2009年12月—2012年6月四级英语真题及答案

涵盖了2009.12 2010.62010.12月的往届真题
2009年12月大学英语四级考试真题
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Creating a Green Campus. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:
1. 建设绿色校园很重要
2. 绿色校园不仅指绿色的环境……
3. 为了建设绿色校园，我们应该……
Creating a Green Campus
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)
Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For question 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
Colleges taking another look at value of merit-based aid
Good grades and high tests scores still matter—a lot—to many colleges as they award financial aid.
But with low-income students projected to make up an ever-larger share of the college-bound population in coming years, some schools are re-examining whether that aid, typically known as ―merit aid‖, is the most effective use of precious institutional dollars.
George Washington University in Washington, D.C., for example, said last week that it would cut the value of its average merit scholarships by about one-third and reduce the number of recipients(接受者), pouring the savings, about $2.5 million, into need-based aid. Allegheny College in Meadville, Pa., made a similar decision three years ago.
Now, Hamilton College in Clinton, N.Y., says it will phase out merit scholarships altogether. No current merit-aid recipients will lose their scholarships, but need-based aid alone will be awarded beginning with students entering in fall 2008.
Not all colleges offer merit aid; generally, the more selective a school, the less likely it is to do so. Harvard and Princeton, for example, offer generous need-based packages, but many families who don’t meet need eligibility(资格)have been willing to pay whatever they must for a big-name school.
For small regional colleges that struggle just to fill seats, merit aid can be an important revenue-builder because many recipients still pay enough tuition dollars over and above the scholarship amount to keep the institution running.
But for rankings-conscious schools in between, merit aid has served primarily as a tool to recruit top students and to improve their academic profits. ―They’re trying to buy students,‖ says Skidmore College economist Sandy Baum.
Studies show merit aid also tends to benefit disproportionately students who could afford to enroll without it.
―As we look to the future, we see a more pressing need to invest in need-based aid,‖ says Monica Inzer, dean of admission and financial aid at Hamilton, which has offered merit scholarships for 10 years. During that time, it rose in US News & World Report’s ranking of the best liberal arts colleges, from 25 to 17.
Merit aid, which benefited about 75 students a year, or about 4% of its student body, at a cost of about $ 1 million a year, ―served us well,‖ Inzer says, but ―to be discount ing the price for families that don’t need financial aid doesn’t feel right any more.‖
Need-based aid remains by far the largest share of all student aid, which includes state, federal and institutional grants. But merit aid, offered primarily by schools and states, is growing faster, both overall and at the institutional level.
Between 1995-96 and 2003-04, institutional merit aid alone increased 212%, compared with 47% for need-based grants. At least 15 states also offer merit aid, typically in a bid to enroll top students in the state’s public institutions.
But in recent years, a growing chorus(异口同声)of critics has begun pressuring schools to drop the practice. Recent decisions by Hamilton and others may be ―a sign that people are starting to realize that there’s this destructive competition going on,‖ says Baum, co-author of a recent College Report that raises concerns about the role of institutional aid not based on need.
David Laird, president of the Minnesota Private College Council, says many of his schools would like to reduce their merit aid but fear that in doing so, they would lose top students to their competitors.
―No one can take one-sided action,‖ says Laird, who is exploring whether to seek an exemption(豁免)from federal anti-trust laws so member colleges can discuss how they could jointly reduce merit aid, ―This is a merry-go-round that’s going very fast, and none of the institutions believe they can sustain the risks of trying to break away by themselves.‖
A complicating factor is that merit aid has become so popular with middle-income families, who don’t qualify for need-based aid, that many have come to depend on it. And, as tuitions continue to increase, the line between merit and need blurs.
That’s one reason Allegheny College doesn’t plan to drop merit aid entirely.
―We still believe in rewarding superior achievements and know that these top students truly value the scholarship,‖ says Scott Friedhoff, Allegheny’s vice president for enrollment.
Emory University in Atlanta, which boasts a $4.7 billion endowment(捐赠), meanwhile, is taking another approach. This year, it announced it would eliminate loans for needy students and cap them for middle-income families. At the same time, it would expand its 28-year-old merit program.
―Yeah, we’re playing the merit game,‖ acknowledges Tom Lancaster, associate dean for undergraduate education. But it has its strong point, too, he says. ―The fact of the matter is, it’s not just about the lowest-income people. It’s the average American midd le-class family who’s being priced out of the market.‖
*A few words about merit-based aid:
Merit-based aid is aid offered to students who achieve excellence in a given area, and is generally known as academic, athletic and artistic merit scholarships.
