国际市场营销学课后答案
国际市场营销学课后习题答案
国际市场营销学课后习题答案第一章1、国际市场营销学：是一门研究以国外顾客需求为中心、从事国际市场营销活动的国际企业经营管理的科学。
2、国际市场营销学与市场营销学、国际贸易学的区别与联系是什么？答：国际市场营销学与市场营销学的关系与区别联系：①理论基础相同②经营理念相同③市场边界的扩大区别：①国际市场环境更加复杂②国际市场营销面对更多不确定因素③国际市场营销方案更多样化④国际市场营销的难度更大国际市场营销与国际贸易的联系与区别联系：①国际贸易是国际市场营销的先导。
②企业的国际市场营销是国际贸易的一部分。
区别：①经营主体不同②商品的流通形态不同③经营动力或行为动机不同④评价经济效益的信息来源不同⑤国际市场营销活动的作业流程比国际贸易更加复杂3、企业开展国际市场营销的动因是什么？答：⑴国市场竞争激烈，利润微薄促使企业走向国际市场⑵企业走向国际市场以延长其产品的生命周期⑶国际市场需求潜力大、机会多⑷对低成本的追求⑸对东道国丰富和廉价资源的吸引⑹本国政府的支持和鼓励⑺东道国市场环境和基础设施条件的吸引4、国际市场营销的发展过程是什么？答：⑴国营销阶段⑵出口营销阶段⑶国际市场营销阶段5、国际市场的研究容有哪些？答：研究对象：国际市场需求、国际市场营销活动、国际市场营销规律研究容：国际市场营销环境、国际市场的选择、国际市场的调研、国际市场营销规划与组织、国际市场营销信息系、国际市场营销策略、国际市场竞争战略。
第二章1、国际政治环境：是指东道国直接或间接影响和制约国际市场营销的各种政治因素的集合，其容主要涉及政府与政党体制、政府政策和政治风险。
2、国际法律环境：影响国际企业开展国际市场营销活动的法律主要有国法律国际法律和东道国法律构成了国际法律环境。
3、如何评估国际政治环境？答：⑴专家调查法⑵实地考察法⑶利用驻外专家调查法⑷利用国际咨询机构法⑸政治体制稳定指数（PSSI）法4、采取什么措施以防国际政治风险？答：⑴回避策略⑵保险策略⑶当地化策略⑷建立合资企业策略⑸树立良好的企业形象策略⑹积极参与东道国经济建设策略5、国际商务争端的解决途径有哪些？答：（1）协商：是指在发生商务争端之后，各方当事人约定在自愿互谅互让、相互妥协的基础上，依据相关法律和合同条款的规定，达成各方都能接受的解决方案。
国际市场营销学课后案例分析答案刘向红
国际市场营销学课后案例分析答案刘向红1.国际市场营销学与市场营销学相同的是理论基础和（）。
[单选题] *A.经营理念(正确答案)B.经营范围C.市场环境D.目标顾客答案解析：国际市场营销学与市场营销学相同的是理论基础和经营理念。
2.国际市场营销学的特点主要有（）。
*A.研究范围具有国际性(正确答案)B.研究内容具有经验性(正确答案)C.研究方式具有同一性D.研究主体具有唯一性E.研究结论具有很强的应用性(正确答案)答案解析：国际市场营销学的特点主要有：研究范围具有国际性；研究内容具有经验性；研究结论具有很强的应用性。
3.企业开展国际市场营销以追求低成本的动因主要有（）。
*A.利用当地优惠政策(正确答案)B.利用廉价的劳动力和原材料(正确答案)C.利用低运费(正确答案)D.利用低关税(正确答案)E.利用较多的配额管制答案解析：企业开展国际市场营销以追求低成本的动因主要有：利用当地优惠政策、廉价的劳动力和原材料、低运费、低关税、较少的配额管制、接近产品的销售市场等。
4.本国政府为了发展国内经济，采取支持和鼓励本国企业到国际市场上开拓经营的政策主要有（）。
*A.减税政策(正确答案)B.退税政策(正确答案)C.低息贷款政策(正确答案)D.担保贷款政策(正确答案)E.进口价格补贴政策(正确答案)答案解析：本国政府为了发展国内经济，采取支持和鼓励本国企业到国际市场上开拓经营，即鼓励出口的政策主要有：减税和退税的税收优惠政策、低息贷款、担保贷款、出口价格补贴政策，为企业提供外贸咨询、国际市场信息等一系列配套服务；给具有经营实力的企业向下放进出口自主权等。
5.国际市场营销学的研究对象包括国际市场需求、国际市场营销活动和（）。
[单选题] *A.国际市场营销环境B.国际市场营销模式C.国际市场营销进程D.国际市场营销规律(正确答案)答案解析：国际市场营销学的研究对象包括国际市场需求、国际市场营销活动和国际市场营销规律。
智慧树答案国际市场营销学(山东联盟-泰山学院)知到课后答案章节测试2022年
第一章1.能够有效地解释企业的跨国经营行为的理论是答案:产品生命周期学说2.国际营销与国际贸易的交易动机都是比较利益答案:错3.多国营销又被称为跨国营销答案:错4.国际市场，又称为世界市场，是世界范围内因国际分工和经济联系而进行商品、服务、技术交换活动的场所。
答案:对5.国际营销和国际贸易均是跨国界的经济活动，二者有类似的理论基础。
答案:对第二章1.市场信息是市场决策的基础。
答案:对2.市场信息的特征包括答案:可压缩性;可储存性;系统性;分散性;时效性3.市场信息系统是由（）构成的答案:内部报告系统;情报系统;调研系统;分析系统4.间接资料调研方法也叫做文案调研法或者二手资料收集法。
答案:对5.面谈调查的优势是成本低、速度快。
答案:错第三章1.目前欧盟已经实现了完全经济一体化答案:错2.多变关系主要包括东西方关系和南北关系。
答案:对3.目前主要的区域经济一体化组织包括答案:特惠贸易区;自由贸易区;经济联盟;共同市场;关税同盟4.区域经济一体化对企业国际市场营销的影响主要包括答案:增长效应;特惠效应5.区域经济组织不存在交叉性。
答案:错第四章1.风俗习惯与审美情趣属于社会环境因素。
答案:错2.起飞前的准备阶段是罗斯托经济发展阶段理论中最重要的阶段。
答案:错3.重视效率、尊重女性是阿拉伯商人的商业惯例。
答案:错4.跨国公司可以通过合资、增加税收、增加出口、使用目标国原材料等方式降低在目标市场国的政治风险。
答案:对5.价格管制和劳工问题属于目标市场国的经济风险因素。
答案:错第五章1.最终消费者市场的人数众多，购买频率较低。
答案:错2.AISAS模式中，最后一个S代表share，分享。
答案:对3.产业市场购买者数量多，购买频率高。
答案:错4.政府购买要收到公众的监督。
答案:对5.公办学校的购买行为属于政府购买行为。
答案:对第六章1.有效的国际市场细分应该具有可测量性。
答案:对2.企业可以通过现有的供求差寻找市场机会。
国际市场营销学课后答案
单项选择题1.国际市场营销与国内市场营销相比，其表现为：(两者的理论来源和基础相同)2.( C .市场营销观念)是企业经营思想上的一次根本性的变革，被认为是现代市场营销学的“第一次革命”。
3.美国福特汽车公司创办人享利·福特曾说：不管顾客需要什么颜色，我的汽车就是黑色的。
这句话体现的是企业营销的( A 生产观念)。
4.( A《巴黎公约)的保护对象是工业产权，包括发明、实用新型、外观设计等。
5．大多数国家都热衷于“奖出限入”，原因很简单，净出口（出口减进口）是一国国内生产总值的重要组成部分。
另外，出口是很多国家外汇收入的主要来源，有利于保持良好的国际收支，维持本币币值的稳定。
主要的鼓励出口措施有（B 本币升值）6.(B人均国民收入)在一定程度上反映一国的经济发展水平和现代化程度，以及健康、教育、社会福利状况，对评估耐用消费品、奢侈消费品、休闲旅游产品和娱乐产品的市场规模具有重要的作用。
7.( . D交通设施)不属于自然环境因素。
8.以下四项中，( B居民市场)不属于组织市场。
9.人们对商品的品牌、包装、款式、特性等提出的需求属于( A心理需求)。
10.(经济因素)是影响购买这一经济行为的最基本因素。
1.( Ｃ. 抽样调研)就是从被调研对象的总体中，抽取一部分样本单位进行调研，用以推算总体。
它适用于一些使用量大、涉及面广的产品。
2.(Ａ内部报告系统)是企业最基本的信息系统，它以内部会计系统为主，辅之以销售信息系统而组成。
这是一个报导订单、存货水平、销售额、成本、利润、现金流量、应收帐款及应付帐款等等的系统，其中“订单、发货、帐单”的循环是该系统的核心，即销售人员把顾客的订单送至企业，负责管理订单的机构把有关订单的信息送至企业内部的有关部门，然后企业把帐单和货物一并送至购买者手中。
3.(Ｂ国际营销情报系统)是国际市场信息系统的最根本的组成因素，其主要作用是向营销管理人员及时提供外部环境发展变化的有关信息，从而给企业提供改革的动力，、为企业更好地适应外界环境提供基础。
《国际市场营销学》第五章习题参考答案
1.解释下列概念：知识经济: 所谓知识经济，也叫作智能经济，是指建立在科学技术知识信息的开发研究、生产分配及应用推广基础上的经济形态。
它是以高新技术产业为主，以智力资源的拥有和配置为基础，以科学技术为依托的一种可持续发展的新型经济形式。
创造需求观念: 创造需求观念是以技术革新为契机，去挖掘消费者无法意识到的消费需求，开发出新产品去创造、引导消费者的消费，并形成企业特定的市场。
EDI : EDI 是一种由电子计算机和通讯网络来处理业务文件的技术，这一新型贸易方式无需纸张单据，因而被称为“无纸贸易”。
互联网：互联网是指将两台计算机或者是两台以上的计算机终端、客户端、服务端通过计算机信息技术的手段互相联系起来的结果，人们可以远距离的实现参与者之间的互动、分享与联系。
4C: 以顾客为中心的4C (顾客、成本、方便、沟通）电子商务: 电子商务是指那种改变了传统的商业模式，通过电子通信，包括电话、传真机、信用卡、电视、自动提款机和基于互联网络而进行的商业贸易。
2.试述知识经济的特征。
答: 科学和技术的研究开发日益成为知识经济的重要基础; 信息和通信技术在知识经济的发展过程中处于中心地位; 服务业在知识经济中扮演了主要角色; 人力的素质和技能成为知识经济实现的先决条件.3.知识经济时代技术革命的主要特点是什么？答：它引起社会生产力的巨大变化，推进着社会生产率的提高，并推动了许多全新领域的产生；促进工业结构高级化；科技革命将推进传统工业的改造；以电子信息技术为核心的现代科技革命从地域范围上看是一场全球性革命。
4.技术革命对国际营销有什么影响？答：对顾客需求的影响：消费者需求趋于个性化；消费者行为趋于理性化；市场竞争加剧，消费者面临更多的选择；消费者对价格更加敏感；知识消费将成为最重要的消费领域。
对营销观念的影响：技术革命一方面使技术日新月异，产品的生命周期将大大缩短，新产品层出不穷；另一方面消费者的需求更多样化、个性化及高档化，因此，企业不仅适应消费者需求，还必须不断地进行营销创新，营销创新的关键是营销观念创新，即从满足顾客需求转变为创造需求。
《国际市场营销学》第六章习题参考答案
《国际市场营销学》第六章习题参考答案1.解释下列概念：物质自然环境：物质自然环境是国际营销环境的重要因素, 它主要包括自然条件与基础设施。
自然条件：自然环境主要包括地形、气候、土地面积及自然资源等。
基础设施：基础设施主要包括交通运输设施、通讯设备和仓库等，还包括有关商业的基础设施。
环保运动或环境保护主义：环保运动或环境保护主义是指由对保护及改善人类赖以生存的环境十分关注的公民和政府所倡导的一种有组织的运动。
可持续发展战略：可持续发展战略是指社会经济发展必须同自然环境及社会环境相联系，使经济建设与资源环境相协调，使人口增长与社会生产力发展相适应，以保证实现社会良性循环的发展。
