马来西亚[24页]
马来西亚
柔佛州
• 柔佛州，马来文（官方）: Johor；或为 Johore（非官方），是马来西亚十三个州 之一南端， 也是亚洲大陆最南端的陆地, 东面是南中国 海，西面是马六甲海峡，南面隔着柔佛海 峡与新加坡毗邻。柔佛的现任苏丹为苏丹 依不拉欣(已故苏丹依斯干达之长子),于 2010年1月23日上午10时21分,在柔佛大王 宫依据1895年柔佛州宪法宣誓就任苏丹。
玻璃市州
• 玻璃市（马来语：Perlis），马来西亚最小的州，所以 玻璃市 没有县份单位，简称玻州。玻璃市的首府是加央 （Kangar），亚娄(Arau)是玻州的皇城，也是皇殿所在地， 位于加央以东十公里处。其他主要城镇如巴东勿刹 (Padang Besar)，位于马泰边界。玻璃市港口(Kuala Perlis)是玻璃市河的河口，是前往对岸浮罗交怡(Pulau Langkawi)及泰南沙敦的渡头与玻州主要渔业港口。加基 武吉(Kaki Bukit)因昔日盛产锡矿而发展，其他小镇包括新 路(Pauh)、马打亚逸(Mata Ayer)、双弄(Sanglang)、十字 港(Simpang Empat)、新港(Sungai Baru)、柏斯里 (Beseri)、武吉格蒂里(Bukit Keteri)、旺吉连(Wang Kelian)、朱宾(Chuping)。
•Good bye！
吉隆坡
• 吉隆坡在1857年建立于鹅麦河（Gombak）与巴生河 （Klang）的交汇处。这解释了吉隆坡的马来语名 （Kuala Lumpur，原意为泥泞河口）的由来。当时，雪兰 莪州皇族，拉查阿都拉（Raja Abdullah）把巴生谷开放于 采锡矿者，吸引了大量来自中国的矿工来采锡。过后，吉 隆坡就从而渐渐地发展起来。当时，统治马来亚的英国殖 民政府也委任了称为“甲必丹”的华人领袖来掌管当地华 人的事务。其中最著名的华人甲必丹为叶亚来。换句话说， 吉隆坡是华人矿工发展起来的。吉隆坡在1880年成为雪兰 莪州的首府。在第二次世界大战时，吉隆坡于1942年1月 11日沦陷日军手中，总共长达44个月之久。 • 在1957年，吉隆坡成为刚从英国取得独立的马来亚联 合邦（Federation of Malaya）的首都。当时，第一任首 相东姑·亚都拉曼就在吉隆坡的默迪卡体育馆（Merdeka Stadium）宣读独立宣言。1974年，吉隆坡从雪兰莪割让 出来成为联邦直辖区。
马来西亚简介介绍
日期:CATALOGUE目录•马来西亚的地理位置和历史背景•马来西亚的文化特色•马来西亚的经济发展•马来西亚的旅游资源•马来西亚的社会生活与教育体系•总结与展望马来西亚的地理位置和历史背景地理位置区域划分地理位置及区域划分历史沿革及重要事件01020304早期历史殖民时代独立运动马来西亚成立外交关系经贸合作人文交流030201与中国的外交关系及合作马来西亚的文化特色伊斯兰教影响伊斯兰教是马来西亚的官方宗教，对马来西亚的文化和社会生活产生深远影响。
多元种族与信仰马来西亚是一个多元种族和多元宗教的国家，其中马来人、华人和印度人是三大主要种族。
各种族间的和谐共处是马来西亚文化的重要特征。
宗教自由与尊重宪法保障宗教自由，各种宗教信仰在马来西亚得到尊重和保护。
多元文化及宗教信仰官方语言汉语（包括粤语、普通话等方言）和泰米尔语在马来西亚也有大量使用者，是这多元文化国家的重要组成部分。
汉语与泰米尔语文学传统语言及文学音乐与乐器舞蹈表演传统艺术艺术、音乐与舞蹈马来西亚的经济发展高速发展人均收入较高经济结构转型经济发展现状及特点03农业基础稳固01服务业为主导02制造业重要组成主要产业及经济结构开放型经济政策税收优惠措施完善的法律保障贸易投资环境及政策马来西亚的旅游资源1 2 3吉隆坡槟城亚庇热门旅游城市景点推荐椰浆饭椰浆饭是马来西亚的国菜之一，用椰浆烹制的米饭搭配各种香料、肉类和蔬菜，口感丰富。
海南鸡饭海南鸡饭是马来西亚华人的传统美食，选用嫩滑的鸡肉搭配香浓的米饭，味道鲜美。
