第二章 FACTS概述

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The facts新概念英语第三册

The facts新概念英语第三册

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Not only had the poor man been arrested, but he had been sent to prison as well.
It's not only legal, but it is also very popular. (Not only is it legal, but it is also very popular.)
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Editors of newspapers and magazines often go to extremes to provide their re aders with unimportant facts and statis tics. editorial adj. n.
go from one extreme to the other
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'Hundreds of steps lead to the high wall which surrounds the president's palace.'
Carelessness can lead to serious problem.
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The journalist immediately set out to obtain these important facts...
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4„ B 课文中的and then强调动作的先后。 -- Having seen the movie, they went for a walk.
6... D a reply表示“任意”的一个答复 7... B unless = if not 一般过去时 8„ C inform sb of/about sth 9„ C public n.公众, (特定的)人群 audience n.听众, 观众 lecture n.演讲

论休谟主义理由观的“主体性事实”概念

论休谟主义理由观的“主体性事实”概念

·外国伦理思想·主体性事实””概念论休谟主义理由观的“主体性事实卢俊豪[摘要]当代元伦理学家在规范性研究方面,呈现出了从“语义分析”到“事实描述”的研究转向。

其中,帕菲特作为非自然主义元伦理学的代表人物,曾提出一个重要的观点:规范性事实并不等同于在规范性意义上具有重要性的事实。

但在这一区分下,种种具有规范重要性的事实何以重要?事实何以提供真正能够激发我们行动的实践理由?这些问题仍需更具体的说明。

为了回应这些问题,引入和聚焦“主体性事实”这一概念就显得十分必要,这不仅有助于澄清一种休谟主义的规范性理由观,而且还将说明:休谟主义理论如何可以像外在主义那样捕捉到规范性理由之“客观性”,同时解决“事实何以提供理由”这一实践难题。

[关键词]规范性;事实;理由;欲望;休谟主义[作者简介]卢俊豪,中山大学哲学系博士后,助理研究员。

当代许多哲学家在研究规范性时,都会把行动理由和信念理由作为规范性的逻辑起点,从理由的角度来理解道德规范性。

这是摆脱现代世界道德规范“立法者缺位”的“类法”困境的有效途径。

同时,道德规范性的议题也是当代哲学理论“理由转向”(Turning to Reasons)运动的一个重要组成部分。

其中,帕菲特和斯坎伦提出了理由基础主义这种具有特色的规范性主张,他们诉诸规范性理由有一共同的基本立场:“规范论述中的命题(不论是应然命题或是评价命题),最终必须诉诸‘理由’概念,才能较完整地理解其内容、评估其重要性(如果这些规范命题有重要性的话)……规范命题本身就是在断言理由的存在。

”[1](i)并且,“‘理由’一词有一个简单的意思是指提供支持的事实:凡提供支持的事实就是理由”[1](i-ii)。

正是理由的存在,使得我们作为能动者对外在世界的种种反应成为恰当、合理的反应,在这个意义上,理由成了我们评价某些反应、思想、行动的规范性依据,能够使我们对外在世界作出恰当反应的事实,就会成为我们的理由①。