绿色消费：消费者从关心和维护个人生命安全、身体健康、生态环境、人类社会和永续发展出发，试图以自己强烈的环境意识对市场形成一股巨大的环保压力。
以此引导企业生产和制造符合环境标准的产品，促进环境保护，以实现人类与环境和谐演进的目标。
绿色产品：所谓绿色产品，指对社会或环境的改善有贡献的产品，或减少其对社会和环境所造成的损害，或指对环境及社会生活品质的改善优于竞争者所提供的产品。
绿色营销：绿色营销是指企业以保护环境观念作为其经营哲学思想，以绿色文化为其价值观念，以消费者的绿色消费为中心和出发点，通过制定及实施绿色营销策略，满足消费者的消费需求，实现企业的经营目标。
2.何谓物质自然环境？它对该国社会的政治、经济及国际营销发生什么样的影响？答：物质自然环境是国际营销环境的重要因素, 它主要包括自然条件与基础设施。
自然环境影响国家的经济与社会发展：地理条件影响一个国家的交通运输与贸易的发展；地理条件影响一个国家社会的发展；自然资源的差异将影响世界经济发展与贸易发展的格局。
自然环境对国际营销的影响：影响产品的适应性；影响分销体系的设立及分销渠道的选择；自然条件影响企业的经营成本。
基础设施从以下几个方面影响国际营销：交通运输、通讯设备、商业基础设施。
国际市场营销 全球营销学每章课后习题答案
全球营销学第四版每章课后习题答案第一章Introduction to Global Marketing1.What are the basic goals of marketing? Are these goals relevant to globalmarketing?P31、Surpass the competition at the task of creating perceived value for customers2、The Guide line is the value equation –Value = Benefits/Price (Money, Time, Effort, Etc.)P42.What is mean by “global localization”?（全球本土化策略）Is Coca-Cola a globalproduct? Explain.The phrase “global localization” represents an attempt to capture the spirit of the rallying cry for o rganizations in the 21st century, namely, “think globally, act locally.”Most people will agree that Coca-Cola is a global product by virtue of the fact that it is available in more than 195 countries in red cans bearing the distinctive signature style. It must be noted, however, that customer service efforts are adapted to the needs of particular markets, e.g., vending machines in Japan. Thus, Coca-Cola is both global and local.3.Describe some of the global marketing strategies available to companies. Giveexamples of companies that use the different strategies.Global marketing strategies: 1. global market participation is the extent to which a company has operations in major world markets; 2. standardization versus adaptation is the extent to which each marketing mix element can be standardized or adapted in various country markets; 3. concentration of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed in one or a few country locations; 4. coordination of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed interdependently around the globe; 5. integration of competitive moves is the extent to which a firm’s competitive marketing tactics in different parts of world are interdependent.Examples: 1. Coke is the best-known, strongest brand, as the Coca-Cola Company, supporting its Coke, Fanta, and Powerade brands with marketing mix elements both that are globe and local, is adept at adapting sales promotion, distribution, and customer service efforts to local needs;2. Mcdonald’s business model is a restaurant system that can be set up virtually anywhere in the world and offers core menu items-hamburgers, French fries, and soft drinks-in most countries, and the company also customizes menu offerings according to local eating customs.4.How do the global marketing strategies of Harley-Davidson and Toyota differ?Harley-Davidson motorcycles are known the world over as “the” all-American motorcycle. Harley’s mystique and heritag e are associated with the USA. The company backs up this positioning with exports from two U.S. manufacturing locations. By contrast, Toyota builds some models (e.g., Camry and Avalon) for the U.S. market in the U.S., a fact that Toyota stresses in its American ad. Thus, Harley-Davidson serves global markets while sourcing locally, while Toyota’s strategy calls for serving world markets and using the world as a source of supply.5.Describe the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, regiocentric, andgeocentric management orientations.The premise of an ethnocentric orientation is that home country products and management processes are superior. An ethnocentric company that neither sources inputs from, nor seeks market opportunities in the world outside the home country may be classified as an domestic company. A company that does business abroad while still presuming the superiority of the home country may be classified as an international company. Such a company would rely on an extension strategy whereby it would export, without adaptation, products designed for the domestic market.The polycentric orientation that predominates at a multinational company leads to aview of the world in which each country markets is different from the others. Local country managers operating with a high degree of autonomy adapt the marketing mix in a polycentric, multinational company. Managers who are regiocentric or geocentric in their orientations recognize both similarities and differences in world markets. Market opportunities are pursued using both extension and adaptation strategies. The regiocentric and geocentric orientations are characteristic of global transnational companies.OrEthnocentric orientation: home country is superior to the rest of the world, sees similarities