炒粿条炒粿条是马来西亚一道受欢迎的小吃，用粿条搭配蔬菜、海鲜或肉类炒制而成，口感爽滑。
美食文化体验特色旅游活动及购物攻略浮潜01热带雨林探险02购物攻略03马来西亚的社会生活与教育体系社会生活、民俗与禁忌社会生活禁忌政府重视教育公平，实施免费的基础教育，并提供各种奖学金和助学金，以确保所有阶层的学生都能接受良好的教育。
教育体系及政策教育政策教育体系知名大学马来西亚拥有一些世界知名的大学，如马来亚大学（University of Malaya）、马来西亚国立大学（Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia）等。
马来西亚简介
马来西亚主要产业与特点
制造业：以电子、汽车、石油加工等为主导
• 电子产业：全球重要的电子产品生产基地，如英特尔、微软等企业在马来西亚设 有工厂 • 汽车产业：拥有宝腾、纳智捷等汽车品牌，以及丰田、本田等跨国公司 • 石油加工：石油资源丰富，石油加工产业发展较快
服务业：金融、旅游、教育等服务业发展迅速
马来西亚简介
DOCS SMART CREATE
CREATE TOGETHER
DOCS
01
马来西亚国家概况
马来西亚地理位置与自然环境
位于东南亚，地理位置重要
• 位于马来半岛，连接亚洲和印度洋 • 东临南海，与菲律宾和印度尼西亚相邻 • 西邻泰国，北部与缅甸接壤
地形多样化
• 低地平原：主要分布在西部和东部沿海 • 山地：主要分布在北部和东北部，如吉打州和沙巴州 • 岛屿：如槟榔屿、兰卡威等
气候炎热潮湿
• 热带气候：全年气温较高，一般在25-30摄氏度之间 • 雨量丰富：年降水量在2000-3000毫米，沿海地区更高 • 湿热气候：湿度一般在80%以上，尤其在雨季
马来西亚历史与文化传承
文化交流活跃
• 马六甲海峡：自古以来就是东西方贸易和文化交流的重要通道 • 多元文化交融：各种民族、宗教和文化在这里交融发展，形成了独 特的马来西亚文化
马来西亚著名景点与旅游胜地
著名景点
• 吉隆坡双子塔：世界最高的双子塔，地标性建筑 • 槟城乔治市：世界文化遗产，具有浓厚的历史文化底蕴 • 马六甲：历史悠久的港口城市，有马六甲海峡、红场等景点
旅游胜地
• 东海岸：美丽的海滩，适合度假 • 西海岸：丰富的历史文化遗址，如马六甲王朝遗址 • 内陆地区：壮丽的山脉、森林，适合探险和徒步
马来西亚介绍
（三）饮食习惯
马来人： 1、主食为大米，肉食主要为牛肉，喜辣味，咖喱牛肉风行全国。 2、禁酒，不吃猪肉和贝壳类食品。常饮咖啡和茶。嗜好嚼槟榔、饮椰子 酒和咀嚼烟草。 3、进餐一般用右手抓取。桌上备两杯清水，一杯饮用，一杯用于清洁手 指。 4、忌将马来人和华人的食品和餐具混在一起。
马来西亚介绍
内容
一、马来西亚地理、人文概况 二、马来西亚简史 三、马来西亚经济与政治 四、马来西亚文化 五、马来西亚习俗 六、马来西亚旅游和旅游发展 七、对外政策和中马关系 附：景点图片
一、马来西亚地理、人文概况
1、国名：马来西亚 Malaysia 2、面积：32.97万km2 3、人口：2558万(2004) 4、民族：主要有马来人 (65.7%)、华人 (25.4%)、 印巴人7.6%)。 5、语言：马来语为国语。通用英语和华语。 6 、宗教：伊斯兰教为国教，教徒占马来人口 的80%。另有佛教、基督教、印度教等。
4 、中国古典文学： 19 世纪末 20 世 纪初，华侨曾锦文第一个把中国古 典小说《三国演义》、《水浒》、 《西游记》等译成马来文。 5、当代：最著名作家是萨农·艾哈 迈德(1933--)。自1971年起，连续5年 获得国家文学斗士奖。代表作《满 途荆棘》被译成英、俄、荷、丹等 多种文字。
服饰
（二）政治
橡胶和锡的王国
橡胶和锡的王国
锡是古老
金属，自上 古而延绵至 今。 锡素有 “盛水水清 甜，盛酒酒 香醇，储茶 味不变，插 花花长久” 的美称!
