纽约爱乐乐团

New York PhilharmonicThe New York Philharmonic is a symphony orchestra based in New York City in the United States. It is one of the American orchestras commonly referred to as the "Big Five".The big five that include New York Philharmonic(1842), the Chicago Symphony(1891), the Boston Symphony(1881) , the Philadelphia Symphony (1900) and the Cleveland Orchestra (1918) . The Philharmonic's home is Avery Fisher Hall, which located in New York's Lincoln Center. Organized in 1842, the orchestra is older than any other extant American symphonic institution by nearly four decades; It currently plays 180 concerts a year, and its record-setting 15,000th concert was given on May 5, 2010. It is a milestone unmatched by any other symphony orchestra .The Philharmonic has become renowned around the globe, having appeared in 432 cities in 63 countries on five continents.Founding and first concert, 1842The orchestra was founded by the American-born conductor Ureli Corelli Hill in 1842, with the aid of the then famous Irish composer William Vincent Wallace, as the Philharmonic Society of New York, declaring as its purpose "the advancement of instrumental music." The first concert of the New York Philharmonic took place on December 7, 1842 in the Apollo Rooms on off Broadway .There were 600 audience come to the concert . The concert opened with Beethoven's Symphony No. 5, led by Hill himself. It led parts of the eclectic, three-hour program, which included chamber music and several operatic selections with a leading singer of the day, as was the custom. At that time ,the musicians operated as a cooperative society, deciding by a majority vote such issues as who would become a member, which music would be performed and who among them would conduct. At the end of the season, the players would divide any proceeds among themselves.Beethoven's ninth and a new home, 1846After only a dozen public performances and barely four years old, the Philharmonic organized a concert to raise money to build a new music hall. The centerpiece was the American premiere of Beethoven's Symphony No. 9, to take place at Castle Garden on the southern tip of Manhattan. About 400 instrumental and vocal performers gathered for this premiere, which was conducted by George Loder. However, with the expensive ticket price and a war rally uptown, the hoped-for audience was kept away and the new hall would have to wait. Although judged by some as an odd work with all those singers kept at bay until the end, the Ninth soon became the work performed most often when a grand gesture was required.During the Philharmonic's first seven seasons, seven musicians alternated the conducting duties. In addition to Hill, Timm and Étienne, these were William Alpers, George Loder, Louis Wiegers and Alfred Boucher. This changed in 1849 when Theodore Eisfeld was installed as sole conductor for the season. Eisfeld, later along with Carl Bergmann, would be the conductor until 1865. That year, Eisfeld conducted the Orchestra's memorial concert for the recently assassinated Abraham Lincoln, but in a peculiar turn of events which were criticized in the New York press, the Philharmonic omitted the last movement, "Ode to Joy", as being inappropriate for the occasion.New management, 1909In 1909, to ensure the financial stability of the Philharmonic, a group of wealthy New Yorkers led by two women, Mary Seney Sheldon and Minnie Untermyer, formed the Guarantors Committee and changed the Orchestra's organization from a musician-operated cooperative to a corporate management structure.Mergers and outreach, 1921In 1921 the Philharmonic merged with New York's National Symphony Orchestra (no relation to the present Washington, D.C. ensemble). The year 1928 marked the New York Philharmonic's last and most important merger: with the New York Symphony Society. The Symphony had been quite innovative in its 50 years prior to the merger. It made its first domestic tour in 1882, introduced educational concerts for young people in 1891, and gave the premieres of works such as Gershwin's Concerto in F and Holst's Egdon Heath. The merger of these two venerable institutions consolidated extraordinary financial and musical resources. At the first joint board meeting in 1928, the chairman, Clarence Mackay, expressed the opinion that "with the forces of the two Societies now united... the Philharmonic-Symphony Society could build up the greatest orchestra in this country if not in the world."Modern music, 1962Bernstein, a lifelong advocate of living composers, oversaw the beginning of the Orchestra's largest commissioning project, resulting in the creation of 109 new works for orchestra. In September 1962, the Philharmonic commissioned Aaron Copland to write a new work, Connotations For Orchestra, for the opening concert of the new Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. The move to Philharmonic Hall in Lincoln Center brought about an expansion of concerts into the spring and summer. Among the many series that have taken place during the off-season have been the French-American and Stravinsky Festivals (1960s), Pierre Boulez's "RugConcerts" in the 1970s, and composer, Jacob Druckman's Horizon's Festivals in the 1980s.In 1971 Pierre Boulez became the first Frenchman to hold the post of Philharmonic Music Director. Boulez's years with the Orchestra were notable for expanded repertoire and innovative concert approaches, such as the "Prospective Encounters" which explored new works along with the composer in alternative venues. During his tenure, the Philharmonic inaugurated the "Live From Lincoln Center" television series in 1976, and the Orchestra continues to appear on the Emmy Award-winning program to the present day. Boulez made a series of quadraphonic recordings for Columbia, including an