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thermoXcalibur采集和处理用户手册
Thermo Xcalibur 采集和处理版本2.2用户手册XCALI-97362 修订版B 2011年5月© 2011 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc。
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Thermo-calc软件-TCCP用户指南 (有目录索引)
Thermo-Calc®User’s GuideVersion PThermo-Calc Software ABStockholm Technology ParkBjörnnäsvägen 21SE-113 47 Stockholm, SwedenCopyright © 1995-2003 Foundation of Computational ThermodynamicsStockholm, Sweden目录第1部分一般介绍 (12)1.1 计算热力学 (12)1.2 Thermo-Calc软件/数据库/界面包 (12)1.3 致谢 (13)1.4 版本历史 (13)1.5 Thermo-Calc软件包的通用结构 (13)1.6 各类硬件上Thermo-Calc软件包的有效性 (14)1.7 使用Thermo-Calc软件包的好处 (14)第2部分如何成为Thermo-Calc专家 (14)2.1 如何容易地使用本用户指南 (14)2.2 如何安装和维护Thermo-Calc软件包 (16)2.2.1 许可要求 (16)2.2.2 安装程序 (16)2.2.3 维护当前和以前版本 (16)2.2.4 使TCC执行更方便 (16)2.3 如何成为Thermo-Calc专家 (16)2.3.1 从TCSAB与其世界各地的代理获得迅速技术支持 (17)2.3.2 日常使用各种Thermo-Calc功能 (17)2.3.3 以专业的和高质量的标准提交结果 (17)2.3.4 通过各种渠道相互交换经验 (17)第3部分Thermo-Calc软件系统 (17)3.1 Thermo-Calc软件系统的目标 (17)3.2 一些热力学术语的介绍 (18)3.2.1 热力学 (18)3.2.2 体系、组元、相、组成、物种（System, component, phases, constituents and species） (18)3.2.3 结构、亚点阵和位置 (19)3.2.4 成分、构成、位置分数、摩尔分数和浓度(composition, constitution, site fractions, molefractions and concentration) (19)3.2.5 平衡态和状态变量 (19)3.2.6 导出变量 (22)3.2.7 Gibbs相规则 (25)3.2.8 状态的热力学函数 (25)3.2.9 具有多相的体系 (25)3.2.10 不可逆热力学 (26)3.2.11 热力学模型 (26)3.2.12 与各种状态变量有关的Gibbs能 (27)3.2.13 参考态与标准态 (27)3.2.14 溶解度范围 (28)3.2.15 驱动力 (28)3.2.16 化学反应 (28)3.2.17 与平衡常数方法相对的Gibbs能最小化技术 (28)3.2.18 平衡计算 (29)3.3 热力学数据 (30)3.3.1 数据结构 (30)3.3.3 数据估价 (32)3.3.6 数据加密 (33)3.4 用户界面 (34)3.4.1 普通结构 (34)3.4.2 缩写 (34)3.4.3 过程机制（history mechanism） (35)3.4.4 工作目录和目标目录(Working directory and target directory) (35)3.4.5 参数转换为命令 (36)3.4.6 缺省值 (36)3.4.7 不理解的问题 (36)3.4.8 帮助与信息 (36)3.4.9 出错消息 (36)3.4.10 控制符 (36)3.4.11 私人文件 (36)3.4.12 宏工具 (37)3.4.13 模块性 (37)3.5 Thermo-Calc中的模块 (37)3.5.1 基本模块 (37)3.7 Thermo-Calc编程界面 (39)3.7.1 Thermo-Calc作为引肇 (39)3.7.2 Thermo-Calc应用编程界面：TQ和TCAPI (40)3.7.3 在其它软件包中开发Thermo-Calc工具箱 (43)3.7.4 材料性质计算核材料工艺模拟的应用 (43)3.8 Thermo-Calc的功能 (44)3.9 Thermo-Calc应用 (44)第4部分Thermo-Calc数据库描述 (45)4.1 引言 (45)4.2 Thermo-Calc数据库描述形式 (45)第5部分数据库模块（TDB）——用户指南 (55)5.1 引言 (55)5.2 TDB模块中用户界面 (56)5.3 开始 (56)5.3.1 SWITCH-DATABASE (56)5.3.2 LIST-DATABASE ELEMENT (56)5.3.3 DEFINE_ELEMENTS (56)5.3.4 LIST_SYSTEM CONSTITUENT (56)5.3.5 REJECT PHASE (56)5.3.6 RESTORE PHASE (56)5.3.7 GET_DATA (56)5.4 所有TDB监视命令的描述 (56)5.4.1 AMEND_SELACTION (56)5.4.6 DEFINE_SPECIES (58)5.4.7 DEFINE_SYSTEM (58)5.4.8 EXCLUDE_UNUSED_SPECIES (58)5.4.9 EXIT (58)5.4.10 GET_DATA (58)5.4.11 GOTO_MODULE (59)5.4.12 HELP (59)5.4.13 INFORMA TION (59)5.4.14 LIST_DATABASE (60)5.4.15 LIST_SYSTEM (60)5.4.16 MERGE_WITH_DA TABASES (61)5.4.17 NEW_DIRECTORY_FILE (61)5.4.18 REJECT (61)5.4.19 RESTORE (62)5.4.20 SET_AUTO_APPEND_DA TABASE (62)5.4.21 SWITCH_DA TABASE (63)5.5 扩展命令 (64)第6部分数据库模块（TDB）——管理指南 (64)6.1 引言 (64)6.2 TDB模块的初始化 (65)6.3 数据库定义文件语法 (66)6.3.1 ELEMENT (67)6.3.2 SPECIES (67)6.3.3 PHASE (67)6.3.4 CONSTITUENT (67)6.3.5 ADD_CONSTITUENT (68)6.3.6 COMPOUND_PHASE (68)6.3.7 ALLOTROPIC_PHASE (68)6.3.8 TEMPERA TURE_LIMITS (68)6.3.9 DEFINE_SYSTEM_DEFAULT (69)6.3.10 DEFAULT_COMMAND (69)6.3.11 DATABASE_INFORMATION (69)6.3.12 TYPE_DEFINITION (69)6.3.13 FTP_FILE (70)6.3.14 FUNCTION (70)6.3.15 PARAMETER (72)6.3.16 OPTIONS (73)6.3.17 TABLE (73)6.3.18 ASSESSED_SYSTEMS (73)6.3.19 REFERENCE_FILE (74)6.3.20 LIST_OF_REFERENCE (75)6.3.21 CASE与ENDCASE (76)6.3.22 VERSION_DA TA (76)6.5 数据库定义文件实例 (77)6.5.1 例1：一个小的钢数据库 (77)6.5.2 例2：Sb-Sn系个人数据库 (78)第7部分制表模块（TAB） (81)7.1 引言 (81)7.2 一般命令 (81)7.2.1 HELP (81)7.2.2 GOTO_MODULE (81)7.2.3 BACK (82)7.2.4 EXIT (82)7.2.5 PATCH (82)7.3 重要命令 (82)7.3.1 TABULATE_SUBSTANCE (82)7.3.2 TABULATE_REACTION (85)7.3.3 ENTER_REACTION (86)7.3.4 SWITCH_DA TABASE (87)7.3.5 ENTER_FUNCTION (88)7.3.6 TABULATE_DERIV A TIVES (89)7.3.7 LIST_SUBSTANCE (91)7.4 其它命令 (92)7.4.1 SET_ENERGY_UNIT (92)7.4.2 SET_PLOT_FORMAT (92)7.4.3 MACRO_FILE_OPEN (92)7.4.4 SET_INTERACTIVE (93)7.5 绘制表 (93)第8部分平衡计算模块（POL Y） (94)8.1 引言 (94)8.2 开始 (95)8.3 基本热力学 (95)8.3.1 体系与相 (95)8.3.2 组元（Species） (95)8.3.3 状态变量 (96)8.3.4 组分 (97)8.3.5 条件 (98)8.4 不同类型的计算 (98)8.4.1 计算单一平衡 (98)8.4.2 性质图的Steping计算 (99)8.4.3 凝固路径模拟 (99)8.4.4 仲平衡与T0温度模拟 (99)8.4.5 相图的Mapping计算 (101)8.4.6 势图计算 (101)8.4.7 Pourbaix图计算 (101)8.4.8 绘制图 (101)8.5.4 更高阶相图 (104)8.5.5 性质图 (104)8.6 普通命令 (104)8.6.1 