers to the ir will.[K] The bills in both chambers would create health insurance exchanges on which smallbusinesses and individuals could choose from an array of private plans and possibly a public option. All the plans would have to provide standa rd benefit packages that would be easy tocompare. To get access to millions of new customers, insurers would have a strong incentive to sell on the exch ange. And the head-to-head competition might give them a strong incentiv e to lower their prices, perhaps by accepting slimmer profit margins or dema nding better deals from providers.[L] The final legislation might throw a public plan into the competition, but thanks to thefierce opposition of the insurance industry and Republican criti cs, it might not save muchmoney. The one in the House bill would have to ne gotiate rates with providers, rather thanusing Medicare rates, as many reform ers wanted.[M] The president's stimulus package is pumping money into research to com pare how wellvarious treatments work. Is surgery, radiation or careful moni toring best for prostate (前列腺)cancer? Is the latest and most expensive cholesterol-lowering drug any bet ter than its commoncompetitors? The pending bills would spend additional m oney to accelerate this effort.[N] Critics have charged that this sensible idea would lead to rationing of car e.(That would betrue only if you believed that patients should have an unrestr ained right to treatments provento be inferior.) As a result, the bills do not r equire, as they should, that the results of thesestudies be used to set payme nt rates in Medicare.[O] Congress needs to find the courage to allow Medicare to pay preferentially for treatmentsproven to be superior. Sometimes the best treatment might b e the most expensive. But overall, we suspect that spending would come do wn through elimination of a lot of unnecessary or even dangerous tests and treatments.[P] The House bill would authorize the secretary of health and human servic es to negotiatedrug prices in Medicare and Medicaid. Some authoritative an alysts doubt that the secretarywould get better deals than private insurers alr eady get. We believe negotiation could work. Itdoes in other countries. [Q] Missing from these bills is any serious attempt to rein in malpractice cos ts. Malpracticeawards do drive up insurance premiums for doctors in high-ris k specialties, and there is some evidence that doctors engage in "defensive medicine" by performing tests and treatmentsprimarily to prove they are not negligent should they get sued.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。