2015河北工业大学考博英语真题阅读理解精练
考博英语(阅读理解)历年真题试卷汇编7(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（阅读理解）历年真题试卷汇编7(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 3. Reading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionWe have known for a long time that the organization of any particular society is influenced by the definition of the sexes and the distinction drawn between them. But we have realized only recently that the identity of each sex is not so easy to pin down, and that definitions evolve in accordance with different types of culture known to us, that is, scientific discoveries and ideological revolutions. Our nature is not considered as immutable, either socially or biologically. As we approach the beginning of the 21st century, the substantial progress made in biology and genetics is radically challenging the roles, responsibilities and specific characteristics attributed to each sex, and yet, scarcely twenty years ago, these were thought to be “ beyond dispute”. We can safely say, with a few minor exceptions, that the definition of the sexes and their respective functions remained unchanged in the West from the beginning of the 19th century to the 1960s. The role distinction, raised in some cases to the status of uncompromising dualism on a strongly hierarchical model, lasted throughout this period, appealing for its justification to nature, religion and customs alleged to have existed since the dawn of time. The woman bore children and took care of the home. The man set out to conquer the world and was responsible for the survival of his family, by satisfying their needs in peacetime and going to war when necessary. The entire world order rested on the divergence of the sexes. Any overlapping or confusion between the roles was seen as a threat to the time-honored order of things. It was felt to be against nature, a deviation from the norm. Sex roles were determined according to the “place” appropriate to each. Women’s place was, first and foremost, in the home. The outside world, i.e. workshops, factories and business firms, belonged to men. This sex-based division of the world(private and public)gave rise to a strict dichotomy between the attitudes, which conferred on each is special identity. The woman, sequestered at home, “cared, nurtured and conserved. “ To do this, she had no need to be daring, ambitious, tough or competitive. The man, on the other hand, competing with his fellow men, was caught up every day in the struggle for survival, and hence developed those characteristics which were thought natural in a man. Today, many women go out to work, and their reasons for doing so have changed considerably. Besides the traditional financial incentives, we find ambition and personal fulfillment motivating those in the most favorable circumstances, and the wish to have a social life and to get out of their domestic isolation influencing others. Above all, for all women, work is invariably connected with the desire for independence.1．It is only in recent years that we have recognized that______.A．there is almost no clue to the identity of both sexesB．the role distinction between different sexes is conspicuousC．the different definitions of sexes bears on the development of cultureD．the progress of civilization greatly influences the role definitions of sexes正确答案：D解析：细节题。
2015年社科院考博英语阅读理解真题模拟(5)-育明考博
2015年社科院考博英语阅读理解真题模拟（5）In taking up a new life across the Atlantic, the early European settlers of the United States did not abandon the diversions with which their ancestors had traditionally relieved the tedium of life. Neither the harshness of existence on the new continent nor the scattered population nor the disapproval of the clergy discouraged the majority from the pursuit of pleasure.City and country dwellers, of course, conducted this pursuit in different ways. Farm dwellers in their isolation not only found it harder to locate companions in play but also, thanks to the unending demands and pressures of their work, felt it necessary to combine fun with purpose. No other set of colonists took so seriously an expression of the period, "Leisure is time for doing something useful." In the countryside farmers therefore relieved the burden of the daily routine with such double-purpose relaxations as hunting, fishing, and trapping. When a neighbor needed help, families rallied from miles around to assist in building a house or barn, husking corn, shearing sheep, or chopping wood. Food, drink, and celebration after the group work provided relaxation and soothed weary muscles.The most eagerly anticipated social events were the rural parties. Hundreds of men, women, and children attended from far and near. The men bought or traded farm animals and acquired needed merchandise while the women displayed food prepared in their kitchens, and everyone, including the youngsters, watched or participated in a variety of competitive sports, with prizes awarded to the winners. These events typically included horse races, wrestling matches, and foot races, as well as some nonathletic events such as whistling competitions. No other occasions did so much to relieve the isolation of farm existence.With the open countryside everywhere at hand, city dwellers naturally shared in some ofthe rural diversions. Favored recreations included fishing, hunting, skating, and swimming. But city dwellers also developed other pleasures, which only compact communities made possible.