克林顿在亚太经合组织妇女与经济峰会上的讲话

Remarks at the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Womenand the Economy Summit

在亚太经合组织妇女与经济峰会上的讲话

Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton

国务卿希拉里?克林顿

Westin Saint Francis

San Francisco, California

威斯汀法兰西斯酒店，

加利福尼亚州旧金山市

September 16, 2011

2011年9月16日

SECRETARY CLINTON: Good morning. Good morning. (Applause.)

国务卿克林顿：早上好，早上好。（掌声）

Good morning everyone. Thank you. Thank you so much. Oh, it is absolutely a plea sure tosee all of you here today and I’ve been getting reports about the conference, and I am so excitedto join you today to talk about what we are focused on here at this Summ it on Women and theEconomy.

诸位早上好。谢谢你们。非常感谢。今天，我十分高兴在这里看到大家，我听到了有关这次大会的一些报告，能来到你们中间对你们谈谈我们在妇女与经济峰会上关注的问题，令我十分振奋。

Before I begin, I want to apologize for the delay but there were so many people wh o showedup, and because this is the largest gathering of distinguished foreign diplomats in San Francisco,since the founding of the United Nations – (applause)

– there was a little more of a delay in gettingeveryone in, and there are still people outsi de we hope will be able to get in. Before I begin myremarks, let me recognize a few of o ur special guests here. We have two members of Congress,Zoe Lofgren and Jackie Speie r. Thank you very much for being with us. (Applause.)

我在开始发表讲话前，首先要为会议的延误表示歉意，但有这么多的人出席这次会议，因为这次会议是自联合国成立以来，尊贵的外国外交官在旧金山的最大聚会——（掌声）——所以要让大家都能进入会场耽误了一些时间，而现在有一些人还在会场外，希望他们都能进来。在我发表讲话前，我要提一提在座的几位特别贵宾。这里有两位国会议员，佐伊?洛夫格伦（Zoe Lofgren）和杰基?斯佩耶（Jackie Speier）。非常感谢你们同我们一起出席会议。（掌声）

And we have two distinguished mayors. I want to welcome Mayor Edwin Lee and hi s wife Anitafrom right here in San Francisco. Mayor Lee?

(Applause.) And Mayor Jean Quan from Oakland.Thank you for being here. (Applause.) And on a personal note I want to acknowledge a wonderfuland former chief of protocol, Charlotte Shultz. Thank you, Charlotte. (Applause.)

这里还有两位尊敬的市长。我要欢迎会场所在地旧金山的李孟贤（Edwin Lee）市长和他的夫人阿妮塔（Anita）。李市长？（掌声）还有奥克兰（Oakland）市长关丽珍（Jean Quan），谢谢你们出席会议。。（掌声）我个人还想要提一下工作出色的前首席礼宾官夏洛特?舒尔茨（Charlotte Shultz）。谢谢你，夏洛特。（掌声）

Now as this summit comes to a close, we will adopt a declaration for the first time i n APEC’shistory that will affirm this organization’s and each member economy’s commitm ent to improvingwomen’s access to capital and markets, to building women’s capacities a nd skills, and to supportingthe rise of women leaders in both the public and private secto rs. And it is fitting that this declarationwould be adopted here in San Francisco because it was just one mile from here, in the HerbstTheater, where the United Nations Charter wa s signed 66 years ago. In fact, the APEC Summit,which brings you all here is a celebratio n of that important occasion and a recognition that historyis made right here in San Fran cisco. Because San Francisco is an appropriate venue for thiseconomic discussion. Becau se this is a community that is renowned for its spirit of inclusion andopportunity for all. S o on behalf of the United States and our people I give each of you, and younations, my h eartiest welcome and my heartfelt thanks for being here and undertaking this greatmissi on with us.

在本次峰会结束前，我们将在APEC历史上首次通过一项宣言，确认本组织和每个成员经济体对改善妇女获得资本和市场的条件、建设妇女的能力和技能以及支持妇女领袖在公私部门涌现的承诺。这项宣言在旧金山通过是非常合适的，因为66年前《联合国宪章》（United Nations Charter）就是在离这里还不到两公里的赫伯斯特剧院（Herbst Theater）签署的。事实上，让大家相聚在一起的APEC峰会就是一项庆祝那个重大事件的活动，确认历史就是在这里——在旧金山被创造的。因为旧金山是举行这次经济讨论会的恰当地点。因为这是一个以其包容精神和为所有人提供机会而著称的社区。因此，我代表美国和美国人民向你们每一个人和你们的国家表示最衷心的欢迎和感谢，感谢你们前来出席会议并同我们一道承担这一伟大使命。

Now there will be a temptation on the part of those observing or covering this sum mit,perhaps on the part of those of us attending it as well, to say that our purpose is chi efly toadvance the rights of women, to achieve justice and equality on women’s behalf. A nd that is, ofcourse, a noble cause to be sure and one that is very close to my heart. But at the risk of beingsomewhat provocative at the outset, I believe our goal is even bolder, one that extends beyondwomen to all humankind. The big challenge we face in these ea rly years of 21st century is how togrow our economies and ensure shared prosperity for all nations and all people. We want to giveevery one of our citizens, men and women alik e, young and old alike, greater opportunity to findwork, to save and spend money, to pur sue happiness ultimately to live up to their own God-givenpotentials.