油棕
菠萝蜜
马来熊
熊类中体型最 小的种类 体胖颈短，头 部短圆， 眼小， 鼻、唇裸露无 毛， 主要分布在印 度尼西亚、马 来半岛、缅甸 等地
（二）姓名称呼 1、马来人的姓名是：名+姓。 或者也可以说没有姓。他们将父 亲的名字放在自己的名字后作为 姓氏。 2、男性姓名中间用“宾”(bin) 隔开，女性姓名中间用“宾 节”(binti)隔开。
介绍马来西亚ppt课件
马来西亚的特产
• 锡制品:马来西亚是世界上主要的锡产国，当然锡 制品也是世界知名的.既有银器一样的光彩，而且 耐热性极高，平常的保养也容易。
• 银制品:以装饰物和食器居多，吉兰丹州的银器很 有名。
• 金制品:马来西亚的黄金是东南亚最便宜的，其中 班达路的金饰品店相当多，戒指手镯都很精致。
• 盛产的热带水果－榴莲、山竹、红毛丹。 • 盛產的香料－肉骨茶、荳蔻、咖哩粉、胡椒粉
马来西亚——禁忌
• 1用手吃饭；或给予及接受物品时使用右手(但是华人并 不会计较这些)。
• 2在指示地点、物品或他人时通常不可使用右手的食指。 反而应用右手的拇指且另外四指紧握，才是正确的指示 方法。
• 3进入祈祷和参拜地方，如清真寺和庙宇时均必须脱掉 鞋子。 一些清真寺还会供应长袍和头巾给女性参观者。 在这些场所通常是可以拍照的，但应事先请求批准及同 意。
眼睛是心灵的窗户，是人体中最宝贵 的感觉 器官， 可很多 孩子对 眼睛的 重要性 不重视 。在每 学期的 视力测 查中情 况都不 容乐观
这就是马来西 的国花了，她 的名字叫扶桑！
马来西亚小档案
马来西亚是一个多元文化，景观也多彩 多彩的国家。有恍如世外桃源的小岛可以 流连忘返，也有充满异国风情的都会可以 参观.
馬來西亞——教育
马来西亚华人就会读华人 办的小学中学，可是也有很多 当地华人学生去国家办的中学 读书，因为便宜。到了大学就 读国家的学院，很多都跟外国 大学联办。 学位的获得，澳洲英国大学比 较多，不过通常都是不知名的。 中学还有全讲英文的中学。国 家的大学很难进，尤其是华人， 因为有名额保留给马来人。
马来西亚——服装
马来西亚四季如夏，大部分以质 轻棉、麻类混纺的衣料为宜，至高地 则需备薄毛衣。平常男性穿衬衫，正 式场合穿马来西亚传统服饰Batik或西 装，参加晚宴女性须着礼服，并建议 出门随身携带雨具。马来西亚女性多 不使用阳伞。
马来西亚地质及矿产资源
马来西亚地质及矿产资源馬來西亞面積330257平方公里。
马来西亚面积330257平方公里。
國土被南中國海分隔成東、西兩部分。
国土被南中国海分隔成东、西两部分。
西馬位於馬來半島南部，北與泰國接壤，南與新加坡隔柔佛海峽相望，東臨南中國海，西瀕馬六甲海峽。
西马位于马来半岛南部，北与泰国接壤，南与新加坡隔柔佛海峡相望，东临南中国海，西濒马六甲海峡。
東馬位於加裏曼丹島北部，與印尼、菲律賓、汶萊相鄰。
东马位于加里曼丹岛北部，与印尼、菲律宾、汶莱相邻。
全國海岸線總長4192公里。
全国海岸线总长4192公里。
目前人口2664萬（截至2006年底）。
目前人口2664万（截至2006年底）。
2006年其國內生產總值約為5427.66億林吉特（1美元約合3.5林吉特），比上年增長5.9％。
2006年其国内生产总值约为5427.66亿林吉特（1美元约合3.5林吉特），比上年增长5.9％。
一、地质和矿产资源馬來西亞總體位於縱貫緬泰馬的巽他褶皺帶的南部。
马来西亚总体位于纵贯缅泰马的巽他褶皱带的南部。
馬來半島主要由中、古生界和海西一印支期花崗岩組成，大致可分為西部的冒地槽帶和東部的優地槽帶。
马来半岛主要由中、古生界和海西一印支期花岗岩组成，大致可分为西部的冒地槽带和东部的优地槽带。
中央山脈大致相當於冒地槽的中央隆起帶。
中央山脉大致相当于冒地槽的中央隆起带。
東馬地區以盧帕河為界，可劃分出西婆羅基底和西北婆羅地斜兩個構造單元，顯現出不同的大地構造演化歷史。
东马地区以卢帕河为界，可划分出西婆罗基底和西北婆罗地斜两个构造单元，显现出不同的大地构造演化历史。
馬來西亞探明礦產有30多種，錫礦資源非常豐富，素有“錫國”美稱。
马来西亚探明矿产有30多种，锡矿资源非常丰富，素有“锡国”美称。
马来西亚概况
MALAYSIA1. PHYSIOGRAPHYMalaysia covers an area of about 329,758 km2 occupying the Malay Peninsula, which lies on the southern shores of the Asian land mass, and the States of Sabah and Sarawak in the north-western coastal of Borneo Island. The two regions are separated by about 531 km of the South China Sea. Peninsular Malaysia, covering 131,598 km2, has its land frontier with Thailand to the north, and is connected to Singapore by a causeway in the south. The State of Sabah covering 73,856 km2 and the State of Sarawak covering 124,989 km2 border the territory of Indonesia’s Kalimantan and has land frontiers with the two enclaves which make up Brunei. Peninsular Malaysia consists of steep hills and mountain ranges, rolling to undulating land the coastal and riverine flood plains. The hill and mountain ranges cover about one-third of the plain surface of the Peninsula and run more or less parallel to the long axis of the country. The rolling to undulating land is found generally an the seaward flanks and the intervening areas between the mountain ranges. Although not very extensive coastal plains and alluvial terraces are found from 15 to 65 km inland from the coast with levels rising to 75 m above mean sea level. The riverine flood plains are found as narrow belts of alluvium gently sloping away from the major rivers. Towards the coast they merge with the marine alluvium of the coastal plains.Sabah is surrounded on three sides by seas. The physical pattern consists of narrow alluvial coastal plains backed by hilly, forested areas. The mountain of the interior have acted as barriers to inland penetration. The coastal plains and river valleys consist of marine and fluvial alluvium. Although the coastal plains form a small proportion of the total area they are the