Academic merit scholarships are based on students’ gr ades, GPA and overall academic performance during high school. They are typically meant for students going straight to college right after high school. However, there are scholarships for current college students with exceptional grades as well. These merit scholarships usually help students pay tuition bills, and they can be renewed each year as long as the recipients continue to qualify. In some cases, students may need to be recommended by their school or a teacher as part of the qualification process.
Athletic merit scholarships are meant for students that excel(突出)in sports of any kind, from football to track and field events. Recommendation for these scholarships is required, since exceptional athletic performance has to be recognized by a coach or a referee(裁判). Applicants need to send in a tape containing their best performance.
Artistic merit scholarships require that applicants excel in a given artistic area. This generally includes any creative field such as art, design, fashion, music, dance or writing. Applying for artistic merit scholarships usually requires that students submit a portfolio(选辑)of some sort, whether that includes a collection of artwork, a recording of a musical performance or a video of them dancing.
1. With more and more low-income students pursuing higher education, a number of colleges are ________.
A) offering students more merit-based aid
B) revising their financial aid policies
C) increasing the amount of financial aid
D) changing their admission processes
2. What did Allegheny College in Meadville do three years ago?
A) It tried to implement a novel financial aid program.
B) It added $ 2.5 million to its need-based aid program.
C) It phased out its merit-based scholarships altogether.
D) It cuts its merit-based aid to help the needy students.
3. The chief purpose of rankings-conscious colleges in offering merit aid is to ______.
A) improve teaching quality B) boost their enrollments
C) attract good students D) increase their revenues
4. Monica Inzer, dean of admission and financial aid at Hamilton, believes ______.
A) it doesn’t pay to spend $ 1 million a year to raise its ranking
B) it gives students motivation to award academic achievements
C) it’s illogical to use so much money on only 4% of its students
D) it’s not right to give aid to those who can afford the tuition
5. In recent years, merit-based aid has increased much faster than need-based aid due to ______.
A) more government funding to colleges
B) fierce competition among institutions
C) the increasing number of top students
D) schools’ improved financial situations
6. What is the attitude of many private colleges toward merit aid, according to David Laird?
A) They would like to see it reduced.
B) They regard it as a necessary evil.
C) They think it does more harm than good.
D) They consider it unfair to middle-class families.
7. Why doesn’t Allegheny College plan to drop merit aid entirely?
A) Raising tuitions have made college unaffordable for middle-class families.
B) With rising incomes, fewer students are applying for need-based aid.
C) Many students from middle-income families have come to rely on it.
D) Rising incomes have disqualified many students for need-based aid.
8. Annual renewal of academic merit scholarships depends on whether the recipients remain ______.
9. Applicants for athletic merit scholarships need a recommendation from a coach or a referee who ______ their exceptional athletic performance.
10. Applicants for artistic merit scholarships must produce evidence to show their ______ in a particular artistic field
Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.
In families with two working parents, fathers may have more impact on a child’s language development than mothers, a new study suggests.
Researchers ___47___ 92 families form 11 child care centers before their children were a year old, interviewing each to establish income, level of education and child care arrangements. Overall, it was a group of well-class families, with married parents both living in the home.
When the children were 2, researchers videotaped them at home in free-play sessions with both parents, ___48 all of their speech. The study will appear in the November issue of The Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology.
The scientists measured the ___49___ number of utterance (话语) of the parents, the number of different words they used, the complexity of their sentences and other ___50___ of their speech. On average, fathers spoke less than mothers did, but they did not differ in the length of utterances or proportion of questions asked.
Finally, the researchers ___51___ the childr en’s speech at age 3, using a standardized language test. The only predictors of high scores on the test were the mother’s level of education, the ___52___ of child care and the number of different words the father used.
The researchers are ___53___ why the father’s speech, and not the mother’s, had an effect.
―It’s well ___54___ that the mother’s language does have an impact,‖ said Nadya Pancsofar, the lead author of the study. It could be that the high-functioning mothers in the study had ___55___ ha d a strong influence on their children’s speech development, Ms. Pancsofar said, ―or it may be that mothers are __ 56___ in a way we didn’t measure in the study.‖
A) already B) analyzed C) aspects D) characters E) contributing F) describing G) established H) quality
I) quoted J) recording K) recruited L) total
M) unconscious N) unsure O) yet
Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
