托福TPO29阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析
TPO 29 托福综合写作+独立写作范文
TPO 29综合写作：阅读：ed会向南迁徙，因为恶略的天气环境阅读1：去南方找食物，NS比较寒冷，没法生存听力1：NS much warmer than today.夏天能提供足够的食物，24消失的阳光共植物生长冬天也有食物，dead plants 也能能够提供足够的营养阅读2：发现恐龙是群居的，有助于迁徙听力2：群居并不意味着迁徙，有其他的好处：可以保护自己免受捕食者的侵略例子：elk 群居，但是他们不迁徙阅读3：身体条件上有能力迁徙比较长的距离，寒冷的地方到温暖的地方听力3：青年恐龙身体条件上无法迁徙，跟不上群体，成年的也不会把他们落下，不能自给自足，群体都会呆在NS，不迁徙In the reading passage, the writer claim that edmontosaurus had to migrate to hospitable places in the south, if they want to survive in the cold weather. The speaker, however, contradicts this view for the following three reasons.First of all, the reading materials points out that it is difficult that edmontosaurus to find food in cold winter because of they were fed on plants exclusively. But the speaker reputes that warm weather in summer supplied perfect condition for plants to grow. So edmontosaurus might found lots of nutritious dead vegetation around in the winter, which made migration unnecessary.Second, unearthed skeletons from the same site indicated that edmontosaurus lived in herds. Living in herds made migration much easy. But the lecture gave an example of Roosevelt elks to prove that group living might have various types of reasons. So edmontosaurus may live in herds in order to seek for extra protection. So living in herds could not provide evidence for migration claim.Lastly, edmontosaurus, in view of the writer, had the ability of long-distance movement. Although the lecturer admitted the locomotive capability of edmontosaurus, he points out that juvenile edmontosaurus were lack of such ability. So the herd would not leave juveniles behind in the North Slope, which strongly reputes the author’s claim.独立写作：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? To improve the quality of education, universities should spend more money on salaries for university professors. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.With the rapid development of society, more and more elites are required for advance science and technology. So how to improve the quality of higher education becomes an emergency problem for universities. Improve the facilities and equipments, design attracting courses, introducing famous professors, elevate salaries for professors or provide more resources for students like holding international communicating meetings, all these strategies will solve the problem. So I think universities should prefer to taking multiple methods to improve the quality of education rather than just spending money on professors.As a boost enrollment in universities nowadays, there are so many students attend college that will require more funding and resource. Universities should employ more faculties, purchase more facilities to cope with the increase population in campus. Only that happens that every student will get equal chance to gain knowledge and share the colorful campus life. For instance, when I was a fresh student in my college, owing to so many students want to study in library that I need get up early and rush the way to get a seat. Limited seats in the library influences students' study passion which leads to the decline of the quality of education in the end. So I think the most important thing to improve quality of education is to make the facilities prefect.What's more, universities should hold some international communicating meetings andintroduce professors who are talented, knowledgeable and prestigious. So students can have more opportunities to share the advanced achievements directly and communicate with the professors who are famous in their interested field. I think that will inspire students' creativity, intelligence and imagination which need in the college study, then they will contribute more to the university and the society.Admittedly, universities should increase the salaries for professors. A college teacher is more responsible for the quality of education because college life maybe the last stage of students' study period before taking a job. What can a student do depend on what knowledge and skills they gained from school and from professors. So professors will be more dedicated to their work with high pay which lead to more useful people graduate from school.All in all, if universities have enough money they should take variety ways to improve the quality of education, especially what I mentioned above.。
托福模拟试卷29(题后含答案及解析)
托福模拟试卷29(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Listening Comprehension 3. Reading Comprehension 4. SPEAKING 5. WRITINGSection One：Listening Comprehension听力原文：S I need to buy a pass for the university swimming pool. Can I do that here?E You sure can. Have you ever had a pass before?S No, I’m a freshman. This is actually my first semester at the university.E OK. Well, I’m going to need to see your student ID card and the passes are twenty-five dollars a month. We accept cash, credit cards, and personal checks. How would you like to pay?S Nothing fancy, I’m afraid. I’ve only got regular old money. But, that seems sort of expensive. How often can I use the pass in one month? Every day?E The pool is closed to the public on Tuesdays, because that’s when the swim team uses it for training. We call those purple days. And there are some other times when access is restricted to certain members of the university community.S Oh. How do I know when I can use the pool?E See the calendar over there on the wall? The pool is open to the public on all the days marked in blue. Any day that’s marked in red means that the university faculty can use the pool for free, but everyone else still has to pay.S What about the days that are yellow?I can see a few of those, too.E Yellow means that the pool is closed for maintenance and cleaning. No one can swim on those days. But there are only one or two of those a month, so it’s never really been a problem.S The calendar seems to be full of blue days, so I guess the pass is a good idea. I can get a lot of use out of it. But, is it possible to just pay each time I go? Maybe that will be cheaper.E You can buy single-entry passes, but they are almost five dollars each. So, if you plan on going more than five times a month, it’s better to get the monthly pass.S I’ll probably try to go swimming at least three times a week. Thanks for your help.In this part of the section, you will hear 1 conversation and 2 lectures. You must answer each question. After you answer, click the Next icon. Then click the OK icon to confirm your answer and go on to the next question. After you click the OK icon, you will not be able to return to previous questions. You will now begin this part of the Listening section. You will have 10 minutes to answer the questions.1．What does the student want to do?A．Purchase a pass.B．Pay tuition fees.C．Check times and dates.D．Sign up for classes.正确答案：A解析：目的题学生说的第一句话是”我要办一张校游泳馆的游泳卡”。