（ＰＳ：The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba ;QQ:wu si qi ling liu san ba liu er）26. What is the passage mainly about?A) Methods of fanning used by early settlers of the United States.B) Hardships faced by the early settlers of the United States.C) Methods of buying, selling, and trading used by early settlers of the United States.D) Ways in which early settlers of the United States relaxed.27. What can be inferred about the diversions of the early settlers of the United States?A) They followed a pattern Begun in Europe.B) They were enjoyed more frequently than in Europe.C) The clergy organized them.D) Only the wealthy participated in them.28. Which of the following can be said about the country dwellers' altitude toward "thepursuit of pleasure" ?A) They felt that it should help keep their minds on their work.B) They felt that it was not necessary.C) They felt that it should be productive.D) They felt that it should not involve eating and drinking.29. What is meant by the phrase "double-purpose" in the 4th sentence in paragraph 2?A) Very frequent.B) Useful and enjoyable.C) Extremely necessary.D) Positive and negative.30. What will the author probably discuss in the paragraph following this passage?A) The rural diversions enjoyed by both urban and rural people.B) Leisure activities of city dwellers.C) Building methods of the early settlers in rural areas.D) Changes in lifestyles of settlers as they moved答案及解析请查阅育明考博或致电垂询 本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
2015年考博英语真题应用
2015年考博英语真题应用真题应用很关键考博英语对于很多考生来说，是困扰他们的一大难关。
从每年英语没过线的考生人数就可以看出，英语复习必须全力以赴，容不得半点侥幸心理，只有付出才有收获。
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首先，词汇是基础。
词汇是英语的基石，但是我们都知道词汇的记忆是一项很枯燥的工作，因为它要的是真功夫。
关于词汇的学习根据每个人的不同情况会有不同的方法，常见的背诵单词书、做真题记单词。
关于第一种背诵方法有两点建议：在整块背诵的基础上注意零余时间的利用，比如随身携带一本小的单词书，只要有时间就拿出来看看;关于词汇书的选择，推荐西北大学出版的《考博词汇红宝书》和《考博英语词汇速记宝典》，在记单词的过程中，把不认识的单词标记出来，并且，重新抄写到一张新的纸上，一天记一个单元或者两个单元，就有新的一张或两张纸的陌生词汇被整理出来，然后，重点记忆这些陌生词汇，效率更高。
关于第二种的背诵方法，也是得到很多同学推崇的，做真题记单词，通过语境来记忆，就是从阅读中把单词挑出来背，做一篇阅读要把时间控制在15分钟以内，做完了要花大概45分钟去弄懂，光做不研究是没有效果的。
而且要切记，词汇记忆是每天的必修课。
再说，阅读。
阅读是大头，是做好其他一切题型的基础和前提。
而且不能只是做，一定要分析每一道题，你做对了，为什么做对了?做错了，为什么错?命题的思路是什么，一定要研究透彻。
特别推崇书上说的要读文章，大声的读以培养语感，以及更深刻的理解每一篇文章，读的时候会发现看的时候没有注意到的问题，当然又一次的温习了单词。
也可以把阅读中自己感觉比较好的句型记在小本子上，为以后的写作做好积累。
一般到了九月就可以做十年真题了。
考博英语最宝贵最权威的资料就是十年真题，它有自己的出题套路，反复做反复咀嚼就能培养题感。
阅读到最后，真题都特别熟了，可以做点模拟题，测下自己的水平。
2015年全国医学博士入学统一考试英语真题及答案解析
2015年全国医学博士入学统一考试英语真题及答案解析Part I: Listening comprehension(略)Part II: Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four word or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Despite his doctor’s note of caution, he never____from dring and smorking.A. retainedB. dissuadedC. alleviatedD. abstained32. people with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to____their hearing.A. rehabilitateB. jeopardizeC. tranquilizeD. supplement33. impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to____larry in any way in his success.A. refuteB. ratifyC. facilitateD. impede34. when the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their plan______.A. accordinglyB. alternativelyC. considerablyD. relatively35. it is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_____ future adults with appreciation of music.A. acquaintB. familiarizedC. endowD. amuse36. if the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy prices_____A. level outB. stand outC. come offD. wear off37. heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate_____ from qualified medical personnel.A. prescriptionB. palpationC. interventionD. interposition38. asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and_____ of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A. offsetB. intakeC. outletD. onset39. ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine,______ and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.A. salineB. salivaC. scabiesD. scrabs40. the newly designed system is ____ to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.A. comparableB. transmissibleC. translatableD. amenable Section BDirections: each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it issubstituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41. every year more than 1000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A. propellingB. prolongingC. puzzlingD. promising42. improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A. disgraceB. discriminationC. harassmentD. segregation43. surviviors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude.A. depletionB. dehydrationC. exhaustionD. handicap44. scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.A. negativeB. confusingC. eloquentD. indistinct45. top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A. anticipateB. clarifyC. examineD. verify46. his imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A. challengingB. solemnC. hostileD. demanding47. the discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A. erasedB. triggeredC. shadowedD. suspended48. faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger, so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench it.A. nurtureB. eliminateC. assimilateD. puncture49. some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A. unpredictableB. unconventionalC. unparalleledD. unexpected50. a veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating touchy