英汉翻译方法1——被动语态译法

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12.被动语态的译法

12.被动语态的译法
Translation Techniques
被动语态的译法
----英汉翻译技巧之七
the change of the voices(语态变换法)
Among the translation techniques, there exist one called “the change of the voices”. Actually, the passive voice is more commonly used in English than in Chinese, especially in the writing of science and technology. In the sentences in which the doers are not necessarily told or known, the passive voice is used. And sometimes for the sake of connection of the context, there occurs the passive voice. Since the passive structure seldom appears in Chinese, many passive sentences in English have to be turned into active sentences in Chinese. In fact, a translator tries to render the passive sentences into Chinese active sentences as many as possible. But the version must be made idiomatic and smooth, not ambiguous or abstruse. This is a problem which is worth our attention.

科技英语翻译--被动语态的译法 (1)

科技英语翻译--被动语态的译法 (1)

翻译技巧第九节被动语态的译法英汉对比研究表明,英语中被动语态的使用极为普遍,尤其是以科技英语为主。

这是英语区别于汉语的显著特点之一。

在英语中,大凡为了强调受事,以突出其鲜明位置,而无需提及主动者、无意点明主动者、无从说出主动者,为了上下文的衔接与连贯等等,或是出于礼貌措辞圆通等方面的考虑不愿说出动作的执行者是谁的,往往都采用被动语态。

例如:(1)When will we be interviewed?我们什么时候来参加面试呢?(2)New British and American films are often shown to English major juniors.常给英语专业的三年级的同学放映新的英美电影。

(3)The happy man cannot be harried.吉人自有天相。

(4)You are cordially invited to a dinner party to be given at the Workers’ Club in Xidan at 7 P. m.Nov. 23.谨定于11月23日晚上7时在西单工人俱乐部举行晚宴,敬请光临。

(5)The plan was especially supported by those who wished to have more chance to speak French. 这个计划特别受到愿多有机会说法语的人的支持。

在英语中,被动结构能给人以间接、客观的印象,因而在科技文献、政论文和新闻报道等文体中使用尤为频繁。

相比之下,被动语句在汉语中的使用范围小得多。

主要原因在于,在历史上,汉语被动语句主要用来表达对主语来说是如意或不希望发生的事情。

现代汉语的这种限制虽然在西方语言的影响下有所动,被动句式有时也用来表达中性甚至希冀之事,但是汉语采用的主要是语义型句式,大多数被动意义并不一定非得通过被动语句来表达,而可以通过形式上主动、语义上被动的句式予以体现。

英汉翻译要点归纳

英汉翻译要点归纳

英汉翻译要点归纳一、翻译步骤1.断句:在标点符号、连词、关系词、介词、不定式符号to、分词处断句,找出句子主干On the whole, /(标点符号处)such a conclusion can be drawn /with(介词处) a certain degree of confidence, /but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude /towards the test /as the others /with whom(关系词处) he is being compared, /and(连词处) only if he was not punished/ by lack of relevant information/ which they possessed.2.翻译:根据断句断开翻译并适当调整语序*语序问题:①中文为主语+废话+主要内容英文为主语+主要内容+废话or废话(多为状语)+主语+主要内容中国作为一个发展中的大国高度重视中美两国之间的友谊。

As a major developing country,(状语先译) China attaches great importance to the bilateral relations between China and the U.S(废话后译).②总分关系:中文先分后总,英文先总后分③事实与评论:中文先事实后评论,英文先评论后事实我们要努力学习英语,这是很重要的。

It is very important(先评论) for us to make efforts to study English.●比较级属于评论性词,最后译3.重读:看是否符合中文习惯二、两个规律1.谓语动词过渡:只译主要动词(强势动词,有感情色彩),不译次要动词(弱势动词,无感情色彩)I give you my support.我支持你(give弱势动词,不用翻译)2.抽象名词译法:【抽象名词:the+n.+of结构中名次通常为抽象名词,且常以“-tion,-sion,-ment,-ing”形式出现】译法:A.有动词词根:译为动词The suggestion of mine is that 我建议……B.无动词词根:进行增词the spirit of our nation我们民族所具有的精神C.AB互换(“偏正互换”译法)在英译汉中偏正→正偏treasury of silt宝贵的泥沙 European’s today当今的欧洲人三、中英文两个差异1.长短差异:中文善用短句,用标点隔开;英文善用长句,不用标点→在进行英译汉时要进行断句翻译2.动静差异:中文是动态性语言,善用动词副词,善用强势动词;英文是静态性语言,善用名词,善用弱势动词→在汉译英中常把ad.转化为v.,把v.转化为n.在经济上,我们要加快(副词)建立(动词)社会主义市场经济体制。

