Computer system Architecture - 计算机系统

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2012计算机系统结构核心概念

2012计算机系统结构核心概念
4. CISC:复杂指令集计算机
5. RISC:精简指令集计算机
6. Multicore microprocessor(多处理器核)处理器核和其他应用相关的硬件整合,构建一个单一的芯片。
7. Operating system(操作系统):计算机资源管理程序。为运行在该计算机上的应用程序服务。
39. Spatial locality:时间局部性,如果某个数据项被引用,那么可能很快再次被引用。
40. Temporal locality:空间局部性,如果某个数据项被引用,那么与它地址相近的数据项可能很快会被引用。
41. hit rate:命中率,在高速缓存中找到目标数据的存储访问的比例。
35. VIEW:
36. Superscalar:超标量,一种高级流水线技术,可以使每个周期处理器能执行的指令数多于一条。
37. out-of-order execution:乱序执行,在基于流水线的执行过程中,一条由于某种原因阻塞的指令不会造成后面的指令等待的过程。
第五章
38. Memory hierarchy:存储器层次结构,一种使用多层存储器的结构(存储器离CPU越远,容量越大而访问时间就越长)。
42. miss rate:缺失率,层次结构存储器中不在某层出现的存储访问比例。
43. hit time:命中时间,访问存储器某层所需要时间,包括判断访问是否命中所需要的时间。
44. miss penalty:缺失损失,从底层将块取入该层所需要的时间,包括访问块,向上逐层传输块直至将数据块放入发生缺失的那一层所需要的时间。
58. Compulsory miss:强制缺失,也称冷启动缺失,对从没在高速缓存中出现过的块第一次进行访问引起的缺失。

计算机组成原理:第一章-计算机系统体系结构

计算机组成原理:第一章-计算机系统体系结构

一计算机系统体系结构1.1 什么是计算机体系结构本章的第一个概念是计算机系统(computer system)。

计算机系统包括读取并执行程序的中央处理单元(CPU,保存程序和数据的存储器以及将芯片转换为实用系统的其他子系统。

这些子系统会使CPU与显示器、打印机、Internet等外部设备之间的通信变得更加容易。

•cpu(处理器): 计算机实际执行程序的部分•微处理器: 在单个硅片上实现的CPU•微机: 围绕微处理器构建的计算机计算机的性能既取决于CPU;也取决于其他子系统。

如果不能高效进行数据传输,仅仅提高CPU的性能是毫无意义的。

Figure 1:•信息(程序和数据): 保存在存储器中;计算机会使用不同类型的存储器,达到不同的目的。

–如果不能叫信息保存在正确的存储器,那么CPU的速度再快也将毫无意义–Cache: 保存常用的数据是高速专用的存储器。

–主存: 存放大量的工作数据,断电消失–辅存: 指磁盘等,用于存储海量的数据。

永久存储•组成计算机的各个子系统通过总线连接在一起,数据通过总线从计算机中的一个位置传递到另一个位置。

什么是计算机Figure 2:•输入: 指用户交给计算机的信息•输出: 指计算机返回给用户的信息可编程计算机接收两种类型的输入: 它将要处理的数据,以及准确描述要如何处理输入数据的程序。