in foreign countries，leads to a standardized or extension approach; Polycentric orientation: the opposite of ethnocentrism, each country in which a company does business is unique, sees differences in foreign countries, leads to localized or adaption approach; Regiocentric orientation: a region becomes the relevant geographic unit; management`s goal is to develop an integrated regional strategy; Geocentric orientation：views the entire world as a potential market and strives to develop integrated world market strategies.6.Identify and briefly describe some of the forces that have resulted in increased globalintegration and the growing importance of global marketing.P21+Driving Forces：Regional economic agreements、Market needs and wants、TechnologyTransportation and communication improvements、Product development costs、Quality、World economic trends、LeverageRestraining Forces：Management myopia、Organizational culture、National controls 7.Define leverage and explain the different types of leverage utilized by companieswith global operations.Define leverage：P25第二章The Global Economic Environment1.Explain the difference between market capitalism, centrally planned capitalism,centrally planned socialism, and market socialism. Give an example of a country that illustrates each types of system.Market capitalism is an economic system in which individuals and firms allocate resources and production resources are privately owned. (England).Centrally planned capitalism is an economic system in which command resource allocation is utilized extensively in an environment of private resource ownership. (Sweden)Centrally planned socialism, in this type of economic system, the state has broad powers to serve the public interest as it sees fit. (Former Soviet Union)Market socialism, in such a system, market allocation policies are permitted within an overall environment of state ownership. (China)2.What is a BEM? Identify the BEMs according to their respective stages of economicdevelopment.P53P56-583. A manufacture of satellite dishes is assessing the world market potential for hisproducts. He asks you if he should consider developing countries as potential markets.How would you advise him?Despite the difficult economic conditions in parts of developing countries, many nations will involve into attractive markets.One of marketing’s roles in developing countries is to focus resources on the task of creating and delivering products that are best suited to local needs and incomes. The role of marketing to indentify people’s needs and wants is the same in all countries, irrespective of level of economic development. It is also an opportunity to help developing countries join the information age.And P654.Turn to the Index of Economic Freedom (Table 2-1) and identify where the BEMs areranked. What does the result tell you in terms of the relevance of the index to global marketers?P52第三章Social and Cultural Environments1.What are some of the elements that make up culture? How do these find expression inyour native culture?Culture is a collection of Values, beliefs, behaviors, customs, and attitudes that distinguish one society from another.Culture is acted out in social institutions, such as, family, education, religion, government, business.2.What is the difference between a low-context culture and a high-context culture?Give an example of a country that is an example of each type and provide evidence for your answer.PPT 第四章4-63.How can Hofstede’s cultural typologies help Western marketers better understandAsian culture?P874.Explain the self-reference criterion(自我参照准则). Go to the library and findexamples of product failures that might have been avoided through the application of the SRC.Unconscious reference to one’s own cultural values; creates cultural myopia5.Briefly explain the social research of Everrtt Rogers regarding diffusion ofinnovations,……P94pare and contrast USA and Japan in terms of traditions and organizationalbehavior and norms.第四章The Legal and Regulatory Environments of Global Marketing1.What is sovereignty? What is it an important consideration in the politicalenvironment of global marketing?sovereignty2.Describe some of the sources of political risk. Specially, what forms can political risktake?Tension between aspirations and realityPrimarily occurs in lower and lower-middle income countries–Indonesia and economic crisisWhen political risk occurs in high income countries, it is generally due to a long-standing conflict–Northern IrelandP1423.Briefly describe some of the differences between the legal environment of a countrythat embraces common law and one that observes civil law.4.Global marketers can avoid legal conflicts by understanding the reasons conflictsarise in the first place. Identify and describe several legal issues that relate to global commerce.Intellectual PropertyAntitrustContractualLicensing and Trade Secrets5.