Throughout this long, tense election, everyone has focused on the presidential candidates and how they’ll change America. Rightly so, but selfishly, I’m more fascinated by Michelle Obama and what she might be able to do, not just for this country, but for me as an African-American woman. As the potential First Lady, she would have the world’s attention. And that means that for the first time people will have a chance to get up close and personal with the type of African-American woman they so rarely see.
Usually, the lives of black women go largely unexamined. The prevailing theory seems to be that we’re all hot-tempered single mothers who can’t keep a man. Even in the world of make-believe, black women still can’t escape the stereotype of being eye-rolling, oversexed females raised by our never-married, alcoholic (酗酒的) mothers.
These images have helped define the way all women are viewed, including Michelle Obama. Before she ever gets the chance to commit to a cause, charity or foundation as First Lady, her most urgent and perhaps most complicated duty may be simple to be herself.
It won’t be easy. Because few mainstream publications have done in-depth features on regular African-American women, little is known about who we are, what we think and what we face on a regular basis. For better or worse, Michelle will represent us all.
Just as she will have her critics, she will also have millions of fans who usually have little interest in the First Lady. Many African-American blogs have written about wh at they’d like to see Michelle bring to the White House—mainly showing the world that a black woman can support her man and raise a strong black family. Michelle will have to work to please everyone—an impossible task. But for many African-American women like me, just a little of her poise (沉着), confidence and intelligence will go a long way in changing an image that’s been around for far too long.
57. Why does Michelle Obama hold a strong fascination for the author?
A) She serves as a role model for African women.
B) She possesses many admirable qualities becoming a First Lady.
C) She will present to the world a new image of African-American women.
D) She will pay closer attention to the interests of African-American women.
58. What is the common stereotype of African-American women according to the author?
A) They are victims of violence.
B) They are of an inferior violence.
C) They use quite a lot of body language.
D) They live on charity and social welfare.
59. What do many African-Americans write about in their blogs?
A) Whether Michelle can live up to the high expectations of her fans.
B) How Michelle should behave as a public figure.
C) How proud they are to have a black woman in the White House.
D) What Michelle should do as wife and mother in the White House.
60. What does the author say about Michelle Obama as a First Lady?
A) However many fans she has, she should remain modest,
B) She shouldn’t disappoint the African-American community.
C) However hard she tries, she can’t expect to please everybody.
D) She will give priority to African-American women’s concerns.
61. What do many African-American women hope Michelle Obama will do?
A) Help change the prevailing view about black women.
B) Help her husband in the task of changing America.
C) Outshine previous First Lady.
D) Fully display her fine qualities.
Passage Two
Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.
When next year’s crop of high-school graduates arrive at Oxford University in the fall of 2009, they’ll be joined by a new face; Andrew Hamilton, the 55-year-old provost (教务长) of Yale, who’ll become Oxford’s vice-chancellor—a position equivalent to university president in America.
Hamilton isn’t the only educator crossing the Atlantic. Schools in France, Egypt, Singapore, etc, have also recently made top-level hires from abroad. Higher education has become a big and competitive business nowadays, and li ke so many businesses, it’s gone global. Yet the talent flow isn’t universal. High-level personnel tend to head in only one direction: outward from America.
The chief reason is that American schools don’t tend to seriously consider looking abroad. For example, when the board of the University of Colorado searched for a new president, it wanted a leader familiar with the state government, a major source of the university’s budget. ―We didn’t do any global consideration,‖ says Patricia Hayes, the board’s ch air. The board ultimately picked Bruce Benson, a 69-year-old Colorado businessman and political activist (活动家) who is likely to do well in the main task of modern university presidents: fund-raising. Fund-raising is a distinctively American thing, since U.S. schools rely heavily on donations. The fund-raising ability is largely a product of experience and necessity.
Many European universities, meanwhile, are still mostly dependent on government funding. But government support has failed to keep pace with rising student number. The decline in
government support has made funding-raising an increasing necessary ability among administrators and has hiring committees hungry for Americans.
In the past few years, prominent schools around the world have joined the trend. In 2003, when Cambridge University appointed Alison Richard, another former Yale provost, as its vice-chancellor, the university publicly stressed that in her previous job she had overseen ―a major strengthening of Yale’s financial position.‖
Of course, fund-raising isn’t the only skill outsiders offer. The globalization of education means more universities will be seeking heads with international experience of some kind of promote international programs and attract a global student body. Foreigners can offer a fresh perspective on established practices.
62. What is the current trend in higher education discussed in the passage?
A) Institutions worldwide are hiring administrators from the U.S.
B) A lot of political activists are being recruited as administrators.