国际私法-英文名解汇总-纲目版

国际私法-英文名解汇总-纲目版

国际私法英文名解汇总纲目版第一章国际私法概述Civil and commercial legal relations with(involving) foreign elements = international civil and commercial legal relations 具(含)有涉外(国际)因素的民商事法律关系/跨国民商事法律关系/国际民商事法律关系/涉外民商事法律关系Conflict rules = rule of application of law = choice of law rules = rule of private international law 冲突规范/法律适用规范/法律选择规范/国际私法规范Substantive rules 实体规范Conflict of laws 法律冲突/法律抵触Interspatial conflict of laws 法律的空间冲突Interpersonal conflict of laws 法律的人际冲突Intertemporal conflict of laws = conflicts mobiles 法律的时际冲突/动态冲突Interregional conflict of laws 法律的区际冲突International conflict of laws 法律的国际冲突Horizontal conflict 平面冲突Vertical conflict 垂直冲突Jus civile 市民法Extraterritorial effect of laws 法律的域外效力Personal supremacy 属人优越权Territorial effect of laws 法律的域内效力Territorial supremacy 属地优越权Uniform substantive rules 统一实体法规范Supernational law 超国家规范Theory of statutes 法则区别说Post-glossarist 后期注释学者Private international law = 【法】droit international privé = 【意】diritto international privato = 【西】deracho international privato = 【葡】direito internacional privado 私国际法International private law = 【德】internationalen privatrechts 国际私法Conflicts law = 【荷】de conflictu legum = the law of the conflict of laws = the conflict of laws 冲突法/法律冲突法/法律冲突The Hague Conference of Private Internatioal Law 海牙国际私法会议第二章国际私法的渊源Forum shopping 挑选法院Regulations 规定Directives 指令第三章国际私法立法与学说的历史发展/国际私法的历史Theory of statutes 法则区别说Statuta 法则Statuta realia 物的法则Statuta personalia 人的法则Statuta mixta 混合法则Lex originis 出生地法Jus civile 市民法Jus gentium 万民法Period of racial laws = period of personal laws 种族法时期/属人法时期Post-glossarist 后期注释法学派Bartolus 巴托鲁斯Baldus 巴尔多(斯)Charles Dumoulin 杜摩林Autonomie de la volonté =L'autonomie de la volonté = autonomy of will 意思自治原则D'Argentré达让特莱Ulicus Huber 胡伯De conflictu legum 法律冲突Comitas gentium 国际礼让说Savigny 萨维尼Sitz des rechtsverhältnisses 法律关系本座说Seat 本座Copernican revolution 哥白尼革命Mancini 孟西尼Story 斯托里Dicey 戴西Doctrine of vested rights 既得权说Theory of local law = local law theory 本地法说Cook 库克Judicial attitude 司法态度Theory of governmental interests analysis 政府利益说Brainerd Currie 柯里Principle of preference theory 优先选择原则说Cavers 卡弗斯Five-choice-influencing considerations = Better law approach 法律选择五点考虑/较好法律的方法Leflar 莱弗拉尔Doctrine of lex fori 法院地法说Ehrenzweig 艾伦茨威格Forum shopping 挑选法院Forum conveniens 方便法院Proper forum 适当法院Doctrine of the most significant relationship 最密切联系说Fuld 富德Reese 里斯Bartiffol 巴迪福Particularism---nationalism school 特殊主义——国家主义学派Zitelmann 齐特尔曼Universalism---internationalism school 普遍主义——国际主义学派Rabel 拉沛尔Kegel 克格尔Interesse jurisprudenz 利益法学Francescakis 弗朗西斯卡基斯Loi d'application immédiate 直接适用的法Exclusivnormen 专属规范Loi d'application nécessaire 必须适用的法Spatial conditional rules 空间受调解的规范Legislatively localized laws 立法定位法Particular choice of law clauses 特殊法律选择条款Proper law doctrine “自体法”理论Functional analysis 功用分析说Comparative-impairment approach 比较损害方法Comprehensive interest analysis 综合利益分析Comparative private international law school 比较法学派第四章冲突规范与准据法Conflict rules = rule of application of law = choice of law rules = rule of private international law 冲突规范/法律适用规范/法律选择规范/国际私法规范Lex causae = applicable law 准据法Category = Object of connection = classification of issue = operative facts 范围/连接对象/问题的分类/起作用的事实Attribution 系属Unilateral conflict rules 单边冲突规范Bilateral conflict rules = all-sided conflict rules 双边冲突规范Double rules for regulating the conflict of laws 重叠适用的冲突规范Choice rules for regulating the conflict of laws 选择适用的冲突规范Point of contact = connecting factor = connecting ground 连接点/连接因素/连接根据Natural connexion 自然联系Objective point of contact 客观连接点Subjective point of contact 主观连接点Variable point of contact 动态连接点Constant point of contact 静态连接点Anknǜpfungsbegriff 【德】法律概念(作为连接点)/连接概念Open-ended 开放的(连接点)Black-letter 硬性(连接点)Open-ended conflict rules 灵活性冲突规范Softening process 软化处理Dépécage 分割规则Proper law of the torts 侵权行为自体法Formula of attribution 系属公式Lex personalis 属人法Lex patriae 本国法/国籍国法Personal law of a legal person 法人属人法Lex domicilii 住所地法Habitual residence 惯常居所Lex rei sitae = lex loci situs = lex situs 物之所在地法Lex loci actus 行为地法Locus regit actum 场所支配行为Lex loci contractus 合同缔结地法Lex loci solutionis 合同履行地法Lex loci delicti 侵权行为地法Lex loci celebratiois 婚姻举行地法Lex voluntatis 当事人合意选择的法律Autonomie de la volonté =L'autonomie de la volonté = autonomy of will 意思自治原则Lex fori 法院地法Law of the flag 旗国法Law of the place of the most significant relationship 最密切联系地法Lex causae = applicable law 准据法Rule of law 法律规范Conflicts mobiles 动态冲突Preliminary question = incidental problem 先决问题/附带问题Principal question 主要问题/本问题Result-selecting rules = rules-selecting rules 