那些观察或报道这次峰会的人，或许还有峰会的与会者都难免感到有一种倾向，想要说我们的主要目的是推进妇女的权利，为妇女争取正义和平等。毫无疑问，这是一项崇高的事业，一项非常符合我的心愿的事业。但是，我认为——或许一开始就有某种夸大之嫌——我们的目标要比这更为雄心勃勃，我们的目标不限于妇女而扩及整个人类。我们在21世纪初期所面临的巨大挑战就是如何发展我们的经济，确保所有国家和全人类的共同繁荣。我们要使我们的每一位公民，不论性别和年龄，都能获得更多的机会找到工作、存钱和花钱、追求幸福，最终充分地发挥上帝赋予他们的潜能。

That is a clear and simple vision to state. But to make it real, to achieve the economic expansion we all seek, we need to unlock a vital source of growth that can power our economies in the decades to come. And that vital source of growth is women. With economic models straining in every corner of the world, none of us can afford to perpetuate the barriers facing women in the workforce. Because by increasing women’s participation in the economy and enhancing their efficiency and productivity, we can bring about a dramatic impact on the competitiveness and growth of our economies. Because when everyone has a chance to participate in the economic life of a nation, we can all be richer. More of us can contribute to the global GDP. And the gap between the developed and the developing countries would narrow significantly as productivity rises in economies from Haiti to Papua New Guinea.

这一愿景可以得到明确、简单的阐述。但要实现这一愿景，实现我们大家所寻求的经济增长，则需要开启一个能使我们的经济在未来数十年中获得动力的必不可少的增长源泉。这一必不可少的增长源泉就是妇女。在世界各地各种经济模式都已疲竭的情况下，我们谁都承担不起让劳动大军中的妇女长此以往面临重重障碍的后果。因为通过增加妇女的经济参与并提高她们的效率和生产力，我们就能给我们各经济体的竞争力和经济增长带来巨大的影响。因为当每个人都有机会参加国家的经济生活时，我们大家都可以变得更加富裕。我们中间就有更多人能为全球的国内生产总值作出贡献。随着从海地（Haiti）到巴布亚新几内亚（Papua New Guinea）等各个经济体的生产力的提高，发达国家和发展中国家之间的差距就会大大缩小。

But that great, global dream cannot be realized by tinkering around the edges of reform. Nor, candidly, can it be secured though any singular commitment on the part of us here. It requires, rather, a fundamental transformation, a paradigm shift in how governments make and enforce laws and policies, how businesses invest and operate, how people make choices in the marketplace.

但是，如果不认真地进行改革，这一伟大的全球梦想就无法实现。这一梦想，坦率地说，也无法通过我们与会者作出的任何单一承诺来实现。要实现这一梦想就必须在政府如何制定和执行法律与政策，公司企业如何投资与经营以及人们如何在市场中做出选择等方面进行一种根本性的改变，一种模式的转变。

The transformational nature of this undertaking that lies ahead is, in my view, not unlike other momentous shifts in the economic history of our world. In the 19th century, many nations began moving from an agricultural to an industrial economy. Then the inventions and mass productions of that era gave rise in the 20th century to the information age and the knowledge economy, with an unprecedented rise in innovation and prosperity.

这项使命具有改变未来的性质，在我看来，它与我们世界经济历史上的其他重大转变并无两样。在19世纪，许多国家开始从农业经济走向工业经济。而后，那个时代的发明和大规模生产带来了20世纪的信息时代和知识型经济，创新和繁荣出现前所未有的高涨。

As information transcends borders and creates opportunities for farmers to bank on mobile phones and children in distant villages to learn remotely, I believe that here, at the beginning of the 21st century, we are entering the participation age, where every individual, regardless of gender or other characteristics, is poised to be a contributing and valued member of the global marketplace.

随着信息超越国界，农民有机会通过移动电话处理银行事务，边远村庄的儿童可以远程上学，我相信，在21世纪之初的今天，我们正在进入参与的时代，每一个人，不分性别或其他特征，都有望成为对全球市场有贡献的宝贵成员。

In some APEC economies, this transformation has been underway for quite awhile now. In others, it has begun more recently. But in all, progress has been too slow and too uneven. But there is no doubt that the increasing numbers of women in the economy and the rising productivity gains from improving the distribution of their talents and skills has helped fuel significant growth everywhere. And economies that are making the shift more effectively and rapidly are dramatically outperforming those that have not.