“See you in court” is one way to respond when legal issues arise. What otherapproaches are possible?LitigationFormal arbitration–Settles disputes outside of court–Groups agree to abide by panel’s decision1958 United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards–Most important treaty regarding international arbitration第五章Global Information Systems and Market Research1.Explain two information technology puts powerful tools in the hands of globalmarketers.Modern IT tools provide the means for a company's marketing information system and research functions to provide relevant information in a timely, cost –efficient, and actionable manner.Electronic data interchange (EDI) allows business units to submit orders, to issue invoices, to conduct business electronically, Wal-Mart legendary for its EDI, save time and money, enables retailers to improve inventory management. Transaction formats are universalEfficient Consumer Response (ECR) This is in addition to EDI, an effort for retailers and vendors to work closely on stock replenishment(补充). ECR can be defined as a joint initiative by members of a supply chain to work toward improving and optimizing(最优化) aspects of the supply chain to benefit customersIntranet, Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS), Data Warehouses are also helping businesses improve their ability to target consumers and increase loyalty.2.What are the different modes of information acquisition? Which is the most importantfor gathering strategic information?3.4、Outline the basic steps of the market research process.5、What is the difference between existing, latent, and incipient demand? How mightthese differences affect the design of a marketing research project?Demand and profit potential, in turn, depend in part on whether the market being studied can be classifieds existing or potential. Existing markets are those in which customer needs are already being served by one or more companies. In some instances, there is no existing market to research and. information may be readily available. A latent market is in essence, an und iscovered segment .It’s a market in which demand would materialize if an appropriate product were made available. An incipient market is a market that will emerge if particular economic demographic, political, or sociocultural trend continues. A company is not likely to achieve satisfactory results if it offers a product in an incipient market before the trends have taken root.Market growth, brand loyalty, market segment, product, sales promotion, pricing, distribution, will be different in marketing research project.6.Describe some of the analytical techniques used by global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each technique?A number of techniques are available for analyzing survey data.Factor analysis can be used to transform large amount of data into manageable units. It is useful in psychographic segmentation studies or creating perceptual maps; cluster analysis allows the researchers to group variables into clusters that maximize within-group similarities and between-group differences. It can be used to do global marketing research, to perform benefit segmentation, and to identify new product opportunities. Multi dimensional scaling is another technique for creating perceptual maps which is particular useful when there are many product to choose and consumers have difficulty in verbalizing their conceptions. Conjoint analysis is used to gain insights into the combination of features that will be the most attractive to consumers. It is useful when determines the values and utilities of the various levels of product features and plots them graphically.第六章Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning1.differentiate the five basic segmentation strategies. Give an example of a companythat has used each one.P170-P1831、IncomePopulationsAge distributionGenderEducationOccupation2、Grouping people according to attitudes, value, and lifestyles3、4、Benefit segmentation focuses on the value equation–Value = Benefits / Price5、The population of many countries includes ethnic groups of significant size2.Explain the difference between segmenting and targeting.P200pare and contrast standardized, concentrated, and differentiated global marketing.Illustrate each strategy with an example from a global company.Standardized global marketing is mass marketing on a global scale with undifferentiated target marketing (Revlon International)Concentrated global marketing, involves devising a marketing mix to reach a niche. A niche is simply a single segment of the global market. (Germany`s Winter halter) Differentiated global marketing, represents a more