结果选择(方法)/规则选择Jurisdiction-selecting rules 管辖权选择方法Dépécage 分割方法The Comparative-impairment approach 比较损害方法Kentucky method 肯塔基方法The Functional analysis approach 功能分析方法Substance 实体问题Procedure 程序问题Right 权利(问题)/实体问题Remedy 救济(问题)/程序问题Statues of limitation 时效问题Borrowing statue(statute) “借用”法规Burden of proof 举证责任Presumptions 推定Presumptions of fact 事实的推定Presumptions of law 法律的推定Rebuttable presumptions of law 可反驳的法律推定Irrebuttable presumptions of law 不可反驳的法律推定第五章适用冲突规范的一般制度Characterization = qualification = classification = identification 识别/定性/分类Latente gesetzes kollisionen 隐存的法律冲突/识别冲突Conflict between conflic rules 冲突规则之间的冲突Movable property 动产Immovable property 不动产Personal property v. Real property Primary characterization 一级识别Secondary characterization 二级识别The theory of analytical jurisprudence and comparative law 分析法学与比较法说Funktionelle qualifikatic 功能定性说Renvoi 反致Remission = renvoi au premier degré直接反致/一级反致/狭义反致Transmission = renvoi au second degré转致/二级反致Indirect remission 间接反致/大反致Double renvoi = foreign court theory 双重反致/外国法院说Evasion of law = fraude a la loi = fraudulent creation of points of contact 法律规避/法律欺诈/僭窃法律/欺诈设立连接点Fraus omnia corrumpit 欺诈使一切归于无效Public order = public policy = 【法】ordre public = 【德】vorbehaltskausel 公共秩序/【英美】公共政策/【德】保留条款The reservation of public order 公共秩序保留制度Statuta odiosa 令人厌恶的法则Legal policy 法律政策Distinctive policy 特殊政策Repugnancy 可恶性perniciousness 有害性Viciousness 邪恶性Substantial contact 实质的联系The ascertainment of foreign law = proof of foreign law 外国法(内容)的查明/外国法的证明Jura novit curia 法官知法Artificial 矫揉造作Revisio in jure 法律审第六章国际私法的主体Nationality 国籍Allegiance 忠诚Obedience 服从Contract 契约Nationality by birth = nationalité de l'origine 生来国籍/原始国籍Jus sanguinis 血统主义Jus soli 出生地主义Nationalité secondaire 派生国籍/传来取得Nationalité effective 实际国籍Conflict of nationalities 国籍冲突Domicile of origin 原始住所Domicile of choice 选择住所Statutory domicile = domicile of dependency 法定住所/从属住所Residence 居所Habitual resident 习惯居所/惯常居所Legal person 法人Public body 公共团体State immunity 国家豁免Immunity from jurisdiction = immunity ratione personae 司法管辖豁免/属人理由的豁免Immunity from execution/immunity ratione materiae 执行豁免/属物理由的豁免The doctrine of absolute immunity 绝对豁免理论The doctrine of relative or restrictive immunity 限制豁免论/职能豁免论The doctrine of abolishing immunity 废除豁免论The doctrine of equal immunity 平等豁免论Immunity of state property 国家财产豁免Tate's letter 泰特公函National treatment 国民待遇Most-favoured-nation treatment = MFN 最惠国待遇Preferential treatment 优惠待遇(Treatment of) Generalized system of preference = GSP 普遍优惠待遇Non-discriminate treatment 非歧视待遇第七章民事身份和能力的法律适用Capacity for right (民事)权利能力Allgemeine Rechtsfähigkeit 一般权利能力Besondere Rechtsfähigkeit 特别权利能力Presumption of life 推定存活Declaration of absence 宣告失踪Declaration of death 宣告死亡/推定死亡Interdiction 禁治产Feeble mindedness 精神病/心神耗弱/低能Mental disordered 心神失常Mental infirmity 心神耗弱者第八章法律行为和代理的法律适用Locus regit actum 场所支配行为Agency of necessity 必要代理Agency from cohabitation 夫妻之间的代理Doctrine of implied warranty of authority 默示授权担保原则第九章涉外物权的法律适用Right in rem 物权Lex loci rei sitae = lex situs = Lex rei sitae物之所在地法Mobilia personam sequunrur = mobilia ossibus inhaerent = personalty has no locality 动产随人/动产附骨/动产无场所Chattels 动产Immovable 不动产Intangible movable 无体动产Shares 股份Nationalization 国有化Requisition 征用Confiscation 没收Expropriation 征收Trusts 信托Trust property 信托财产Uses 用益设计Fidei commissum 遗产信托Salmen 受托人制度第十章破产的法律适用Insolvency = bankruptcy 破产Rehabilitation 再建型程序Liquidation 清算型程序Reorganization 重整制度Reconciliation = compromise 和解制度Transnational insolvency =foreign-related insolvency =cross-border insolvency = international insolvency 跨国破产/涉外破产/越界破产/国际破产Cross-default 交叉违约Center of main interests 主要利益中心Universalism 破产普及主义/普遍性原则Doctrine of unity 单一破产理论Territoriality 破产属地主义/地域性原则Doctrine of pluralism 复合破产理论New pragmatism 新实用主义Modified universalism = cooperative territorialism 修正的普遍性原则/合作的地域性原则Cases ancillary to foreign proceedings 辅助外国程序的案件Factor list 因素清单Bank of commerce and credit international = BCCI 国际商业信贷银行第十一章票据的法律适用Negotiable instruments 流通票据Bills of exchange 汇票Promissory notes 本票Cheques 支票第十二章知识产权的法律适用Intangible property 无体财产权Intellectual property 知识产权/智慧产权Industrial property 工业产权Patent 专利Trade mark 商标Priority of registration “注册在先”原则Priority of use “使用在先”原则Copyright 著作权/版权Droit de autear 作者权理论Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property 《保护工业产权的巴黎公约》Patent Cooperation Treaty 《专利合作条约》Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Trademarks 《商标国际注册马德里协定》Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and ArtisticWorks 《伯尔尼保护文学和艺术作品公约》Universal Copyright Convention 《世界版权公约》Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights = TRIPs 《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》Know-How 实用知识技术GATT 关税及贸易总协定Uruguay Round 乌拉圭回合World Intellectual Property Organization = WIPO 世界知识产权组织World Trade Organization = WTO 世界贸易组织United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization = UNESCO 联合国教科文组织International Labour Organization = ILO 国际劳工组织第十三章涉外合同之债法律适用的基本制度Nationality 国籍标准Proper law of contract 合同自体法The principle of autonomy of the parties = Autonomy of will of the parties = autonomie de la volonté当事人意思自治原则/主观论The doctrine of the most significant relationship 最密切联系原则The most real connection 最真实联系The doctrine of characteristic performance = characteristic performance = the doctrine of characteristic obligation 特征性履行方法(说;原则)/特征性债务原则/特征性给付说Centre of gravity 重力中心地grouping of contracts 关系聚集地Lex nulla 无法之法Mandatory rules = directly applicable rules = lois de police 强制规则/直接适用的法/警察法第十四章常用涉外合同之债的法律适用United Nations Commission on International Trade Law = UNCITRAL Steering committee 指导委员会United Nations Convention on Contracts for The International Sale ofGoods = CISG 《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》/《1980年维也纳公约》UN Treaty Section 联合国条约管理署Have adopted 批准了Contracting states 缔约国Reservation 保留Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 《维也纳条约法公约》International direct investment 国际直接投资International indirect investment orportfolio investment 国际间接投资International investment contract 国际投资合同International joint venture 国际合营企业United Nations Industrial Development Organization = UNIDO 联合国工业发展组织Equity joint venture 股权式合营企业Contractual joint venture 契约式合营企业Joint venture agreement 合营企业协议Joint operating agreement 联合作业协议Production sharing contract 产品分成合同The service contract 服务合同Concession agreement = economic development agreement 特许协议/经济开发协议Quasi-international agreement 准国际协定Transnational contract 跨国契约Build-own-operate = BOOBuild-own-operate-transfer = BOOT Build-lease-transfer = BTODesign-build-finance-operate = DBFO Build-operate-transfer BOT 建设——经营——移交Project company 项目公司Material goods 物质产品Non-profitable 不盈利Residual 不重要Service society 服务社会OECD 经济合作与发展组织GATS 服务贸易总协定第十五章涉外非合同之债的法律适用The law of the place of the tort 侵权行为地法The place of acting 加害行为实施地The place of injury 加害结果发生地The law of the forum 法院地法A mixture of the lex fori and the lex loci delicti = Rule of double actionability重叠适用侵权行为地法和法院地法/双重可诉原则Proper law of the torts 侵权行为自体法Unjust enrichment 不当得利Negotiorum gestio = voluntary agency 无因管理Quasi-contractual obligation 准合同之债第十六章国际海事法律冲突与法律适用Salvage at sea 海难救助/海上救助General average 共同海损Action in rem 对物诉讼第十七章涉外婚姻与亲权的法律适用Polygamous 一夫多妻制Service marriage 兵役婚姻Marriage on the high sea 公海婚姻Limping marriage 跛脚婚姻Judicial separation 请求别居Forum shopping 挑选法院Legitimation 准正Curatorship 保佐Presence 出现第十八章涉外继承关系的法律适用Personal representive 人格代表者(包括遗嘱执行人和遗产管理人)Unitary system 同一制/单一制Scission system 区别制/分割制Ultimate heir 最终继承人Ius regale over bona vacantia 国家对位于其领域内无主财产的先占权True successor 真正的继承人第十九章国际商事仲裁的法律适用Conflict of laws = International conflict of laws狭义的法律冲突/国际法律冲突Denationalization = delocalization非内国化/非当地化Material connecting factors 实质性连接因素Geographic criterion = Juridical criterion 地理标准/法律标准Amiable arbitration 友好仲裁/友谊仲裁International civil procedure 国际民事诉讼International commercial arbitration 国际商事仲裁Alternative dispute resolution = ADR 非诉讼争议解决方式/替代争议解决方法/选择性争议解决方式Rent judge 法官借用China International Ecomomic and Trade Arbitration Commission = CIETAC = The Court of Arbitration of China Chamber of International Commerce = CCOIC Court of Arbitration 中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会/中国国际商会仲裁院Agreement of international commercial arbitration 国际商事仲裁协议Meeting of the minds 解决的合意Principal contract 主合同Arbitration clause 仲裁条款Submission agreement 仲裁协议书Litigation 排除诉讼Capacity (仲裁当事人的)资格The Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 《承认和执行外国仲裁裁决公约》/《纽约公约》A half-way conflict rule 走到半路的冲突规则Competence/competence = 【法】competence de la competence = 【德】kopetenz/kopetenz 管辖权/管辖权原则//自裁管辖原则Denationalization 非内国化Legal persons of public law 公法法人The Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and National of Other States 《解决国家与他国国民间投资争议的公约》/《华盛顿公约》Arbitrability 可仲裁性Subjective arbitrability 主观上的可仲裁性Objective arbitrability 客观上的可仲裁性A safety valve 安全阀Exclusive jurisdiction 排他的管辖权Severability of arbitration agreement = Doctrine of arbitration clause autonomy = separability of arbitration clause = severability of arbitration clause 仲裁协议独立性理论/仲裁条款自治性理论/仲裁条款分离性理论/仲裁条款分割性理论Substantive law 实体法Adjective law 程序法Lex fori 法院地国法Statuta realia 物的法则Statuta personalia 人的法则Statuta