被动语态的译法

被动语态的译法

(一) 1.他气得说不出话来。 2.那人不可信。 3.但是,一个最主要的问题是,像目前这 样的大城市是否还要保存下去。 4.使用电子显微镜,能获得大得多的放大 倍数。
5.而且还研究出了做饭用的太阳灶。 6.过了一会儿,达成了一项协议。 7.应该教育儿童讲真话。 8.决不能把个人利益凌驾于国家利益之上。 9.必须使学生能在德智体三方面得到全面 发展。
例3.My first thirty years were spent in Western America. 我的前三十年是在美国西部度过的。 例4.The manuscript was sent to the printer in London a few weeks before the French Revolution. 手稿是在法国革命前几周寄往伦敦付印的。
例1.Yet, only a part of this energy is . used by man. 然而,人类只利用了这种能源的一部分。 然而,人类只利用了这种能源的一部分。 例2.He is revered and admired by all . of us. 我们大家都景仰他,钦佩他。 我们大家都景仰他,钦佩他。
一般说来,可译为无主句的英语被动 句多是描述什么地方发生、存在或消 失了什么事物的句子。另外,一些表 示看法、态度及告诫、要求、号召等 的句子,可译成汉语的使动结构。使 动结构的特点是:通常不提出施动者, 即为无主句;句中有“使”、“让” 等词。如:
例1.Every student must be helped to understand that only by painstaking study can he master English. 必须使每个学生懂得,只有刻苦学习,才能掌 握英语。 例2.The educational reform must be carried through to the end. 必须把教育改革进行到底。 例3.In no circumstances should erroneous statements be allowed to spread unchecked. 决不让错误言论自由泛滥。

常用英汉翻译技巧

常用英汉翻译技巧

常用英汉翻译技巧来源:英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异,因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难,需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。

常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。

这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中,也可以运用于口译过程中,而且应该用得更加熟练,因为口译工作的特点决定了译员没有更多的时间进行思考。

1增译法:指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式,在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子,以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。

这种方式多半用在汉译英里。

汉语无主句较多,而英语句子一般都要有主语,所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候,除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或"There be…" 结构来翻译以外,一般都要根据语境补出主语,使句子完整。

英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。

英语中代词使用频率较高,凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时,必须在前面加上物主代词。

因此,在汉译英时需要增补物主代词,而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。

英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示,而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。

因此,在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。

英语句子离不开介词和冠词。

另外,在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语,以确保译文意思的完整。

总之,通过增译,一是保证译文语法结构的完整,二是保证译文意思的明确。

如:(1)What about calling him right away?马上给他打个电话,你觉得如何?(增译主语和谓语)(2)If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊!(增译主句)(3) Indeed, the reverse is true实际情况恰好相反。

翻译技巧讲解 1

翻译技巧讲解 1

Translation TechniquesThe Passive Voice (1)被动语态Ⅰ. The Passive Voice in English-Chinese Translation英汉翻译中的被动语态广泛使用被动句型是英语的一大特点。

英语中的被动句型远远多于汉语。

由于被动句型的感情色彩少于主动句型,凡是不需要或者不方便以及无从说出动作的执行者,或是为了上下文的连贯以及使句子得到更好的安排时,英语都会采用被动句型。

科技文献中为了避免主观上的臆断,被动句型用得更为普遍。

在汉语中,也有被动句,通常通过“被”或“把”等词体现出来,但其使用范围远远小于英语中被动语态的使用范围。

由于汉语拥有英语中所没有的无主句,因此英语中的被动句型可以译成汉语的主动句,也可以把它译成汉语的被动句,而且译法灵活多样。

常见的译法主要有以下几种:1. Conversion of the Passive Voice into the Active Voice译成汉语主动句英语中被动结构的句子译成汉语主动句可以有几种不同情况:1)原文中的主语在译文中仍作主语例1:This week, scientists of the Anthropological Survey of India told the Herald Sun of Melbourne, Australia, that members of the ancient tribes it visited on the Andaman andNicobar I slands near the earthquake’s epicenter may have been spared because theynoticed unusual behavioral changes in the birds, dolphins and lizards. (Unit 1 A)本周,印度人类学研究所的科学家们向澳大利亚墨尔本的《先驱太阳报》透露,该研究所曾走访过位于震中附近的安达曼-尼科巴群岛上的原始部落居民,他们很可能是因为注意到了鸟类、海豚和蜥蜴的反常行为而得以幸免于难。