extensive series of the orchestral music of Maurice Ravel.The New York Philharmonic appear on several recordings of songs from the 1971 John Lennon album Imagine, credited as The Flux Fiddlers.In 1986,the Orchestra hold a concert in Lincoln Center for free.That attracted 800,000 audience come to the party. It is the largest scale for a single orchestra.In 2000, Lorin Maazel made a guest-conducting appearance with the New York Philharmonic in two weeks of subscription concerts after an absence of over twenty years,which was met with a positive reaction from the orchestra musicians.This engagement led to his appointment in January 2001 as the orchestra's next Music Director. He assumed the post in September 2002, 60 years after making his debut with the Orchestra at the age of twelve at Lewisohn Stadium. In his first subscription week he led the world premiere of John Adams' On the Transmigration of Souls commissioned in memory of those who died on September 11, 2001.In 2003, due to ongoing concerns with the acoustics of Avery Fisher Hall, there was a proposal to move the New York Philharmonic back to Carnegie Hall and merge the two organizations, but this proposal did not come to fruition.Currently, Avery Fisher Hall is undergoing renovations starting in 2010.Visit to North Korea, 2008In 2008 , the Philharmonic performed in Pyongyang at the invitation of the North Korean government . The event was the first significant cultural visit to the country from the United States since the end of the Korean War. The concert was held at East Pyongyang Grand Theatre, with a program including the national anthems of both North Korea and the United States , the Prelude to Act III of Lohengrin by Richard Wagner, Antonín Dvořák's Symphony No. 9 "From the New World", George Gershwin's An American in Paris, Georges Bizet's Farandole, Leonard Bernstein's Overture to Candide, and the popular Korean folk song Arirang. The Dvořák, Gershwin, and Bernstein works were each originally premiered by the New York Philharmonic.The visit was anticipated as an opportunity to broaden relations with oneof the world's most isolated nations .The U.S. State Department viewed the invitation as a potential softening of anti-U.S. propaganda. However , the musical Directer said he is not a politician but he believes that music is a good bridge for exchange between people.The musical instrumentsWhen we talk about a philharmonic orchestra we have to refer to musical instruments ,a generalized definition is that a musical instrument is a device created or adapted to make musical sounds. In principle, any object that produces sound can be a musical instrument—it is through purpose that the object becomes a musical instrument. . We often talk about the narrow instruments as being part of a family. That's because, just like in human families, the instruments in a particular family are related to each other. They are often made of the same types of materials, usually look similar to one another, and produce sound in comparable ways. Some are larger and some are smaller, just as parents are bigger than children .There are four different musical instrument Family these are :the percussion family ,the Strings family, the Woodwinds family ,and the Brass family.The Percussion FamilyThe percussion family is the largest in a orchestra. Percussion instruments include many instruments that makes a sound when it is hit, shaken, or scraped. It's not easy to be a percussionist because it takes a lot of practice to hit an instrument with the right amount of strength, in the right place and at the right time. Some percussion instruments are tuned and can sound different notes, like the xylophone, timpani and piano, and some are untuned with no definite pitch, like the bass drum, cymbals and castanets. Percussion instruments keep the rhythm, make special sounds and add excitement and color. Unlike most of the other players in the orchestra, a percussionist will usually play many different instruments in one piece of music. The most common percussion instruments in the orchestra include the timpani, xylophone, cymbals, triangle, snare drum, bass drum, tambourine, maracas, gongs, chimes, celesta and piano. String instrumentsString instruments are musical instruments that produce sound from vibrating strings. In the Hornbostel-Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification, used in organology, they are called chordophones. Some common instruments in the string family are guitar, sitar, rabab, electric bass, violin, viola, cello, double bass, banjo, mandolin, ukulele, bouzouki, and harp.Woodwind instrumentsWoodwind instruments (also called woodwinds) are a family of musical instruments within the more general category of wind instruments. There are two main types of woodwind instruments: flutes which produce a soundwith open flutes, the player is required to blow a stream of air across a sharp edge that then splits the airstream . This split airstream then acts upon the air column contained within the flutes hollow causing it to vibrate and produce sound. and reed instruments also called reed pipes which produce sound by focusing air into a mouthpiece which then causes a reed, or reeds, to vibrate What differentiates these instruments from other wind instruments is the way in which they produce their sound. Woodwinds can include soprano, alto, tenor and bass.And the modern symphony orchestra's woodwinds section these are : piccolo, flutes, oboes, English horn, clarinets, bass clarinet, bassoons, and contrabassoon. The section may also on occasion be expanded by the addition of saxophones.Brass instrumentA brass instrument is a musical instrument that produces sound by sympathetic vibration of air in a tubular resonator in sympathy with the vibration of the player's