most important parts of the State in terms of settlement and agricultural and economic development.Sarawak consists of a flat and swampy coastal area and steepy undulating hills in the interior. The coastal plains comprise deep peat and muck soils, and at various points along the coast “raised beaches” occur some distance inland from the coastline.2. CLIMATE AND RAINFALLMalaysia lies near the Equator between latitude 1° and 7° North and between longitude 100°and 119° East. The country is subject to maritime influence and the interplay of wind systems, which originate in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea. The year is commonly divided into the south-west and north-east monsoon seasons.The climate of Malysia is hot wet equatorial. The important features of the climate are the continuous warm temperatures and the seasonal distribution of rainfall. Mean daily temperatures range from 21°C to 32°C in the lowlands throughout the year. Cooler temperatures prevail at the higher altitudes. Variation in rainfall distribution is the most significant environmental variable. Generally, most if not all parts of Malaysia experience moisture deficits during one or more periods of the year. Conversely, excessive rainfall could occur, and this may physically restrict agricultural activities.There is considerable variation in the averages of annual and monthly distribution of rainfall by location. The average annual rainfall ranges from 1,500 mm to 4,000 mm with the states of Sabah and Sarawak about 20 % to 40 % more rainfall than Peninsular Malaysia.3. POPULATION AND SIZE OF HOLDINGSThe total population of Malaysia was 23,266,000 in 2000. Of this, 18,537,800 people were in Peninsular Malaysia, 2,656,400 in Sabah and 2,071,800 in Sarawak. At present rates of growth the population is estimated to be 28,142,000 in the year 2010.The manufacturing sector holds an important position in the Malaysian economy. It provides employment for nearly 46.9 % of the working population, generates approximately 8.5 % of the gross domestic product.. The population actually engaged in agriculture in 2000 was about 1,060,676.The size of land holdings in Malaysia is small. The average sizes of farms are about 2 ha in Peninsular Malaysia, 3.5 ha in Sabah, and 8 ha in Sarawak. In Peninsular Malaysia one-third of the farms are below 1.5 ha, whereas in Sabah and Sarawak one-half and one-third of all farms, respectively, are below 2 ha.4. LAND RESOURCESTropical Rain Forest occupies less than 60 % of Malaysia’s land area and these are found mainly in the hills and mountains. The potential areas suitable for crop development based on schematic reconnaissance soil surveys total 4,010,933 ha are under cultivation. The major crops under cultivation are rubber, oil palm, paddy and coconut which cover 1,432,567 ha, 2,039,513 ha, 357,734 ha and 115,717ha respectively.The major soils of Malaysia include acrisols, ferralsols, fluvisols, gleysols, luvisols, nitosols, lithosols, regosols, combisols and histosols. The most extensive are lithosols, regosols and combisols which occupy 58 % of the land area. These include the shallow soils of the highlands, most of which are not utilised for agriculture, and the regosols of the alluvial plains. The acrisols and the ferralsols make up the major agricultural soils of the country. The fluvisols and gleysols are important in that they are being extensively cultivated with rice. Most of the sedentary soils with topography up to 20° slopes are cultivated with perennial crops such as rubber, oil