ambitious approach than concentrated target marketing with multi-segment targeting and two or more distinct markets (Rover)4.5.What is positioning? Identify the different positioning strategies presented in thechapter and give examples of companies or products that illustrate each.Locating a brand in consumers’minds over and against competitors in terms of attributes and benefits that the brand does and does not offer.P192-1956.What is global consumer culture positioning? What other strategic positioningchoices do global marketers have?Identifies the brand as a symbol of a particular global culture or segment.P1967.What is high-touch product? Explain the difference between high-tech productpositioning and high-touch product positioning. Can some products be positioned using both strategies? Explain.High-tech products are sophisticated technologically complex, and/or difficult to explain or understand, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established objective standards. High-tech global consumer positioning also works well for special interest products associated with leisure of recreation.High-touch products, consumers are generally energized by emotional motives rather than rational ones, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established subjective, aesthetic terms.Some products can be positioned using both strategies, with both satisfying buyers’ rational criteria and evoking an emotional response. Nokia, for example, combines technical performance with a fashion orientation.第七章Global Market Entry Strategies:1.What are the advantages and disadvantages of using licensing as a market entry tool?Give examples of companies from different countries that use licensing as a global marketing strategy.Advantages to LicensingProvides additional profitability with little initial investmentProvides method of circumventing tariffs, quotas, and other export barriersAttractive ROILow costs to implementDisadvantages to LicensingLimited participationReturns may be lostLack of controlLicensee may become competitorLicensee may exploit company resourcesP2062.What is foreign direct investment? What forms can FDI take?P209Partial or full ownership of operations outside of home countryForms:Joint ventures–Minority or majority equity stakes–Outright acquisition3.Do you agree with Ford’s decision to acquire Jaguar? What was more valuable toFord---the physical assets or the name?P2154.What is meant by the phrase global strategic partnership? In what ways does this formof market entry strategy differ from more traditional forms such as joint ventures? Participants remain independent following formation of the allianceParticipants share benefits of alliance as well as control over performance of assigned tasksParticipants make ongoing contributions in technology, products, and other key strategic areasPPT3055.What are Keiretsu? How does this form of industrial structure affect companies thatcompete with Japan or that are trying to enter the Japanese market?PPT307书P2276.Which Strategic options for market entry or expansion would a small company belikely to pursue? A large company?StrategiesCompanies must decide to expand by:–Seeking new markets in existing countries–Seeking new country markets for already identified and served market segments第八章Product and Brand Decisions1.What is the difference between a product and a brand?A product is a good, service, or ideaBrandsBundle of images and experiences in the customer’s mindA promise made by a particular company about a particular productA quality certificationDifferentiation between competing productsThe sum of impressions about a brand is the Brand ImageThe added value that accrues to a product as a result of investments in the marketing of the brandAn asset that represents the value created by the relationship between the brand and customer over time2.How do local, international, and global products differ? Cite examplesLocal Product is one that has achieved success in a single national market and represents the lifeblood of domestic companies. （Coca-cola, ginseng beverage only in Japan）International product is offered in several markets in a particular region (Euro-product, only in euro zone)Global product meets the wants and needs of a global market and is offered in all world regions (personal stereos)3.What are some of the elements that make up a brand? Are these elements tangible orintangible?IntangibleP2414.What criteria should global marketers consider when making product designdecisions?In many instances, packaging is an integral element of product-related design decisions. Packaging is designed to protect or contain the product during shipping；Labeling provides consumers with various types of information; Aesthetics differ around the world. Global marketers must understand the importance of visual aesthetics; Product Warranties is a written guarantee that assures the buyer is getting what they paid for or provides a remedy in case of a product failure. Warranties can be used as a competitive tool5.How can buyer at titudes about a product’s country of origin affect marketing strategy?