mixta 混合法则Lex arbitri 仲裁法Curial law 法庭法Rules of procedure of arbitration 仲裁程序规则Mandatory rules 强制性规则Denationalization = delocalization 非内国化理论/非本地化理论Lex mercatoria 商人习惯法Legal order 法律秩序Agency agreement 代理协定Transnational customary rules 跨国习惯规则The proper law of contract 合同自体法International chamber of commerce = ICC 国际商会Floating awards = a-national award = transnational award = supranational award = expatriate award “浮动”裁决/非国内裁决/跨国裁决/超国家裁决/无国籍裁决Transnational arbitration 跨国仲裁Rules of law 法律规则Reasonable basis 合理根据Conflict au premier degr 一级冲突Conflict au deuxieme degree 二级冲突Territorial theory 领域理论Jurisdictional theory 司法权学说Applicable 可适用的(冲突规则)Appropriate 适当的(冲突规则)Home state 本国False conflict situation 虚假冲突情况Rules of private international law 国际私法的一般原则Direct line = voie directe 直接适用的法International law = droit international = diritto internazionale = internationales recht “国际法”Concurrent laws 并存法Lex mercatoria 商人习惯法Law merchant 商法Quasi-public agreement 准公共协定Amiable arbitration 友好仲裁/友谊仲裁Internet 互联网World Wide Web = www 万维网Electronic commerce 电子商务Online dispute 网上争议/在线争议Alternative dispute resolution = ADR选择性争议解决方式/非诉讼争议解决方式/替代争议解决方法Online dispute resolution system 在线争议解决机制Online arbitration 网上仲裁Cyber tribunal arbitration 网络裁判庭仲裁机制Cyber tribunal 网络裁判庭The prevailing cyberspace practices 通行的网络惯例National Center for Automated Information Research 国家自动信息检索中心CNNIC 中国互联网信息中心CIETAC 中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会Domain name 域名ICANN 美国互联网名称和代码分配公司World International Property Organization = WIPO 世界知识产权组织第二十章国际民事诉讼程序International jurisdiction = competence generale = competence internationale 国际管辖权/一般的管辖权Local jurisdiction = competence speciale = competence interne国内管辖权/特别的管辖权Competence generale directe 直接的一般管辖权Competence generale indirecte 间接的一般管辖权Par in parem non habet jurisdictionem 平等者之间无管辖权International judicial assistance in civil matters 国际(民事领域)司法协助Service = evidence abroad 司法协助Commissioner 特派员取证Public summons 公共传票Forcible service 强制送达Non-forcible service 非强制送达Nonformal service 非正式送达第二十一章国际商事仲裁程序Arbitration 仲裁/公断Arbitrability 争议可仲裁性Material connecting factors 实质性连接因素Geographic criterion = Juridical criterion 地理标准/法律标准Jurisdictional theory 司法权论Contractual theory 契约论Mixed theory 混合论Autonomous theory 自治论Arbitration clause 仲裁条款Future dispute 将来发生的争议Existing dispute 现有争议Submission to arbitration agreement 提交仲裁协议书Competence 自裁管辖Severability of arbitration agreement = Doctrine of arbitration clause autonomy = separability of arbitration clause = severability of arbitration clause 仲裁协议独立性理论/仲裁条款自治性理论/仲裁条款分离性理论/仲裁条款分割性理论To be invalid ab initio 从一开始就无效Ad hoc arbitration agency 临时仲裁机构/特别仲裁机构/专设仲裁机构Institutional arbitration 机构仲裁Arbitration Court of International Chamber of Commerce = ICC国际商会仲裁院International Chamber of Commerce = ICC 国际商会International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes = ICSID 解决投资争议国际中心Terms of reference 审理事项Arbitral proceedings 仲裁程序London Court of International Arbitration = LCIA 伦敦国际仲裁院Charted Institute of Arbitration 特许仲裁员协会The Arbitration of Stockholm Chamber of Commerce = SCC 斯德哥尔摩商会仲裁院American Arbitration Association = AAA 美国仲裁协会Court of Arbitration of the Zurich Chamber of Commerce 苏黎世商会仲裁院Japan Commercial Arbitration Association = JCAA 日本国际商事仲裁协会WIPO Arbitration Center 世界知识产权组织仲裁中心China International Ecomomic and Trade Arbitration Commission = CIETAC = The Court of Arbitration of China Chamber of International Commerce = CCOIC Court of Arbitration 中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会/中国国际商会仲裁院China Maritime Arbitration Commission = CMAC 中国海事仲裁委员会Hongkong International Arbitration Center 香港仲裁中心Final award 最后裁决Interim award 临时裁决Preliminary award 初裁决/预裁决Partial award 部分裁决Interlocutory award 中间裁决Consent award 合意裁决Default award 缺席裁决No proper notice 未给予适当通知Unable to present the case 未能提出申辩Final 终局的Binding 有约束力第二十二章区际法律冲突与区际私法Law district 法域Interregional conflict of laws = internal conflict of laws = interprovincial conflict of laws = intercantonal conflict of laws = interstate conflict of laws = interrepublican conflict of laws 区际法律冲突/国内法律冲突(还包括国内人际法律冲突)/省际法律冲突/(瑞士)州际法律冲突/(美澳)州际法律冲突/(前苏联)共和国之间的法律冲突The interregional conflict law = interlocal conflicts law 区际私法/区际冲突法/州际冲突法/省际冲突法City state 城邦Intercolonial conflict of laws 殖民地间的法律冲突Local customary law 当地习惯法Horizontal conflict 横向冲突Vertical conflict 纵向冲突Forum non convenience 不方便法院原则Judge-making law 法官制定法Identity 相同Similarity 相似Composite legal system 复合法律制度Rules of legislative jurisdiction 立法管辖规范Foreign country 外国Free circulation 自由流通The full faith and credit clauses 完全诚意和信任条款。

