Applicability of Air Bubbler Lines for Ice Control in Harbours
COMAC航空科技英语等级考试B样题
COMAC航空科技英语等级考试B样题COMAC航空科技英语等级考试B1（技术类）样题Test Time：120 minutes部门_______________ 姓名____________ ⼯号____________Part I Listening （30%）Section 1 Conversation and Lecture（10%）Directions: In this section, you will hear a long conversation and a lecture. At the end of the conversation or the lecture, you will hear five questions. The conversation, the lecture and the questions will be spoken ONLY ONCE. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices.Conversation1. A) They get you directly to holiday destination.B) Their tickets can be bought on the internet.C) They offer excellent services to customers.D) They’re much cheaper than famous airlines.2. A) They have sprung up recently and become successful.B) They change prices on the basis of customers’ demand.C) They always offer travelers the extremely cheap flight.D) They do much advertising but few people ever watch it.3. A) By travelling before public holidays.B) By buying tickets a day in advance.C) By booking at the very last minute.D) By flying at peak time like Fridays.4. A) They try every possible means to reduce expenses.B) They charge different prices depending on demand.C) They don’t serve any food on any of their flights.D) They have increased the speed of their aero planes.5. A) They only offer cheap tickets online.B) They fail to offer satisfactory service.C) They spend little time on the ground.D) They fly to and from smaller airports.Lecture6. A) The 845m2 wing area is large enough to park 70 cars.B) The plane has the potential to carry 550 passengers.C) The tail is about as long as the Great Sphinx in Egypt.D) The two deck fuselage is as high as a 7-storey building.7. A) It is as economical to run as a common jet.B) It burns more fuel than other jumbo jets.C) It can fly an amazing 15,000 km non-stop.D) It can carry more fuel than other planes.8. A) Toulouse in France.B) England and Wales.C) All over the Europe.D) Spain and Germany.9. A) It is remarkably expensive.B) It is impressively efficient.C) It is a nation-wide project.D) It is extremely complicated.10.A) The expenses.B) The designing.C) The electronics.D) The cooperation.Section 2 Compound Dictation （10%）Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage TWICE. You have its script in the following, but with eleven blanks in it. You are required to fill in the first eight blanks with the exact words you have just heard. For last three blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Remember, there will be a pause for the last three blanks.Laurence Barron, President of Airbus China, defended the A380 superjumbo jet as its safety performance has been called into question.“The Qantas A380 suffered an (1) ______________ engine failure, a fairly rare event, which also damaged the aircraft itself. The aircraft performed as expected and (2) ______________ safely, so no, there is nothing wrong with the A380. It’s a (3)______________ aircraft.”Barron also says the engine issue will not (4) ______________ next summer’s scheduled delivery of the A380 to China Southern Airlines, the only (5) ______________ carrier to purchase the plane.Meanwhile, Barron explains that the lack of orders for its A350 aircraft, which is under development, from Chinese carriers is due to the country’s (6) ______________ planning structure.“The Chinese government, as you are well aware, works on a 5-year-plan basis, and they are about to (7) ______________ the 12th 5-year-plan which runs from 2011 to 2015. The A350 deliveries that we can offer are now in the what will become the 13th 5-year-plan period.”Eric Chen, Airbus China‘s Vice President, adds that the Chinese carriers’ timid (8) _____________ to the A350 is due to its competing product, Boeing’s 787.“Several years ago, Chinese airlines ordered more than 60 Boeing 787’s and for various reasons, airlines lack this kind of courage and determination to be a launching customer for a new program again. In other words, we are buying the bill for our rivals’ dilemma and consequences.”(9) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“I don’t really understand the world ‘challenge’. Our industry is challenging. There are lots of challenges but this is not a challenge, this is a competitor. (10) __________________________________________________________________________ Beverly Wyse, Vice President of Boeing’s 737 program, says Boeing is open to work with C919’s manufacturer.“I think (11) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________”Four Chinese airlines and two aircraft leasing companies have signed agreements to purchase 100 C919’s as launching costumers.Section 3 Listening and translating （10%）Directions: In this section you are going to hear five short passages. You will hear them ONLY ONCE. In each of these passages some of the sentences are already printed. You are required to translate the missing parts into Chinese. After each of the passages there will be a pause lasting one and a half minutes. The pause is intended for you to do the translation.1)The ARJ21-700 jetliner, China’s first self-designed aircraft, will undertake itsmaiden flight before the end of the year. COMAC chairman, Zhang Qingwei says this first homegrown regional jet has aroused great interest from aviation companies at home and abroad.”I just came back from the United States and Canada. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.”2)Nine top tier US manufacturing companies won competitive contracts to buildand supply the aviation system for China‘s new aircraft program, the C919.Airport infrastructure needs are filling opportunities in the US companies as well.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3)The Deputy Chief of the China’s Civic Aviation Administration, Xia Xinghua,says more cooperation is crucial for the Chinese side. “Firstly, we need to strengthen our cooperation on sustainable security development, expanding the relationship in a pragmatic way.