买家对于原产国的态度对营销策略有什么影响？Perceptions about and attitudes toward particular countries often extend to products and brands known to originate in those countries–Japan–Germany–France–ItalyP252-2546.Identify several global brands. What are some of the reasons for the global success ofthe brands you chose?Both products and brand are good……7.Briefly describe various combinations of product-communication strategies availableto global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each?Product-communication extension (dual extension) is a strategy selling the same product with the same promotional appeals used in domestically when pursuing opportunities outside the home market. It used frequently with industrial (business to business) products.Product extension-communication adaptation strategy is a relatively low cost of implementation because the physical product is unchanged, and the main costs are associated with market research and revising promotional appeals. It used frequently when consumer conceptions outside the home market are very different from domestic marketProduct adaptation-communication extension is an approach to global product planning is to extend, without change, the basic home-market communications strategy while adapting the product to local use or preference conditions. It used frequently when natural conditions outside the home market are very different from domestic market Product-communication adaptation (dual adaptation) strateg y is an approach used both the different product serves and advertising appeals to consumer receptivity when comparing a new geographic market to the home market, environmental conditions or consumer preferences differ;第九章Pricing Decisions1.What are the basic factors that affect price in any market? What considerations enterinto the pricing decision?In global marketing, the task of setting prices is complicated by fluctuating exchange rates. Currency fluctuations can create significant problems and opportunities for the classic international company that exports from the home country.Inflation, or a persistent upward change in price levels, is a problem in many country markets. It can be caused by an increase in the money supply and currency devaluation. Governmental policies and regulations that affect pricing decisions include dumping legislation, resale price maintenance legislation, price ceilings, and general reviews of price levels.Pricing decisions are bounded not only by cost and nature of demand but also by competitive action.Competitive Behavior: If competitors do not adjust their prices in response to rising costs it is difficult to adjust your price to maintain operating margins; If competitors are manufacturing or sourcing I a lower-cost country, it may be necessary to cut prices to stay competitiveThe global marketer has several options for addressing the problem of price escalation orthe environmental factors described in the last section.2.Define the various types of pricing strategies and objectives available to globalmarketers.Market Skimming and Financial Objectives: Market Skimming charges a premium price which may occur at the introduction stage of product life cyclePenetration Pricing and Non-Financial Objectives: Penetration Pricing charges a low price in order to penetrate market quickly which appropriates to saturate market prior to imitation by competitors3.Identify some of the environmental constraints on global pricing decisions. Currency FluctuationsInflationary EnvironmentGovernment Controls, Subsidies, RegulationsCompetitive BehaviorSourcing4.Why do price differences in world markets often lead to gray marketing?Because price differences in world markets lead to trademarked products are exported from one country to another where they are sold by unauthorized persons or organizationsGray marketing occurs when product is in short supply, when producers use skimming strategies in some markets, and when goods are subject to substantial mark-ups 5.What is dumping? Why was dumping such an important issue during the UruguayRound of GATT negotiations?Sale of an imported product at a price lower than that normally charged in a domestic market or country of origin.P2966.What is transfer price? Why is it an important issue for companies with foreignaffiliates(外国子公司)? Why did transfer pricing in Europe take on increased importance in 1999?The transfer price is that Pricing of goods, services, and intangible property bought and