第二章 换流器的工作原理.

第二章 换流器的工作原理.
在等值电路中有:
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假定条件:
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factsoropinions观点与事实课件

factsoropinions观点与事实课件
What is an Opinion?
easydifficultgoodbad
beautifuluglysimplewonderful
More Clue Words
bestgreatprettyworst
What is an Opinion?easybeautif
As a reader, you can train yourself how to tell the difference between fact and opinion by asking two simple questions: Can I check it out or prove it? Now? Can there be any other point of view?If you answered yes to the first question and no to the second, this is a fact.
$25,000
Checking Facts
Here are two examples:$25,000C
Can you check records or statistics to look up the population of a city or a state?Can you check Jaime’s sales receipt to find the amount he paid for the truck?
The opinion itself is not a fact, but the statement reporting what someone says or believes is a fact.
Let’s look at some examples.St

牛津上海版9AU2some facts about tea教案

牛津上海版9AU2some facts  about tea教案

Some facts about teaTeaching Content: The reading material is chosen from Oxford Shanghai English textbook 9A, Unit 2.Teaching Objectives:Knowledge objectives:1.Students can master the new words: popular, pick, transport, contain, westerner,remove, caffeine, caffeinated, decaffeinated.2.Students can master the phrases: be processed into, majority of.Ability objectives:1.Students can find the specific information by skimming and scanning2.Students can use the passive voice to introduce different kinds of tea.Emotional objective:Students can learn to appreciate tea.Teaching Key Point:To make students understand the text by skimming and scanning.Teaching Difficult Point:To make students use the new words and passive voice to write about tea. Teaching Procedures:Step 1 Lead-inHave a free talk about drink.T: What’s your favorite drink?Ss: Juice, coffee, milk tea…T: Can you guess what is my favorite drink? (show them a bottle of tea) What’s that? Ss: Tea.T: Have you tasted it? What do you think of it? You can say anything about tea.Ss: It smells good. / It is from tea plant. / It is Chinese drink and has a long history…(Justification: Free talk can engage students into the topics and active their background information.)Step 2 Pre-readingActivity 1 Teaching new words and phrasesThe teacher shows several pictures about different people drinking tea, milk tea and fruit tea on the PPT and teaches the new words and phrases such as “popular, processed into, transport, contain, caffeine, caffeinated, decaffeinated” by talking about making a bottle of milk tea.T: what are they?Ss: tea, milk tea, fruit tea.T: Do you like it? Do you often drink it?Ss: Yes, it’s delicious.T: I like them too. We all like them, so we can say tea is popular in the Chinese. Let’s think about the process of preparing tea for shops. At first, the tea needs to be taken from tea plants, right? We can say the tea is picked from tea plants. Just like apples are picked from apple trees. Who can give us another example by using “pick”?Ss: I picked pears from the trees. / Pears are picked from trees by farmers.T: Excellent. Go on thinking. The tea needs to be made into different tea, for example, green tea. So, we can say the tea needs to be processed into green tea. Just like apples can be processed into apple pie. Who can give us another example by using “be processed into”?Ss: The orange is often processed into juice.T: Great. Then, the tea is ready to become milk tea. But it needed to be moved into milk tea shops, right? So, we can say tea is transported to milk tea shop. Then, if milk and other materials are transported to milk tea shops, they can make a bottle of sweet milk tea, right? When I drink a bottle of milk tea, I will lose sleep the whole night. do you know why?Ss: No/ yes, because it has caffeine.T: Yes. If something has caffeine, we can say it is caffeinated. If something has been processed to remove the caffeine, we can say it is decaffeinated. Which drink or food also has caffeine?Ss: coffee/ chocolate/cacao.T: Yes, coffee also has caffeine. We can say coffee/ tea contains caffeine. So, I cannot drink too much.Activity 2 PredictingThe teacher asks students to look at the title of this article “some facts about tea” and predict what they will read about. (Justification: The activity can reduce the difficulty for the following reading.)Step 3 While-readingActivity 1 Fast-readingThe teacher asks students to skim the passage as quickly as possible to check if they have made the right prediction. Then asks them to divide the passage into two parts andof the passage. Dividing the passage into two parts makes the reading much easier and increase students’ confidence.)Activity 2 Careful readingThe teacher lets students to read para. 1 carefully, and asks:1.How many types of tea are mentioned? (4)2.What are they? (black tea, oolong tea, green tea, and white tea)The teacher shows the picture of these tea, and let them guess what they are. Then matching names and pictures together. Then ask students: Where do they come from? (tea plant).The teacher asks students to read para. 2 carefully, and lets them complete a stable:divide the word as “western”+ “-er”, then let Ss guess how to say “北方人”,“南方人”,“东方人”.T: So, does the majority of the world drinks black tea?Ss: no, green tea.T: What’s the meaning of “the majority of”, you can guess it according to “however”. S s: the most of…T: Most of us like milk tea, so we can say the majority of us in the class likes tea. Please pay attention to the form of the verb following “the majority of.”T eacher gives Ss three examples of “the majority of” to let Ss find the rule. Examples:1. The majority of the world drinks black tea2. The majority of students like green tea.3. The majority of the damage is easy to repair.Step 4 Post-readingActivity 1Have a competition as groups:1. What’s the most popular drink in the world besides water? (tea)2. Where does tea come from? (tea plant)3.What parts of the tea plant are used to make tea? (leaves and buds)4. How can we get the leaves or buds from the tea plant? (pick them by hand)5. How often are the leaves and buds picked? (several times a year)6. Please name three types of tea. (Black tea, oolong tea, green tea or white tea, etc.)7. When and where was black tea invented? (In china during the Ming Dynasty)8. What type of tea do westerners mostly drink? (black tea)9. Does the majority of the world drink black tea or green tea? (green tea)10. Herbal tea is prepared in a different way from regular tea, isn’t it? (No, it isn’t.)11. What does herbal tea usually contain? (Herbs, fruits and spices, etc.)12. What does all tea naturally contain? (caffeine)13. If I am fond of tea, but my doctor advised me to take in less caffeine, what can I do? Why? (I can drink decaffeinated tea. Because it has been processed to remove caffeine.)Activity 2The teach asks Ss to discuss:1. Which do you like to choose among so many types of tea? Why?2. Thousands of years passed, why is tea still popular with Chinese people? (Justification: Ss can find specific information by skimming and scanning and practice the new words and phrases.)Step 4 Summary and HomeworkSummary: The teacher asks students to conclude every part of the passage, then make a summary.Homework: The teacher asks Ss to1. Recommend a type of tea to someone. Write about why that type of tea is suitable for him/ her. Please try to use passive voice.2. Finish the exercise on P31-32.(Justification: To consolidate what they have learnt and promote them to think more.)。

电力系统中的稳定性分析与控制策略研究

电力系统中的稳定性分析与控制策略研究

电力系统中的稳定性分析与控制策略研究第一章引言随着电力系统规模的不断扩大和电力负荷的增长,电力系统的稳定性成为了一个重要的研究领域。

电力系统的稳定性分析与控制策略研究是为了保障电力系统的可靠运行,防止系统发生不稳定和崩溃。

本文将从电力系统的稳定性分析和控制策略研究两个方面进行探讨。

第二章电力系统的稳定性分析2.1 稳定性概述电力系统的稳定性是指在外界扰动下,系统能够保持稳定运行的能力。

主要分为小扰动稳定性和大扰动稳定性两个方面。

小扰动稳定性主要研究系统在小幅度的扰动下的动态行为,例如电压振荡和频率偏差;大扰动稳定性则关注系统在大幅度扰动下的恢复能力,例如电力系统的过负荷和短路故障。

2.2 稳定性分析方法电力系统的稳定性分析主要采用潮流灵敏度分析、能量函数法和模型等效法等方法。

其中,潮流灵敏度分析主要用于分析系统在小扰动下的稳态运行情况,能够计算系统各节点的电压和功率变化程度;能量函数法主要用于评估系统在大扰动下的稳定性,并通过能量函数的增长率来判断系统是否稳定;模型等效法通过将电力系统简化为动态阻抗网络模型,可以更准确地分析系统的动态响应。

第三章电力系统的稳定性控制策略3.1 AGC调节AGC(Automatic Generation Control)是通过对发电机出力进行自动调节,以维持电力系统的频率稳定。