在一些亚太经合组织的经济体中，这种转型已经进行了相当一段时间。在其他经济体中，最近才刚刚开始。但总的说来，进展太慢、太不平衡。但毫无疑问，越来越多的妇女参与经济以及通过更好地发挥她们的才干和技能而带来生产力的提高，帮助推动了各地经济的大发展。更有效和更迅速地实现这种转变的经济体，大大超过了还未进行这种转变的经济体。

So if we are serious about this undertaking, if we really want to achieve parity for women in the workforce, both that they participate and how they participate, then we must remove structural and social impediments that stack the deck against them. Now, I don’t urge this because it is the right thing to do, though I believe that it is, but for the sa ke of our children and our nations, it is necessary to do. Because a rising tide of women in an economy raises the fortunes of families and nations.

因此，如果我们认真对待这项使命，如果我们确实希望实现妇女在劳动大军中的平等，包括参与以及如何参与，那么我们必须消除对她们不利的结构性和社会性障碍。我为此而呼吁并不是因为这样做是正确的，虽然我认为这是正确的，而是因为为了我们的孩子和我们的国家有必要这样做。因为经济中妇女大潮的上涨会带来家庭和国家财富的上涨。

Now, my husband often says, in making the argument that everyone should be involved, that we don’t have a person to waste. I think that’s true. When it comes to the enormous challenge of our time, to systematically and relentlessly pursue more economic opportunity in all of our lands, we don’t have a person to waste, and we certainly don’t have a gender to waste either.

就每一个人都应参与这个论点而言，我的丈夫常说，我们不得浪费任何一个人。我认为这是真理。当涉及到我们这个时代的巨大挑战时，为了在我们所有的地方系统地、坚持不懈地追求更多的经济机会，我们不得浪费任何一个人，我们当然也不得浪费任何一个性别的人。

So let’s look at the evidence. The case for unlocking the potential of women and including them more fully in the economic life of our nations begins with the accounting of how women already are driving growth. The 21 economies of APEC are among the most dynamic in the world. Together, we represent more than half of total economic global output, and more than 60 percent of women in the APEC economies are part of our formal workforces. They’re opening stores, they’re running businesses, they’re harvesting crops, they’re assembling electronics, and designing software.

那么让我们看看真凭实据。要发挥妇女的潜力、把她们充分地包容在我们各国的经济生活中，首先要说明妇女如何已经在推动经济增长。亚太经合组织21个经济体在世界上最具活力。加起来，我们代表了世界经济总产出的二分之一以上，亚太经合组织的经济体中，超过60％的妇女是我们的正式劳动大军的一部分。她们开设店铺，她们管理企业，她们收割庄稼，她们组装电子产品、设计软件。

The Economist points out that the increase in employment of women in developed countries during the past decade has added more to global growth than China has, and that’s a lot. And in the United States, a McKinsey study found that women went from holding 37 percent of all jobs to nearly 48 percent over the past 40 years, and that in sheer value terms, these women have punched well above their weight.

《经济学人》（The Economist）杂志指出，发达国家过去10年里由妇女就业的增加而给全球带来的增长比中国的增长还要多，这个量是很大的。而在美国，一项麦金西研究（McKinsey study)发现，在过去40年里，女性在就业中所占比例从37%增加到近48％，从纯粹价值而言，这些妇女发挥了超值的作用。

The productivity gains attributable to this modest increase in women’s overall share of the labor market accounts for approximately one-quarter of the current U.S. GDP. That works out to more than three and a half trillion dollars, more than the GDP of Germany and more than half the GDPs of both China and Japan.

由妇女在劳动力市场总份额上的些微增长而带来的生产力提高约占当前美国国内生产总值（GDP）的四分之一。这相当于3.5万亿美元以上，超过德国国内生产总值，也超过中国和日本各自国内生产总值的一半。

So the promise is clear. What then is the problem? If women are already making such contributions to economic growth, why do we need a major realignment in our thinking, our markets, and our policies? Why do we need to issue a declaration from this summit? Well, because evidence of progress is not evidence of success, and to be sure, the rate of progress for women in the economies of our region varies widely. Laws, customs, and the values that fuel them provide roadblocks to full inclusion.

因此，未来的前景很清楚。那么，问题在哪里？如果妇女已经在为经济增长作贡献，为什么我们需要在我们的思维上、我们的市场和我们的政策上作重新重大调整呢？为什么我们需要本次峰会发表一个宣言呢？这是因为，证明进步不等于证明成功，而且确实，我们地区的妇女在经济中的进步幅度相差很大。造成这种状况的法律、习俗和价值观，成为阻止她们全面参与的障碍。

In the United States and in every economy in APEC, millions of women are still sidelined, unable to find a meaningful place for themselves in the formal workforce. And some of those who get to enter the workforce are really confined by very clear signals to a lower rung on the job ladder, and there’s a web of legal and social restrictions that limit their potential. Or they are confronted with a glass ceiling that keeps them from the most senior positions.