程序不过是计算机所执行的完成给定任务的操作序列。

Figure 3:•CPU读程序并完成程序指定的操作。

内部使用寄存器来保存数据•存储器系统保存两类信息:程序,程序处理或产生的数据计算机从存储器中读出指令并执行这些指令(即完成或执行指令定义的动作)。

执行指令时,可能要从存储器中读出数据,对数据进行操作,将数据写回存储器。

寄存器是CPU内部用来存放数据的存储单元。

时钟提供了脉冲流,所有内部操作都在时钟脉冲的触发下进行。

时钟频率是决定计算机速度的一个因素程序执行过程Figure 4:CPU先读取一条指令;在CPU分析或解码指令;从存储器中读出这条指令所需的所有数据。

计算机科学与技术专业名词

计算机科学与技术专业名词

计算机科学与技术专业名词以下是计算机科学与技术专业中常见的一些名词:1. 数据结构(Data Structures):用来存储和组织数据的方式或方式的选择。

2. 算法(Algorithm):用于解决问题或执行特定任务的步骤序列。

3. 编程语言(Programming Language):用于编写计算机程序的形式化语言,例如Java、C++、Python等。

4. 操作系统(Operating System):控制并管理计算机硬件和软件资源的程序。

5. 数据库(Database):用于存储和管理数据的结构化集合。

6. 网络(Network):计算机之间通过通信连接而形成的互联网。

7. 计算机体系结构(Computer Architecture):包括硬件和软件组件的计算机系统设计。

8. 人工智能(Artificial Intelligence):计算机系统模拟和实现人类智能的学科。

9. 图形学(Computer Graphics):处理和生成图像的计算机科学分支。

10. 软件工程(Software Engineering):应用工程原理和方法来开发和维护大规模软件系统的实践。

11. 网络安全(Network Security):保护计算机网络免受未经授权访问、破坏或泄漏的科学和技术。

12. 人机交互(Human-Computer Interaction):研究和设计人类与计算机之间的界面和交互方式。

13. 云计算(Cloud Computing):通过互联网提供计算资源和服务的模型。

14. 虚拟现实(Virtual Reality):通过计算机生成的模拟环境,使用户可以与其进行交互。

15. 编译器(Compiler):将高级语言代码转换为低级机器代码的程序。

这些只是计算机科学与技术专业的一小部分名词,该领域有非常广泛的学科和专业术语。

ComputerArchitecture计算机系统结构知识点详解

ComputerArchitecture计算机系统结构知识点详解

ComputerArchitecture计算机系统结构知识点详解Computer Architecture计算机系统结构1. Fundamentals of Computer Architecture 计算机系统结构的基本原理1.1 Layers of Computer System计算机的层次Application Language Machine M5 应⽤语⾔机High-Level Language Machine M4 ⾼级语⾔机Assembly Language Machine M3 汇编语⾔机Operating System Machine M2 操作系统机Conventional Machine M1 传统机Microprogram Machine M0 微程序机1. 每个层次执⾏相关的功能⼦集。

2. 每个层次要依赖于下⼀个低层去执⾏更原始的功能。

3. 这就将问题分解成更易处理的⼦问题。

4. 从M2到M5的层次是虚拟机。

5. 在传统机上的指令(算数、逻辑等)由微程序级的程序实现。

该程序是作为⼀个解释器,能理解⼀组简单的操作集合,称为微指令集。

1.2 Computer Architecture and Implementation计算机的系统结构和实现Computer Architecture 计算机系统结构Refers to those attributes of a system visible to a programmer, or those attributes have direct impact on logical execution of program.程序员可见,或者对程序执⾏有直接影响的属性Implementation 实现Two components: Organization and hardware. 两个组件:组织和硬件1. Organization(组织): includes high-level aspects of a computer’s design, such as: memory system, bus structure, internal CPU. 组织(组织):包括⾼级⽅⾯的计算机的设计,如:内存系统,总线结构、内部CPU。

(完整版)计算机专业英语unit2ComputerArchitecture

(完整版)计算机专业英语unit2ComputerArchitecture

这些程序通常被存储起来,并由计算机硬件调入和调出中央处理器。
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1. Introduction
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Software also governs how the hardware is utilized; for example, how information is retrieved from a storage device.
计算机硬件是计算机所需要的设备,由可被物理操纵的部件组成。
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1. Introduction
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The function of these components is typically divided into three main categories: in理器同时具有硬件与软件的特征,它们因此经常被称作固 件。
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2. Input Hardware
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Input hardware consist of external devices –that is, components outside of the computer’s CPU– that provide information and instructions to the computer.
1. Introduction
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Computer hardware is the equipment involved in the function of a computer and consist of the components that can be physically handled.