tpo29阅读答案
tpo29阅读答案【篇一：tpo29阅读文本】racteristics of roman potterythe pottery of ancient romans is remarkable in several ways. the high quality of roman pottery is very easy to appreciate when handling actual pieces of table ware or indeed kitchenware and amphorae(the large jars used throughout the mediterranean for the transport and storage of liquids, such as wine and oil). however, it is impossible to do justice to roman wares on the page, even when words can be backed up by photographs and drawings. most roman pottery is light and smooth to the touch and very tough, although, like all pottery, it shatters if dropped on a hard surface. it is generall made with carefully selected and porified clay, worked to thin-walled and standardized shapes on a fast wheel and fired in akiln(pottery oven) capable of ensuring a consistent finish. with handmade pottery, inevitably there are slight differences between individual vessels of the same desigh andoccasional minor blemishe(flaws). but what strikes the eye and the touch most immediately and most powerfully with roman pottery is its consistent high quality.le it, they often comment on how modern it looks and feels, and they need to be convinced of its true age.as impressive as the quality of roman pottery is its sheer massive quantity. when considering quantities, we would ideally like to havesome estimates for overall production from particular sites of pottery manufacture and for overall consumption at specific settlements. unfortunately, it is in the nature of the archaeological evidence, which is almost in variably only a sample of what once existed, that such figures will always be elusive. however, no one who has ever worked in the field would quenstion the abundance of roman pottery, particularly in the mediterranean region. this abundance is notable in roman settlements(especially urban sites)where the labor that archaeologists have to put into the washing and sorting of potsherds (fragments of pottery) constitutes a high proportion of the total work during the initial phases of excavation.■only rarely can we derive any “real” quantities from deposits of broken pots. ■however, there is one exceptional dump, which does represent a very large part of the site’s total history of consumption and for which an estimate of quantity has been produced. ■on the left bankof the tiber river in rome, by one of the river ports of the ancient city, is a substantial hill some 50 meters high called monte testaccio. ■ it is made up entirely of broke oil amphorae,mainly of the second and third centuries a.d. it has been estimated that monte testaccil contains the remains of some 53 million amphorae, in which aroud 6,000 million liters of oil were imported into the city from overseas. imports into imperial rome were supported by the full might of the state and were therefore quite exceptional—but the size of the operations at monte testaccil, and the productivity and complexity that lay behind them, nonetheless cannot fail to impress. this was a society with similarities to modern ones—moving good s on a gigantic scale, manufacturing high-quality containers to do so, and occasionally, as here, even discarding them on delivery.q1 paragraph 1 indicates which of the following about roman pottery?a. roman amphorae were of much higher quality overall than other roman pottery.b. roman pottery can best be appreciated when actual pieces are handled.c. roman pottery declined slightly in quality when the use of fast wheels and kilns was introduced.d. roman practical tableware spread more rapidly across the mediterranean than amphorae did.paragraph 1 is marked with an arrowq2 all of the following are mentioned in paragraph 1 as characteristics of roman pottery except:a. it was usually made with high-quality clay.b. it generally did not weigh much.c. it did not break as easily as other ancient pottery.d. it sometimes had imperfections.【篇二：托福阅读tpo29(试题答案译文)第3篇-the history of waterpower_托福阅读】xt>托福阅读tpo29(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:the history ofwaterpower_托福阅读重点单词查看全部解释obsolete [?bs?li:t] 想一想再看 adj. 已废弃的，过时的联想记忆 x 单词obsolete 联想记忆：ob不，solete用一不再用一过时的disagreement [.dis?gri:m?nt] 想一想再看 n. 不合，争论，不一致technical [teknik?l] 想一想再看 adj. 技术的，工艺的negative [neg?tiv] 想一想再看 adj. 否定的，负的，消极的n. 底片，负联想记忆 x 单词negative 联想记忆：negat否认+ive表形容词→否认的uncertainty [?ns?:tnti] 想一想再看 n. 不确定，不可靠，半信半疑(学术)不可信度; 偏差resolve [riz?lv] 想一想再看 n. 决定之事，决心，坚决vt. 决定，解决联想记忆 x 单词resolve 联想记忆：solve作为词根有溶解和解决两个意思。
托福阅读TPO29原文译文+答案
小编为托福考生们准备了托福阅读TPO29原文译文+答案,希望各位考生们在TPO真题里能够得到锻炼，祝广大托福考生能够取得理想成绩。
Characteristics of Roman PotteryThe pottery of ancient Romans is remarkablein several ways. The highquality of Roman potteryis very easy to appreciate when handling actualpieces oftableware or indeed kitchenware andamphorae (the large jars used throughout theMediterranean for the transport and storage ofliquids, such as wine and oil).However, it is impossible to do justice to Roman wares on thepage, even whenwords can be backed up by photographs and drawing. Most Roman pottery islightand smooth to touch and very tough, although, like all pottery, it shatters ifdropped ona hard surface. It is generally made with carefully selected andpurified clay, worked to thin-walled and standardized shapes on a fast wheel andfired in a kiln (pottery oven) capable ofensuring a consistent finish. Withhandmade pottery, inevitably there are slight differencesbetween individualvessels of the same design and occasional minor blemishes (flaws). Butwhatstrikes the eye and the touch most immediately and most powerfully with Romanpotteryis its consistent high quality.古罗马的陶器在诸多方面成就惊人。