在美国和每一个亚太经合组织经济体中，数以百万计的妇女仍然置身局外，无法在正规劳动大军中找到有意义的一席之地。一些得以进入劳动力市场的妇女实际上被非常明确地局限在工作阶梯的下层，现有的各种法律和社会限制犹如网罩，束缚了她们的潜力。或者，她们面临玻璃天花板，无法升入最高职位。

Only 11 of the CEOs of the Fortune Global 500 companies are women. That’s less than 3 percent. Some women in the APEC r egion don’t have the same inheritance rights as men. So they can’t inherit property or businesses owned by their fathers. Some don’t have the power to confer citizenship on their children, so their families have less access to housing and education, and they must constantly renew residency permits making it harder for them to work. Some are even subject to different taxes than men. Too often they are denied access to credit and may even be prohibited from opening bank accounts, signing contracts, purchasing property, incorporating a business, or filing lawsuits without a male guardian. Some women earn almost as much as men before they have children but less afterwards and even less if they are single mothers.

财富世界500强企业的首席执行长中只有11位是女性，还不到3％。在亚太经合组织地区的一些妇女不享有与男子同等的继承权。因此，她们不能继承父亲拥有的财产或企业。有些妇女无权使子女享有公民权，所以她们的家庭便缺少住房和教育机会，她们必须不断更新居住证件，进而更难以就业。有些人甚至要付与男性不同的税。她们往往得不到信贷，甚至可能被禁止开立银行帐户、签署合同、购置财产、成立公司或在没有男性监护人的情况下

提起诉讼。有些妇女在有孩子之前收入几乎与男子相等，但之后收入减少，如果是单身母亲收入就更少。

These barriers and restrictions, some formal, some informal, erode women’s abilities to participate fully in their economies and to support their families whether as employees or entrepreneurs. Now, these barriers are certainly not unique to this region, the Asia Pacific region. Variations of them can be found everywhere in the world. But because this is the most dynamic economic region in the world, what we do will have an impact on everywhere else.

这些障碍和限制，有些是正式的，有些是非正式的，削弱了妇女全身心地参与到她们的经济体中的能力，以及作为雇员或企业家支持她们的家庭的能力。是的，这些障碍当然不是本地区——亚太地区——所特有的，它们以不同形式存在于世界各地。但是，由于这里是世界上经济最有活力的地区，我们的做法对任何其他地区都将产生重要影响。

Some barriers are left over from a different time and haven’t changed to reflect new economic realities or concepts of justice. Some seek to preserve an economic order that ensures that men have the higher paying jobs to support their families. And some reflect lingering cultural norms, the belief that women need to be protected from work that is thought to be dangerous or unhealthy for them.

有些障碍是以前那个不同的时代遗留下来的，它们并未发生改变以反映新的经济现实或公正理念。其中一些试图保留一种经济秩序，以保证男性有收入更高的工作来支持他们的家庭。还有一些则反映出一种遗存的文化观念，认为妇女需要得到保护，不应参与那些被认为是危险的或有害她们健康的工作。

In truth, what is dangerous is denying ourselves the level of economic growth we need to build stronger societies. And what is unhealthy is for women to be denied the chance to contribute fully to that growth, because that denies everyone, first and foremost their families, a chance at greater prosperity.

事实上，真正危险的是剥夺我们自己参与营建更富强的社会所必需的经济发展的做法。对于妇女来说，真正有害健康的是剥夺她们全身心地参与经济发展的机会，因为那样做就剥夺了每一个人，首先是她们的家人，获得更富足生活的机会。

Now, economic orders do not perpetuate themselves. They are made and remade through countless decisions, small and large, by economic policymakers, political leaders, and business executives. So if we want to see opportunities for women improve, we must begin with sound economic policies that explicitly address the unique challenges that limit women. And here’s why: A Goldman Sachs report shows how a reduction in barriers to female labor force participation would increase America’s GDP by 9 percent. We admit we still have such barriers. It would increase the Eurozone’s by 13 percent – and they need it –and Japan’s by 16 percent. Unlocking the potential of women by narrowing the gender

gap could lead to a 14 percent rise in per capita incomes by the year 2020 in several APEC economies, including China, Russia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Korea.

然而，经济秩序并不会自行延续。经济秩序是通过经济决策者、政治领袖和企业主管们所作的无数的大小决策而形成和再形成的。因此，如果我们真希望看到妇女们的机会得到增加，我们就必须首先制定健全的经济政策，切实解决限制妇女机会的独特难题。这是因为：高盛公司（Goldman Sachs）的一份报告显示，减少女性加入劳动大军的障碍可把美国的国内生产总值提高9%。我们承认这类障碍现在仍然是存在的。减少这类障碍可能把欧元区的国内生产总值提高13% ——该地区非常需要这样的增长——对日本来说，可能获得的增长是16%。到2020年，通过缩小性别差距释放妇女的潜力在几个亚太经合组织经济体中可促使人均收入提高14%，这些经济体包括中国、俄罗斯（Russia）、印度尼西亚（Indonesia）、菲律宾（the Philippines）、越南（Vietnam）和韩国（Korea）。

Of course, rising income means increased spending, which in itself helps to fuel more growth. And here, too, women make a strong contribution. A Boston Consulting Group survey concludes that, globally, women will control $15 trillion in spending by the year 2014. And by 2028, BCG says women will be responsible for about two-thirds of consumer spending worldwide.