计算机专业英语词汇

计算机专业英语词汇

计算机专业英语词汇计算机专业英语主要涉及到计算机原理、操作系统、数据结构、算法、软件工程、网络技术、数据库技术、人工智能等方面的知识。

下面是一些常用的计算机专业英语词汇:一、计算机原理1. computer architecture 计算机体系结构2. central processing unit (CPU) 中央处理器3. random access memory (RAM) 随机存取存储器4. read-only memory (ROM) 只读存储器5. input/output (I/O) input/output 输入输出6. software 软件7. hardware 硬件8. operating system (OS) 操作系统9. binary code 二进制码10. processor 处理器二、操作系统1. file system 文件系统2. kernel 内核3. process 进程4. thread 线程5. memory management 内存管理6. virtual memory 虚拟内存7. disk management 磁盘管理8. device drivers 设备驱动程序9. system calls 系统调用10. interrupt 中断三、数据结构和算法1. algorithm 算法2. data structure 数据结构3. array 数组4. stack 栈5. queue 队列6. linked list 链表7. binary tree 二叉树8. search algorithm 查找算法9. sorting algorithm 排序算法10. recursion 递归四、软件工程1. software engineering 软件工程2. project management 项目管理3. software design 软件设计4. software testing 软件测试5. software documentation 软件文档6. object-oriented programming (OOP) 面向对象编程7. agile development 敏捷开发8. code review 代码审查9. software maintenance 软件维护10. software quality assurance 软件质量保障五、网络技术1. computer network 计算机网络2. local area network (LAN) 局域网3. wide area network (WAN) 广域网4. internet 互联网5. World Wide Web (WWW) 万维网6. transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP) 传输控制协议/网际协议7. router 路由器8. switch 交换机9. firewall 防火墙10. wireless network 无线网络六、数据库技术1. database 数据库2. relational database 关系数据库3. SQL (Structured Query Language) 结构化查询语言4. database management system (DBMS) 数据库管理系统5. data mining 数据挖掘6. data warehousing 数据仓库7. backup and recovery 备份和恢复8. transaction processing system (TPS) 事务处理系统9. normalization 数据库规范化10. indexing 索引七、人工智能1. artificial intelligence (AI) 人工智能2. machine learning 机器学习3. deep learning 深度学习4. neural network 神经网络5. natural language processing (NLP) 自然语言处理6. expert systems 专家系统7. decision support systems (DSS) 决策支持系统8. robotics 机器人技术9. computer vision 计算机视觉10. cognitive computing 认知计算以上是一些常用的计算机专业英语词汇,掌握这些词汇可以帮助学生更好地理解计算机领域的技术和知识,也有助于提高英语应用能力。

计算机系统结构课件:第五章 并行处理技术

多机互连 多计算机系统
并行处理技术发展
时间重叠
先行控制 高速缓存
指令操作 宏流水线
异构型多处理机系 统
高级语言数据库处 理机
松散耦合系统、专用外 围处理机
功能专用化
计算机系统结构
Computer Architecture
第五章 并行处理机和多处理机
并行处理中需研究的课题:
(1)在处理机数目很多的情况下,要把任何一个问题分成足够多的并行 过程(即任务分配)非常困难,并且也不是所有问题都能做到这一点。
第五章 并行处理机和多处理机
时延(TC )——机器各子系统间通信开销的时间量度。如:存贮时延 是处理机访问存贮器所需时间;同步时延是两台处理机互相同步所需的 时间。
通信时延问题:计算机中不同的时延是由机器内部系统结构,实现技术和 通信方式决定。系统结构和实现技术将会影响子系统间容许时延的选择。 可以用平衡粒度和时延的办法来求得较好的计算机系统性能。
分布存贮器阵列处理机结构
CU CUM
SC
I/O
D
接口
PEM0 PEM1
PE0
PE1
ICN
PEMN-1 PEN-1
计算机系统结构
Computer Architecture
第五章 并行处理机和多处理机
ILLIAC-IV 结构 (分布存贮器并行处理机结构)
•处理单元阵列
由64个结构完全相同的处理单元PEi 构成,每个处理单元PEi字长 64位,PEMi为隶属于PEi的局部存储器,每个存储器有2K字,全部 PEi由CU统一管理,PEi都有一根方式位线,用来向CU传送每个PEi 的方式寄存器D中的方式位,使CU能了解各PEi的状态是否活动,作 为控制它们工作的依据。

计算机专业英语课后答案(清华大学出版社第二版)