HELP (104)8.6.2 INFORMA TION (104)8.6.3 GOTO_MODULE (105)8.6.4 BACK (105)8.6.5 SET_INTERACTIVE (105)8.6.6 EXIT (106)8.7 基本命令 (106)8.7.1 SET_CONDITION (106)8.7.2 RESET_CONDITION (107)8.7.3 LIST_CONDITIONS (107)8.7.4 COMPUTE_EQUILIBRIUM (107)8.7.6 DEFINE_MATERIAL (108)8.7.6 DEFINE_DIAGRAM (111)8.8 保存和读取POL Y数据结构的命令 (112)8.8.1 SA VE_WORKSPACES (112)8.8.2 READ_WORKSPACES (113)8.9 计算与绘图命令 (114)8.9.1 SET_AXIS_V ARIABLE (114)8.9.2 LIST_AXIS_V ARIABLE (114)8.9.3 MAP (114)8.9.4 STEP_WITH_OPTIONS (115)8.9.5 ADD_INITIAL_EQUILIBRIUM (117)8.9.6 POST (118)8.10 其它有帮助的命令 (118)8.10.1 CHANGE_STA TUS (118)8.10.2 LIST_STA TUS (119)8.10.3 COMPUTE_TRANSITION (120)8.10.4 SET_ALL_START_V ALUES (121)8.10.5 SHOW_V ALUE (122)8.10.6 SET_INPUT_AMOUNTS (122)8.10.7 SET_REFERENCE_STA TE (122)8.10.8 ENTER_SYMBOL (123)8.10.9 LIST_SYMBOLS (124)8.10.10 EV ALUATE_FUNCTIONS (124)8.10.11 TABULATE (124)8.11 高级命令 (125)8.11.1 AMEND_STORED_EQUILIBRIA (125)8.11.3 DELETE_INITIAL_EQUILIBRIUM (126)8.11.4 LIST_INITIAL_EQUILIBRIA (126)8.11.5 LOAD_INITIAL_EQUILIBRIUM (126)8.11.10 SELECT_EQUILIBRIUM (128)8.11.11 SET_NUMERICAL_LIMITS (128)8.11.12 SET_START_CONSTITUTION (129)8.11.13 SET_START_V ALUE (129)8.11.14 PATCH (129)8.11.15 RECOVER_START_V ALUE (129)8.11.16 SPECIAL_OPTIONS (129)8.12 水溶液 (132)8.13 排除故障 (133)8.13.1 第一步 (133)8.13.2 第二步 (133)8.13.3 第三步 (133)8.14 频繁提问的问题 (134)8.14.1 程序中为什么只得到半行？ (134)8.14.2 在已经保存之后为什么不能绘图？ (134)8.14.3 为什么G.T不总是与-S相同？ (134)8.14.4 如何获得组元偏焓 (135)8.14.5 为什么H(LIQUID) 是零而HM(LIQUID)不是零 (135)8.14.6 即使石墨是稳定的为什么碳活度小于1？ (135)8.14.7 如何获得过剩Gibbs能？ (135)8.14.8 当得到交叉结线而不是混溶裂隙时什么是错的？ (135)8.14.9 怎么能直接计算最大混溶裂隙？ (136)第9部分后处理模块（POST） (136)9.1 引言 (136)9.2 一般命令 (137)9.2.1 HELP (137)9.2.2 BACK (137)9.2.3 EXIT (137)9.3 重要命令 (137)9.3.1 SET_DIAGRAM_AXIS (137)9.3.2 SET_DIAGRAM_TYPE (138)9.3.3 SET_LABEL_CORVE_OPTION (139)9.3.5 MODIFY_LABEL_TEXT (139)9.3.6 SET_PLOT_FORMAT (140)9.3.7 PLOT_DIAGRAM (141)9.3.8 PRINT_DIAGRAM (142)9.3.9 DUMP_DIAGRAM (143)9.3.10 SET_SCALING_STA TUS (144)9.3.11 SET_TITLE (144)9.3.12 LIST_PLOT_SETTINGS (144)9.4 实验数据文件绘图命令 (144)9.4.1 APPEND_EXPERIMENTAL_DA TA (144)9.4.2 MAKE_EXPERIMENTAL_DA TAFILE (145)9.5.3 SET_AXIS_LENGTH (147)9.5.4 SET_AXIS_TEXT_STATUS (147)9.5.5 SET_AXIS_TYPE (147)9.5.6 SET_COLOR (147)9.5.7 SET_CORNER_TEXT (148)9.5.8 SET_FONT (148)9.5.9 SET_INTERACTIVE_MODE (149)9.5.10 SET_PLOT_OPTION (149)9.5.11 SET_PREFIX_SCALING (149)9.5.12 SET_REFERENCE_STA TE (149)9.5.13 SET_TIELINE_STA TE (150)9.5.14 SET_TRUE_MANUAL_SCALING (150)9.5.15 TABULATE (150)9.6 奇特的命令 (150)9.6.1 PATCH_WORKSPACE (150)9.6.2 RESTORE_PHASE_IN_PLOT (150)9.6.3 REINIATE_PLOT_SETTINGS (151)9.6.4 SET_AXIS_PLOT_STATUS (151)9.6.5 SET_PLOT_SIZE (151)9.6.6 SET_RASTER_STATUS (151)9.6.8 SUSPEND_PHASE_IN_PLOT (151)9.7 3D图标是：命令与演示 (151)9.7.1 CREATE_3D_PLOTFILE (153)9.7.2 在Cortona VRML Client阅读器中查看3D图 (154)第10部分一些特殊模块 (155)10.1 引言 (155)10.2 特殊模块生成或使用的文件 (156)10.2.1 POL Y3文件 (156)10.2.2 RCT文件 (156)10.2.3 GES5文件 (156)10.2.4 宏文件 (157)10.3 与特殊模块的交互 (157)10.4 BIN模块 (157)10.4.1 BIN模块的描述 (157)10.4.2 特定BIN模块数据库的结构 (161)10.4.3特定BIN计算的演示实例 (162)10.5 TERN 模块 (162)10.5.1 TERN 模块的描述 (162)10.5.2 特殊TERN模块数据库的结构 (166)10.5.3 TERN模块计算的演示实例 (167)10.6 POT模块 (167)10.7 POURBAIX 模块 (167)10.8 SCHAIL 模块 (167)11.2 热化学 (168)11.2.1 一些术语的定义 (168)11.2.2 元素与物种（Elements and species） (168)11.2.3 大小写模式 (169)11.2.4 相 (169)11.2.5 温度与压力的函数 (169)11.2.6 符号 (170)11.2.7 混溶裂隙 (170)11.3 热力学模型 (170)11.3.1 标准Gibbs能 (171)11.3.2 理想置换模型 (171)11.3.3 规则溶体模型 (171)11.3.4 使用组元而不是元素 (172)11.3.5 亚点阵模型—化合物能量公式 (172)11.3.6 离子液体模型，对具有有序化趋势的液体 (172)11.3.7 缔合模型 (173)11.3.8 准化学模型 (173)11.3.9 对Gibbs能的非化学贡献（如铁磁） (173)11.3.10 既有有序-无序转变的相 (173)11.3.11 CVM方法：关于有序/无序现象 (173)11.3.12 Birch-Murnaghan模型：关于高压贡献 (173)11.3.13 理想气体模型相对非理想气体/气体混合物模型 (173)11.3.14 DHLL和SIT模型：关于稀水溶液 (173)11.3.15 HKF和PITZ模型：对浓水溶液 (173)11.3.16 Flory-Huggins模型：对聚合物 (173)11.4 热力学参数 (173)11.5 数据结构 (175)11.5.1 构造 (175)11.5.2 Gibbs能参考表面 (175)11.5.3 过剩Gibbs能 (175)11.5.4 存储私有文件 (175)11.5.5 加密与不加密数据库 (176)11.6 GES系统的应用程序 (176)11.7 用户界面 (176)11.7.1 模块性和交互性 (177)11.7.2 控制符的使用 (177)11.8 帮助与信息的命令 (177)11.8.1 HELP (177)11.8.2 INFORMATION (177)11.9 改变模块与终止程序命令 (178)11.9.1 GOTO_MODULE (178)11.9.2 BACK (178)11.9.3 EXIT (178)11.10 输入数据命令 (178)11.10.4 ENTER_SYMBOL (180)11.10.5 ENTER_PARAMETER (181)11.11 列出数据的命令 (183)11.11.1 LIST_DATA (183)11.11.2 LIST_PHASE_DA TA (183)11.11.3 LIST_PARAMETER (184)11.11.4 