当然，收入的提高意味着消费的提高，这本身又有助于进一步拉动增长。妇女在这方面也能做出巨大的贡献。波士顿咨询集团（Boston Consulting Group）所作的调查得出的结论是：到2014年，全球妇女将控制15万亿美元的消费。BCG认为，到2028年，妇女的消费将占全世界消费总额的大约三分之二。

Digging a little deeper into the data, we can see positive benefits that flow from both the quality of spending and the quantity of saving by women because multiple studies have shown that women spend more of their earned income on food, healthcare, home improvement, and schooling for themselves and their children. In short, they reinvest, and that kind of spending has a multiplier effect leading to more job growth and diversified local economies. And that, in turn, can help ensure better educated, healthier citizens as well as provide a cushion in the event of market downturns.

深入研究有关数据，我们就能看到妇女的消费质量和储蓄数量的积极效益，因为多项研究已经显示，妇女们把她们的收入更多地用于食物、保健、修整房屋，以及她们自己和子女的教育等方面。简言之，她们把钱用于再投资，那样的消费具有乘数效应——促成更高的就业机会增长和多样化的本地经济。而这些又有助于保障公民们的受教育程度更高、健康状况更好，同时还能在经济不景气时提供一个缓冲。

The research also shows that women are stronger savers than men. Data – does that surprise any of the women in the audience? (Laughter.) Data from 20 semi-industrialized countries suggest that for every one percentage point increase in the share of household income generated by women, aggregate domestic savings increased by roughly 15 basis points. And a higher savings rate translates into a higher tax base as well.

这项研究还显示，女性比男性更会存钱。在座的女士会有人感到吃惊吗？（笑声）来自20个半工业化国家的数据显示，妇女挣得的收入在家庭收入份额中每增长一个百分点，国内储蓄总数便会增长大约15个基本点。而更高的储蓄率则意味着更高的税收基数。

Integrating women more effectively into the way businesses invest, market, and recruit also yields benefits in terms of profitability and corporate governance. In a McKinsey survey, a third of executives reported increased profits as a result of investments in empowering women in emerging markets. Research also demonstrates a strong correlation between higher degrees of gender diversity in the leadership ranks of business and organizational performance. The World Bank finds that by eliminating discrimination against female workers and managers, managers could significantly increase productivity per worker by 25 to 40 percent. Reducing barriers preventing women from working in certain sectors would lower the productivity gap between male and female workers by a third to one half across a range of countries.

更有效地将妇女纳入企业进行投资、营销和招聘的方式还能在赢利和企业治理等方面产生积极效果。根据麦金西（McKinsey）的一项调查，在新兴市场国家，三分之一的企业管理层报告说，投资于妇女权益带来了利润增长。研究还显示了在企业领导层不同等级中的较高的性别多样性与企业的业绩之间的密切关联。世界银行（World Bank）发现，通过消除对女性员工和管理人员的歧视，主管们能够将每个员工的工作效率大幅提高25-40%。减少妇女进入某些部门工作的壁垒将能把一系列国家中男性与女性劳动者之间的生产力的差距缩小三分之一到一半。

Now, these gains are achieved because removing barriers means that the talent and skills of women can be deployed more efficiently. And in our globalized world today, this is a competitive edge that is more important than ever. All of this underscores my primary point: When we liberate the economic potential of women, we elevate the economic performance of communities, nations, and the world.

现在取得了这些成效，这是因为消除障碍即意味着能够更有效地发挥妇女的才智和技能。在今天我们这个全球化的世界上，这是一个比以往更加重要的竞争优势。所有这一切突出说明了我的基本要点：如果妇女的经济潜能得到解放，我们就有可能提高社区，国家和世界的经济效益。

Take just one sector of our economy – agriculture – to illustrate what I mean. We know women play an important role in driving agriculture-led growth worldwide. Agriculture is a powerful engine for development, as we have seen in the remarkable rise of China and India. And in several APEC economies, women comprise nearly half of the agriculture labor force. They sustain every link in the agricultural chain: They plant the seeds; they care for the livestock; they harvest the crops; they sell them at markets; they store the food, and then they prepare it for consumption.

仅举我们经济的一个部门农业为例来阐明我的意思。我们知道妇女在推动全世界以农业为主导的经济增长方面发挥着重要作用。如我们在中国和印度令人惊叹的崛起中所看到的那样，农业是发展的一个强大动力。在APEC的好几个经济体中，妇女占农业劳动力人数的几乎一半。她们支撑着农业这个链条上的每一个环节：她们播种、饲养牲畜、收割作物、到市场上销售、储藏食品，然后准备食品以供消费.