palm, cocoa, spices and fruit tree. Peat and organic soils cover approximately 2,700,000 ha. Only a small proportion has been developed for agriculture due to several serious physical and chemical limitations of the soils. Presently, pineapple is the only crop which is recommended for extensive cultivation on peat, although rubber, oil palm, coconut and coffee have also been planted on peat soils but yields of these crops are often poor. Peat with depth greater than 1.5 m is considered unsuitable for tree crops. Part of the country is covered by ‘bris’ soils. These soils are derived from marine sands and have extremely low inherent soil fertility. Coconut, cashew and fruits are grown on the soils, and with some supplementary irrigation tobacco, groundnut, vegetables and watermelon are also cultivated. When economical methods to ameliorate the soils are available they could become potential areas for future agricultural development.5. WATER RESOURCESRainfall generally occurs throughout the year, but there is some concentration due to the North-East and South-West monsoons. The mean annual rainfall averages about 2,300 mm, while the annual potential evaporation averages about 1,500 mm.The total annual surface water resource is estimated to be 566,000 million m3 per year and of this 26 % is in Peninsular Malaysia, 54 % in Sarawak, and the remaining 20 % in Sabah. Groundwater resource is estimated to have a safe yield of 14,700 million m3 per year in Peninsular Malaysia, 5,500 million m3 per year in Sarawak, and 3,300 million m3 per year in Sabah.The present annual total consumptive use of water is estimated to total 10,400 million m3 for irrigation. 4,900 million m3 for domestic and industrial water supply. On the whole, Malaysia has sufficient water resources for development to meet all the demand provided there is proper water resources development, conservation and management.6. BRIEF HISTORY OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE6.1 IrrigationRice is believed to have originated in South-East Asia. It is said to have spread northwards and westwards through Asia and southwards through the Malay Archipelago. There is little evidence of the date of introduction into Malaysia, but it seems likely that is was grown near the settlements along the trade waterways of Malaya at least two thousand years ago. Some form of water conservation for irrigation purposes was practiced from the earliest times and there is some evidence of use of brushwood dams as far as two hundred years. The Wan Mat Saman Canal, which was built in 1888 was perhaps the first well planned attempt to provide effective controlled drainage for the fertile plains in the North. In the riverine areas, brushwood dams were entensively used for harnessing water for irrigation purposes. The water wheels, ingeniously contrived by attached bamboo pipes to the periphery of wheels, were used to lift water to higher areas which could not be irrigated by gravity.In Sabah and Sarawak, hilly paddy has been cultivated using the traditional “shifting, slash and burn” method from the 18th century.In 1889, the first suggestion were made for irrigation works on a large scale at Krian in the state of Perak. Further investigation followed and in 1889 work commenced on the Bukit Merah Scheme. This scheme comprising a dam utilizing the flow of two rivers, the Sungai Merah and the Sungai Kurau, together with 26.5 km of main and 66.5 km of branch canals was completed in1906. With the formation of the Drainage and Irrigation Department in1932, it was