LIST_SYMBOL (185)11.11.5 LIST_CONSTITUENT (185)11.11.6 LIST_STATUS (185)11.12 修改数据命令 (185)11.12.1 AMEND_ELEMENT_DA TA (185)11.12.2 AMEND_PHASE_DESCRIPTION (186)11.12.3 AMEND_SYMBOL (188)11.12.4 AMEND_PARAMETER (189)11.12.5 CHANGE_STATUS (191)11.12.6 PATCH_WORKSPACES (191)11.12.7 SET_R_AND_P_NORM (191)11.13 删除数据的命令 (192)11.13.1 REINITIATE (192)11.13.2 DELETE (192)11.14 存储或读取数据的命令 (192)11.14.1 SA VE_GES_WORKSPACE (192)11.14.2 READ_GES_WORKSPACE (193)11.15 其它命令 (193)11.15.1 SET_INTERACTIVE (193)第12部分优化模块（PARROT） (193)12.1 引言 (193)12.1.1 热力学数据库 (194)12.1.2 优化方法 (194)1 2.1.4 其它优化软件 (195)12.2 开始 (195)12.2.1 试验数据文件：POP文件 (195)12.2.2 图形试验文件：EXP文件 (197)12.2.3 系统定义文件：SETUP文件 (197)12.2.4 工作文件或存储文件：PAR文件 (198)12.2.5 各种文件名与其关系 (198)12.2.6 交互运行PARROT模块 (199)12.2.6.3 绘制中间结果 (199)12.2.6.4 实验数据的选择 (199)12.2.6.6 优化与连续优化 (200)12.2.7 参数修整 (200)12.2.8 交互完成的变化要求编译 (201)12.3 交替模式 (201)12.4 诀窍与处理 (201)12.4.4 参数量 (201)12.5 命令结构 (201)12.5.1 一些项的定义 (201)12.5.2 与其它模块连接的命令 (201)12.5.3 用户界面 (201)12.6 一般命令 (201)12.7 最频繁使用的命令 (202)12.8 其它命令 (203)第13部分编辑-实验模块（ED-EXP） (203)第14部分系统实用模块（SYS） (203)14.1 引言 (203)14.2 一般命令 (203)14.2.1 HELP (203)14.2.2 INFORMA TION (204)14.2.4 BACK (205)14.2.5 EXIT (205)14.2.6 SET_LOG_FILE (205)14.2.7 MACRO+FILE_OPEN (205)14.2.8 SET_PLOT_ENVIRONMENT (206)14.3 Odd命令 (207)14.3.1 SET_INTERACTIVE_MODE (207)14.3.2 SET_COMMAND_UNITS (207)14.3.4 LIST_FREE_WORKSPACE (207)14.3.5 PATCH (207)14.3.6 TRACE (207)14.3.7 STOP_ON_ERROR (208)14.3.8 OPEN_FILE (208)14.3.9 CLOSE_FILE (208)14.3.10 SET_TERMINAL (208)14.3.11 NEWS (208)14.3.12 HP_CALCULATOR (208)14.4 一般信息的显示 (209)第15部分数据绘图语言（DATAPLOT） (215)第1部分一般介绍1.1 计算热力学在近十年内与材料科学与工程相联系的计算机计算与模拟的研究与发展已经为定量设计各种材料产生了革命性的方法，热力学与动力学模型的广泛结合使预测材料成分、各种加工后的结构和性能。
Thermo-calc软件-TCCP用户指南 重要
Thermo-Calc®User’s GuideVersion PThermo-Calc Software ABStockholm Technology ParkBjörnnäsvägen 21SE-113 47 Stockholm, SwedenCopyright © 1995-2003 Foundation of Computational ThermodynamicsStockholm, Sweden第1部分一般介绍1.1 计算热力学在近十年内与材料科学与工程相联系的计算机计算与模拟的研究与发展已经为定量设计各种材料产生了革命性的方法，热力学与动力学模型的广泛结合使预测材料成分、各种加工后的结构和性能。
产品开发与工程控制的数学模型的重要性已经证明对热力学计算和动力学模拟的高需求，先进材料的现代定量计算设计已从计算热力学与动力学中得到了惊人的益处。
用Thermo-Calc进行的热力学计算和用DICTRA进行的动力学模拟可戏剧性地加强制造过程的设计能力、热处理温度的选择能力、过程收益的优化能力等，这些易于理解的软件/数据库/界面包已经在世界范围内证明是最有力和最有柔性的排除昂贵和费时的实验、改进质量性能和控制环境影响的工程工具。
1.2 Thermo-Calc软件/数据库/界面包Thermo-Calc是所有各种热力学和相图计算的通用和柔性的软件包，是建立于强大的Gibbs能最小化基础之上的。
它是多于30年和100人年的劳动以及很多各种项目的国际合作的结果。
Thermo-Calc软件可使用多种热力学数据库，特别是热力学数据库的国际合作组织Scientific Group Thermodata Europe(SGTE)开发的数据库。
TCC(传统的Thermo-Calc)和其姊妹软件DICTRA（扩散控制相转变）已经在瑞典斯德哥尔摩皇家工学院（KTH）的材料科学与工程系开发出来，Thermo-Calc的第一个版本发布于1981年，以后几乎每年更新，最新的版本P发布于2002年11月。
赛默飞世尔实验室炉子操作标准操作程序说明书
Laboratory Furnaces SOPSummary•There are various types of laboratory furnaces, including Tube, Box, and Muffle.•Because each unit is different, read the manual, complete safety training provided by your PI or trained senior colleagues. Only use a furnace that you fully understand how to operate.•Furnaces present electrical, fire, and burn hazards, and the insulation can pose a health hazard.Furnaces can also create inhalation health hazards if they malfunction and are not stored inappropriate containment, like a fume hood.•Regularly inspect your furnace for any loose or damaged wiring, physical defects, and water or heat damage.•Follow the safety guidelines outlined in this document, and contact the manufacturer if you have questions regarding specific use or servicing of your furnace.What are Laboratory Furnaces?There are many furnace varieties used in the laboratory. They are useful for chemical synthesis, curing ceramics, and are essential in materials science, engineering, food science, and geological research. Three of the most common units are Tube, Box, and Muffle furnaces. Of note, furnaces are similar to ovens, but they can operate at much higher temperatures (typically higher than 500⁰C).A Tube Furnace (Figure 1) consists of cylindrical chambers surrounded by heating elements, which enable rapid heat up, recovery, and cool down. It is typically suited for smaller (and inorganic) samples and heating in an inert atmosphere. Common applications include the purification, coating, drying, hardening, or ageing of samples. A tube furnace can also be used for annealing, brazing, calcination, degassing, sintering, soldering, sublimation, synthesis, and tempering. It