But as for the role of women in agriculture nowadays, despite their presence in all of these kinds of jobs, they have less to show for all of their work. Women farmers are up to 30 percent less productive than male farmers, and that’s not because they are working less or are less committed. It’s because women farmers have access to fewer resources. They have less fertilizer, fewer tools, poorer quality seeds, and less access to training or to land. And they have much less time to farm because they also have to do most of the household work. When that resource gap is closed and resources are allocated equally – and better yet, efficiently – women and men are equally productive in agriculture. And that has positive benefits. In Nepal, for example, where mothers have greater ownership of land because of their inheritance rights, there are fewer severely underweight children.

但是，就今天妇女在农业中的作用而言，尽管她们从事所有这些方面的劳动，却没有多少成就可言。女性农民的生产效率比男性低30%之多，不是因为她们做得少或不够投入，而是因为女性农民得到的资源较少。她们得到的化肥少、工具少、种子质量差、得到的训练少，或得到的土地少。而且，她们用以从事农业的时间要少得多，因为她们还得干大部分家务活。如果这一资源差距被消除，资源得到平等的分配——更理想的是，有效地进行分配——妇女和男子就会在农业中具有同等的生产力。这便会带来积极的效益。例如在尼泊尔，母亲因她们的继承权而对土地有更多的所有权，体重严重不足的儿童人数也较少。

So what we have here is an opportunity to accelerate growth in developing economies while, at the same time, producing more and cheaper food for our planet. Close the resource gap holding women back in developing economies, and we could feed 150 million more people worldwide every year, and that’s according to the Food and Agriculture Organization, and that’s in addition to the higher incomes for families and the more efficient markets and the more agricultural trade that would result.

因此，我们有机会加速发展中经济体的增长，同时为我们的世界生产更多和更廉价的粮食。如果消除发展中经济体中阻止妇女进步的资源差距，我们便能够每年为世界上另外1.5亿人口提供粮食——这根据的是粮农组织（Food and Agriculture Organization）提供的数据，而且这还不包括家庭得到更高的收入，市场更有效率及农产品贸易增长等。

The same kind of impact can be seen in other sectors in our economies, because we know that the entrepreneurial spirit of women is strong. More than half a million enterprises in Indonesia and nearly 400,000 in Korea are headed by women. They run fully 20 percent of all of China’s small businesses. A ll across Asia, women have and continue to dominate light manufacturing sectors that have proved crucial to the region’s economic

takeoff. And economists predict that women-owned businesses, which now provide for 16 percent of all U.S. jobs, will create nearly a third of the new jobs anticipated over the next seven years.

同样的影响也能在我们各经济体的其他部门看到，因为我们知道，妇女具有旺盛的创业精神。印度尼西亚有50多万个领导的企业，韩国有近40万个。中国所有小企业中的20%全由妇女经营。在整个亚洲，妇女已经主导并继续主导对于这个地区的经济起飞极其重要的轻工业部门。经济学家们预计，妇女拥有的企业提供的就业——目前占美国全部就业岗位的16%——在今后7年预期创造的新就业岗位中将占三分之一。

So with that kind of evidence at hand, it is little wonder that the World Economic Forum’s Gender Gap Report finds a direct correlation between the gender gap and economic productivity – the lower the former, the higher the latter. As Klaus Schwab, the exe cutive chairman of the World Economic Forum concludes, ―Women and girls must be treated equally if a country is to grow and prosper.‖ The declaration we will adopt here today can begin to close that gender gap, by making it possible for more women to unleash their potential as workers, entrepreneurs, and business leaders.

世界经济论坛发表的性别差距报告（World Economic Forum’s Gender Gap Report）发现，性别差距与经济生产力之间有直接的关联——前者越低，后者越高。根据我们手头现有的证据，这一点也不奇怪。世界经济论坛执行主席克劳斯?施瓦布（Klaus Schwab）发表了这样的结论：―一个国家若要发展和繁荣，妇女和女孩必须获得平等的待遇。‖我们今天在这里将要通过的宣言能够开始缩小这一性别差距，使更多的妇女释放出她们作为劳动者、企业家和工商业领袖的潜力。

And the goals in this declaration are very specific. We commit to giving women access to capital so women entrepreneurs can turn their ideas into the small and medium enterprises that are the source of so much growth and job creation. We urge examining and reforming our legal and regulatory systems so women can avail themselves of the full range of financial services. And such reforms can also help ensure that women are not forced to compromise on the well-being of their children to pursue a business career.

这项宣言的目标非常具体。我们承诺让妇女获得资本，使女企业家可以把她们的设想转变成中小型企业。这些企业成为取得如此巨大增长和创造就业机会的源泉。我们要求审议和改革我们的法律和监管制度，使得妇女能够为自己获得全方位的金融服务。这类改革还可以有助于确保妇女不至于为在工商界发展而被迫在子女的福祉问题上让步。

We must improve women’s access to markets so those who start businesses can keep them open. For example, we need to correct the problem of what’s called information asymmetric problems, meaning that woman are not informed about the trade and technical assistance programs that are available, as we just discussed in agriculture.

