曼昆微观经济学第五版第十八章课文英文版精品PPT课件
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微观经济学-曼昆英文版本
A Firm’s Long-Run Decision to Exit
• Cost of exiting the market: revenue loss = TR
• Benefit of exiting the market: cost savings = TC (zero FC in the long run) • So, firm exits if TR < TC
Because of 1 & 2, each buyer and seller is a
“price taker” – takes the price as given.
The Revenue of a Competitive Firm
• Total revenue (TR)
• Average revenue (AR)
Qa Q 1 Qb
Q
MC and the Firm’s Supply Decision
If price rises to P2, then the profitmaximizing quantity rises to Q2.
Costs MC P2 MR2 MR
The MC curve determines the firm’s Q at any price. P1 Hence,
Introduction: A Scenario
• Three years after graduating, you run your own business. • You must decide how much to produce, what price to charge, how many workers to hire, etc. • What factors should affect these decisions?
interdependence曼昆微观经济学课件
市场结构中的Interdependence
总结词
市场结构中的相互依存表现为不同市场参与者之间的 相互影响和制约关系。
详细描述
在市场结构中，不同的市场参与者之间存在相互依存的 关系。例如，生产者与消费者之间的依存关系，生产者 的生产活动需要消费者的消费需求来支持，而消费者的 消费需求又受到生产者生产的产品和服务的影响；再如 ，供应商与销售商之间的依存关系，供应商需要销售商 将产品和服务销售给消费者，而销售商的销售活动又受 到供应商提供的商品和服务的影响。这种相互依存的关 系使得市场参与者需要相互协调和配合，以实现市场的 良性发展。
02
Interdependence概念
定义与解释
定义
Interdependence，中文译为相互依存，指的是不同个体或经济主体之间在经 济、社会、政治等方面的相互影响和依赖关系。
解释
在微观经济学中，Interdependence描述的是个体或经济主体在资源分配、生 产、消费等方面的相互关联和影响，这种关联和影响通常通过市场机制来实现。
04
Interdependence与微观法则
• 供需法则：Interdependence强调了供需法则在微观经济学中的重要性，即 市场上的供应和需求力量相互作用，决定了商品和服务的价格和数量。
• 供应与需求的变化：当供应量增加或需求量减少时，价格下降；反之，当供应 量减少或需求量增加时，价格上升。这种变化是由市场上的 Interdependence所驱动的。
Interdependence理论对于政策制定和商业决策也具有指导意义，能够帮助决策者 更好地理解经济环境和利益相关方的需求。
对未来研究的展望
进一步深化Interdependence 理论的研究，探讨其在不同领域 的应用，如国际经济、环境经济
微观经济学-曼昆版 PPT10
可交易的污染许可证制度限制了供给污染的权 利，与税收也同样的效果
当政策制定者不知道需求曲线的位置时， 这种许可证制度能更好的达到减少污染的 目标
15
对关于污染的经济分析的批评
一些政客以及许多环保主义者宣称:没有人拥 有“购买”污染的权利，也不能对环境标价
然而，人们面临权衡取舍。清新的空气与清 洁的水的价值必须与它们的 Nhomakorabea本进行比较
6
外部性的影响：总结
如果存在负外部性 市场生产的数量大于社会合意的数量 如果存在正外部性 市场生产的数量小于社会合意的数量 为了解决这个问题，可以使“外部性内在化” 对有负外部性的物品征税 对有正外部性的物品补贴
7
两种方法针：对外部性的公共政策
命令与控制政策：直接管制
例如：
限制排放的污染数量 强制企业采取某种技术来减少排放量
当市场参与者必须支付社会成本时， 市场均衡= 社会均衡
(对买者征税也能达到相同的结果；市场均衡 量等于社会最优量）
4
接种预防传正染外病的部疫性苗的不例子
仅保护你自己，而且也保 护在你之后到沙拉吧或者 生产部门的人.