AGC调节主要包括速率和频率两种方式,通过检测发电机输出功率与负荷需求之间的偏差,控制发电机的调速器以实现频率的恢复。

3.2 FACTS技术FACTS(Flexible AC Transmission Systems)技术是一种通过可控电气装置实现电力系统稳定控制的技术。

通过控制电流、电压和阻抗等参数,FACTS技术可以在电力系统中实时调节电能的流动,改变系统的电气特性,提高电力系统的稳定性。

3.3 电力系统的优化控制电力系统的优化控制主要通过优化发电机的出力和负荷之间的匹配关系,以实现系统的最优运行。

Unit 2 Fruitful Questions课文讲解

Unit 2 Fruitful Questions课文讲解
furtherunderstandingbeforereadingglobalreadingdetailedreadingafterreadingforpart1questionsandanswersforpart2tablecompletionforpart3trueorfalseforpart4discussionunit2partdivisionofthetexttheauthorschildrenteachhimaboutparadigmshiftsthreeexamplesofshiftingoldparadigmsinhistorytheimportanceofshiftingoldparadigmsbeforereadingglobalreadingdetailedreadingafterreadingmainideasparagraphsparts1234156891213theauthorencouragespeopletolookatinformationinanewway413范式转变paradigmshift指的是当现有的范式里面出现反常或不一致时我们不能解决出现的问题因此对现实的观点就要改变同时也要改变我们感知思考和评价世界的方法这种改变就叫做范式转变
Edward Jenner
爱德华· 詹纳 (Edward Jenner) (1749–1823) 英国医生,以研究及推 广牛痘疫苗,防止天花 而闻名,被称为免疫学 之父,并且为后人的研 究打开了通道,促使巴 斯德、科赫等人针对其 他疾病寻求治疗和免疫 的方法。
Handan College
Jenner was an English country doctor who pioneered vaccination. Edward Jenner was born on May 17, 1749 in the small village of Berkeley in Gloucestershire. From an early age Jenner Before Reading Global Reading Detailed Reading was a keen observer of nature and after nine years as aAfter Reading surgeon’s apprentice he went to St. George’s Hospital, London to study anatomy (解剖学) and surgery under the prominent surgeon Hohn Hunter. After completing his studies, he returned to his hometown Berkeley to set up a medical practice where he stayed until his death in 1823. In the eighteenth century, before Jenner, smallpox (天 花) was a killer disease, as widespread as cancer or heart diseases in the twentieth century but with the difference that the majority of its victims were infants and young children. Edward Jenner pioneered vaccination. Jenner’s discovery in 1796 that vaccination with cowpox (牛痘) gave immunity (免疫) to smallpox, was an immense medical breakthrough and has saved countless lives. In 1980, as a result of Jenner’s discovery, the World Health Assembly officially declared “the world and its peoples” free from endemic (地方性的) smallpox.
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FACTS技术就是在这种情况下应运而生。 从广义上说,它包括: (1)可控硅控制的串联电容补偿器
TCSC (Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation) (2)可控硅控制的移相器TCPS(Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifter) (3)统一潮流控制器UPFC (United Power Flow Controller) (4)高压直流输电(HVDC) (5)静止无功补偿器(SVC,ASVG)


i
j

UPFC的工作方式有多种形式,可分别或同时控 制节点电压、改变所在线路的阻抗和线路两端 的相角差。其调节功能如下: (1)电压调节 (2)移相调节 (3)串联补偿调节 (4)综合调节
2.3.1
电压调节
pq
UPFC的串联输出电压 u 与节点电压同相或反相 这样可改变线路两端电压幅值之差,但相位差不 变;这种调节方式主要改变线路的无功潮流、对 有功潮流影响较小。
u pq
ui


u pq

u pq

ui

以上分析了几种典型的FACTS装置的原理和功 能,下表给出几种FACTS装置对系统行为控制 效果的比较:
影响量 电压控制 潮流控制 暂态稳定
注:
SVC(ASVG) TCSC * **(***) -------** *** *(**)
***
TCPS * *** **
下图为一种UPFC的结构示意图:
T2
T1
i 并联变压器 串联变压器 j
变流器1
变流器2
图中变换器的每一个桥臂包括一个可关断 的可控硅和一个反向并联的二极管。 变换器1通过耦合变压器T1并联于交流系统 中,它通过直流电容向变换器2提供所需有 功功率,并产生或吸收无功功率来维持节 点i的电压,无功交换功率的大小和方向取 决于系统交流电压与变换器交流端电压的 幅值差。变换器2通过串联变压器向线路 i—j注入附加电势来控制线路的有功和无 功功率。 若把UPFC的并联部分和串联部分看作等 效电源,则可作出其等效电路如下图所示:
第二章 灵活交流输电系统 (FACTS)
2014年8月21日
一.FACTS的概念及其产生的背景
灵活交流输电系统 FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System)这一概念是由美国电 力科学研究院的N.G.Hingorani博士于1986 年首先提出的。 IEEE的FACTS工作组在1997年的冬季会议 上将其定义为:装有电力电子型或其它静止 型控制器以加强可控性和增大电力传输能力 的交流输电系统。
4.通过FACTS设备的快速、平滑的调节,可方 便、快速地改变潮流分布。这对于正常运行方式 下控制功率走向,以充分挖掘现有网络的传输能 力以及在事故情况下防止因为某些线路过负荷而 引发的连锁跳闸是十分有利的。 5.有利于建设全国统一的实时网络控制中心, 从而使全系统的安全性和经济性有一个大的提高。 由于以上显而易见的优越性,加之大功率可控硅 的造价日趋降低,目前世界上很多国家都在积极 开展FACTS设备制造或应用的研究。
TCPS电压相量图
uB
u BC


uA

uC

2.3
统一潮流控制器(UPFC)
前述几种FACTS装置,如TCSC、TCPS、 SVC等,其功能是单一的。统一潮流控制器 (UPFC)的基本思想是用一种统一的可控 硅控制装置,仅通过控制规律的变化,就能 分别或同时实现并联补偿、串联补偿、移相 等几种不同的作用。
u i u pq
ui





ui

u pq I ij

超前(感性)

u pq
滞后(容性)
2.3.4
综合调节
当UPFC同时实现上述三种调节功能(电压调节、 串联补偿及移相调节)时,它的串联输出电压 u pq 等效于前三种情况输出电压的向量和,这个结果 综合了前三种方式的调节作用。这是UPFC所特 有的,也是其受到广泛重视的主要原因。