托福TPO29综合写作文本+解析
小编为托福考生们准备了托福综合写作TPO29,希望各位考生们在TPO写作真题里能够得到锻炼，祝广大托福考生能够取得理想成绩。
综合写作 Reading Part:Large numbers of dinosaur fossils have been discovered in deposits onAlaska's North Slope, a region that today experiences an extremely cold, arcticclimate. One hundred million years ago, when those dinosaurs were alive, theenvironment of the North Slope was already inhospitable, especially during thewinter when it experienced several months of total darkness. How did thedinosaurs survive the wintertime? Paleontologists have proposed that one of themost common North Slope dinosaurs, the elephant-sized edmontosaur(Edmontosaurus), survived the winter by migrating south to more hospitableregions. Several arguments support the migration hypothesis.First, the edmontosaur's diet supports the migration hypothesis.Edmontosaurs fed exclusively on plants. Since there would have been no plantsgrowing during the cold and dark North Slope winter, it appears that theedmontosaur must have left for at least part of the year and migrated to moretemperate zones to find food.Second, many edmontosaur skeletons have been unearthed from the same site.This suggests that edmontosaurs lived in herd. Many modern-day migratoryanimals, such as caribou and buffalo, live and migrate in herds as well. Movingin herds helps animals coordinate their migration. The finding that edmonotsaurslived in herds further supports the migration hypothesis.Finally, edmonosaurs were physically capable of migrating long distances.To reach more hospitable regions, the edmontosaur had to migrate about 1,600kilometers southward. To make such a journey, the edmontosaur needed to move at about five kilometers per hour for several weeks, which is certainly could do. These animals could run very fast, reaching speeds up to 45 kilometers per hour. It could have easily used its locomotive power to move to warmer climate during the harsh arctic winters.综合写作 Listening Part:The hypothesis that the edmontosaur migrated every winter is notconvincing.First, the edmontosaur did not have to migrate to find food. One hundred million years ago the summer temperatures in the North Slope area were warmer than they are today. And remember in arctic regions like the North Slope the sun shines 24 hours a day at the peak of the summer, the warm temperatures and the extensive daylight created incredibly good growing conditions for plants, so much vegetation was produced during the summer that when the vegetation died as the winter came, there was a lot of nutritious dead vegetation around in the winter. The edmontosaur could have easily lived on the dead plant matter during in the winter.Second, just because edmontosaur lived in herds doesn’t mean they migrated. Animals lived in herds for many other reasons. Living in herds, for example, provides animals extra protection from predators. Having extra protection is useful even for the animals that live in the same area the whole year round. A modern example of this is the Roosevelt elk, a large plant-eater. Roosevelt elks live in the forests of western United States, they live in herds, but they do not migrate.。
托福阅读真题第29套
第29套Tree Species Identification in Tropical Rain ForestsIdentifying tree species in tropical rain forests may be harder than you think.Plant species identification can be difficult for all kinds of reasons even identification of trees,which are big and conspicuous.For example,for some willow trees,both leaves and flowers may be needed for identification,but the two may not be present at the same time.Yet whatever problems may confront us in temperate climates,we can be sure that the tropics will pose far worse difficulties.1.The word conspicuous in the passage is closest in meaning toA.close to each othermonC.easily noticedD.solitary2.ln paragraph1,why does the author discuss willow treesA.To provide an example of a tree that is unusually largeB.To explain the process of tree species identificationC.To support the idea that tropical trees can be more difficult to identify than temperate treesD.To demonstrate one reason why it can be problematic to determine what species a tree belongs toIn tropical rain forests，the flowers of a given tree species are typically not in bloom and so cannot be observed.In seasonal rain forests(with a distinct wet season and a distinct dry season),many trees adjust their flowering to the rains,so flowering is to some extent predictable.But much rain forest(as in much of the Amazon region)is nonseasonal,and trees may flower at any time.To be sure,different trees of the same species generally flower simultaneously,for if they did not,they could not pollinate each other.They must be responding to signals from the environment at large,or else (or in addition)they must be communicating with one another.But what those signals are is unknown,at least to us.To the human observer，the flowering seems random.In any case,in a tropical forest(at least in a secondary forest,which is forest that is regrowing after previous harvesting or clearance),the trees grow very close together，and most are remarkably thin，like poles，and grow straight up and disappear into the gloom,twenty meters overhead.Even if there are flowers，you would not necessarily see them.3.Paragraph2implies which of the following about tree flowering in seasonal rainforestsA.It is less predictable than tree flowering in tropical rain forestsB.It results from an unknown means of communication between the individual treesof each species.C.It is more useful to researchers trying to identify tree species than is the tree flowering in tropical rain forests.D.It follows the same pattern that tree flowering follows in a tropical secondary forest.4.In paragraph2，why does the author discuss