situation.A. estimatingB. handlingC. rectifyingD. anticipatingPart III Cloze(10%)Direction: in this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases 51 a new case report published in PNAS this week.According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth 52 tumors were discovered in her daughter’s cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby’s cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cellsof the mother. But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father 53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child’s body across the placental barrier.The Guardian claimed this to be the fires 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier. But this is not the case----microchimerism 55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 70 percent of cases and to go the other way about half,56.As the BBC pointed out, the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer, in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells, which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched.59, according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of “cancer danger”. Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined 60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby’s immune system is extremely low.51. A. suggests B. suggesting C. having suggested D. suggested52. A. since B. although C. whereas D. when53. A. what B. whom C. who D. as54. A. predicted B. notorious C. proven D. detailed55. A. where B. when C. if D. whatever56. A. as many B. as much C. as well D. as often57. A. threat B. puzzle C. obstacle D. dilemma58. A. detection B. deletion C. amplification D. addition59. A. therefore B. furthermore C. nevertheless D. conclusively60. A. likelihood B. function C. influence D. flexibilityPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions: in this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneThe American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish byhalf.First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-first-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.Pfizer announced that one such drug it’s pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests, and 9 out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent?Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent response to a cancer drug(or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would’ve been two competing companies hadn’t sat down and put their heads together.Are there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary information? Who’s to say, but it seems like with the amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the outcome pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology’s favorite four-letter word: cure.61. which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Competition and CooperationB.Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC. The promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD. Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug62. in cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals now ____A. are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB. are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC. are investing the lion’s shares of their moneyD. care only about their profits63. from the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer that____A. the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB. it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC. other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD. the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy64. from the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question___A. is nowhere to be foundB. can drive one crazyC. can be multipleD. is conditional65. the tone of the author of this passage seems to be_____A. neutralB. criticalC. negativeD. potimistPassage TwoLiver disease is the 12th leading cause of death in the US, chiefly because once it’s determined that a patient needs a new liver it’s difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there’s guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-grown livers into rats.The livers aren’t grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold(支架) with liver cells isolated from health livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days.The team also translated some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rat’s vascular systems. However, the current method isn’t perfect and can not seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can’t keep functioning for more than about 24 hours(hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat thansplant).But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong—and especially if stem-cell research established a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants-lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.66. it can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended to____A. investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB. explore the unknown functions of the human liverC. reduce the incidence of liver disease in the US.D. address the source of liver transplants67. what does the author mean when he says that the livers aren’t grown from scratch?A. the making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architectureB. a huge step toward building functioning livers