is generally a good idea to place tube furnaces in a fume hood, however, the need for local exhaust is process dependent and should be determined through an appropriate risk assessment. EH&S generally recommends keeping furnaces in a fume hood or to provide some other form of local exhaust in case the units malfunction, which can produce burnt wiring and other inhalation hazards.A Box Furnace (Figure 2) features a vertical lift or swing out door allowing the various sized product(s) to be easily placed in the furnace. Box Furnaces are utilized for heat-treating, calcining, curing, annealing, stress relieving, preheating, tempering, and other high temperature thermal processes. The volatile material in a sample is burned off and escapes as a gas; therefore, these furnaces MUST be placed in a fume hood or containment must be provided by some other type of appropriate local exhaust (i.e., a canopy or snorkel hood).Muffle furnaces (Figure 3) are a subclass of Box Furnace: they are compact countertop heating sources with insulated firebrick walls to maintain high temperatures. They allow rapid high-temperature heating,recovery, and cooling in self-contained, energy-efficient cabinets. This is ideal for ashing samples, heat-treating applications, and materials research. Muffle furnaces use mechanical convection to direct airflow out of an exhaust muffle, and typically do not require placement in a fume hood (though it is recommended if possible in case the unit malfunctions).Figure 1. Tube Furnace. Figure 2. Box Furnace. Figure 3. Muffle Furnace.What are the Hazards?Extreme Temperature HazardsHigh voltage is needed to generate temperatures greater than 500°C. With high voltage comes inherent dangers of electrocution, fire, and severe burns. Make sure the furnace is properlygrounded and no loose wires are connected to the furnace, and wear all necessary protectiveclothing while operating (as outlined later in this document).The furnace program should be stopped, or the furnace shut off before opening the furnace door.Note that material will not always glow or appear hot, but will cause severe burns with improper handling.The elements for the furnaces may be exposed and can be easily damaged if bumped or scraped.They are very expensive to replace. The furnace elements are operated at a high current and can be dangerous if touched.Health HazardsMany laboratory furnaces contain refractory ceramic insulation, which can produce respirable fibers or dust with crystalline silica when handled. Crystalline silica may cause chronic lung injury (silicosis) after prolonged exposure or a heavy exposure in a short time. Silicosis is a form of disablingpulmonary fibrosis which can be progressive and may lead to death. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) reports sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity of crystalline silica tohumans. IARC classifies ceramic fiber as 2B (possible carcinogenic to humans). Older furnaces typically had insulation which contained asbestos. As such, it is also important to appropriately dispose of furnaces once they have passed their useful lifetime.What Activities Could Pose a Risk?•Using a box furnace that sits outside of a fume hood.•Opening/servicing your furnace unit without specified training.•Altering wiring, and altering or disabling the safety features, such as safety interlocks, sensors, etc.•Using common oven mitts, cryogenic gloves, or no gloves instead of thermal-rated glove protection.•Heating materials beyond their melting or decomposition points. Melting points (and occasionally decomposition points) can be found on a material’s SDS.•Using a malfunctioning furnace or having a furnace malfunction.•Heating sealed vessels in a furnace may result in an explosion if the vessels are not rated for the increased pressure or temperature.