pollinationA.To provide evidence that in many tropical tree species flowering is at least somewhat predictableB.To help explain why flowers on trees in tropical rainforests can be absent most of the timeC.To help explain why different trees of the same species bloom at the same timeD.To suggest one reason why trees might benefit from adjusting their flowering to the rains5.According to paragraph2，what is true about much of the Amazon regionA.It has tree species that adjust their pollination to rainfall.B.It has not yet been harvested or cleared.C.It has trees that typically flower during periods of rain.D.It does not have separate wet and dry seasons.The leaves may not be accommodating either,at least when viewed from the ground. Rain-forest trees all face the same kinds of conditions and have adapted in the same general kinds of way.Rain forests are wet by definition.But in some there is a dry season,and even when there is not,it doesn't rain all the time.Thus the forest floor may be moist，but the topmost leaves of the canopy are far above it and are exposed to the fiercest sun.So the uppermost leaves must resist desiccation(drying out).Yet from time to time,and in due season every day,they must also endure tremendous downpours.Leaves that can cope with such contrasts tend to be thick and leathery(to resist drought),oval in shape,and have a protection at the end known as a drip tip to let surplus rain run off the leaf.Many hundreds of trees from dozens of only distantly related families have leaves of this general type.But even if you can distinguish individual leaves,it is hard to be certain if they belong to the tree you are interested in or to the one next to it or to some epiphyte(a plant that grows on other plants)or liana (vine)slung over its branches.Often,in short,researchers must base their identification of a tree on the bark of its trunk.The trunks of tropical trees are sometimes highly characteristic,being deeply furrowed or twisted,but in most species the bark is simply smooth and gray，dappled with lichen and moss.6.The word endure in the passage is closest in meaning to withstandA.benefit fromB.avoidC.respond toD.withstand7.The word surplus in the passage is closest in meaning toA.heavyB.steadyC.suddenD.extra8.Paragraph3offers an explanation for each of the following characteristics of rain-forest tree leaves EXCEPTA.their having a drip-tip at the endB.their thicknessC.their leathery textureD.their oval shape9.According to paragraph3,what is one reason that looking at leaves may not be very useful when trying to determine the species of a rain-forest treeA.Leaves of rainforest trees often look very different when they are wet than when they are dry.B.Leaves that are exposed to the hot tropical sun dry out and lose their distinguishing characteristics.C.It can be hard to determine whether a leaf has a drip tip or not.D.It can be hard to determine whether a leaf belongs to a tree or to another plant growing on the tree.10.According to paragraph3,one reason that researchers in tropical forests must often rely on a tree’s bark for species identification is thatA.distinct species of tree often have similar kinds of lichens and moss growing on their trunksB.the leaves of many different tropical tree species are very similar to each other in appearanceC.many rainforest trees have neither epiphytes nor lianasD.the bark of the trees is less affected by changes in light and moisture than leaves are【In a temperate forest you can be fairly sure that any one tree is the same species as the one next to it or,at least，it will be one of a list that is unlikely to exceed more than half a dozen(oak with ash in much of Britain;lodgepole pine with aspen in the northernmost reaches of North America;alder,Scottish pine,and spruce in the Baltic; and so on).】But in the Amazon in particular，you can be fairly sure that any one tree is not the same species as the one next to it.Often there is a third of a mile between any two trees of the same species,and there can be up to120different species of trees in any one acre.So the task,often,is to identify an individual tree that may be not much thicker than your arm from the appearance of its bark,out of a total list of several hundred(or thousand)possibilities which may well include some that have notbeen described before,so that there is nothing to refer back to.11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information【In a temperate forest you can be fairly sure that any one tree is the same species as the one next to it or,at least，it will be one of a list that is unlikely to exceed more than half a dozen(oak with ash in much of Britain;lodgepole pine with aspen in the northernmost reaches of North America;alder,Scottish pine,and spruce in the Baltic; and so on).】A.Different temperate forests contain different combinations of tree species but in all such forests,all the trees of any one species are likely to be found close together.B.Temperate forests rarely contain more than about six species of tree,and trees growing next to each other tend to be of the same species.C.You can easily make a list of all the tree species that are likely to be found in temperate forests,and if one tree is not on that list，you can be confident that the tree next to it will be.D.Forests in Britain,in North America,and in the Baltic generally contain no more than half a dozen tree species,and all these species can be found on lists.12.The word task in the passage is closest in meaning toA.difficultyB.jobC.strategyD.requirement13.Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.As a result,the topmost level of a rainforest can be desert-like.Where would the sentence best fit.Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.The leaves may not be accommodating either,at least when viewed from the ground. Rain-forest trees all face the same kinds of conditions and have adapted in the same general kinds of way.Rain forests are wet by definition.【A】But in some there is a dry season,and even when there is not,it doesn't rain all the time.