in the labC. the building of the infrastructure of a donor liverD. growing liver cells in the donor organ68. the biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab until____A. duplicated syntheticallyB. isolated from the healthy liverC. repopulated with the healthy cellsD. the addition of some man-made blood vessels69. what seems to be the problem in the planted liver?A. the rats as wrong recipientsB. the time point of the transplantationC. the short period of the recellularizationD. the insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels70. the research team holds high hopes of_____A. creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB. the timetable for generating human livers in the labC. stem-cell research as the future of medicineD. building a fully functioning liver into ratsPassage ThreePatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical bums typically experience severe damage to the cornea—the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye’s focusing ability. In a long-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful on several patients whose bum injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient’s healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however, stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient’s own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.The result of the study, based at Italy’s University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journalof Medicine.71. what is the main idea of this passage?A. stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by bums.B. the vision in the eyes blinded by bums for 10 years can be restoredC. the restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for10 yearsD. the burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons72. the Italian technique reported in this passage_____A. can repair damaged retinasB. is able to treat damaged optic nervesC. is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD. shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea73. which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye bums?A. the places in which people workB. the accidents that involve using household cleaning productsC. the mishaps that involved vehicles batteriesD. the disasters caused by battery explosion at home74. what is one of the requirements for the current approach?A. the stem cells taken from a healthy eyeB. the patient physically healthyC. the damaged eye with partial visionD. the blindness due to damaged optic nerves75. which of the following words can best describe the author’s attitude towards the new method?A. sarcasticB. indifferentC. criticalD. positivePassage FourHere is a charming statistic: divide the us by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday, a typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies—and are only party explained by access to healthcare.But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail(开创), after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city’s black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What’s exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies that it both probes the mechanisms invlilved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation. Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health , similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health, in populations ranging from urban black men to while poor women in rural Appalachia.To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a “soft science” with little that’s serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle—fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicine.It’s time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society’s most deprived members. More important, it’s time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor.76. as shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects______.A. injustice everywhereB. racial discriminationC. a growing life spanD. health inequalities77. which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based project?A. where to liveB. which race to belong toC. how to adjust environmentallyD. what medical problem to suffer78. the Chicago-based project focuses its management on_____A. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment79. which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologists?A. the racial perspectiveB. the environmental aspectC. the biological dimensionD. the psychological angel80. the author is a big fan of______A. the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB. the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC. the mutual understanding and respect between racesD. public education and health promotionPassage FiveAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8,2010, in the journal Science.One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered, according to a report on the findings published in the Wall Street Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a 60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says.The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJ reports. At the very least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs.It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008.The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amid the cells of the