•Heating hazardous materials: Do not heat samples or glassware with chemicals that pose respiratory hazards. Evaporation in the furnace will release vapors into the atmosphere, where yourself or other lab members may breathe the toxic materials if the units are not appropriately contained in fume hood or provided with other appropriate local exhaust ventilation.How Can Exposures be Minimized?When working with any hazardous material orprocess, always conduct a thorough riskassessment and employ the hierarchy of controlsto minimize risk. Specific applications of thehierarchy of controls to the unique hazards oflaboratory furnaces are listed below. Apply thecontrols in the order of most effective to leasteffective (see graphic at right), and apply asmany controls as possible to reduce the risk tothe lowest achievable level.Elimination/Substitution•Avoid using a furnace for the sole purpose of cleaning glassware. Towel dry, air dry, or blow dry if possible.•Heat materials to the lowest possible temperature to reduce the severity of potential burns and furnace failure.•When purchasing a furnace, please consider purchasing those with safety features if possible.Engineering Controls•Work in a well-ventilated area. If heating hazardous materials and if the unit fits, put the furnace in a fume hood to ensure sufficient ventilation of escaping fumes. EH&S generally recommends that furnaces are operated in fume hoods or with other appropriate local exhaust ventilation in case the unit malfunctions, which can release hazardous gases into the occupied lab space.Administrative Controls•Before Use:o All furnace operators must complete safety training specific to the furnace they will work with.o Read the instrument’s manual thoroughly, and understand the oven’s capabilities, limitations, safety features and safety protocol. Always follow manufacturer protocoland recommendations.o Consult with the manufacturer and your PI to ensure that your planned experiments are appropriate for the unit. For instance, never overheat the materials or their containers:Borosilicate glass should not be heated above 400°C for short-term service, and Pyrexnot above 300°C. Always check the manufacturer’s recommended usable temperaturerange of containers prior to use in a furnace, and do not use containers for applicationsoutside of the range.o Though lab furnaces have internal safety circuits, consider attaching an external temperature controlled power circuit that would cut the power to the unit in the eventof elevated temperatures. Companies like McMaster Carr and Omega Engineeringprovide thermocouples and controllers that could be used to fabricate a cost-effectivecircuits of this kind.•Keep the furnace’s wiring tidy and away from other heat-generating sources. Damaged wiring could result in an electrical fire.•Never disable safety features. Only service units if permitted by the manufacturer.•Never heat a furnace to its maximum temperature.•Do not heat samples or glassware with chemicals that pose respiratory hazards unless the units are contained in a fume hood or provided with other appropriate local exhaust. Evaporation in the furnace will release vapors into the atmosphere, where yourself or other lab members may breathe the toxic materials if these are not appropriately contained.•Keep the area around the furnace decluttered. Items beside the furnace may get hot and melt, catch fire, boil, or explode.•Always place and remove items from the furnace with thermal-rated tongs or forceps.•Regularly inspect your furnace for any loose or damaged wiring, water and heat damage, or other visual defects. Contact the manufacturer or vendor directly for repairs and servicing.•Dispose of furnace units that are beyond their usable lifetime. Follow the process for laboratory equipment disposal described on the EH&S website.Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)•When working with a furnace, always wear long pants, closed-toe shoes, a lab coat, and safety glasses.•ALWAYS wear the appropriate thermal gloves, and regularly check them for rips, holes, or tears.All-cotton terrycloth gloves are sufficient protection for temperatures up to 232°C (i.e. autoclave use), but heat- or flame-resistant gloves are required when using furnaces at highertemperatures. It is recommended that a pair of such gloves is always available near a labfurnace, even when working with lower temperatures, in the case of thermal runaway. Visit the EH&S guide to glove selection for more information. If you need additional assistance inselecting appropriate gloves, please contact EH&S at ****************.Service RecommendationsRegularly inspect your furnace for any loose or damaged wiring, water damage, heat damage, or other visual defects. If