我们必须改善妇女进入市场的机会。创办企业的妇女就可以继续开展经营。例如，我们需要纠正所谓的―信息不对称‖问题，指的是妇女不了解她们可以获得有关贸易和技术援助项目的信息。我们在谈农业问题时已经涉及这一点。

There are two State Department programs that we are using to try to model a lot of these approaches. A program called Pathways to Prosperity connects policymakers and private sector leaders in 15 countries across the Americas. It’s aimed at helping small business owners, small farmers, craftspeople do more business, both locally and through regional trade. And the African Women’s Entrepre neurship Program reaches out to women that are part of the African Growth and Opportunity Act countries to provide them with information and tools to take advantage of what AGOA has to offer.

国务院有两个项目，我们设法以此为许多这类方法提供示范。一个项目名为―迈向繁荣之路‖（Pathways to Prosperity），使15个美洲国家的决策者与私营部门的领导人保持联系。该项目的目的在于帮助小企业主、小农户、手工艺者在当地或通过区域贸易拓展业务。―非洲妇女创业计划‖（African Women’s Entrepreneurship Program）与作为《非洲增长与机会法》（African Growth and Opportunity Act）国家重要组成部分的妇女发展联系，为她们利用《非洲增长与机会法》提供的机会提供有关信息和工具。

And then finally, we must support the rise of women leaders in the public and private sectors because they bring firsthand knowledge and understanding of these challenges, and their perspectives will add great value as we shape policies and programs that will eliminate barriers to bring women into all economic sectors.

最后，我们必须支持妇女领导人在政府和民间部门崭露头角，因为她们带来有关这些挑战的第一手认知和了解，她们的看法将为我们增添重大的价值，有助于制订政策和设置有关项目，为妇女进入所有的经济部门扫除各种壁垒。

Several businesses already are taking significant steps to meet such goals. Goldman Sachs is training the next generation of women business leaders in developing economies with its Ten Thousand Women campaign. Coca Cola’s ―Five by Twenty‖ campaign aims to support five million women entrepreneurs worldwide by 2020. And just this week,

Wal-Mart announced that it will use its purchasing power to support women entrepreneurs by doubling the amount of goods it will buy from women-owned businesses globally to $20 billion by 2016. (Applause.) In addition, Wal-Mart will invest $100 million to help women develop their job skills, including women who work on the farms and factories overseas that are Wal-Mart suppliers.

一些公司企业已经在为实现这些目标采取重大步骤。高盛集团（Goldman Sachs）通过其―一万名女性巾帼圆梦计划‖（Ten Thousand Women campaign）正为发展中经济体下一代女企业领导人提供训练。可口可乐公司（Coca Cola）的―2020年500万人‖活动（Five by Twenty）计划2020年前向全球500万女企业家提供支持。而就在本周，沃尔玛公司（Wal-Mart）宣布该公司将利用其购买力在2016年前通过向全球妇女拥有的企业加倍购买

商品的数量来支持女企业家。（掌声）此外，沃尔玛公司还将投资1亿美元帮助妇女发展她们的工作技能，其中包括那些在属于沃尔玛供应商的海外农场和工厂内工作的妇女。

Now, these programs are just the start of the type of permanent shift we need to see in how businesses worldwide invest in women.

我们需要看到全球工商企业投资于妇女的方式发生永久的转变, 这些项目仅仅是一个开端。

Now, I do not underestimate the difficulty of ushering in what I call the participation age. Legal changes require political will. Cultural and behavioral changes require social will. All of this requires leadership by governments, civil society, and by the private sector. And even when countries pursue aggressive structural reforms to get more women into their economy and enhance their productivity, they don’t always produce the results that we would like to see. So we have to stay with this. Persistence is part of our long-term plan.

谈到开创我所说的参与的时代，我不会低估其中的困难程度。司法改革必须要有政治意愿。改变文化和行为方式必须要有社会意愿。所有这些都必须由政府、公民社会和私营部门发挥领导作用。有些国家即使大力推行结构改革，争取使更多的妇女参与经济并提高她们的生产力，但往往不能取得我们希望看到的成效。因此，我们必须保持这种做法。我们的长远规划需要有坚持不懈的精神。

And while economic orders may be hard to change, and policy strategies—no matter how good—can only get us so far, we all have to make a choice, not simply to remove the barriers but to really fill this field with active investment and involvement from all of us. Those of you who are here today are leaders from across the APEC region, and it is your choice to come here, it is your choice to focus on women and the economy that will send a message rippling across APEC. And the countless decisions that will be taken by leaders and citizens to encourage young girls to stay in school, to acquire skills, to talk to that banker, to understand what it means to give a loan to a woman who will work her heart out to produce a result for herself and her children. And when we do that, we are going to really make a big difference in helping elevate the age of participation for women.