【B】Thus the forest floor may be moist,but the topmost leaves of the canopy are far above it and are exposed to the fiercest sun.【C】So the uppermost leaves must resist desiccation (drying out).【D】Yet from time to time,and in due season every day,they must also endure tremendous downpours....14.Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage，click on View Text Answer ChoicesA.In tropical forests different trees of the same species flower at different times sothey are not able to pollinate one another.B.Flowering in tropical trees is often unpredictable and when it occurs,the flowers themselves tend to be too high up to be clearly visible.C.Many tropical tree species have leaves that look very similar from the ground,and because the trees often grow close together，correctly matching a leaf with a particular tree can be difficult.D.The leaves and bark of a single rain forest tree are often very different at different heights due to the need to adapt to different conditions,which adds to the difficulty of species identification.E.Because trees in rain forests are spaced closely together，it is easy to tell whether neighboring plants are the same species,but that is not much help in determining which species they are.F.Often,a rain-forest tree has to be identified by its bark,but trees of like species are widely scattered,the list of possible species is very long,and many have similar-looking bark.The Extinction of the DinosaursParagraph1:Geologists define the boundary between sediment layers of the Cretaceous period(144-65million years ago)and the Paleocene period(65-55million years ago)in part by the types and amounts of rocks and fossils they contain or lack. Before the limit of65million years ago，marine strata are rich in calcium carbonate due to accumulations of fossils of microscopic algae deposited on the sea floor.Above the65-million-year limit，sea-floor sediments contain much less calcium carbonate, and fossils of several families of mollusks are no longer found.In continental sediments,dinosaur fossils,though frequent before65million years ago,are totally absent.By contrast,new families of mammals appear,including large mammals for the first time.1..According to paragraph1，which of the following is true of Paleocene sediments ○They lack fossils from some families of mammals found in Cretaceous sediments.○They contain fossils of dinosaurs.○They contain fossils of some animals that did not exist during the Cretaceous.○They contain fossils of more kinds of mollusks than are found in Cretaceous sediments.Paragraph2:Scientists wondered for many years about what could have caused the dinosaurs'rapid disappearance at the end of the Cretaceous period,coming up with a great variety of theories and scenarios.For some,it could have been due to unfavorable genetic changes triggered by a dramatic increase by a factor of10，100，1，000in cosmic-ray particles reaching the Earth after a supernova explosion somewhere in the neighborhood of the solar system.For these high-energy particles to affect life，they would have to get through the protective barrier of the Earth's magnetosphere,the region of the upper atmosphere controlled by Earth's magneticfield.That could have happened if the cloud of particles from the supernova explosion reached the Earth during a period when the magnetosphere was weakened,something that may happen when the Earth's magnetic field changes direction.And we know that the magnetic north and south poles of the Earth switch on the average twice every million years.However,this is not the only possible explanation for dinosaur destruction.2..The word unfavorable in the passage is closest in meaning to○Unusual○Disadvantageous○Sudden○major3..The word triggered in the passage is closest in meaning to○Initiated○intensified○followed○aided4.Why does the author include the information that the magnetic north and south poles of the Earth switch on the average twice every million years○To provide evidence showing that Earth's protective barrier is difficult to get through○To show that it is reasonable to think that particles from a supernova explosion could have reached Earth○To explain why some scientists believe a supernova explosion may have occurred near our solar system○To help explain why some scientists have rejected the theory presented in Paragraph 25.According to the theory discussed in paragraph2，a weakening of Earth's magnetosphere may have○caused a supernova to explode near our solar system○allowed gene-altering particles to reach Earth's surface○forced Earth's magnetic field to change direction○allowed clouds of protective particles to escape from Earth's upper atmosphereParagraph3：Other theories have raised the possibility of strong climate changes in the tropics(but they then must be explained).Certainly，if climate changes，the changed distributions of temperature and rainfall modify the conditions that favor one ecosystem over another.The extinction of a particular family，genus，or species may result from a complicated chain of indirect causes and effects.Over thirty years ago, scientist Carl Sagan quoted one suggestion that the demise of the dinosaurs resulted from the disappearance of a species of fern plant that was important for dinosaurdigestion.Other theories involved a worldwide cold wave following the spread of a layer of cold but not very salty water in the world's oceans,which floated on the surface because，with its low salinity，the water was less dense.6..AII of the following are mentioned in paragraph3as possible causes for the extinction of the dinosaurs EXCEPT○a change in the diet of dinosaurs○a change in the climate of the tropics○a decrease in global temperatures○a decrease in deep ocean salinity7..ln paragraph3，why does the author include the quotation by Carl Sagan○To explain the connection between dinosaur extinction and the extinction of other animal species○To support the claim about species extinction being due to indirect causes and effects○To show that scientists have revised their ideas greatly in the last thirty years○To identify the differences between the various theories