研究与发展创造出了别人 也可以使用的知识
人们上大学提高了教育水 平，并减少了犯罪和改善 了政府
以市场为基础的政策：向私人决策者提供 由他们自己来解决问题的激励。
例如：
矫正性税收与补贴
可交易的污染许可证
8
矫正税：矫旨在正引性导税私人收决与策补者考贴虑负外部性
引起的社会成本的税收 这种税也被称为庇古税，它是以最早主张采
用这种税收的经济学家阿瑟·庇古（Arthur Pigou，1877-1959）的名字命名的 理想的矫正税= 外部成本 对于有正外部性的活动，理想的矫正补贴= 外部利益
当政策制定者不知道需求曲线的位置时， 这种许可证制度能更好的达到减少污染的 目标
15
对关于污染的经济分析的批评
一些政客以及许多环保主义者宣称:没有人拥 有“购买”污染的权利，也不能对环境标价
然而，人们面临权衡取舍。清新的空气与清 洁的水的价值必须与它们的 Nhomakorabea本进行比较
6
外部性的影响：总结
如果存在负外部性 市场生产的数量大于社会合意的数量 如果存在正外部性 市场生产的数量小于社会合意的数量 为了解决这个问题，可以使“外部性内在化” 对有负外部性的物品征税 对有正外部性的物品补贴
7
两种方法针：对外部性的公共政策
命令与控制政策：直接管制
例如：
限制排放的污染数量 强制企业采取某种技术来减少排放量
当市场参与者必须支付社会成本时， 市场均衡= 社会均衡
(对买者征税也能达到相同的结果；市场均衡 量等于社会最优量）
4
接种预防传正染外病的部疫性苗的不例子
仅保护你自己，而且也保 护在你之后到沙拉吧或者 生产部门的人.
研究与发展创造出了别人 也可以使用的知识
人们上大学提高了教育水 平，并减少了犯罪和改善 了政府
以市场为基础的政策：向私人决策者提供 由他们自己来解决问题的激励。
例如：
矫正性税收与补贴
可交易的污染许可证
8
矫正税：矫旨在正引性导税私人收决与策补者考贴虑负外部性
引起的社会成本的税收 这种税也被称为庇古税，它是以最早主张采
用这种税收的经济学家阿瑟·庇古（Arthur Pigou，1877-1959）的名字命名的 理想的矫正税= 外部成本 对于有正外部性的活动，理想的矫正补贴= 外部利益
曼昆微观经济学英文版monopolyPPT课件
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Natural Monopolies • An industry is a natural monopoly when a
single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms.
right to produce some good. • Costs of production make a single producer more
efficient than a large number of producers.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Government-Created Monopolies • Patent and copyright laws are two important
examples of how government creates a monopoly to serve the public interest.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Government-Created Monopolies • Governments may restrict entry by giving a
single firm the exclusive right to sell a particular good in certain markets.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Natural Monopolies • An industry is a natural monopoly when a
single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms.
right to produce some good. • Costs of production make a single producer more
efficient than a large number of producers.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Government-Created Monopolies • Patent and copyright laws are two important
examples of how government creates a monopoly to serve the public interest.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Government-Created Monopolies • Governments may restrict entry by giving a
single firm the exclusive right to sell a particular good in certain markets.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
《微观经济学英》PPT课件
Edited by Yong, E.L.
精选ppt
15
Continuously,
Microeconomics is also used for evaluating broad question in regards to government policy (although this is more to macroeconomics).
Edited by Yong, E.L.
精选ppt
8
Continuously,
If the firm produces 10 units of apple and 6 units of apple pie wants to increase the production of apple pie by one unit to the 7th unit. It has to forgo 1 unit of apple so that resources can be shifted to produce the additional apple pie; Opportunity Cost is thus 1.
3) Give a point to how this might be disturbed.
- If Health Ministry imposes a new law to reduce apple pie due to obesity in children and increase apple production, the producer may not be able to find the best combination of resources for the new plan of production set by the government.
曼昆微观经济学英文版
PowerPoint® Lecture Presentation
to accompany
Principles of Economics, Third Edition
N. Gregory Mankiw
Prepared by Mark P. Karscig, Central Missouri State University.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
• How people interact with each other.
• Trade can make everyone better off. • Markets are usually a good way to organize
Principle #1: People Face Tradeoffs.
To get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing.
• Guns v. butter • Food v. clothing • Leisure time v. work • Efficiency v. equity
produced? • What resources should be used in production? • At what price should the goods be sold?
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
to accompany
Principles of Economics, Third Edition
N. Gregory Mankiw
Prepared by Mark P. Karscig, Central Missouri State University.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
• How people interact with each other.
• Trade can make everyone better off. • Markets are usually a good way to organize
Principle #1: People Face Tradeoffs.
To get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing.