C) American universities are enrolling more international students.
D) University presidents are paying more attention to funding-raising.
63. What is the chief consideration of American universities when hiring top-level administrators?
A) The political correctness.
B) Their ability to raise funds.
C) Their fame in academic circles.
D) Their administrative experience.
64. What do we learn about European universities from the passage?
A) The tuitions they charge have been rising considerably.
B) Their operation is under strict government supervision.
C) They are strengthening their position by globalization.
D) Most of their revenues come from the government.
65. Cambridge University appointed Alison Richard as its vice-chancellor chiefly because _____.
A) she was known to be good at raising money
B) she could help strengthen its ties with Yale
C) she knew how to attract students overseas
D) she had boosted Yale’s academic status
66. In what way do top-level administrators from abroad contribute to university development?
A) They can enhance the university’s image.
B) They will bring with them more international faculty.
C) They will view a lot of things from a new perspective.
D) They can set up new academic disciplines.
Part Ⅴ Cloze (15 minutes)
Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C), and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Older people must be given more chances to learn if they are to contribute to society rather than be a financial burden, according to a new study on population published recently.
The current people approach which 67 on younger people and on skills for employment is not 68 to meet the challenges of demographic (人口结构的) change, it says. Only 1% of the education budget is 69 spent on the oldest third of the population.
The 70 include the fact that most people can expect to spend a third of their lives in
71 , that there are now more people over 59 than under 16 and that 11.3 million people are
72 state pension age.
― 73 needs to continue throughout life. Our historic concentration of policy attention and resources 74 young people cannot meet the new 75 ,‖ says the report’s author, Professor Stephen McNair.
The major 76 of our education budget is spent on people below the age of 25. 77 people are changing their jobs, 78 , partners and lifestyles more often than 79 , they need opportunities to learn at every age 80 , some people are starting new careers in their 50s and later.
People need opportunities to make a ―midlife review‖ to 81 to the later stage of employed life, and to plan for the transition (过渡) 82 retirement, which may now happen 83 at any point from 50 to over 90, says McNair.
And there should be more money 84 to support people in establishing a 85 of identity and finding constructive 86 for the ―third age‖, the 20 or more years they w ill spend in healthy retired life.
67. A) operates B) focuses C) counts D) depends
68. A) superior B) regular C) essential D) adequate
69. A) currently B) barely C) anxiously D) heavily
70. A) regulations B) obstacles C) challenges D) guidelines
71. A) enjoyment B) retirement C) stability D) inability
72. A) over B) after C) across D) beside
73. A) Indentifying B) Learning C) Instructing D) Practicing
74. A) at B) by C) in D) on
75. A) desires B) realms C) needs D) intentions
76. A) measure B) ratio C) area D) portion
77. A) When B) Until C) Whether D) Before
78. A) neighbors B) moods C) homes D) minds
79. A) age B) ever C) previously D) formerly
80. A) For example B) By contrast C) In particular D) On average
81. A) transform B) yield C) adjust D) suit
82. A) within B) from C) beyond D) to
83. A) unfairly B) unpredictably C) instantly D) indirectly
84. A) reliable B) considerable C) available D) feasible
85. A) sense B) conscience C) project D) definition
86. A) ranks B) assets C) ideals D) roles
Part VI Translation (5 minutes)
Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets. Please write your translation on Answer Sheet 2.
87. You would not have failed if you __________________________(按照我的指令去做).
88. Despite the hardship he encountered, Mark never ______________(放弃对知识的追求).
89. Scientists agree that it will be a long time ______________(我们找到治愈癌症的方法).
90. Production has to be increased considerably to ______(与消费者不断增长的需求保持同步).
91. The more exercise you take,________________________(你越不大可能得感冒).
2009年12月大学英语四级考试答案详解
Part Ⅰ Writing
参考范文
Creating a Green Campus
Recently, with the idea of making and maintaining ―a green earth‖ being the focus of the society, ―green campus‖ has become a more and more popular concept in universities or colleges, which, undoubtedly, will bring us an ever-lasting benefit to both our campus and our society.
The concept of ―green campus‖ does not only mean a green environment but also refers to an environmental sense in people’s mind. Campus plays a crucial role in educati ng the young generation and the consciousness of ―green campus‖ will definitely produce a profound effect on students’ various environmental protection activities after their graduation. What’s more, the young generation is under the burden of severe environmental pollution and there are many problems waiting for them to solve.
To make ―green campus‖ come true, firstly, it is necessary to work out effective principles for the development of sustainable and recyclable campus. Secondly, it calls for people’s awareness of the serious pollution around us and actual action to reduce the waste. Last but not least, it is
necessary to strengthen the ties between campus and society, so as to ensure that ―green campus‖ can work smoothly with the co-effort of the whole society.
建设绿色校园
近来，随着建设并保持―绿色地球‖的观念成为社会关注的焦点，―绿色校园‖也成为校园里流行的话题。