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________”4)The Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood said that the review would becomprehensive covering design, manufacturing and assembly of the Dreamliner.Michael Huerta of the Federal Aviation Administration said emphasis would be put on electrical systems and how these and the plane’s sophisticated mechanical systems interact._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.5)Though the tricycle arrangement may be most popular today, that was not alwaysthe case. The tail wheel undercarriage dominated aircraft design for the first four decades of flight and is still widely used on many small piston-engine planes.What makes this form of landing gear most attractive is its simplicity. Another potential advantage results from the fact that_____________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Part II Reading Comprehension（30%）Section 1 Skimming and Scanning (10%)Directions: In this section there are 10 incomplete statements. Based on the following passage, please complete the statements with the information given in the passage.Commercial aviation is an essential component of the global economy. The cost of aviation fuel is directly determined by the prevailing world price of oil, and it accounts for a major proportion of airplane operating costs. Several airline companies now add a fuel surcharge to the ticket cost of a commercial flight to compensate for the recent rapid rise in fuel costs. World oil prices are expected to remain high for several years. The prospect of sustained high aviation fuel prices could propel airline companies to seek alternative aviation fuels. Seeking alternative fuel could become paramount（最⾼的）for the airlineindustry should the peak-oil phenomenon actually occur.Breakthroughs and ResearchIt may become possible for super-cooled liquid hydrogen（氢）to eventually be used as an alternative fuel for some types of commercial airline service. Other alternative fuels may include high-density energy-storage technologies that result from breakthroughs in research in the areas of nanotechnology(纳⽶技术) and in high-temperature superconductivity(超导性). High-temperature superconductivity holds great promise for use in high-density energy-storage technology. Advances in nanotechnology could enable superconductive materials to eventually be manufactured at a cost that could justify their application in airliner propulsion. Electrical Storage and PropulsionEnergy stored in a superconductive storage technology could power electric motors that drive the identical propulsion fans that are found at the front-end of modern, “high-bypass” turbo-fan aircraft engines. Such fans provide up to 90% of the propulsive thrust of the turbo-fan engine. Each electrically powered propulsion fan may be driven by multiple (induction) lightweight electric motors during take-off. Some electric motors would “cut-out”under reduced power demand at cruising altitude so that the remaining motors will operate at higher efficiency (electric motors have poor part-load efficiency). Coanda fans may propel subsonic commercial aircraft that use high-density electrical storage technology. Such units were originally developed by physicist Henri Coanda and can operate at comparable efficiency and at comparable flight speeds as turbine-driven propulsion fans. Electrically powered aircraft that use either turbine propulsion fans or Coanda fans could be flown in thinner air at higher altitude (up to 65,000-feet) to reduce energy consumption (less drag on aircraft) on extended flights.The cooler air found at such altitudes could assist in keeping the superconductive energy storage systems functioning properly.Superconductive energy storage systems used in future commercial aircraft would likely be cooled by liquid nitrogen(氮). Both systems would need to be frequently recharged, which would likely be both energy-intensive as well as time consuming.It may be possible to design the energy storage systems along with their cooling systems to be removed and replaced during shorts layovers—such technology could help reduce the turn-around time of the aircraft. The introduction of superconductive energy storage systems in commercial aircraft in the long-term future would require that future airport terminals be equipped with power generation technology at or near the premises.Power GenerationThe number of electrically powered and hydrogen powered road and railway vehicles would likely increase during a post peak-oil period. Commuter aircraft that operate short-haul service could be powered by ethanol(⼄醇) or by hydrogen while future supersonic aircraft could use liquid hydrogen as fuel. The commercial aviation industry of the future (post peak oil) could likely require vast amounts of electric power to recharge superconductive energy storage systems, recharge liquid nitrogen cooling systems as well as to generate, compress and supercool large amounts of hydrogen.Modern commercial aircraft are energy intensive during take-off. Airports that serve metropolitan areas presently process continual processions of large long-distance aircraft during peak periods. Such aircraft could require between 300-Mw-hr and 1000-Mw-hr of power to undertake trans-oceanic flights at subsonic speed. The power requirements of a future electrically based commercial aviation industry could likely overwhelm the power generation industry of most developed nations. Major international airports may eventually need to generate electric power on-site to meet the energy needs of future fleets of electrically powered and hydrogen-fueled commercial aircraft. Airport power stations may be nuclear; use hydrogen fusion or be based on some other unconventional power generation technology that is still subject to research.Energy StorageThe ability to store large amounts of energy at or near major airports could gain importance during a post peak-oil period. Electric power could be purchased from the grid during their off-peak periods and put into short-term storage. Airport power stations that encounter off-peak periods could replenish(装满) airport energy storage systems that may include superconductive storage, flow batteries, hydraulic storage in hydroelectric dams in nearby mountains (coastal airports) or off-site pneumatic storage (subterranean salt domes that were emptied). Air that is exhausted from pneumatic storage systems may be sufficiently cold to assist in “replenishing” liquid