• Guns v. butter • Food v. clothing • Leisure time v. work • Efficiency v. equity
produced? • What resources should be used in production? • At what price should the goods be sold?
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
曼昆经济学原理第5版微观经济学精品PPT课件
映了生产物品的成本
▪ 在许多情况下，价格引导自利的家庭与企业做
出使社会经济福利最大化的决策
人们如何相互交易
原理 7: 政府有时可以改善市场结果
▪ 政府的重要作用: 保护产权 (通过警察，法庭) ▪ 如果人们的财产存在很大的被侵犯的风险，那么他
们便不愿意工作，生产，投资或者购买物品
人们如何相互交易
间学习
▪ 想要更多的收入需要工作更长时间，这就使得休
息时间减少
▪ 保护环境意味着生产消费物品的资源减少
人们如何做出决策
原理 1: 人们面临权衡取舍
▪ 社会面临一种重要的权衡取舍:
效率 vs. 平等
▪ 效率: 社会能从其稀缺资源中得到的最大利益 ▪ 平等: 经济成果在社会成员中平均分配 ▪ 权衡取舍：为使社会更加平等, 需要在富人与穷人
在下面的情形中，你应该把变速器修好吗？并解 释
A. 如果变速器正常，汽车价值是$6500 。如果不 正常，则是$5700
B. 如果变速器正常，汽车价值是$6000 。如果不 正常，则是$5500
11
主动学习 1
参考答案
修理变速器的成本= $600
A. 如果变速器正常，汽车价值是$6500 。如果不正 常，则是$5700
▪ 人们决定购买什么, 工作多长时间，储蓄多少，
消费多少
▪ 企业决定生产多少，雇佣多少工人 ▪ 社会决定如何在国防，消费物品，环境保护和其
他需求之间分配资源
人们如何 做出决策
人们如何做出决策
原理 1: 人们面临权衡取舍
所有决策都面临着权衡取舍。比如:
▪ 参加期中考试前一天晚上的聚会意味着更少的时
人们如何相互交易
原理 6:市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法
▪ 在许多情况下，价格引导自利的家庭与企业做
出使社会经济福利最大化的决策
人们如何相互交易
原理 7: 政府有时可以改善市场结果
▪ 政府的重要作用: 保护产权 (通过警察，法庭) ▪ 如果人们的财产存在很大的被侵犯的风险，那么他
们便不愿意工作，生产，投资或者购买物品
人们如何相互交易
间学习
▪ 想要更多的收入需要工作更长时间，这就使得休
息时间减少
▪ 保护环境意味着生产消费物品的资源减少
人们如何做出决策
原理 1: 人们面临权衡取舍
▪ 社会面临一种重要的权衡取舍:
效率 vs. 平等
▪ 效率: 社会能从其稀缺资源中得到的最大利益 ▪ 平等: 经济成果在社会成员中平均分配 ▪ 权衡取舍：为使社会更加平等, 需要在富人与穷人
在下面的情形中，你应该把变速器修好吗？并解 释
A. 如果变速器正常，汽车价值是$6500 。如果不 正常，则是$5700
B. 如果变速器正常，汽车价值是$6000 。如果不 正常，则是$5500
11
主动学习 1
参考答案
修理变速器的成本= $600
A. 如果变速器正常，汽车价值是$6500 。如果不正 常，则是$5700
▪ 人们决定购买什么, 工作多长时间，储蓄多少，
消费多少
▪ 企业决定生产多少，雇佣多少工人 ▪ 社会决定如何在国防，消费物品，环境保护和其
他需求之间分配资源
人们如何 做出决策
人们如何做出决策
原理 1: 人们面临权衡取舍
所有决策都面临着权衡取舍。比如:
▪ 参加期中考试前一天晚上的聚会意味着更少的时
人们如何相互交易
原理 6:市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法
微观经济学教学课件：Ch18-Economic Inequality
The Lorenz curve shows the cumulative distribution of income.
Measuring Economic Inequality
The Distribution of Wealth A household’s wealth is the value of all the things that it owns at a point in time.
These characteristics are ▪ Education ▪ Type of household ▪ Age of householder ▪ Race
Measuring Ecoerfect equality, the Lorenz curve is the line of equality and the Gini ratio is zero.
Measuring Economic Inequality
The mode income is the most common income and was about $13,000.
The median income is the level of income that separates the population into two groups of equal size and was $46,326.