虽然经济秩序可能难以改变，而且政策方略——不论多么优秀——都只能使我们走到这一步。我们都必须做出选择，不仅仅是消除障碍，而且要切实在这个领域进行积极投资，同时需要我们全体参与。今天在座的诸位都是APEC各地的领导人。你们自己决定来到这里，你们自己决定重视妇女和经济问题，以便向整个APEC地区传达一个引起层层反响的信号。领导人和公民们将要作出数不胜数的决定，鼓励年轻女孩继续上学读书，掌握各种技术，向银行人员咨询，了解给全身心为自己和子女造福的妇女贷款有什么意义。我们如果这样做，就确实能为帮助推动妇女参与的时代作出重大贡献。

And there are many other areas we have to be attentive to. Our medical research dollars need to be sure that we are equally investing in women as men. Our tax systems have to ensure that we don’t either deliberately or inadvertently discriminate against

women. And women should be given the same opportunities to be productive and contributing members of society.

我们还必须注重其他很多领域的工作。我们必须确保我们的医学研究资金平等地投放给女性和男性。我们的税收体制必须确保我们不会有意或无意地歧视妇女。妇女应当享有同等的机会，成为有生产能力、有贡献的社会成员。

But big and bold ideas, I think are called for in our world today, because a lot of what we’re doing is not achieving the outcomes that we are seeking. There is a stimulative and ripple effect that kicks in when women have greater access to jobs and the economic fortunes of their families, their communities, and their countries. Many people say that there are all kinds of benefits that will flow from this, but I want to be somewhat modest in our goals. Yes, I do think it will produce more food and more educational opportunity and more financial stability for more families around the world, and that will have dividends across the full spectrum of society.

但我认为，我们今天的世界需要高瞻远瞩和大胆的创意，因为我们正在从事的很多工作都未能取得我们希望取得的成效。当妇女就业的渠道更宽广，当她们在更大程度上支配各自家庭、社区和国家的经济财富的时候，便会产生激励效应和连锁反应。很多人都说，这将带来各种各样的惠益，而我却希望我们的目标保持适中。是的，我确实认为这将为全世界更多的家庭提供更多的粮食、更多受教育的机会以及更稳定的经济收入，并将在社会的各个领域产生效益。

But our declaration will be meaningless if we don’t put our will and effort behind it. I think this summit just might make the history books if people look back in years to come and say, that meeting in San Francisco with all of those important people from across the Asia Pacific said something that had never been said before. They didn’t ju st assert that involving women was the good thing to do or the right thing to do. They put their heads together and came up with a declaration committing themselves to really tackle the obstacles, because it will benefit the people we all represent.

但是，如果我们的宣言没有我们的意志和努力作基础，就将毫无意义。我想，假如许多年后人们指出，旧金山的那次有亚太各地所有这些要人出席的会议作出了一项史无前例的阐述，那么这个峰会确实有可能被载入史册。与会者不单坚定地表示妇女的参与是好事，是正确之举，而且他们齐心协力，发表了宣言，承诺将切实动手克服障碍，因为这将使我们大家所代表的人民受益。

And then we need to measure our progress to be sure that we are tracking what we care about. W e obviously do that in our own lives, but it’s important we do it across our countries and our regions. And I am sure that if we leave this summit and go back to our governments and our businesses and focus on how we’re going to improve employment, bring down national debts, create greater trade between us, tackling all of that, and always in the back of our mind keep in focus what more can we do to make sure women

contribute to those results, we will see progress and we will be in the lead at not only asserting what we think should be done, but in measuring and tracking how well we are doing.

其后，我们需要衡量自己的进展，确保不断跟踪我们所关心的事务。显然，我们在各自的生活中会这样做，我们一定要在各个国家和地区也这样做。我可以肯定，如果我们在结束这个峰会，返回各自的政府和企业以后，在设法解决如何改善就业、减少国债、在彼此之间开创更多贸易等所有这些问题的同时，始终有意识地注重于如何能够进一步采取措施，让妇女为取得那些方面的成果作出贡献，那么我们就会看到进步，而且，我们的先导作用就不仅体现在有力阐述了我们应该作出的努力，而且也体现在衡量和跟踪这些努力的效果。

So I thank you for gathering here in San Francisco, mindful that we’re on a long journey together. I look out and I see friends from across the region representing countries that have been so amazing in the progress that you have made in the last 50 years, even in the last 30 years. It will take time. It will take our concerted effort. But I am convinced that if we come into pursuing the promise of this participation age and unleashing and harnessing the economic potential of women, we will see a new and better future.

我要感谢大家聚会旧金山，深知我们是在共同进行一次远征。放眼望去，我可以看见来自这个地区各地的朋友们，代表着你们在过去50年，甚至30年取得了如此惊人发展的国家。这是需要时间的，需要我们协调一致的努力。但是我相信，如果我们都来追求这个参与的时代所展现的希望，释放和调动妇女的经济潜力，我们将看到一个新的更好的未来。

That is why I am honored to be here representing the people of the United States, bearing witness to what begins right here in San Francisco, on September 16th, 2011. This is the beginning of a very promising future for us all. Thank you very much. (Applause.) 正因为如此，我对在这里代表美国人民，见证2011年9月16日在旧金山的这一开端感到非常荣幸。向所有的人展示巨大希望的未来，就从这里开始。非常感谢你们。（掌声）