African—American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. They used the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45’s cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodies.Scientists have already discovered plenty of antibodies that either don’t work at all or only work on a couple of HIV strains. Last year marked the first time that researchers found ”broadly neutralizing antibodies”, which knock out many HIV strains. But none of those antibodies neutralized more than about 40 percent of them, the WSJ says. The newest antibody, at 91 percent neutralization , is a marked improvement.Still, more work needs to be done to ensure the antibodies would activate the immune system to produce natural defenses against AIDS, the study authors say. They suggest there test methods that blend the three new antibodies together—in raw form to prevent transmission of the virus, such as from mother to child; in a microbicide gel that women or gay men could use before sex to prevent infection; or as a treatment for HIV/AIDS, combined with antiretroviral drug.If the scientists can find the right way to stimulate production of the antibodies, they think most people could produce then, the WSJ says.81. we can learn from the beginning of the passage that_______A. a newly discovered antibody defeats 91% of the HIV strainsB. a new antiretroviral drug has just come on the marketC. American researchers have developed a new vaccine for HIVD. the African—American gay man was cured of this HIV infection82. what is the implication of the antibodies discovered in the cells of the African—American gay man?A. they can cure the 33 million AIDS patients in the worldB. they may strengthen the effects of the existing antiretroviral drugsC. they will kill all the HIV virusesD. they will help make a quick diagnosis of an HIV infection83. the newest antibody found in Donor 45 reflects a dramatic advance in terms of_____.A. pathologyB. pharmacologyC. HIV neutralizationD. HIV epidemiology84. according to the study authors, the three test methods are intended to____.A. advance the technology in condom production to prevent HIV infectionB. facilitate the natural immune defense against AIDSC. develop more effective antiretroviral drugs85. the passage is most likely_____.A. a news reportB. a paper in ScienceC. an excerpt from an Immunology TextbookD. an episode in a science fiction novel.Passage SixWhitening the world's roofs would offset the emissions of the world's cars for 20 years, according to a new study from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.Overall, installing lighter-colored roofs and pavement can cancel the heat effect of two years of global carbon dioxide emissions, Berkeley Lab says. It's the first roof-cooling study to use a global model to examine the issue.Lightening-up roofs and pavement can offset 57 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide, about double the amount the world emitted in 2006, the study found. It was published in the journalEnvironmental Research Letters.Researchers used a conservative estimate of increased albedo, or solar reflection, suggesting that purely white roofs would be even better. They increased the albedo of all roofs by 0.25 and pavement by 0.15. That means a black roof, which has an albedo of zero, would only need to be replaced by a roof of a cooler color -- which might be more feasible to implement than a snowy white roof, Berkeley Lab says.The researchers extrapolated a roof's CO2 offset over its average lifespan. If all roofs were converted to white or cool colors, they would offset about 24 gigatons (24 billion metric tons) of CO2, but only once. But assuming roofs last about 20 years, the researchers came up with 1.2 gigatons per year. That equates to offsetting the emissions of roughly 300 million cars, all the cars in the world, for 20 years.Pavement and roofs cover 50 to 65 percent of urban areas, and cause a heat-island effect because they absorb so much heat. That's why cities aresignificantly warmer than their surrounding rural areas. This effect makes it harder -- and therefore more expensive -- to keep buildings cool in the summer. Winds also move the heat into the atmosphere, causing a regional warming effect.Energy Secretary Steven Chu, a Nobel laureate in physics (and former Berkeley Lab director), has advocated white roofs for years. He put his words into action Monday by directing all Energy Department offices to install white roofs. All newly installed roofs will be white, and black roofs might be replaced when it is cost-effective over the lifetime of the roof."Cool roofs are one of the quickest and lowest-cost ways we can reduce our global carbon emissions and begin the hard work of slowing climate change," he said in a statement.86. which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. a Decline in Car EmissionsB. white Roofs or Black PavementsC. the Effect of Linghting-up RoofsD. climate Change and Extreme Weathers87. a indicated by the passage, black roofs______A. are better than snowy white onesB. reflect not heat from the sunC. are more expensive to build in the urban areasD. are supposed to be placed by snowy white ones88. if they are converted to white or cooler colors, all roofs in the world in their lifetime_____A. can absorb 1.2 gigattons of CO2 a yearB. could serve as 300 million cars in terms of emissionC. would offset the emissions from 300 million carsD. would offset about 24 gigatons of CO2 as emitted from the cars89. according to the passage, it is hard and expensive to keep the urban buildings cool because of______A. the heat-island effectB. the lack of seasonal windsC. the local unique weatherD. the fast urban shrinkage90. energy Secretary Steven Chu implies that_____A. nothing could be more effective in cooling global warming than method he has advocatedB. the method in question still needs to be justified in the futureC. our global carbon emissions can be reduced by half if cool roofs are installedD. weather change and global warming can be addressed in no timePart V Writing(20%)Directions: in this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage.什么是健康？人的健康包括身体健康和心理健康两个方面。