something appears damaged, worn, or is malfunctioning, DO NOT begin/continue using the furnace – power off immediately. Contact the manufacturer or vendor directly for repairs and servicing. Dispose of units beyond their useable lifetime.Exposure and Spill ProcedureIn the event of a furnace incident or malfunction, immediately turn off and unplug the furnace if it is safe to do so. Evacuate the room and notify EH&S (413-545-2682) for assistance.After any emergency or near-miss circumstance, notify EH&S (413-545-2682) as soon as possible and complete the lab incident form.For an exposure:1.Dermal Exposure: In the event that exposed skin touches the hot oven or its contents,immediately rinse affected area with copious amounts of cool water for at least 15 minutes toreduce further tissue damage. For serious burns, call 911 (report the building name, roomnumber, and street address) or 413- 545-3111 (or simply 5-3111 from a campus line) to report the incident and request medical help. For minor burns, immediately go to UHS.2.Inhalation: If an individual inhales fumes from a malfunctioning furnace or materials placedinside the furnace, immediately seek medical attention. If the person is unconscious orexperiencing acute breathing difficulties, call 911 (report the building name, room number, and street address) or 413- 545-3111 (or simply 5-3111 from a campus line) to report the incidentand request medical help. Never enter a room with an unconscious person to provide assistance to avoid exposing yourself as well. For inhalation exposures without acute health effects,immediately go to UHS for evaluation. Health effects from inhalation can be delayed by hoursfor exposure to some materials, and can be very serious, so it is important to be evaluated bymedical professionals. If it is possible to do so, provide the SDS (or whatever information isavailable in the absence of an SDS) for any materials involved to the medical personnel.3.Electrical Fire: If the unit is on fire, immediately evacuate the room, close the door behind you,and activate the fire alarm. Follow your lab’s evacuation route and meet in your designatedlocation outside of the building. Call 911 or 413- 545-3111 once outside to report the incidentand provide information, such as locations of the fire and materials involved.References and Sources1.Box Furnace SOP: Oregon State University:https:///content/sop-high-temperature-box-furnace2.Box, Muffle, and Tube Furnaces: Laboratory Equipment: https://boratory-/blog/box-muffle-tube-laboratory-furnaces/3.Extinguishing Electrical Fires: https:///blog/how-to-put-out-an-electrical-fire4.Fisher Scientific Tube Furnaces: https:///us/en/browse/90088045/tube-furnaces5.Gilson Muffle Furnace: https:///muffle-furnaces6.IARC: silica carcinogenic:https:///21834268/#:~:text=The%20panel%20remarked%20that%20cr ystalline,causes%20lung%20cancer%20in%20humans.&text=Silicosis%20and%20lung%20cancer %20in,protect%20persons%20at%20high%2Drisk.7.Insulation Elements SDS:https:///images/MSDS/Kerr_Furnace_Insulation_Elements.pdf8.ThermCraft Ashing Furnace: https:///what-is-ashing-furnace/#:~:text=In%20the%20food%20science%20industry,in%20a%20flow%20of%20oxygen.9.Thermo Scientific Furnaces: https:///TFS-Assets/LED/brochures/LED-FurnacesBrochure-BRFURNACE0316-EN.pdf。
Thermo Scientific Tube Revolver操作手册说明书
Tube RevolverCatalog #88881001 & 88881002Operation Manual 9240-11-021MANUAL NUMBER 9240-11-0210--11/5/13Original CCS REV ECR/ECN DATE DESCRIPTION By PrefaceImportant Read this instruction manual. Failure to read, understand and follow the instructions in this manual may result in damage to the unit, injury to operating personnel, and poor equipment performance. sCaution All internal adjustments and maintenance must be performed by qualified service personnel. sMaterial in this manual is for information purposes only. The contents and the product it describes are subject to change without notice. Thermo Fisher Scientific makes no representations or warranties with respect to this manual. In no event shall Thermo be held liable for any damages, direct or incidental, arising out of or related to the use of this manual.