这无疑会给我们的校园和社会带来长远的利益。

―绿色校园‖不仅仅指绿色的环境，还包括人们头脑中的环境意识。

学校在培养年轻一代上起着关键作用，―绿色校园‖的意识必定会对学生毕业后的环境保护意识产生长远影响。

更为重要的是，年轻一代面临着严重的环境污染，有太多问题等待他们去解决。

为使―绿色校园‖成为现实，首先应该制定出可持续发展、可长远发展的有效政策。

其次，还需要人们对环境污染的严肃性有正确认识并采取实际行动切实减少污染。

最后但同样重要的是，有必要加强学校和社会的联系以便在全社会共同努力下使―绿色校园‖顺利实施。

范文点评
范文以―绿色校园‖开篇，保证了文章切题。

第一段开门见山，强调当今环保理念下构建―绿色校园‖的长远意义。

第二段，着重讨论―绿色校园‖的含义，指出―绿色校园‖不仅指校园中的绿化，还指生活在校园中的人们的绿色和环保意识，把校园这个小环境和社会这个大环境结合起来，说理更加深刻。

第三段是谈及具体的做法，分一、二、三点进行论述，无疑是使―绿色校园‖的理念落在实处。

结构完整，首尾呼应，用词准确。

关系词的正确使用让句与句之间、段与段之间衔接紧凑，思想表达成熟有深度。

【生动的用词】maintain保持;concept概念;profound长远的;sustainable可持续的;recyclable可循环的。

【丰富的短语】bring benefit to带来利益;play a crucial role in发挥关键作用;under the burden of在……重负下;come true实现;call for要求。

【多变的句式】
范文中长句、短句、简单句、复杂句交叉使用。

不同句型之间的转换，能让阅卷老师更好地了解考生对句子结构的掌握运用，从而获得高分。

避错指导
本次作文在题材上，虽然仍然延续了我们所熟悉校园类话题，但与社会背景有很大关系。

刚刚闭幕的哥本哈根世界气候大会使环保减排这个主题成为焦点，在全世界都提倡可持续发展、和谐发展这一背景下的―绿色校园‖，同时也是一个社会热点话题，这是我们审题时所必须考虑的。

另外开篇时，切忌拖泥带水，应直截了当，使阅卷老师对文章主题一目了然。

除正确审题之外，考生还应注意语言的准确运用，不落俗套。

不同句型之间转换时，考生应对句子结构全面掌握，避免句式错误造成扣分。

最后，应尽量避免单词拼写错误。

本次作文常见的卷面拼写错误如下表：
正确拼写词性及词义错误的拼写
focus n. 焦点focuse
effect n. 影响effection /affect
environment n. 环境envirment/invironment
burden n. 负担burdon
solve v. 解决slove
serious a. 严肃的serous
true a. 真的ture
society n. 社会soceity
theory n. 理论thery
总之，考生在构思和写作过程中要尽可能做到思路完整，恰如其分地选择词汇。