河北工业大学考博容易[河北工业大学考博英语题型分析]
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河北工业大学考博容易[河北工业大学考博英语题型分析] xx河北工业大学考博英语历年真题一、招考介绍从整体上看，由于博士生招生形势的不断发展各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大，对考生的外语水平要求也越来越高，特别是听、说能力。
攻读博士学位的学生，一方面应该具备坚实的专业理论基础和扎实的科研能力，另一方面还应该具备较高水平的外语能力。
二、河北工业大学考博英语题型Part1:词汇15题15分；Part2:完型20题20分Part3:阅读理解3篇15题30分；Part4:短文纠错10题10分；Part5:短文翻译25分（英译汉15分，汉译英10分）三、考博英语必备参考书育明考博教研部主编,河北大学出版社出版的《考博英语真题解析》和《考博词汇》是考博人必备的两本书。
在当当网，亚马逊和全国各大书店均有销售，也可以联系我们直接购买。
四、联系导师在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。
大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。
因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。
一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。
在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。
如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。
通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。
导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种：（1）、欢迎报考。
这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。
我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。
（2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。
很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。
其实这样还是比较好的一种回答，最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己，考的好就可以上。
(3）、你的研究方向和我一样......各种一大堆他的研究方向和你相关，欢迎报考什么的话。
河北工业大学考博容易[河北工业大学考博英语题型分析]
河北工业大学考博容易[河北工业大学考博英语题型分析] xx河北工业大学考博英语历年真题一、招考介绍从整体上看，由于博士生招生形势的不断发展各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大，对考生的外语水平要求也越来越高，特别是听、说能力。
攻读博士学位的学生，一方面应该具备坚实的专业理论基础和扎实的科研能力，另一方面还应该具备较高水平的外语能力。
二、河北工业大学考博英语题型Part1:词汇15题15分；Part2:完型20题20分Part3:阅读理解3篇15题30分；Part4:短文纠错10题10分；Part5:短文翻译25分（英译汉15分，汉译英10分）三、考博英语必备参考书育明考博教研部主编,河北大学出版社出版的《考博英语真题解析》和《考博词汇》是考博人必备的两本书。
在当当网，亚马逊和全国各大书店均有销售，也可以联系我们直接购买。
四、联系导师在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。
大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。
因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。
一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。
在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。
如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。
通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。
导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种：（1）、欢迎报考。
这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。
我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。
（2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。
很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。
其实这样还是比较好的一种回答，最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己，考的好就可以上。
(3）、你的研究方向和我一样......各种一大堆他的研究方向和你相关，欢迎报考什么的话。
(完整word版)2015年全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题
2015 年全国医学博士外语统-入学考试英语试题1 请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按”考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2。
试卷一（Paper One)答案和试卷二（PaperTwo）答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。
3。
试卷一答题时必须使用28 铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑：如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。
书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
4。
标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。
5。
听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15 秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPERONEPart 1 : Listening comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation，you will hear a question about what is said，The question will be read only once, After you hear the question，read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C, and D。
Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEETListen to the following example。
You will hear.Woman：1 fell faint.Man: No wonder You haven’t had a bite all day Question: What's the matter with the woman? You will read。
中考英语试卷(真题)2015 河北卷(试卷+答案)
2015年河北省初中毕业生升学文化课考试英语(含答案全解全析)(满分:120分时间:120分钟)卷Ⅰ(选择题,共80分)听力部分(略)笔试部分Ⅴ.单项选择(共15小题,每小题1分,计15分)选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
26.Look at calendar.It s June 22.A.aB.anC.theD./27.My brother likes painting.It s one of hobbies.A.myB.herC.hisD.your28.There s an important football match today.I miss it.A.mayB.can tC.mustD.needn t29.Could you please take my picture? Here is my .A.printerB.radioC.playerD.camera30.Mom,I m very for all your love.A.thankfulB.carefulefulD.helpful31.I the shops.Can I get you anything?A.go toB.went toC.have gone toD.am going to32.Paula is pleased that she her lost watch.A.findsB.foundC.has foundD.will find33.The movie covers all of Chinese history.It is worth seeing again.A.mainlyB.reallyC.possiblyD.hardly34.We re proud that China stronger and stronger these years.A.will becomeB.becameC.is becomingD.was becoming35.This food is free.You don t have to it.A.look forB.pay forC.ask forD.wait for36.Grace this game every time we play.A.winsB.wonC.will winD.has won37.I saw Jeff in the park.He on the grass and reading a book.A.sitsB.satC.is sittingD.was sitting38.Everybody deeply after they heard the story.A.movesB.movedC.is movedD.was moved39.—It s important for us to know all the subjects.—Yeah,group work is my favorite.A.how to studyB.when to studyC.which to studyD.what to study40.—Could you tell me ?—Talking about festivals.A.how they are playingB.what they are doingC.where they are goingD.why they are practicingⅥ.完形填空(共10小题,每小题1分,计10分)阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后从各小题所给的四个选项中选出最佳选项。