英汉翻译要点整理

英汉翻译要点整理

英汉翻译要点整理一、翻译步骤1.断句:在标点符号、连词、关系词、介词、不定式符号to、分词处断句,找出句子主干On the whole, /(标点符号处)such a conclusion can be drawn /with(介词处) a certain degree of confidence, /but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude /towards the test /as the others /with whom(关系词处) he is being compared, /and(连词处) only if he was not punished/ by lack of relevant information/ which they possessed.2.翻译:根据断句断开翻译并适当调整语序*语序问题:①中文为主语+废话+主要内容英文为主语+主要内容+废话or废话(多为状语)+主语+主要内容中国作为一个发展中的大国高度重视中美两国之间的友谊。

As a major developing country,(状语先译) China attaches great importance to the bilateral relations between China and the U.S(废话后译).②总分关系:中文先分后总,英文先总后分③事实与评论:中文先事实后评论,英文先评论后事实我们要努力学习英语,这是很重要的。

It is very important(先评论) for us to make efforts to study English.●比较级属于评论性词,最后译3.重读:看是否符合中文习惯二、两个规律1.谓语动词过渡:只译主要动词(强势动词,有感情色彩),不译次要动词(弱势动词,无感情色彩)I give you my support.我支持你(give弱势动词,不用翻译)2.抽象名词译法:【抽象名词:the+n.+of结构中名次通常为抽象名词,且常以“-tion,-sion,-ment,-ing”形式出现】译法:A.有动词词根:译为动词The suggestion of mine is that 我建议……B.无动词词根:进行增词the spirit of our nation我们民族所具有的精神C.AB互换(“偏正互换”译法)在英译汉中偏正→正偏treasury of silt宝贵的泥沙 European’s today当今的欧洲人三、中英文两个差异1.长短差异:中文善用短句,用标点隔开;英文善用长句,不用标点→在进行英译汉时要进行断句翻译2.动静差异:中文是动态性语言,善用动词副词,善用强势动词;英文是静态性语言,善用名词,善用弱势动词→在汉译英中常把ad.转化为v.,把v.转化为n.在经济上,我们要加快(副词)建立(动词)社会主义市场经济体制。

转态译法

转态译法

转态译法一、定义所谓转态译法是指在翻译中把原文中的被动语态转换成译文中的主动语态,或把原文中的主动语态转换成译文中的被动语态。

这里说的语态是指主动语态和被动语态, 这两种语态在英汉两种语言中的使用情况是很不相同的:英语大量使用被动语态,而汉语则很少使用,即便使用, 也不像英语那样有固定或比较统-的构成形式。

比如说,汉语的被动不是只用一“被”字表示。

因此在英汉互译中,要经常变换语态,以使译文符合习惯用法。

显得地道而自然。

二、翻译方法(一)、被动句翻译成主动句(1)The novel A Dream of Red Mansion has been translated into many foreign languages.小说红楼梦已译成许多外国文字.(2) During the world cup the streets were filled with football fans. 世界杯期间,接上挤满了球迷.(二). 被动句翻译成汉语的判断句。

1.The poetry was chanted to the accompaniment of the lyre.诗歌吟唱是用七弦琴伴奏的。

2.The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.美国的学分制是1872年在哈佛大学首先实行的。

(三)、被动句译成汉语的无主句1.In many countries, authority is seldom, if ever, questioned.在很多国家,很少向权威提出质疑。

2.Wrong must be righted when they are discovered.发现了错误一定要纠正。

(四)、被动句译成被动句。

1.用“被、受、得”等字(1). I hope that the resolution of the General Assembly willat last be respected by member states and by Israel in particular. 我希望大会的各项决议终将得到各会员国,尤其是以色列的尊重。