realized that in order to ensure against frequent crop failures and in order to further promote rice cultivation, some effective form of water control was necessary. Irrigation schemes were constructed to serve both existing and new areas and the technical requirements for such schemes went through several stages of development. The initial stage of irrigation development was to provide a system of controlled drainage in existing cultivated paddy land. Whereas the abundant and well distributed rainfall in the country normally provides sufficient water for plant growth if fields ridges (batas) are constructed to retain it on the land, the difficulty encountered was to drain off excess water at the time of harvest. Controlled drainage systems provide some level of water control especially for the coastal areas, where the slope of the land is normally flat. Along Sg. Pahang, many “paya” were formed by the silting of the river and the building up of its banks to a level higher than the country inland.These “paya” are usually depressions lying between the foothills and the river banks and having such small catchments that water for irrigation is scarce. For such areas, an “inundation” system of water control was introduced for paddy cultivation. Low earth embankments together with control gates and flood spillways were constructed across the valley and thereby inundate the “paya”.Whilst the controlled drainage and inundation systems provided some means of water contol, these were at best rudimentary. Gradually, such schemes were improved with the provision of “positive” irrigation facilities whereby water is diverted from a river into a system of canals commanding the paddy lands. During this period up to the mid fifties, new areas, such the Krian, Sg. Manik, Tg. Karang and Kubang Pasu Schemes, were reclaimed and provided with irrigation facilities for paddy cultivation.After the Independence in 1957, the emphasis in irrigation development shifted to increase the income and employment opportunities of the rural poor. One positive method was by increasing the production of rice and hence income with the planting of two crops of paddy where only a single crop had been planted before. With the advent of double cropping, the main task for the Department was the development of a reliable water supply for the second crop, which must of necessity be planted during the period in the year when rainfall is low and riverflows are correspondingly less. This involved the construction of storage reservoirs, river barrages, pumping stations and the upgrading of existing irrigation systems. By 1975 all major rice growing areas were equipped with irrigation facilities to enable double cropping to be carried out. These included the Muda, Krian, Sg. Manik, Tg. Karang, Besut and Kemubu areas, totaling some 190,000 ha. New areas, such as, the Trans-Perak Stage I and parts of Stage IV, were also reclaimed for double cropping of paddy.Presently, agricultural development in the country emphasis an integrated approach involving consideration of engineering, social, agronomic, cultural and economic factors. Irrigation provides the basic favourable environment for the other components to be successfully introduced. The physical irrigation infrastructure to be provided includes the tertiary irrigation and drainage systems and farm roads. Since the Third Malaysian Plan (1976-1980) large irrigation projects, such as, Muda, Krian/Sg. Manik, Barat Laut Selangor and Kelantan Utara, and planned and implemented based on this integrated approach.6.2 