计算机专业英语课后答案(清华⼤学出版社第⼆版)第⼀章Computer system overview(操作系统概述)I. Pre-reading Questions1.What is a digital computer?The digital computer is a digital system that performs various computational tasks. The word “digital”implies that theinformation in the computer is represented by variables that take a limited number of discrete values. These values are processed internally by components that can maintain a limited number of discrete states. Digital computer is also called electronic computer or computer.2.Are there any differences between the binary number system and the common decimal number system?The decimal digits has ten digits: 0,1,2,,, and 9. The binary number system has two digits: 0 and 1. The binary numbers use a base 2. The decimal digits use a base 10.3.How many types of computers do you know? Name at least four of them. Computers are usually classified into four broad categories: microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframe computers and supercomputers.II Fill in the following blanks.1.Application software is designed to accomplish real-world tasks in fields.2. An 8-bit signed integer can have any value between -128 and 1273. System software controls the computer and enables it to run the hardware and applications software.4. A computer system consists of hardware system and software system .5. List four types of computers: microcomputers, minicomputers , mainframe computers,and s upercomputers .III True or False.1. The software system is the physical equipment that you can see and touch. 1.F2. Typically, a data value is set to zero to represent FALSE and 1 value forTRUE. 2.F3. In the earliest general-purpose computer, most input and output media were magnetic disks. 3. F4.T4. Supercomputers are largest, fastest, and most expensive computer available.5. A computer system consists of hardware system and software system. 5. T IV Matching terms.1、(b) CPUThe processing unit is at the heart of a computer.2、(c) bit A unit of information conveyed by a single binary digit.3、(a) integrated circuit (IC)A complete electronic circuit that packages transistors and other electronic components on a small silicon chip.4、(d) ASCII A system for encoding characters as binary digits.V Translating Terms.(1) coding techniques 编码技术(2) application software 应⽤软件(3) floating point data 浮点数据(4) timesharing 分时,分时技术(5) storage capacities 存储容量VI Choose the best one of the four answers given to fill in each blank.This chapter introduces digital computer, data types, the evolution of computers, and types of computers. 1 is known to all, it’s hard to find a field in 2 computers are not being used. Digital computer, also called electronic computer or computer, is a digital system that 3 various computational tasks. Digital computers use the 4 number system, which has two digits: 0 and 1.By usingvarious coding 5 , groups of bits can be made to represent not only binary numbers 6 other discrete symbols, such as decimal digits or letters of the alphabet. A computer system consists of hardware system and software system. Programs tell the hardware what to do. 7 software is designed to accomplishreal-world tasks in fields such as accounting, entertainment, and engineering. Computers are usually 8 into four broad categories: microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and supercomputers. It’s hard to give a 9 definition to each type because computer speeds and storage 10 change rapidly.1. A. As B. It C. As it D. That2. A. what B. which C. where D. when3. A. performs B. carries C. makes D. integrates4. A. decimal B. binary C. Arabian D. American5. A. technique B. Technology C. techniques D. technologies6. A. instead of B. rather than C. but also D. as well7. A. Application B. System C. Word D. Excel8. A. put B. made C. conducted D. classified9. A. precious B. progress C. proceeding D. precise10. A. capacities B. capable C. capabilities D. capacity1.A2. B3. A4. B5. C6. C7. A8. D9. D 1 0.CVII. Translate the following into English.1.By using various coding techniques, groups of bits can be made to represent not only binary numbers but also other discrete symbols.通过应⽤各种编码技术。

Unit2-Computer Architecture..


调入和调出中央处理器。
8 Unit 2 Computer Architecture
Software also governs how the
宾语从句
hardware is utilized; for example, how information is retrieved from a storage device. govern['ɡʌvn] vt.统治;管理;治理;支配 vi.控制,支配; 操纵 retrieve[rɪ'tri:v] vt.取回;恢复;[计]检索; 重新得到 软件也控制着硬件如何使用;例如,如何从 存储设备中检索信息。
作定语
输入与输出硬件的交互作用是由基本输入输
出系统(BIOS)软件控制的。
10
Unit 2 Computer Architecture
Although microprocessors are still
technically considered to be hardware, portions of their function are also associated with computer software.
16
Unit 2 Computer Architecture
It has a detection device (usually a ball)
on the bottom that enables the user to control the motion of an on-screen pointer, or cursor, by moving the mouse on a flat surface.
the cursor moves across the screen. To select items or choose commands on the screen, the user presses a button on the mouse.