2 0
1 LC
若取电容C为212 F (
),电感L为 x 2 . 6 8.28mH( L ),则可作出TCSC一个单元 基频阻抗随触发角 变化的曲线如下图:
60 感性
xc 15
阻抗
()
容性 -60 90 触发角 (度) 143 180
由图可见,当TCSC在容性范 围内工作时减小 ,即增 加 ,使流过电抗器中的电 流增加时,容抗将增加;反 之,增加 ,使流过电抗器 中的电流减小时,容抗将减 小。在容性范围内,最低的 串补度出现在可控硅完全关 断时,即 =1800 (因为等 效电容为固定电容和可控电 容的串联)。
与传统的以固定或机械投切方式工作的相 应设备相比,FACTS具有以下显著优点: 1.由于采用电子式的开关操作,理论上可 以无限次操作而没有机械磨损,这就大大 提高了系统控制的灵活性。 2.可达到非常快速的控制(毫秒级),这 一点对暂态稳定性的提高是至关重要的。 3.被控系统参数既可以断续,也可以连续 地调节。利用这一点可设计附加控制器以 提高系统的阻尼,改善系统的动态稳定性。
vc

t
iL
2
t
ic
t
iac
t
等值电路:
I m cos t
t0
C
L
基频阻抗表达 式为:
1 A 4A Z1 (2 sin 2 ) cos 2 ( KtgK tg ) C C C (2 K 1)
其中:
2 0 A 2 0 2
0 K
的电力系统元件在处理系统动态问题的能力上有
一个大的飞跃。
作为FACTS的技术支柱,大功率半导体技 术在过去的几十年内取得了长足的进步, 高压直流输电(HVDC)和静止无功补偿器 (SVC)就是应用这种新技术的范例。 静止无功补偿器(SVC)只能控制系统的 电压,而决定系统传输功率的主要电气参 数还有线路的阻抗和功率角。要想充分利 用现有网络的传输能力,提高系统运行的 灵活性,理想的解决方案还应包括能实时 快速地控制线路的阻抗和功率角。
2.2
可控硅控制的移相器(TCPS)
移相器的主要功能是通过改变输入端和输 出端之间的相位角来调整输电线路上的潮 流大小甚至潮流方向,这种调节是通过改 变移相器分接头的位置来实现的。
当输出端电压滞后于输入端电压时,称移 相器位于滞后分接头位置;反之,当输出 端电压超前于输入端电压时,称移相器位 于超前分接头位置。
FACTS的主要内涵是: 用大功率可控硅元件代替传统元件上的机械式 高压开关,从而使电力系统中影响潮流分布的三 个主要电气参数:电压、线路阻抗及功率角可按 照系统的需要迅速调整。在不改变网络结构的情 况下,使电网的功率输送能力以及潮流和电压的 可控性大为提高。 传统的提高电网的输送能力的设备是按照固定的, 机械投切的或分接头转换的方式进行设计,以优 化线路阻抗,减少电压波动,在静态或缓慢变化 的状态下来控制系统潮流。
下图为一种可控硅控制的移相器(TCPS)的电路 结构图:
A
串联变压器
A'
B C
并联变压器 9 3 1
同机械分接头移相器一样,可控硅控制的移相器
也是在线路上产生一个与线路电压相垂直的注入 电压,从而使首末端电压产生相移。该注入电压 的大小可通过触发角的控制连续变化,但其代价 是向系统注入谐波。为消除谐波,可采用不连续 的分级控制。 上图中只画出一相接线,为实现分级控制,并联 变压器次级每相采用三个匝数不同,比例分别为1: 3:9的绕组,每个绕组连接于一组四个可控硅开 关,每个可控硅开关由反向并联的两个可控硅组 成,
通过控制各可控硅开关的通断状态,可使每个绕
组所对应的可控硅开关组工作于三种不同状态。
即:
(1)输出端(上、下端之间)电压为零;
(2)输出该绕组的全电压;
(3)输出与该绕组电压反向的全电压。
这样每相采用12个可控硅开关,可得到27种不同
的总输出电压值。基本上可满足各种调节要求。
另外,对于TCPS,值 得注意的是如右图所 示的接法,若并联变 压器输入为 u BC ,则 注入电压正好与 u A 相差90度,即与 u A 垂直。
目前,灵活交流输电系统的开发应用在电力系统 潮流控制集中在下述两个方面: 1.提高输电线路的传输功率极限。现行系统由稳 定条件限定的输送功率极限偏低,输电线路远未 被充分利用。采用 FACTS 技术可使输电线路的 输送功率极限接近导线的热极限(导线发热使弧 垂达允许极限值)。 FACTS 技术的应用可使线 路输电能力提高 50 %一 100 %。这将使输电线 路的输送能力得到充分利用。 2.使输电线路的潮流功率能够u


x su
u

xur
pq
uj

UPFC
u 为串联变 图中 I 为并联变换器相应的电流源; 换器相应的电压源,是幅值、相位均可控的串联 u 为受端电压; 控制输出;u 为送端电压; xsu 为 xur 为UPFC与受 送端与UPFC之间的线路阻抗; 端间的线路阻抗。
u


pq
2.3.2
移相调节
当UPFC的串联输出电压 u pq与节点电压 u 相加后 改变电压的相位,而不改变幅值。则UPFC的调 节主要影响有功潮流而对无功潮流影响较小,这 种调节方式与TCPS相似。
i


2.3.3
串联补偿调节

当UPFC的串联输出电压 u pq与线路电流 iij 的相位固 定为超前或滞后90°时装置即等效为电感或电容, 起到类似于TCSC的作用。
**
UPFC *** *** ***
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