DrainagePrior to the twentieth century, very little was done in respect of agricultural drainage except for the cultivation of paddy. Land drainage for agricultural crops other than paddy was carried out independently by estate owners and small holders of coconut, rubber and other crops, to serve their limited purpose and, consequently, there was little or no co-ordination effort. These early reclamation works were constructed through communal effort whereby the land was protected from tidal inundation by an earth bund constructed along the coast. However, these were rudimentary and inadequate, and together with the lack of proper maintenance they failed in time. Destruction of inland cultivation thus occurred and large areas of coconut, rubber and small-holder crops were adversely affected.With the formation of the Drainage and Irrigation Department in1932, planned drainage works to rehabilitate and consolidate the early reclamation works were intensified. The Department took over the maintenance of drainage works on an estate of 40,000 ha and small-holder lands in Selangor and Perak. Reconstruction of these works and their extension raised the total area to about 80,000 ha in 1942. Large tracts of inland swamps were reclaimed for agriculturaldevelopment; and by 1957 the total drained area was 140,000 ha. Greater progress was made after Independence, and by 1975 the total drainage area reached 350,000 ha. This is expected to increase to 476,000 ha by 1982. Drainage schemes protect and prevent damage or destruction to agricultural crops such as, coconut, rubber, oil palm, cocoa and coffee which are widely cultivated in reclaimed lands. However, the provision of drainage facilities alone would not be sufficient to improve production and consequently yield incomes to the desired extent. To achieve this, agricultural support measures – such as, replanting with high yielding variety and intercropping as in the case of small coconut holdings – are required to be implemented at the same time. The present development of large drainage areas proceeds along an integrated approach, involving various agencies. Projects planned and implemented like the West Johore, Nonok, North-West Selangor, and Bagan Datoh, are notable examples of integrated projects currently being undertaken.7. IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE METHODS USEDPaddy is the only crop for which extensive irrigation facilities are provided. The method of irrigation is basically basin irrigation where small ridges surround individual lots in which paddy is grown in a depth of standing water. The total area covered by irrigation is currently 660,000 ha out of which 609,000 ha are double cropped. A number of small farms use furrow and sprinkler irrigation vegetables and tobacco, but these areas are too small. Figure 1 shows a water wheel used for irrigating small paddy fields.Figure 1.Showing a water wheel – An indigenous method of raising water from streams for irrigation of small paddy areas.Early drainage works involved the construction of coastal embankments to prevent saline water intrusion and the provision of facilities to allow removal of excess rainfall and runoff. Later, works in addition to reclamation were directed towards drainage improvement to permit intercropping. Presently, about 600,000 ha are provided with drainage facilities, based generally on a composite system. The major crops cultivated in these areas are coconut, rubber, oil palm, spices, pineapple and other cash crop.Figure 2 shows the major drainage and irrigation areas.Figure 2. Showing major drainage and irrigation areas (1999)。