计算机系统结构(英文)PPT课件

ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ Determines which type of interrupt has occurred:
polling
vectored interrupt system Separate segments of code determine what
action should be taken for each type of interrupt
Interrupts transfers control to the interrupt service routine
generally, through the interrupt vector, which contains the
addresses of all the service routines.
(format conversion)
Recording the status of device
to be queried by CPU (status register)
Identifying the address of each device
Common Functions of Interrupts
Uniprocessor Computer-System Architecture
controller
Controller
A device controller is a part of a computer system that makes sense of the signals going to, and coming from the CPU processor. Each device controller is in charge of a particular device type.
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6
first attempt
µPC (state) s How big is “s”? s
µProgram ROM data next state
Control Signals (17)
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6.823 L4- 14 Arvind
Microprogram in the ROM worksheet
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Microcontrol Unit Maurice Wilkes, 1954
Embed the control logic state table in a memory array
op code conditional
flip-flop
State Op fetch0 fetch1 fetch1 fetch2 fetch3 fetch3 fetch3 fetch3 fetch3 fetch3 fetch3 fetch3 fetch3 ... ALU0 ALU1 ALU2
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zero? * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
64-bit word for double precision floating point
• Data types
137 & Appendix C (online) for full description
• Load/Store style instruction set
data addressing modes- immediate & indexed branch addressing modes- PC relative & register indirect Byte addressable memory- big-endian mode
B ← Imm << 2
PC ← A + B
do instruction fetch
JumpTarg(A,B) =
beqz:
bz-taken:
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6.823 L4- 13 Arvind
MIPS Microcontroller:
Opcode zero? Busy (memory) latching the inputs may cause a one-cycle delay addr ROM size ? = 2(opcode+status+s) words Word size ? = control+s bits
Microinstruction: register to register transfer (17 control signals)
MA B ← PC means RegSel = PC; enReg=yes; ← Reg[rt] means RegSel = rt; enReg=yes; ldMA= yes ldB = yes
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Memory Module
addr busy
RAM
we
Write(1)/Read(0) Enable
din
dout
bus Assumption: Memory operates asynchronously and is slow as compared to Reg-to-Reg transfers
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6.823 L4- 3 Arvind
Microarchitecture:
status lines
Implementation of an ISA
control points
Controller
Data path
Structure: How components are connected. Static Behavior: How data moves between components Dynamic
All instructions are 32 bits
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MIPS Instruction Formats
ALU ALUi Mem
6 0 opcode 6 opcode 6 opcode 6 opcode 6 opcode 5 rs rs 5 rs 5 rs 5 rs 5 rt rt 5 rt 5 5 26 offset 5 rd 5 0 immediate 16 displacement 16 offset 16 6 func rd ← (rs) func (rt) rt ← (rs) op immediate
busy * yes no * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Control points MA ← PC .... IR ← Memory A ← PC PC ← A + 4 PC ← A + 4 PC ← A + 4 PC ← A + 4 PC ← A + 4 PC ← A + 4 PC ← A + 4 PC ← A + 4 PC ← A + 4
ldMA
IR ExtSel 2 enImm Imm Ext
rd rt rs ALU control
3 A B addr 32 GPRs + PC ... ALU 32-bit Reg data Bus 32
MA addr Memory MemWrt enMem
RegWrt enReg
enALU
data
State Op fetch0 fetch1 fetch1 fetch2 fetch3 fetch3 * * * * * ALU zero? * * * * * * busy * yes no * * * Control points MA ← PC .... IR ← Memory A ← PC PC ← A + 4 PC ← A + 4 next-state fetch1 fetch1 fetch2 fetch3 ? ALU0
ISA to Microarchitecture Mapping
• An ISA often designed for a particular
microarchitectural style, e.g.,
– – – – CISC RISC VLIW JVM ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ microcoded
1
Microprogramming
Arvind
Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Lab
M.I.T.
Based on the material prepared by
Arvind and Krste Asanovic
6.823 L4- 2 Arvind
Memory (RAM)
enMem MemWrt
6.823 L4- 6 Arvind
The MIPS32 ISA
• Processor State
32 32-bit GPRs, R0 always contains a 0 16 double-precision/32 single-precision FPRs FP status register, used for FP compares & exceptions PC, the program counter See H&P p129some other special registers 8-bit byte, 16-bit half word 32-bit word for integers 32-bit word for single precision floating point
ALU0 ALU1 ALU2
* * *
* * *
* * *
A ← Reg[rs] ALU1 B ← Reg[rt] ALU2 Reg[rd] ← func(A,B) fetch0
September 21, 2005
6.823 L4- 15 Arvind
Microprogram in the ROM
ALU:
ALUi:
September 21, 2005
6.823 L4- 12 Arvind
Microprogram Fragments
LW: A ← Reg[rs]
B ← Imm
MA ← A + B
Reg[rt] ← Memory
do instruction fetch
(cont.)
µcontroller (ROM)
holdath
Data Addr
holds user program written in macrocode instructions (e.g., MIPS, x86, etc.)
September 21, 2005
J:
A ← PC {A[31:28],B[25:0],00} B ← IR
PC ← JumpTarg(A,B)
do instruction fetch
A ← Reg[rs] If zero?(A) then go to bz-taken do instruction fetch A ← PC
hardwired, pipelined
fixed latency in-order pipelines
software interpretation
• But an ISA can be implemented in any
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