sold by operating units or divisions of a company doing business with an affiliate in another jurisdiction.P2997.What is the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, and geocentric pricingstrategies? Which one would you recommend to a company that has global market aspirations?P291-292 PPT240-242pare and contrast the different forms of countertrade.Countertrade occurs when payment is made in some form other than moneyOptions–BarterThe least complex and oldest form of bilateral, non-monetary counter-tradeA direct exchange of goods or services between two parties–Counter-purchase P303-304–Offset–Compensation trading–Cooperation agreements–Switch trading第十章Global Marketing Channels and Physical Distribution1.In what ways can channel intermediaries create utility for buyers?ObjectivesMarketing channels exist to create utility for customers–Place utility -availability of a product or service in a location that is convenient to a potential customer–Time utility -availability of a product or service when desired by a customer–Form utility -availability of the product processed, prepared, in proper condition and/or ready to use–information utility -availability of answers to questions and general communicationabout useful product features and benefits2.What factors influence the channel structures and strategies available to globalmarketers?B2CThe characters of both buyers and products have an important influence on channel design.The number of individual buyers and their geographic distribution, income, shopping habits and different channel approaches.Products characters such as degree of standardization, perishability, bulk, service requirements, and unit price have an impact as well.Channels tends to be longer as the number of consumers to be served increases and the price per unit decreases. Bulky products usually require channel arrangements that minimize the shipping distances and the number of times products change hands before they reach the ultimate customer.B2BAs is true with consumer channels, product and consumer characteristics have an impact on channel structure. Three basic elements are involved: the manufacture's sales force, distributors or agents and wholesalers.Channel strategy in a global marketing program must fit the company's competitive position and overall marketing objectives in each national market.market factors: consumer profiles, market size and location of country.3.What is cherry picking? What approaches can be used to deal with this problem?P323pare and contrast the typical channel structures for consumer products andindustrial products.P340 PPT252-2555.Identify the different forms of retailing and cite an example of each form. Identifyretailers from as many different countries as you can.PPT258-259 P3256.Identify the four retail market expansion strategies discussed in the text. What factorsdetermine the appropriable mode?Organic–Company uses its own resources to open a store on a green field site or acquire one or more existing retail facilitiesFranchise–Appropriate strategy when barriers to entry are low yet the market is culturally distant in terms of consumer behavior or retailing structuresChain Acquisition–A market entry strategy that entails purchasing a company with multiple existing outlets in a foreign countryJoint Venture–This strategy is advisable when culturally distant, difficult-to-enter markets are targeted 7.What special distribution challenges exist in Japan? What is the best way for anon-Japanese company to deal with these challenges?第十一章Global Marketing Communications Decisions:Advertising and Public Relations1.In what ways can global brands and global advertising campaigns benefit a company? P3482.How does the “standardized versus localized” debate apply to advertising?Four difficulties that compromise an organization’s communicat ion efforts–The message may not get through to the intended recipient.–The message may reach the target audience but may not be understood or may even be misunderstood.–The message may reach the target audience and may be understood but still may not induce the recipient to take the action desired by the sender.–The effectiveness of the message can be impaired by noise.。
《国际市场营销学》课后习题答案
1、企业走向国际市场得主要动因就是什么？我国企业走向国际市场得动因有哪些特殊性？国内市场需求饱与及市场竞争激烈；国际市场得吸引力;政府鼓励与支持企业出口政策;科学技术发展为企业跨国经营提供物质前提；我国动因：国内市场竞争激烈;国外产品通过各种渠道大量涌入国内市场，使国内市场呈现出饱与状态，企业为实现产品得竞争日益激烈；获取国外先进科学技术及先进得管理技术；利用俩种资源与俩个市场获取国外低成本得生产资源及引进外资;2、什么就是国际市场营销？国际营销同国内营销有何联系与区别？国际市场营销就是指在一国以上把企业生产得商品或劳务引导到消费者或用户中去得经营活动;一)国际营销与国内营销得联系1．基础得共同性国际营销与国内营销都以经济学得基本原理作为理论基础。
现代管理学、统计学、数学、会计学、社会学、心理学等诸多学科得内容，既可以指导国内营销活动,又广泛运用于国际营销之中。
2．观念得一致性在当代经济活动中，国际营销观念与国内营销观念本质上就是一致得,都以“市场观念"作为指导原则，以满足消费者与用户得需求为中心。
所谓满足需求，一就是指满足消费者与用户对商品或服务在使用价值上得需求；二就是指满足消费者与用户得心理需求。