毕竟，无错表达才是四级语言表达合格的核心。

能力拓展
【同义词转换】
作文表达除了准确，还要做到句式多变，词汇灵活多样。

1. realize → be aware of 意识到
We’d better be aware of the seriousness of pollution around us. 我们最好意识到周围污染的严峻性。

2. keep → preserve 保持
It is necessary to educate the students to be conscious of the importance to preserve the environment. 有必要教育学生意识到保护环境的重要性。

3. lead → conduct 引导
This will help conduct the activities of the college students. 这有助于引导大学生的行为。

【话题备考锦囊】
6. The idea of ―a green campus‖ is beyond a green environment. ―绿色校园‖绝不仅仅是一个绿色环境。

7. The construction of ―a green campus‖ will greatly stimulate students to take part in various environmental protection activities. 建设―绿色校园‖将会极大激励学生参与环境保护。

8. To bring ―a green campus‖ to its full play, effective m easures should be taken. 为全面实施―绿色校园‖，必须采取有效措施。

9. Campus construction is of vital importance not only to the physical development of students but to their mental health as well. 校园建设不仅对学生的身体发展很重要，而且对他们的心理健康也很重要。

10. There is little doubt that further consideration must be paid to our green campus. 毫无疑问，对于绿色校园应该给与更多的思考。

【话题词汇拓展】
devastation n. 毁坏disastrous a. 损失惨重的
doom v. 厄运，毁灭existence n. 存在，生活
healthful a. 健康的messy a. 肮脏的，凌乱的
participation n. 分享，参与preserve v. 保存，保护
preventive a. 预防性的purify v. 澄清，净化
stimulation n. 激励，鼓舞arouse consciousness 唤起意识
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)
篇章结构
核心词汇
1. aid n. ①帮助，援助②助手v. 帮助，援助
【用】financial aid经济援助;merit aid/ Merit-based奖学金;need-based aid助学金或经济资助;foreign aid外援，对外援助;hearing aid助听器;aids and appliances用具，设备【搭】in aid to用来帮助，起……作用;lead one’s aid (to)援助，给予帮助;in aid of作为援助……之用【拓】aidance n. 协助，帮助;aidant a. 帮助的;aided a. 辅助的
2. project v. ①设计②发射n. 事业，计划，工程
【用】Project Hope希望工程;project manager项目经理;project plan项目规划;project budget 项目预算，工程预算【拓】projection n. 突出，发射;projecting a. 突出的
3. selective a. 选择性的
4. 【用】selective analysis重点分析;selective breeding选择育种，选择性繁殖【拓】select v. 挑选，选拔a. 精选的;selection n. 选择，挑选，选集
5. package n. 包裹;套装软件，程序包a. 一揽子的
【用】package design包装设计;package agreement一揽子安排，一揽子方案;package holiday(旅行社安排一切的)一揽子旅游;package tour包办旅行(路线、地点、时间和费用等均作统一规定和安排的旅游);package program组装程序【拓】pack n.包装，背包v. 包装，压紧;packaged a. 袋装的;packager n. 打包机
6. ranking a. 头等的;n. 等级，地位
【用】ranking list排名;ranking method等级法，排序法
【拓】rank n. 等级;队列;v. 排列，列队
7. grant v. ①授予②承认;n. ①授予物②拨款
【用】grant of a patent授予专利权【搭】take…for granted认为……是理所当然; Granted/Granting that即使……(也)【拓】grants n. 补助金，津贴(grant的复数)
8. enrol v. 登记，入学，参军，注册
【搭】enrol in选课，参加【拓】enrollment n. 登记，入伍;enrollee n. 入学者，入伍者
9. eliminate v. 消除，排除
【用】eliminate illiteracy扫盲;eliminate poverty消除贫困;eliminate noise 消除噪声【拓】eliminate 是指把已进入者从中排除;exclude v. 指把想进入者拒之门外。