for the extinction of dinosaursParagraph4：Proponents of another theory that remains under consideration today postulate that the extinction of the dinosaurs corresponds to a period of intense volcanic activity.It's not a question of just one or even of a thousand eruptions comparable to the explosion of Krakatoa in1883，one of the largest volcanic events in modern times,but rather of a prolonged period of activity.On the Deccan plateau in India，basalt(volcanic)rocks cover more than500，000square kilometers(nearly200，000square miles)，and correspond to massive lava outflows occurring precisely at the end of the Cretaceous.This sort of outflow could correspond to volcanic activity similar to the activity that drives sea-floor spreading,with lava emerging from elongated fractures in the crust rather than from craters.8..According to paragraph4，what was one unusual aspect of the volcanic activity at the end of the Cretaceous○Some explosions were much larger than Krakatoa.○Eruptions occurred over a long period of time.○Active volcanoes were sometimes separated by many kilometers.○There were active volcanoes in the sea as well as on land.9..Which of the following is presented in paragraph4as evidence that intense volcanic activity occurred at about the time that the dinosaurs became extinct○The size of the volcanic craters on the Deccan plateau○An increase in sea-floor spreading○The formation in India of large amounts of a type of rock associated with volcanoes ○The occurrence of a thousand or more volcanic explosions the size of KrakatoaParagraph5：The volcanic convulsion that buried the Deccan plateau in lava must also have changed the composition of the atmosphere and severely affected climate. Initially，there must have been strong sudden cooling resulting from the blocking of sunlight by sulfate aerosol veils in the stratosphere(part of the Earth's atmosphere).If strong cooling lasted a year after the formation of the aerosols,it would have been the death of tropical species unable to adapt to such a volcanic winter.■However，a long period of strong volcanic activity(again，remember thousands of Krakatoas)would at the same time have added a substantial amount of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, reinforcing the greenhouse effect.■This would gradually warm things up，ending the extended cold snap and producing global warming together with geographic shifts of humid and arid(dry)zones.■Certainly things would change to upset living conditions, leading to the extinction of some species while others would profit，if only from the disappearance of predators.■10.The word severely in the passage is closest in meaning to○certainly○consequently○greatly○Permanently11..The word reinforcing in the passage is closest in meaning to○making possible○spreading○introducing○strengthening12..According to paragraph5，all of the following are theorized to have occurred as a result of volcanic activity EXCEPT○a decrease in the amount of sunlight reaching Earth's surface○a reduction in the number of sulfate aerosol veils in the stratosphere○increased dryness in some areas that were once more humid○changes in the atmosphere's composition resulting in an increase in temperature13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Thus,ecosystems following periods of extensive volcanic activity necessarily had different combinations of species than earlier ecosystems did.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.Paragraph5：The volcanic convulsion that buried the Deccan plateau in lava must also have changed the composition of the atmosphere and severely affected climate. Initially，there must have been strong sudden cooling resulting from the blocking ofsunlight by sulfate aerosol veils in the stratosphere(part of the Earth's atmosphere).If strong cooling lasted a year after the formation of the aerosols,it would have been the death of tropical species unable to adapt to such a volcanic winter.■However，a long period of strong volcanic activity(again，remember thousands of Krakatoas)would at the same time have added a substantial amount of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, reinforcing the greenhouse effect.■This would gradually warm things up，ending the extended cold snap and producing global warming together with geographic shifts of humid and arid(dry)zones.■Certainly things would change to upset living conditions, leading to the extinction of some species while others would profit,if only from the disappearance of predators.■14..Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage，click on View TextAnswer Choices○Cosmic rays from a nearby supernova explosion may have penetrated Earth's atmosphere，causing genetic changes that dinosaur populations could not survive.○Climate changes in the tropics may have set off a chain of indirect effects that negatively affected the ecosystems in which dinosaurs lived.○The spread of lava over large parts of previously favored habitats such as the Deccan Plateau may have made these favored areas uninhabitable for many years.○Although the volcanic winter resulting from the formation of sulfate aerosols eventually ended，temperatures may have remained below levels required by dinosaurs to survive.○Temperature changes and geographic shifts in climate zones due to the atmospheric effects of volcanic activity may have been significant enough to cause extinction.○To be convincing,theories about what caused dinosaurs to become extinct must be able to explain the disappearance of other predators in the food chain at the same timeTree Species Identification in Tropical Rain ForestsTree Species Identification in Tropical Rain Forests答案：C D C C D;D D D D B;B B C CEFThe Extinction of the DinosaursThe Extinction of the Dinosaurs答案：C B A B B;D B B C C;D B D ABE。
tpo29阅读及答案解析