lips. Brass instruments are also called labrosones, literally meaning "lip-vibrated instruments".There are several factors involved in producing different pitches on a brass instrument. Slides, valves, crooks, or keys are used to change vibratory length of tubing, thus changing the available harmonic series, while the player's embouchure, lip tension and air flow serve to select the specific harmonic produced from the available series.The instruments in this list fall for various reasons are regarding families of brass instruments.Alphorn(wood)Conch(shell)Didgeridoo(wood,Australia)Natural horn(no valves or slides—except tuning crook),Keyedbugle(keyed-brass),Keyed-trumpet(keyedbrass),Serpent(keyed-brass),Ophicleide(keyed-brass),Shofar(animalhorn ),Vladimirskiyrozhok(wood,Russia).Vuvuzela and Lur.We can see there are hundreds musical instruments in a Orchestra ,it is really like a miracle that so many instruments can work harmony so that we can enjoy the beautiful , rhythmic，melodic，musical，lovely，vive and wonderful music.we can Imagine how important and complicate the work of the musical director is . In the past , I simple think the work of a musical director is just wave their hands with some unreadable gestures.Actually I am totally wrong , that is not a easy work for a musical director . He who work as a musical director must have a profound knowledge of musical and instruments , he has to bear in mind which musical instrument should play and how long that should be last in a quit complicated Music Cue Sheet. So I think it is necessary to refer the famous musical director in the history of New york philharmonic Orchestra.Music directors∙1842-1849 Ureli Corelli Hill, Henry Timm, Denis Etienne, William Alpers, George Loder, Louis Wiegers and Alfred ∙1928-1936 Arturo Toscanini∙1936-1941 JohnBoucher∙1849-1854 Theodore Eisfeld∙1854-1855 Theodore Eisfeld and Henry Timm∙1855-1856 Carl Bergmann∙1856-1858 Theodore Eisfeld∙1858-1859 Carl Bergmann∙1859-1865 Carl Bergmann and Theodore Eisfeld∙1865-1876 Carl Bergmann∙1876-1877 Leopold Damrosch∙1877-1878 Theodore Thomas∙1878-1879 Adolf Neuendorff∙1879-1891 Theodore Thomas∙1891-1898 Anton Seidl∙1898-1902 Emil Paur∙1902-1903 Walter Damrosch∙1906-1909 Wassily Safonoff∙1909-1911 Gustav Mahler∙1911-1923 Josef Stransky∙1922-1930 Willem Mengelberg Barbirolli∙1943-1947 Artur Rodziński∙1947-1949 Bruno Walter (music advisor) ∙1949-1950 Leopold Stokowski (co-principal conductor)∙1949-1958 Dimitri Mitropoulos∙1958-1969 Leonard Bernstein∙1969-1970 George Szell (music advisor) ∙1971-1977 Pierre Boulez∙1978-1991 Zubin Mehta ∙1991-2002 Kurt Masur ∙2002-2009 Lorin Maazel∙2009–present Alan GilbertAmong the above musical Directors ,some are familiar with us , some are not. No matter how , they sacrifice and contribute a lots to the New york philharmonic Orchestra.It is the Directors who make the Orchestra famous to the world .Public funds help make the New York Philharmonic the orchestra for all New YorkersTo ensure the financial security of our Orchestra for future generations .Funding from city, state, and national government helps support the New York Philharmonic’s performance and education programs. Currently, government grants support the annual free concerts, which give everyone from all five boroughs access to the live performances, as well as the award-winning radio program, The New York Philharmonic This Week, reaching millions of listeners across the country and around the world. Public funds also provide essential support for our nationally recognized School Partnership Program, which will serve 3,200 students and 145 teachers in 14 New York City schools during the 2012–13 school year. Give Your Time, Share Your TalentsThe Volunteer Council was created in 1980 to coordinate the talents, timeand energy of people who care about music and the New York Philharmonic .The Council has a committee-based structure and is under the leadership of a president and executive committee - all drawn from the volunteer membership. Volunteers perform various functions at concerts and special events, and work behind the scenes to support the staff of the New York Philharmonic. Through its committees the Council offers many opportunities for participation in a wide range of activities and welcomes new volunteers wishing to have a long-term involvement with a community of individuals who are dedicated to the Philharmonic and the spirit of volunteerism.Honors and awardsAt last I want to end this paper with some award of the New york philharmonic OrchestraGrammy Award for Best Classical Album∙1965 Bernstein: Symphony No. 3 "Kaddish"∙1974 Bartók: Concerto for Orchestra∙1978 Concert of the Century∙1991 Ives: Symphony No. 2; Gong on the Hook and Ladder; Central Park in the Dark; The Unanswered Question∙2005 Adams: On the Transmigration of SoulsGrammy Award for Best Orchestral Performance∙1990 Mahler: Symphony No. 3 in D Minor∙1974 Bartók: Concerto for Orchestra 1976 Ravel: Daphnis et Chloé∙2005 Adams: On the Transmigration of SoulsGrammy Award for Best Album for Children∙1962 Prokofiev: Peter and the Wolf∙1963 Saint-Saëns: The Carnival of the Animals; Britten: Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra1964 Bernstein: Young People's Concerts Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist with Orchestra ∙1979 Horowitz Golden Jubilee - Rachmaninoff: Piano Concerto No. 3∙1982 Isaac Stern 60th Anniversary CelebrationGrammy Award for Best Classical Vocal Performance∙1963 Wagner: Götterdämmerung: Brünnhilde's Immolation Scene; Die Walküre: Wesendonck LiederGrammy Award for Best Choral Performance 1970 Berio: Sinfonia Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Classical∙1976 Ravel: Daphnis et Chloé∙1979 Varèse: Amériques/Arcana/Ionisation∙1982 Isaac Stern 60th Anniversary Celebration。