©2013 Thermo Fisher Scientific. All rights reserved.PrefaceImportant operating and/or maintenance instructions. Read the accompanying text carefully.Potential electrical hazards. Only qualified persons should perform procedures associated with thissymbol.Equipment being maintained or serviced must be turned off and locked off to prevent possible injury.Hot surface(s) present which may cause burns to unprotected skin, or to materials which may bedamaged by elevated temperatures.Marking of electrical and electronic equipment, which applies to electrical and electronic equipmentfalling under the Directive 2002/96/EC (WEEE) and the equipment that has been put on the market after 13 August 2005.This product is required to comply with the European Union’s Waste Electrical & ElectronicEquipment (WEEE) Directive 2002/96/EC. It is marked with the WEEE symbol. Thermo FisherScientific has contracted with one or more recycling/disposal companies in each EU Member StateEuropean Country, and this product should be disposed of or recycled through them. Furtherinformation on Thermo’s compliance with this directive, the recyclers in your country andinformation on Thermo products will be available at .4Always use the proper protective equipment (clothing, gloves, goggles, etc.)4Always dissipate extreme cold or heat and wear protective clothing.4Always follow good hygiene practices.4Each individual is responsible for his or her own safety.PrefaceTable of ContentsIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1Control Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2Packing List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2Operation/Rotisserie Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1Rotisserie Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1Warranty Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-1Section 1Section 2Section 3Section 4Features Specifications Section 1 IntroductionThank you for purchasing the Thermo Scientific T ube Revolver. This unit was designed to mix reagent, solution, and other chemical substances for use in the research, medical science, biological engineering, chemical science, and pharmaceuticals industries. T ube Revolver is simple in appearance, and is constructed through precise manufacturing and strict quality control for stable operation, precise control, and reliable quality.• Assortment of rotisseries included• Selection of reciprocating or rotating operation mode• Stepless speed regulation• LED indication of speed•“” Speed-up/increase value •“ ” Slow down/decrease value •“” Selection of operation mode •“LED” to show the settings and working status.Section 1IntroductionControl PanelFigure 1-1. Control Panel Components Packing ListSection 2 Operation/Rotisserie Installation1. Install the rotisserie with reference to Rotisserie Installation in thissection.2. Mount the corresponding tube on the rotisserie.3. T urn the power switch to “on”.4. Switch the operation mode between “rotating” and “reciprocating” bypressing the Mode button.5. Set the speed by pressing the up or down arrow button when it is on“rotating” mode.* 50ml tube rack could be installed with or without the rotisserie axle.**LED shows “” on “reciprocating” mode; LED shows the last speed setting value when it is on “rotating” mode.Figure 2-1. Control PanelSection 2Operation/Rotisserie InstallationRotisserie Installation 1.Hold the tube revolver housing firmly, insert one end of the rotisserieaxle into the slot, turn it until it clicks into place, and insert the other.2.Mount the desired tube rack.3.Place the O-rings into the groove on the rotisserie axle.4.Load the tubes onto the tube rack.Please follow the notes below for ensuring long-term usage:1.Place the tubes steady in working condition.2.T o ensure the unit optimal performance, please reduce the load orkeep the load balanced if there is any noise.Rotisserie Axle O-rings Revolving RackFigure 2-2. AxleFigure 2-4. Balanced Load Figure 2-3. Assembly4XSection 3 CleaningFor safe use, clean the tube revolver as follows:• Unplug the power cord before cleaning.• Clean the unit by a soft damp cloth or a mild non-corrosive (pH≤8) detergent• Do not spray the unit.• Be sure that the unit is completely dry before operation.• Wear gloves when cleaning.Section 4Warranty InformationThermo ScientificTube Revolver4-1Thermo Fisher Scientific 401 Millcreek Road Marietta, Ohio 45750 United States 。
Thermo Fisher CryoMed程序降温仪操作规程