tpo29阅读及答案解析tpo29阅读试题1.The word "harnessed" in the passage(paragraph 1)is closest in meaning toA.known.B.depended on.C.recognized.D.utilized.2.In paragraph 1, uncertainty is expressed about all of the following aspects of the early development of waterpower EXCEPTA.when exactly the very first waterpower devices were invented.B.when exactly the very first waterpower devices were developed.C.whether water was one of the earliest sources of power to be used by humans.D.whether the very earliest waterpower devices arose independently.3.According to paragraph 2, what was true of the waterpower mills built throughout the Roman Empire?A.Most had horizontal-axis wheels.B.Their design was based on mills that had long been used in Scandinavia.C.Their design was more popular beyond the Empires boundaries than it was within the Empire.D.They are more advanced than the mills used in the Middle East at an earlier time.4.The phrase "the application of waterpower" in the passage (paragraph 3)is closest in meaning toA.the uses to which waterpower was put.B.the improvement made to waterpower.C.the method by which waterpower was supplied.D.the source of waterpower available.5.According to paragraph 4, which of the following was discovered as a result of scientific and technical investigations of waterpower conducted between 1650 and 1800?A.Some types of small waterwheel can produce as much horsepower as the very largest wheels.B.Waterwheels operate more efficiently when water falls away from their blades slowly than when water falls away quickly.C.Waterwheel efficiency can be improved by increasing the amount of kinetic energy water contains as it passes over a waterwheels blades.D.Unlike other types of waterwheels, the overshot wheel is capable of producing more than 60 horsepower units of energy.6.The word "pessimistic" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.negative.B.unlikely.C.surprising.D.incomplete.7.The term "by then" in the passage refers toA.by the time steam power entered the scene.B.by the year 1800.C.by the year 1900.D.by the time waterwheel was becoming obsolete.8.According to paragraph 5, why did waterpower become more importantly by 1900?A.Better waterwheel designs improved the efficiency of waterpower.B.Waterpower was needed to operate steam engines.C.Waterpower was used to generate electricity.D.Waterwheels became more efficient than coal-powered engines.9.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 5? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The growth of the electric-power industry stimulated significant changes in hydro technology and scientific progress in electrotechnology in the nineteenth century.B.The changes in hydro technology that led to the growth of the electric-power industry also led to discoveries and developments in electrotechnology in the nineteenth century.C.Advances in electrotechnology in the nineteenth century and changes in hydro technology were responsible for the growth of the electric-power industry.D.In the nineteenth century, the scientific study of electrotechnology and hydro technology。
托福阅读辅导：老托福阅读真题及答案passage29
托福阅读辅导:老托福阅读真题及答案passage29为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，练习更多阅读题目。
提高阅读水平，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读辅导:老托福阅读真题及答案PASSAGE 29，希望对大家有所帮助!:老托福阅读文本 passage29During the second half of the nineteenth century, the production of food and feed crops in the United States rose at an extraordinarily rapid rate. Corn production increased by four and a half times, hay by five times, oats and wheat by seven times. The most crucial factor behind this phenomenal upsurge in productivity was the widespread adoption of labor-saving machinery by northern farmers. By 1850 horse-drawn reaping machines that cut grain were being introduced into the major grain-growing regions of the country. Horse-powered threshing machines to separate the seeds from the plants were already in general use. However, it was the onset of the Civil War in 1861 that provided the great stimulus for the mechanization of northern agriculture. With much of the labor force inducted into the army and with grain prices on the rise, northern farmers rushed to avail themselves of the new labor-saving equipment. In 1860 there were approximately 80,000 reapers in the country; five years later there were 350,000.After the close of the war in 1865, machinery became ever more important in northern agriculture, and improved equipment was continually introduced. By 1880 a self-binding reaper had been perfected that not only cut the grain, but also gathered the stalks and bound them with twine. Threshing machines were also being improved and enlarged, and after 1870 they were increasingly powered by steam engines rather than byhorses. Since steam-powered threshing machines were costly items —running from $ 1,000 to $4,000 —they were usually owned by custom thresher owners who then worked their way from farm to farm during the harvest season. "Combines" were also coming into use on the great wheat ranches in California and the Pacific Northwest. These ponderous machines — sometimes pulled by as many as 40 horses — reaped the grain, threshed it, and bagged it, all in one simultaneous operation.The adoption of labor-saving machinery had a profound effect upon the sale of agricultural operations in the northern states — allowing farmers to increase vastly their crop acreage. By the end of century, a farmer employing the new machinery could plant and harvest two and half times as much corn as a farmer had using hand methods 50 years before.老托福阅读题目 passage291. What aspect of farming in the United States in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?(A) How labor-saving machinery increased crop Production(B) Why southern farms were not as successful as Successful as northern farms(C) Farming practices before the Civil War(D) The increase in the number of people farming2. The word "crucial" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) obvious(B) unbelievable(C) important(D) desirable3. The phrase "avail themselves" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) take care(B) make use(C) get rid(D) do more4. According to the passage , why was the Civil War a stimulus for mechanization?(A) The army needed more grain in order to feed the soldiers.(B) Technology developed for the war could also the used by farmers.