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被动语态的翻译教学内容⏹1、英语中常用被动语态的情况⏹Why passive voice is used in English?⏹2、汉语中被动意义的表现方式⏹How the sense of “passiveness” is conveyed in Chinese⏹3、英语被动语态的翻译Memo⏹Suppose a little boy broke someone’s window.⏹1. Your son broke my window.⏹2. The window was broken by your son.⏹Notes: If the owner of the house wants to complain to the boy’s parent, he would say “1”;⏹But if he just talks about the window and does not want to trace the responsibility of the incident he would simply say “2”.⏹When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refineries to be treated. The commonest form of treatment is heating. When the oil is heated, the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boiling point; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporizes. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.⏹When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refineries to be treated. The commonest form of treatment is heating. When the oil is heated, the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boiling point; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporizes. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.⏹一、被动语态在英语中的运用被动语态的广泛使用是英语区别于汉语的一大特点。

这一特点在科技英语语体中反映得尤为突出。

这不仅是因为被动结构比主动结构更少主观色彩,结构更简单,还因为有不必、不愿或无从说出施动者等情况的存在。

⏹1、不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。

例如:Such books are written for children.We haven’t been told about it.The English evening has been put off till Saturday.⏹2、出于礼貌措辞等方面考虑不愿说出动作的执行者是谁。

例如:You are requested to give a performance.It is said that you were late for class this morning. Why were your late?⏹3、无从说出施动者是谁。

例如:You’re wanted on the phone.The problem is being studied.Rice is chiefly grown in the south.⏹4、为了便于上下衔接。

例如:He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.Jack fought John in the men’s singles last night and was beaten.幸亏一个渔夫救起了他。

“Fortunately, a fisherman picked him up.”“Fortunately, he was picked up by a fisherman.”⏹5、为了突出谈话的中心。

例如:The song was composed by a French musician.The program was designed by ourselves.⏹There is no grammar item of voice in Chinese, and the 被sentence is thought of as one of the special patterns. In many cases the sense of “passiveness” is often covet (unmarked) in Chinese, that is, the sense of the passive is implied in the active form. But they often have complements:⏹房子盖好了。

旧报纸卖了。

肉切厚了点儿。

练习做完了。

计划想出来了。

报告听完了。

二、汉语被动意义的表达方式◆用词汇的手段来表现被动意义例如:1、“为”字结构“茅屋为秋风所破”2、“被”字式——不幸语态“被捕”,“被剥削”,“被压迫”,“被杀”3、“让”、”给”、”叫”、“挨”、“受”、“遭”、“蒙”庄稼让大水冲跑了。

The crops were washed away by the flood.叫你猜对了You’ve guessed right.4、“是……的” 表示静态的句子这些产品是我国制造的。

5、“……的是”推荐我的是一位教授。

6、“……加以/予以”组成倒置的宾语结构这个问题将在下一章加以讨论。

◆用词序手段来表现被动意义1、受事者——动词困难克服了,工作完成了,问题也解决了。

2、受事着——施事者——动词我们在这里所讲的话,人们不会长久地记住。

三、翻译方法◆翻译成汉语的主动句1、“加以”,“经过”,“用……来”2、增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语3、主语译成宾语4、翻译成汉语的无主句(zero-subject sentences)5、翻译成带“是……的”的主动句◆译成汉语的被动句1、汉语句中有“被”、“受”、“挨”、“遭受”等词2、译成“为……所”的结构◆译成“把”、“使”和“由”字句(causative structure使动结构)◆翻译成汉语的主动句◆“加以”,“经过”, “用……来” ,“可以用来”●Perfumes may be made from the oils of certain flowers. Soaps are made from vegetable and animal oils.有些花儿产生的油可以用来制造香水。

植物油和动物油还可以用来制作肥皂。

●Nuclear power's danger to health, safety, andeven life itself can be summed up in one word:radiation.2.增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语It is generally accepted that the experiencesof the child in his first years largely determinehis character and later personality.It could be argued that the radio performs thisservice as well, but on television everything ismuch more living, much more real.⏹It is asserted that …有人主张……It is believed that …有人认为……It is generally considered that …大家(一般人)认为It is well known that …大家知道(众所周知)……It will be said …有人会说……It was told that …有人曾经说……It is announced that …据宣布说It is predicted that…据预测,有人预测It has been found that…已经发现3.主语译成宾语By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives.4.翻译成汉语的无主句Great efforts should be made to inform young peopleespecially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit of smoking.New source of energy must be found, and this willtake time….5. 翻译成带“是……的”的主动句The decision to attack was not taken lightly.◆译成汉语的被动结构。

“被”,“给”, “遭”,“挨”,“为……所”,“使”,“由…”,“受到”等表示。

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