Thermo Fisher程序降温仪操作规程一、界面显示箱体温度（Chamber）、样品温度（Sample）、LCD 显示程序状态、信息、降温程序的编辑与查看二、控制面板2.1 左边Idle 没有程序运行Run 有一个降温程序正在运行中Wait 正在运行的降温处于暂停状态，按下“Run”键可继续运行End 箱体升温到+25℃2.2 右边Cool 打开一个氮气电磁阀Cool+ 打开两个氮气电磁阀Heat 正在加热2.3 控制面板上共有7 个控制键Warm 开始加热。
Run 开始选定降温程序，或者继续暂停的降温程序。
Slience 停止报警音并清除显示的报警信息。
Back 完全停止一个正在运行的降温程序并回到程序主菜单。
Enter 开始新一行，进入子菜单，移动光标到右边。
Up 向上滚动显示条，或改变程序步骤和设置步骤。
Down 向下滚动显示条，或改变程序步骤和设置步骤。
三、液氮供应液氮要求：干净，压力为0.15±30%Mpa氮气接头不可上的过紧，否则会损坏接头，接头处不可使用密封胶带。
四、自动编辑程序6.1 使用上下箭头键选择“Edit”（编辑）模式，按Enter 键；6.2 使用上下箭头键选择User1 至User10(自定义程序)中的一个，按Enter 键；6.3 使用上下箭头键选择步骤step；6.4 使用左右箭头键移动光标，使用上下箭头键可更改字母、数字或符号，使用SILENCE 键可删除字母、数字或符号，使用左右箭头键移动光标；6.5 步骤0 输入程序名称，完成后，移动光标回到最左边；6.6 按向下箭头键，选择步骤1，按Enter 键进入编辑；6.7 可使用上下箭头键选择一下功能6.7.1 0.0 C/mC to 0.0 C 箱体温度以设定的变化率到达设定温度6.7.2 0.0 C/mS to 0.0 C 样品温度以设定的变化率到达设定温度6.7.3 Wait at 0.0 C 达到设定的温度并等待6.7.4 Hold for 1m at 0.0 C 在设定的箱体温度等待设定的时间然后继续6.7.5 Precool 冷却样品至+5℃然后继续下一步骤6.7.6 Jump to 1 跳到设定的步骤6.7.7 Loop to 1 for 1 从当前步骤回到设定的步骤循环设定的次数6.7.8 End 完成程序6.8 选定功能后，使用上下左右键更改参数6.9 当所有的步骤设置完成后，继续按BACK 键直至回到主菜单。
Thermo Fisher微量冷冻高速离心机操作规程
ThermoFisher微量冷冻高速离心机操作规程一、操作程序1、开机前检查1.1离心机必须置于坚固、稳定的水平台面上。
1.2每次操作前认真检查离心管及转子的完整性，避免运转过程中事故发生。
2、开机接通符合离心机要求的电源，打开电源开关(机身左侧下方，插头上方)，激活显示。
3、参数设定3.1转速设定3.1.1控制版面最左侧SPEED区域为转速调节区，按压该区域左侧上、下按键即可调节所需转速，上方屏幕将显示当前设定转速。
3.1.2按压该区域右侧上下按键可在RCF（单位为g）与RPM显示间切换。
3.1.3转速调节完成后，屏幕闪烁几秒后自动确定。
3.2时间设定3.2.1控制版面中间TIME区域可调节离心时间，按压该区域上、下按键调节离心时间，上方屏幕将显示当前设定的离心时间。
3.2.2时间调节完成后，屏幕闪烁几秒后自动确定。
3.3温度设定3.1.1控制版面右侧TEMP区域可调节调节温度，按压该区域上、下按键即可调节离心温度，上方屏幕将显示当前设定的温度。
3.1.2离心温度可根据离心样品要求预先设置好，关闭离心机盖即可预控温度。
注：离心机预冷过程中会发出低频震动声，此为离心机预控温度设置，属正常现象。
3.4运行3.4.1对称地往转子内装入离心管，盖紧转子盖，并盖上离心机盖。
按START 键，离心机开始运行。
屏幕将显示转速、剩余时间及离心腔内温度。
（按PULSE键可进行瞬时离心）3.4.2到达预先设定的运转时间或按STOP键，离心机开始减速，待转速降至为0时，机器将发出蜂鸣声，按OPEN键打开盖门，取下转子盖后即可取出样品。
4、关机离心机使用完毕后，应检查转子清洁，关闭电源开关，拔下插头。
二、保养维护1、主机1.1应定期用温洗液擦拭离心机外表面和转子腔。
清洗前拔除电源插头。
转子腔只能用湿布擦拭，使用中性洗剂清洗和消毒。
避免任何液体进入转子轴空隙，避免腐蚀性化学物质损伤转子和转子腔。
1.2每月进行一次检查，气密盖包括硅树脂密封圈、橡胶盘、和复位圈都有正常损耗，当出现明显损耗时须更换。
Thermo Fisher CryoMed程序降温仪操作规程
Thermo Fisher程序降温仪操作规程一、界面显示箱体温度(Chamber)、样品温度(Sample)、LCD 显示程序状态、信息、降温程序的编辑与查看二、控制面板2.1 左边Idle 没有程序运行Run 有一个降温程序正在运行中Wait 正在运行的降温处于暂停状态,按下“Run”键可继续运行End 箱体升温到+25℃2.2 右边Cool 打开一个氮气电磁阀Cool+ 打开两个氮气电磁阀Heat 正在加热2.3 控制面板上共有7 个控制键Warm 开始加热。
Run 开始选定降温程序,或者继续暂停的降温程序。
Slience 停止报警音并清除显示的报警信息。
Back 完全停止一个正在运行的降温程序并回到程序主菜单。
Enter 开始新一行,进入子菜单,移动光标到右边。
Up 向上滚动显示条,或改变程序步骤和设置步骤。
Down 向下滚动显示条,或改变程序步骤和设置步骤。
三、液氮供应液氮要求:干净,压力为0.15±30%Mpa氮气接头不可上的过紧,否则会损坏接头,接头处不可使用密封胶带。
四、自动编辑程序6.1 使用上下箭头键选择“Edit”(编辑)模式,按Enter 键;6.2 使用上下箭头键选择User1 至User10(自定义程序)中的一个,按Enter 键;6.3 使用上下箭头键选择步骤step;6.4 使用左右箭头键移动光标,使用上下箭头键可更改字母、数字或符号,使用SILENCE 键可删除字母、数字或符号,使用左右箭头键移动光标;6.5 步骤0 输入程序名称,完成后,移动光标回到最左边;6.6 按向下箭头键,选择步骤1,按Enter 键进入编辑;6.7 可使用上下箭头键选择一下功能6.7.1 0.0 C/mC to 0.0 C 箱体温度以设定的变化率到达设定温度6.7.2 0.0 C/mS to 0.0 C 样品温度以设定的变化率到达设定温度6.7.3 Wait at 0.0 C 达到设定的温度并等待6.7.4 Hold for 1m at 0.0 C 在设定的箱体温度等待设定的时间然后继续6.7.5 Precool 冷却样品至+5℃然后继续下一步骤6.7.6 Jump to 1 跳到设定的步骤6.7.7 Loop to 1 for 1 从当前步骤回到设定的步骤循环设定的次数6.7.8 End 完成程序6.8 选定功能后,使用上下左右键更改参数6.9 当所有的步骤设置完成后,继续按BACK 键直至回到主菜单。
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CopyCaller Software简易操作流程
简易操作流程
CopyCaller Software
简易操作流程
CopyCaller Software软件能够简便、快速地分析来自于Applied Biosystems品牌实时荧光定量PCR仪的TaqMan® Copy Number Assays实验数据。
1.准备实时荧光定量PCR数据
1.1在Applied Biosystems™品牌实时荧光定量PCR仪上运行TaqMan®
Copy Number Assays实验，实验类型设置为绝对定量，每个样品
推荐做4个重复，具体设置请参考TaqMan® Copy Number Assays
实验手册。
1.2分析实验数据
将阈值线手动设定为：0.2
自动基线设为：ON
1.3导出包含Ct值的实验数据文件，文件类型选择为.txt或者.csv。
2.使用CopyCaller Software软件分析数据
2.1 打开CopyCaller Software软件
双击桌面图标，或从Start > All programs > Applied
Biosystems > CopyCallerSoftware> CopyCaller开启软件。
2.2双击图标，导入.txt或者.csv的文件，选择需要分析的一个或
者多个文件，点击open，选中的文件将会出现在软件的Assay Selection界面。
2.3分析实验数据
如下图所示，在○1assay selection界面中选择所要分析的数据，○2点击绿色图标分析，弹出分析设置界面，如果实验中包含已知基因拷贝数的样品，选择○3with calibration sample，在calibrator sample下拉选项中选择用做校正的样品名称，在calibrator sample copy number中输入拷贝数；如果实验中没有已知拷贝数的样品，选择○4without calibration sample, 在most frequent sample copy number中输入本次实验中大多数样品预测的拷贝数。
点击○5 Apply分析实验。
2.4显示分析的数据结果
在Assay Selection界面，点击下方箭头指示处 后，即可查看实验结果。
2.4.1柱状图中，横坐标表示样品名称，纵坐标表示基因拷贝数。
2.4.2查看表格各个选项的内容：○1显示了每一个样品孔的样品名
称，Ct值等信息，○2显示了本次实验的分析总结，○3用饼图表示拷贝数分布结果，○4显示了∆Ct值的分布图。
2.4.3下图表格中copy number predicted直观地显示了每个样品预测的拷贝数。
confidence 推荐大于0.95, z-Score参考下表推荐值：
3.保存及重新打开结果文件
3.1保存结果文件
点击或者点击File> Save As，选择路径，保存文
件格式为.cnv。
3.2重新打开结果文件
点击或者点击File> Open重新打开.cnv格式的分析文件。