(C) It was hoped that harvesting more grain would lower the price of grain.(D) Machines were needed to replace a disappearing labor force.5. The passage supports which of the following statements about machinery after the Civil War?(A) Many farmers preferred not to use the new machinery.(B) Returning laborers replaced the use of machinery.(C) The use of farm machinery continued to increase.(D) Poor-quality machinery slowed the pace of crop production.6. Combines and self-binding reapers were similar because each(A) could perform more than one function(B) required relatively little power to operate(C) was utilized mainly in California(D) required two people to operate7. The word "they" in line 19 refers to(A) grain stalks(B) threshing machines(C) steam engines(D) horses8. It can be inferred from the passage that most farmers did not own threshing machines because(A) farmers did not know how to use the new machines(B) farmers had no space to keep the machines(C) thresher owner had chance to buy the machines before farmers did(D) the machines were too expensive for every farmer to own9. The word "ponderous" in line 21 is closest in meaning to(A) advanced(B) heavy(C) complex(D) rapid老托福阅读答案 passage29ACBDC ABDB托福技巧：托福阅读做题要以TOEFL真题为基础托福阅读实战经验分享：词汇掌握了，你会发现阅读变得轻松很多。
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为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO29阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Competition When several individuals of the same species or of several different species depend on the same limited resource,a situation may arise that is referred to as competition.The existence of competition has been long known to naturalists;its effects were described by Darwin in considerable petition among individuals of the same species(intraspecies competition),one of the major mechanisms of natural selection,is the concern of evolutionary petition among the individuals of different species(interspecies competition)is a major concern of ecology.It is one of the factors controlling the size of competing populations,and extreme cases it may lead to the extinction of one of the competing species.This was described by Darwin for indigenous New Zealand species of animals and plants,which died out when competing species from Europe were introduced. 当同一物种的不同个体或不同的物种都依靠同一有限资源时，这种情况往往会引发成所谓的竞争。
竞争的存在已为生物学家们所熟知，其结果也已被达尔文详尽叙述过。
同一物种不同个体之间的竞争(种内竞争)，作为自然选择的一个主要原理，现在属于进化生物学。
不同物种个体之间的竞争(种间竞争)是生态学的主要部分。
它是控制有竞争关系的种群数量的一个因素，而其极端情况可能导致竞争的一方灭绝。
达尔文在描述新西兰本土动植物物种在与引进的欧洲物种的竞争中灭绝时讲到该情况。
No serious competition exists when the major needed resource is in superabundant supply,as in most cases of the coexistence of herbivores(plant eaters).Furthermore,most species do not depend entirely on a single resource,if the major resource for a species becomes scarce,the species can usually shift to alternative resources.If more than one species is competing for a scarce resource,the competing species usually switch to different alternative petition is usually most severe among close relatives with similar demands on the environment.But it may also occur among totally unrelated forms that compete for the same resource,such as seed-eating rodents and ants.The effects of such competition are graphically demonstrated when all the animals or all the plants in an ecosystem come into competition,as happened 2 million years ago at the end of Pliocene,when North and South America became joined by the Isthmus of Panama.North and South American species migrating across the Isthmus now came into competition with each other.The result was the extermination of a large fraction of the South American mammals,which were apparently unable to withstand the competition from invading North American species—although added predation was also an important factor. 当主要需求的资源能充分供给时，竞争就不会很激烈，正如很多情况下植食动物都能够共存。
而且绝大部分物种并不只依靠一种资源，当某物种的主要资源匮乏时，它们常转向其它候选资源。
如果多个物种竞争同一稀缺资源，他们常会转向不同的候选资源。
近亲之间的竞争往往最激烈，因为他们对环境有相似需求。
但激烈竞争也可能发生在毫不相关却需要同一资源的物种之间，例如吃种子的啮齿动物和蚂蚁。
当一个生态系统中的所有动植物都参与到竞争中来时竞争的影响将表现得淋漓尽致，比如在两百万年前上新世末期当南、北美洲在巴拿马地峡处聚拢时所发生的一切。
南、北美洲的物种可以穿越地峡而相互竞争。
结果是大量南美洲哺乳动物因抵抗不了来自北美洲物种的竞争而灭绝----尽管过度捕杀也是一个很重要的因素。
To what extent competition determines the composition of a community and the density of particular species has been the source of considerable controversy.The problem is that competition ordinarily cannot be observed directly but must be inferred from the spread or increase of one species and the concurrent reduction or disappearance of another species.The Russian biologist G.F.Gause performed numerous two-species experiments in the laboratory,in which one of the species became extinct when only a single kind of resource was available.On the basis of these experiments and of field observations,the so-called law of competitive exclusion was formulated,according to which no two species can occupy the same niche.Numerous seeming exceptions to this law have since been found,but they can usually be explained as cases in which the two species,even though competing for a major joint resource,did not really occupy exactly the same niche. 竞争在多大程度上决定群落的组成和某特定物种的密度一直备受争议。
问题是竞争通常无法直接观察得到而必须通过某一物种的扩张或增加而另外一种物种同时减少或消失的对比中推测出来。
俄罗斯生物学家G.F.Gause进行了大量的两物种的室内实验，结果表明当只提供一种资源时其中一个物种将会灭绝。
基于以上实验和实地观察，所谓的竞争灭绝法则是成立的，因为两个物种不可能同时完全占有同一有限资源。
不过也发现了很多例外，但这些情况下两个物种，尽管会争夺某一主要资源，但它们争夺的资源不完全相同。
Competition among species is of considerable evolutionary importance.The physical structure of species competing for resources in the same ecological niche tends to gradually evolve in ways that allow them to occupy different peting species also tend to change their ranges so that their territories no longer overlap.The evolutionary effect of competition on species has been referred to as “species selection”;however,this description is potentially misleading.Only the individuals of a species are subject to the pressures of natural selection.The effect on the well-being and existence of a species is just the result of the effects of selection on all the individuals of the species.Thus species selection is actually a result of individual selection. 物种间的竞争对进化至关重要。