马来西亚概况
主要客源国概况
马来西亚——天堂角落
三、气候
马来西亚因位于赤道附近，属于热带雨林 海洋性气候，无明显的四季之分，一年之 中的温差变化极小，平均温度在26—30℃之 间，全年雨量充沛，10—12月是雨季。平均 降水量大部分地区在2000~3000毫米之间， 多为暴雨。
主要客源国概况
马来西亚——天堂角落
主要客源国概况
马来西亚——天堂角落
在丰沛的水热条件下，生物繁衍旺盛，植物种类 众多，森林资源丰富，森林面积占全国总面积的 75%以上，盛产龙脑香、红木、柚木、樟木等多种 名贵木材及各种林副产品。天然橡胶是马来西亚 最重要的作物，而且橡胶和锡矿产地区基本上是 重叠在一起的，形成世界著名的“胶锡地带”， 橡胶和锡的产量均居世界第一位，故马来西亚有 “胶锡王国”之称。石油储藏量30亿桶，天然气 1.5亿万立方米，此外还有铁、钨、煤、铝土、锡 等矿产。
项目八 马来西亚 ——天堂角落
项目要求
1、能了解马来西亚的基本概况 2、能认识马来西亚的人文风情 3、能熟知马来西亚的主要城市及经典景点 4、能设计马来西亚的经典线路
主要客源国概况
马来西亚——天堂角落
马来西亚，简称大马，首都吉隆坡，是位于东南亚 的一个国家。马来西亚由十三个州组成，共分为 两大部分：一个是位于马来半岛的西马来西亚， 北接泰国，南部隔着柔佛海峡，以新柔长堤和第 二通道连接新加坡；另一个是东马来西亚，位于 加里曼丹岛的北部，由沙捞越和沙巴组成，南部 接印度尼西亚，而文莱国则位于沙巴州和沙捞越 州之间。马来西亚也是东南亚国家联盟的创始国 之一。这里阳光充足、气候宜人，拥有很多高质 量的海滩、奇特的海岛、原始热带丛林、珍贵的 动植物、千姿百态的洞穴、古老的民俗民风、悠
四、发展简史
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
一、马来西亚的地理、人文概况
3、政治 公元初马来半岛建立了羯荼、狼牙修等古国。15世纪初以马六甲为中心的 满刺加王国统一了马来半岛的大部分，并发展成当时东南亚主要国际贸易 中心。16世纪起先后遭到葡萄牙、荷兰和英国侵略。1911年沦为英国殖民 地。沙捞越、沙巴历史上属文莱，1888年两地沦为英国保护国。二次大战 期间，马来亚、沙捞越、沙巴被日本占领。战后英国恢复其殖民统治。 1957年8月31日马来亚联合邦在英联邦内独立。1963年9月16日，马来亚联 合邦和新加坡、沙捞越、沙巴合并组成马来西亚（1965年8月9日新加坡宣 布退出） 。
三、主要旅游城市及景点
(一)吉隆坡（Kuala Lumpur）
1、双子塔 双子塔是吉隆坡的标志性城市景观之一,是目 前世界上最高的双塔楼,于1998年完万工,双 子塔共88层,高452米,是两个独立的塔楼并由 裙房相连,独立塔楼的外形像两个巨大的玉米, 故又名双峰大厦。双子塔是马来西亚石油公 司的综合办公大楼,也是游客行从高处俯视吉 隆坡的最佳地点。连接双子塔的空中走廊是 目前世界上最高的过街天桥。双子塔内有马 来西亚最高档的商店和东南亚最大的音乐厅。
二、马来西亚的民俗风情
5.圣纪节 圣纪节是伊斯兰教徒纪念秘早默德诞辰的节日,每年伊斯兰教历3月12日, 数十万伊斯兰教徒在国家元首的率领下,前往清真寺举行隆重的祷告仪 式,然后举行盛大的游行庆祝活动 6.卫塞节(wesakDay) 每年农历四月十五日是佛历最重要的日子一卫塞节,佛教信徒们要赞香、 顶礼膜拜,并聚集在各地寺庙,将鸽子放生并祈求平安。到夜晚,佛教徒 们都素食并点起油灯因此卫塞节又叫“灯节”
一、马来西亚的地理、人文概况
4、社会生活 马来西亚总人口中,马来人占674%,华人占24.6%,印度人占73%,其他种 族占在7%,首都吉隆坡是马来西亚人口最多的城市。马来西亚是个多元 种族国家,全国有32个民族。马来语是马来西亚国语,英语作为通用语 言被广泛使用。伊斯兰教为马来西亚国教,其他主要宗教有佛教、道教、 印度教、基督教、锡克教、天主教。
模块二 )
一、马来西亚的地理、人文概况
（一）马来西亚的地理概况
马来西亚位于东南亚,地处太平洋和印度洋之间,面积约3万平方千米,全 境被南海分成东马来西亚和西马来西亚两部分,西马来西亚为马来亚地 区,位于马来半岛南部,北与泰国接壤,西濒马六甲海峡,东临南海,南濒 柔佛海峡与新加坡毗邻。东马来西亚为沙捞越地区和沙巴地区的合称, 位于加里曼丹岛北部,海岸线长4192千米。马来西亚首都为吉隆坡,是联 邦政府所在地。 马来西亚因位于赤道附近,属于热带雨林气候和热带季风气候,无明显的 四季之分年之中的温差变化极小,平均温度在26℃~30℃,全年雨量充 沛,10-12月是雨季内地山区年均气温22℃-28℃,沿海平原为25℃-30℃。
二、马来西亚的民俗风情
(二)节庆风情
1.元旦(NewYear) 马来西亚同世界其他国家和地区一样,每年公历1月1日,在公共广场、酒店, 餐皆有欢乐的庆祝活动,尤其是在吉隆坡的独立广场,所有的狂欢者都聚集 在此,参与庆夜新年的活动。 2.开斋节(EdalFitr) 每逢伊斯兰教历9月,全国穆斯林都要进行长达一个月的白天禁食(即高成 月)高成月过后的第一天即为开斋节。节日前夕,穆斯林都要进行捐赠活动, 帮助有困难的人、刚皈依伊斯兰教的穆斯林和为了伊斯兰教而欠债的人等, 同时,在外地的人都纷纷赶回家乡和亲人团聚,开斋节的早晨,穆斯林会前 往清真寺,进行隆重的祷告仪式,仪式过后,人们互相祝贺,表示把过去的恩 怨全都忘记,一切从头开始,在亲切和睦的气氛中,人们还要相互登门拜访。 这一天,穆斯林家中都准备了丰富的糕点招待来访的客人。
二、马来西亚的民俗风情
3.大宝森节 大宝森节是马来西亚六地(槟梅屿州、露雳州,雪兰我州、森美兰州、 柔佛州和吉隆坡)的法定假日之一。大宝森节庆祝湿婆(Shiva)和雪 山女神的幼子战神穆卢于(Murugn)的生日,是虔诚的印度教教徒赎 罪、奉献及感恩的节日,据说在印度本土已经没有这个节日了,现在 依旧保留这个节日的只有新加坡和马来西亚,和其他具有欢乐气氛 的印度节日不同,大宝森节是个忏悔和履行诺言的节日。 4.农历新年 农历新年的风俗和中国的春节大致相同,到处张灯结彩、敲锣打鼓, 人们要龙舞狮以驱邪逐妖,在除夕的夜晚燃响爆竹烟花,揭开农历新 年的序幕,亲朋好友互相登门拜年茶话叙旧,共享美食佳肴,派发 “利是”(红包),祝贺财运亨通。
一、马来西亚的地理、人文概况
(二)马来西亚的人文概况
1、历史 公元初,马来半岛建立了羯荼、狼牙修、古柔佛等古国。15世纪初,以 马六甲为中心的满刺加王国统一了马来半岛的大部分,并发展成当时东 南亚主要国际贸易中心。16世纪起先后遭到葡萄牙、荷兰和英国的侵 略。1911年沦为英国殖民地。沙捞越、沙巴历史上属文莱,188年两地 沦为英国殖民地。第二次世界大战期间,马来亚、沙捞越、沙巴被日本 占领。1957年8月31日,马来亚独立。1963年,马来亚联同新加坡、沙巴 及沙捞越组成了马来西亚联邦。1965年8月,马来西亚国会以126票赞成、 0票反对,迫使新加坡退出马来西亚联邦。
一、马来西亚的地理、人文概况
2、经济 七十年代以来不断调整产业结构，制造业、建筑业和服务业发展迅速。 八十年代中期，因受世界经济衰退影响，经济出现困难。政府采取刺 激外资和私人资本增长措施后，经济明显好转。1987年以来经济持续 高速发展，年均国民经济增长率一直保持在 8％以上，成为亚洲地区引人注目的新兴工业国之一。旅游业为国家第 三大经济支柱，主要旅游点有槟城、马六甲、浮罗交怡岛、刁曼岛等。
二、马来西亚的民俗风情
(一)礼仪禁忌
给小费在马来西亚并不普遍。因为在酒店与餐馆，帐单上已附加一项10％的服 务费，所以不必给小费；若帐单上注明要另付服务费（Service Charge），则 需要付大约10％的服务费 游客可以适当给予一些小费对饭店服务员、行李搬运工以对他们的出色服务表 示感谢。 基本上，握手是男女都能接纳的礼仪。不过，握手的主动权是由马来西亚女性 做主的，因为一些马来西亚女性比较习惯以一个点头或一个笑容来欢迎对方。 右手通常是用来吃东西、接送东西以及握手，用来表示礼貌。 不要用食指指向人或任何东西，因为这是不礼貌的。正确的指法应该是是以右 手的拇指及其余四手指合于掌心。