Market income equals wages, interest, rent, and profit earned by the household in factor markets, before paying income taxes.
Measuring Economic Inequality
Measuring Economic Inequality
The Distribution of Wealth A household’s wealth is the value of all the things that it owns at a point in time.
These characteristics are ▪ Education ▪ Type of household ▪ Age of householder ▪ Race
Measuring Ecoerfect equality, the Lorenz curve is the line of equality and the Gini ratio is zero.
Measuring Economic Inequality
The mode income is the most common income and was about $13,000.
The median income is the level of income that separates the population into two groups of equal size and was $46,326.
Market income equals wages, interest, rent, and profit earned by the household in factor markets, before paying income taxes.
Measuring Economic Inequality
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D Pr ofit = VMPL - W
$500 $500 $500 $500 $500
$500 $300 $100 -$100 -$300
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Production Function...
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
How the Competitive Firm Decides How Much Labor to Hire
Labor L 0 1 2 3 4 5
Output Q 0 100 180 240 280 300
The Economics of Labor Markets
Chapter 18
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the
L
Quantity of
Apple Pickers
The Demand For Labor
Most labor services, rather than being final goods ready to be enjoyed by consumers, are inputs into the production of other goods.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Demand for Labor
Labor markets, like other markets in the economy, are governed by the forces of supply and demand.
Байду номын сангаас
Marginal Product of Labor
MPL
MPL = D Q/ D L
100 80 60 40 20
Value of the Marginal Product of Labor
VMPL=PxMPL
$1,000 $800 $600 $400 $200
Wage W
Marginal Profit
Price of Apples
Wage of
Supply
Apple Pickers
Supply
P
W
Demand
0
Q
Quantity 0
of Apples
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Demand
350
Quantity of Apples
300 250 200 150
5 4 3
2
100
1
50
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Quantity of Apple Pickers
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
work should be mailed to: Permissions Department, Harcourt College Publishers, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777.
Factors of Production
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Versatility of Supply and Demand...
(a) The Market for Apples
(b) The Market for Apple Pickers
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Production Function and The Marginal Product of Labor
The production function illustrates the relationship between the quantity of inputs used and the quantity of output of a good.
MPL = DQ/DL MPL = (Q2 – Q1)/(L2 – L1)
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Factors of production are the inputs used to produce goods and services.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Market for the Factors of Production
The demand for a factor of production is a derived demand.
A firm’s demand for a factor of production is derived from its decision to supply a good in another market.
The Production Function and The Marginal Product of Labor
The marginal product of labor is the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of labor.
$500 $500 $500 $500 $500
$500 $300 $100 -$100 -$300
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Production Function...
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
How the Competitive Firm Decides How Much Labor to Hire
Labor L 0 1 2 3 4 5
Output Q 0 100 180 240 280 300
The Economics of Labor Markets
Chapter 18
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the
L
Quantity of
Apple Pickers
The Demand For Labor
Most labor services, rather than being final goods ready to be enjoyed by consumers, are inputs into the production of other goods.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Demand for Labor
Labor markets, like other markets in the economy, are governed by the forces of supply and demand.
Байду номын сангаас
Marginal Product of Labor
MPL
MPL = D Q/ D L
100 80 60 40 20
Value of the Marginal Product of Labor
VMPL=PxMPL
$1,000 $800 $600 $400 $200
Wage W
Marginal Profit
Price of Apples
Wage of
Supply
Apple Pickers
Supply
P
W
Demand
0
Q
Quantity 0
of Apples
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Demand
350
Quantity of Apples
300 250 200 150
5 4 3
2
100
1
50
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Quantity of Apple Pickers
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
work should be mailed to: Permissions Department, Harcourt College Publishers, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777.
Factors of Production
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Versatility of Supply and Demand...
(a) The Market for Apples
(b) The Market for Apple Pickers
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Production Function and The Marginal Product of Labor
The production function illustrates the relationship between the quantity of inputs used and the quantity of output of a good.
MPL = DQ/DL MPL = (Q2 – Q1)/(L2 – L1)
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Factors of production are the inputs used to produce goods and services.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Market for the Factors of Production
The demand for a factor of production is a derived demand.
A firm’s demand for a factor of production is derived from its decision to supply a good in another market.
The Production Function and The Marginal Product of Labor
The marginal product of labor is the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of labor.