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2015河北工业大学考博英语真题阅读理解精练The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism about advertisers’claims that heat pumps can provide as many as two units of thermal energy for each unit of electrical energy used,thus apparently contradicting the principle of energy conservation.Heat pumps circulate a fluid refrigerant that cycles alternatively from its liquid phase to its vapor phase in a closed loop.The refrigerant,starting as a low-temperature,low-pressure vapor,enters a compressor driven by an electric motor.The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot,dense vapor and flows through a heat exchanger called the condenser,which transfers heat from the refrigerant to a body of air.Now the refrigerant,as a high-pressure,cooled liquid,confronts a flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop.As the pressure falls,the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes,becoming chilled.It then passes through a second heat exchanger,the evaporator,which transfers heat from the air to the refrigerant,reducing the temperature of this second body of air.Of the two heat exchangers,one is located inside, and the other one outside the house,so each is in contact with a different body of air:room air and outside air,respectively The flow direction of refrigerant through a heat pump is controlled by valves.When the refrigerant flow is reversed,the heat exchangers switch function.This flow-reversal capability allows heat pumps either to heat or cool room air.Now,if under certain conditions a heat pump puts out more thermal energy than it consumes in electrical energy,has the law of energy conservation been challenged?No,not even remotely:the additional input of thermal energy into the circulating refrigerant via the evaporator accounts for the difference in the energy equation.Unfortunately there is one real problem.The heating capacity of a heat pump decreases as the outdoor temperature falls.The drop in capacity is caused by the lessening amount of refrigerant mass moved through the compressor at one time.The heating capacity is proportional to this mass flow rate:the less the mass of refrigerant being compressed,the less the thermal load it can transfer through the heat-pump cycle.The volume flow rate of refrigerant vapor through the single-speed rotary compressor used in heat pumps is approximately constant.But cold refrigerant vapor entering a compressor is at lower pressure than warmer vapor.Therefore,the mass of cold refrigerant—and thus the thermal energy it carries—is less than if the refrigerant vapor were warmer before compression Here,then,lies a genuine drawback of heat pumps:in extremely cold climates—where the most heat is needed—heat pumps are least able to supply enough heat（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-l iu jiu qi ba QQ:si jiu san san qi yi liu er liu）1.The primary purpose of the text is to[A]explain the differences in the working of a heat pump whenthe outdoor temperature changes.[B]contrast the heating and the cooling modes of heat pumps.[C]describe heat pumps,their use,and factors affecting their use.[D]advocate the more widespread use of heat pumps.2.The author resolves the question of whether heat pumps run counter to the principle of energy conservation by[A]carefully qualifying the meaning of that principle.[B]pointing out a factual effort in the statement that gives rise to this question.[C]supplying additional relevant facts.[D]denying the relevance of that principle to heat pumps.3.It can be inferred from the text that,in the course of a heating season,the heating capacity of a heat pump is greatest when[A]heating is least essential.[B]electricity rates are lowest.[C]its compressor runs the fastest.[D]outdoor temperatures hold steady.4.If the author’s assessment of the use of heat pumps(lines 1-4)is correct,which of the following best expresses the lesson that advertisers should learn from this case?[A]Do not make exaggerated claims about the products you are trying to promote.[B]Focus your advertising campaign on vague analogies and veiledimplications instead of on facts.[C]Do not use facts in your advertising that will strain the prospective client’s ability to believe.[D]Do not assume in your advertising that the prospective clients know even the most elementary scientific principles.5.The text suggests that heat pumps would be used more widely if[A]they could also be used as air conditioners.[B]they could be moved around to supply heat where it is most needed.[C]their heat output could be thermostatically controlled.[D]people appreciated the role of the evaporator in the energy equation.[答案与考点解析]1.【答案】C【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。