由于观念得一致性，企业得国内外营销活动也具有一致性,即企业在国内外营销活动中都必须做到：（1)企业生产、销售产品与服务都要有自己得目标市场,即要有特定得用户作为自己得买主;（２)企业提供得产品与服务,不仅在物质功能上而且在价值观念上，都要满足目标市场得需求；(３)企业销售产品与服务在时间、地点、方式、价格等方面,都必须便于顾客购买；(4）及时为顾客提供信息与满意得售后服务,以满足现实顾客与潜在顾客对商品与服务得多种需要。
3。
经营得延伸性在经营上，国际营销与国内营销往往存在一定得联系.就其经营发生得过程来瞧，国际营销就是国内营销得延伸。
粗略说来,企业先从事国内营销,再逐渐发展到国际营销。
也就就是说，企业发展国际营销,一般都有一个渐进得过程。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
单项选择题1.国际市场营销与国内市场营销相比，其表现为：(两者的理论来源和基础相同)2.( C .市场营销观念)是企业经营思想上的一次根本性的变革，被认为是现代市场营销学的“第一次革命”。
3.美国福特汽车公司创办人享利·福特曾说：不管顾客需要什么颜色，我的汽车就是黑色的。
这句话体现的是企业营销的( A 生产观念)。
4.( A《巴黎公约)的保护对象是工业产权，包括发明、实用新型、外观设计等。
5．大多数国家都热衷于“奖出限入”，原因很简单，净出口（出口减进口）是一国国内生产总值的重要组成部分。
另外，出口是很多国家外汇收入的主要来源，有利于保持良好的国际收支，维持本币币值的稳定。
主要的鼓励出口措施有（B 本币升值）6.(B人均国民收入)在一定程度上反映一国的经济发展水平和现代化程度，以及健康、教育、社会福利状况，对评估耐用消费品、奢侈消费品、休闲旅游产品和娱乐产品的市场规模具有重要的作用。
7.( . D交通设施)不属于自然环境因素。
8.以下四项中，( B居民市场)不属于组织市场。
9.人们对商品的品牌、包装、款式、特性等提出的需求属于( A心理需求)。
10.(经济因素)是影响购买这一经济行为的最基本因素。
1.( Ｃ. 抽样调研)就是从被调研对象的总体中，抽取一部分样本单位进行调研，用以推算总体。
它适用于一些使用量大、涉及面广的产品。
2.(Ａ内部报告系统)是企业最基本的信息系统，它以内部会计系统为主，辅之以销售信息系统而组成。
这是一个报导订单、存货水平、销售额、成本、利润、现金流量、应收帐款及应付帐款等等的系统，其中“订单、发货、帐单”的循环是该系统的核心，即销售人员把顾客的订单送至企业，负责管理订单的机构把有关订单的信息送至企业内部的有关部门，然后企业把帐单和货物一并送至购买者手中。
3.(Ｂ国际营销情报系统)是国际市场信息系统的最根本的组成因素，其主要作用是向营销管理人员及时提供外部环境发展变化的有关信息，从而给企业提供改革的动力，、为企业更好地适应外界环境提供基础。
4.按照(Ａ地理因素)细分，可把世界市场划分为北美市场、南美市场、东欧市场、西欧市场、亚洲市场及非洲市场等。
5. 按（Ｄ心理行为因素）心理因素和行为标准细分市场,有助于企业按照不同生活方式和购买动机的消费者群的需求特点设计产品、提供服务,并采取针对性的营销组合策略。
６．市场细分的概念是由美国的（Ｂ史密斯）教授于50年代中期首次提出的。
7.香水生产企业说服不使用香水的妇女使用香水，这里使用的是( Ａ. 发掘新的使用者策略)。
８．许可方和被许可方在协议有效期内，都具有在规定区域内使用该项技术制造和销售产品的权利。
即在规定的区域内，许可双方都有使用权，而其它厂商被排斥在外，许可方不得再将该项专有技术转让给第三方。
这种许可贸易的形式是（Ｄ排他许可）９．（Ｂ交钥匙工程）是指企业通过与外国企业签订合同并完成某一大型项目，然后将项目交付给对方的方式进入国际市场。
企业的责任一般包括项目设计、建造以及在交付项目之后提供服务，如提供管理和培训工人等，为对方经营该项目做准备。
１０．扩大市场需求量一般是（Ａ市场主导者）采取的营销策略。
１１．（Ａ服务竞争战略）的目标就是通过向消费者提供优质的或特色的服务来树立企业的形象，增加顾客忠诚度，从而扩大产品的销售额和市场占有率。
需要指出的是，这里的服务竞争战略所指的服务是指与有形产品相伴随的服务，而不是诸如金融、物流、心理咨询等服务商品。
1２.（Ｃ战略联盟）作为一种全新的现代组织形式，已被众多当代企业家视为企业发展全球战略最迅速、最经济的方法，已成为现代企业提高国际市场竞争力的有效形式，被称为“20世纪末最重要的组织创新”。
1.国际市场上对产品的需求量略有增长或达到饱和的程度，后期略有下降。
这是产品生命周期的(Ｃ.成熟期)阶段。
2.运用波士顿咨询公司法，市场占有率高，而市场增长率低的产品为（Ｂ金牛产品）。
3.美、英、澳大利亚等国采用(Ａ使用优先)商标所有权原则。
4.跨国公司为实现其全球战略和谋求最大利润，由上层决策者人为确定的内部贸易的价格叫（Ｃ转移价格）。
5.(Ａ直接营销渠道)是在商品经济不甚发达的条件下产生的，随着经济的发展，生产资料的销售常采用这种渠道。
6.一般日用消费品、工艺品中的标准件、通用小工具等多采用（Ｄ.广泛营销渠道）。
7.企业设计国际营销渠道结构主要应考虑(Ｂ.成本)、资金、控制、覆盖、特性和持续等6项重要因素，即所谓“6C”渠道策略。
8.一般来讲，生产资料产品的技术性强、行业差距大，购买者少但购买量大，因此，应以（Ａ人员推销）为主，其他促销方式为辅。
9.一般地，在消费品中，对于那些日用消费品，常常以（Ｃ广告）促销为主，其他促销手段为辅。
10.在产品的投入期，促销组合应以(Ｃ.广告与公共关系)为主。
11．不同的国际市场，有着不同的销售特点，应该采取不同的促销组合。
如果市场区域不大，用户比较集中，则较多采用（Ａ人员推销），配合其他促销方式12.在不同的购买者准备阶段，各种促销方式有不同的效果。
在消费者开始认识产品的阶段，（Ｃ.广告和公共关系）扮演主要的角色。
1.（Ｄ战略计划）是企业的长期计划，一般为5年左右，有的长达20年，它着眼于企业今后的主要目标和应采取的重大行动以及企业的发展战略和远景规划，它明确了企业今后的发展蓝图以及实现的步骤和方略。
2．（Ｄ.关系营销）关系营销最先由美国的营销学学者巴巴拉·本德·杰克逊于1985年提出的。
他认为交易营销更适合于“短浅眼光和低转换成本的顾客”,而此营销则投资用于“具有长远眼光的和高转换成本的顾客”。
3．（Ｃ.数据库营销）具有极强的针对性,是一种借助先进技术实现的“一对一”营销,可看作顾客化营销的特殊形式。
4.（Ｃ.绿色营销观念）强调企业利润、消费者利益、社会利益特别是环境利益的统一，体现的是一种全新的社会营销观念，它更加明确了从环境、资源、人口、社会、经济等诸方面的协调发展中确保社会与消费者的长远利益，使营销理念发展到一个新的阶段。
5.整合营销传播理论由美国西北大学教授(Ｄ. 舒尔兹)等人提出，被认为是市场营销理论在20世纪90年代的重大发展。
6.消费者对购物方便性的追求等观念的形成是( Ｂ.网络营销)产生的观念基础。
简答题1.什么是国际市场营销？答：国际市场营销就是对为一个以上国家的消费者或用户提供商品和服务的过程进行分析、定位，并开展产品开发、生产、定价、分销、促销、服务等相关活动，以满足用户需求，实现自己的利润目标。
2.国际营销政治环境的影响因素主要有哪些?答：国际市场营销政治环境的影响因素主要有：政治体制、政党制度、政治稳定性、对待外资的态度、政治干预、民族主义、国际关系等。
3.各国对广告的限制主要表现在哪些方面？答：各国对广告的限制主要有：第一，关于广告内容及真实性。
第二，关于广告宣传产品种类。
第三，对广告媒介的限制。
第四，对广告课税。
4.保护贸易政策的主要非关税措施有哪些？答：保护贸易政策主要包括各种限制进口的关税和非关税措施，目的是保护本国产业和市场免受外国商品的竞争。
非关税措施主要有以下形式：进口配额、进口许可证制、政府采购条款、最低限价制、海关程序、各种复杂苛刻的标准与规定等。
5.技术环境对国际营销的影响主要体现在哪些方面？答：技术环境对营销的影响主要体现在以下几个方面：.对需求的影响、对产品策略的影响、对交易方式的影响、对营销管理的影响、对竞争战略的影响等。
6.马斯洛将人们的需求依次划分为哪些层次？答：美国心理学家亚伯拉罕·马斯洛(Abraham H．Maslow)的“需求层次论”认为，人类的需要存在一个由低级到高级的阶梯，按其重要性与发展次序可分为生理需求（吃、穿、住）、安全需求（人身安全、健康保护）、社会需求（社会往来、友谊、爱情）、自尊需求（自尊心、荣誉感）和自我实现的需求（发挥自己的才能，实现某种理想）五个层次。
7.消费者购买决策的过程。
答：消费者购买购买决策过程一般可分为以下五个阶段，并制定相应的营销策略。
即认识需要；寻求信息；评估选择；决定购买；购后评估。
1.国际营销调研的程序。
答：（一）确定问题及调研目标；（二）确定为实现调研目标而需要的信息来源；（三）搜集有关信息；（四）分析、解释有关信息，并报告调研结果。
２.被选择的国际目标市场一般应具备哪些条件？答：企业在市场细分的基础上选定的目标市场应具备以下条件：（一）有一定的市场潜量；(二)企业能获得一定的利润；(三)企业对该市场有一定的竞争优势。
３.国际目标市场策略选择的影响因素。
答：企业在具体选择国际目标市场策略时，应综合考虑以下几方面因素：(一)企业资源条件；（二）产品的同质性；(三)市场的同质性；(四)产品寿命周期；（五）竞争者的市场策略。
４.契约进入国际市场模式主要有哪些方式？答：契约式进入国际市场的具体方法，随着国际营销实践的不断发展而日渐丰富，主要包括许可贸易、特许经营、合同生产、管理合同、交钥匙工程等形式。
５、常见的国际市场营销竞争战略有哪些？答：一、低成本竞争战略；二、产品差异化战略；三、目标聚焦竞争战略；四、服务竞争战略；五、网络竞争战略等。
６.什么是国际战略联盟？答：所谓战略联盟指的是两个或两个以上的企业为了一定的目的或实现战略目标，通过一定方式组成的优势互补、风险共担、要素双向或多向流动的松散型网络组织，战略联盟是自发的，联盟各方保持着经营的独立性，具有边界模糊、运作高效、机动灵活等特点。
国际战略联盟则是指跨越国境的战略联盟，其中至少有两个伙伴企业不在同一国境范围之内。
1.影响企业采取标准化产品策略的因素有哪些？答：影响企业采取标准化产品策略的因素主要有以下几个方面：1．生产的经济性。
2．产品研究开发的经济性。
3．市场营销的经济性。
4．国家形象。
5．消费者的流动性。
6．技术性能。
2.产品组合策略的种类有哪些？答：企业以产品组合为基础，结合国际市场的特性，可以有下列6种不同的产品组合策略：(一)全线策略；(二)市场专业化策略；(三)产品线策略；(四)限制性产品线策略；(五)产品项策略；(六)特别产品策略。
3.国际营销服务策略。
答：(一)服务有形化；(二)服务标准化和规范化；(三)服务延长化；(四)服务扩大化。
4.在国际市场上，选择中间商应注意考虑哪些问题？答：在国际市场上，选择中间商应注意考虑以下几个问题：1．中间商的位置。
2．中间商的能力。
3．中间商的信誉。
4．中间商的合作意愿和态度。
5.国际营销促销有何作用？答：（一）提供企业及其产品的信息，获取企业发展所需要的有关信息；（二）突出企业产品特色；（三）稳定销售市场；（四）增加企业产品的市场需求。
1.整合营销传播的核心内容。