nitrogen super-cooling systems.Power Regulation (Airports)Power stations that provide energy for air transportation use may have to be excluded from the regulatory framework. Most of the electrically powered airliners that will be recharged would be “foreign”owned, that is, the owners would be domiciled in adifferent jurisdiction(司法权) to where the aircraft would be recharged. The idea of regulators in one jurisdiction looking after the interests of parties who live, do business and pay taxes in another jurisdiction is quite ludicrous. Power stations that supply a future airline industry with electric power would need to be regulatory-free despite the “foreign”airline owners being “captive”customers. It would be possible for power to be supplied to a single airport by several small providers who compete against each other. Power providers and airline companies could negotiate deals, perhaps even on a daily basis. ConclusionFuture scientific breakthroughs are likely to occur in both nanotechnology and in superconductivity. High-density energy storage technologies could be the likely result and appear in the distant future. Electrically powered commercial aircraft that fly at subsonic speeds could appear in the future irrespective of whether or not peak-oil actually occurs. Alternative liquid fuels that are cost-competitive to fossil oil are also likely to appear and find applications in aviation. Large ground-effect aircraft （地效飞⾏器）that fly above water and that carry either passengers or freight between coastal cities are also likely appear in the future.1.The prospect of sustained high aviation fuel prices could propel airline companiesto seek _______________________.2.Breakthroughs in nanotechnology could enable _______________________ to beavailable in their application in airliner propulsion.3.Coanda fans were first developed by _______________________ .4._______________________ could be used to cool superconductive energystorage system used in future commercial aircraft.5._______________________, which operates short-haul service, could be poweredby ethanol(⼄醇) or by hydrogen.6.Future airport power stations may be_______________________; use hydrogenfusion or be based on some other unconventional power generation technology. 7.During a post peak-oil period, the ability to_______________________ at or nearmajor airports could gain importance.8.Power stations that provide energy for air transportation use are likely to be_______________________ from the regulatory framework.9.Electrically powered commercial aircraft that fly at _______________________speeds could appear in the future.10.Aircrafts flying above water and carrying either passengers or freight betweencoastal cities are called _______________________.Section 2 Reading Comprehension (10%)Directions: The following passage is followed by some questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should choose the best answer from the four choices.Living standards have soared during the twentieth century, and economists expect them to continue rising in the decades ahead. Does that mean that we humans can look forward to increasing Happiness?Not necessarily, warns Richard A. Easterlin, an economist at the University of Southern California, in his new book, Growth Triumphant: The Twenty-first Century in Historical Perspective. Easterlin concedes that richer people are more likely to report themselves as being happy than poorer people are. But steady improvements in the American economy have not been accompanied by steady increases in people’s self-assessments of their own Happiness.The explanation for this paradox(悖论) may be that people become less satisfied over time with a given level of income. In Easterlin’s word: “As incomes rise, the aspiration level does too, and the effect of this increase in aspirations is to vitiate (破坏) the expected growth in Happiness due to higher income.”Money can buy Happiness, Easterlin seems to be saying, but only if one’s amounts get bigger and other people aren’t getting more. His analysis helps to explain sociologist Lee Rainwater’s finding that Americans’perception of the income “necessary to get along” rose between 1950 and 1986 in the same proportion as actual per capita income. We feel rich if we have more than our neighbors, poor if we have less, and feeling relatively well-off is equated with being happy.Easterlin’s findings, challenge psychologist Abraham Maslow’s “hierarchy(等级) of wants” as a reliable guide to future human motivation. Maslow suggested that as people’s basic material wants are satisfied they seek to achieve nonmaterial or spiritual goals. But Easterlin’s evidence points to the persistence of materialism.“Despite a general level of affluence never before realized in the history of the world.” Easterlin observes, “Material concerns in the wealthiest nations today are as pressing as ever and the pursuit of material need as intense.” The evidence suggests there is no evolution toward higher order goals. Rather, each step upward on the ladder of economic development merely stimulates new economic desires that lead the chase ever onward.Needs are limited, but not greeds. Science has developed no cure for envy, so our wealth boosts our Happiness only briefly while shrinking that of our neighbors. Thus the outlook for the future is gloomy in Easterlin’s view. “The triumph of economic growth is not a triumph of humanity over material wants; rather, it is the triumph of material wants over humanity.”1.What does Easterlin warn in his new book?A)Humans can look forward to increasing happiness with soaring livingstandards.B)Humans might not be able to enjoy increasing happiness with soaring livingstandards.C)Richer people tend to report themselves as being happy more than poorerpeople do.D)Richer people tend to report themselves as being happy less than poorerpeople do.2.Which of the following statements may account for the paradox(悖论) mentionedin paragraph 3?A)People become less satisfied though the income rises over time.B)A general level of affluence never before realized in the history of the world.C)Though the American economy improved steadily, there isn’t a steadyincrease in people’s self-assessments of their own happiness.D)As incomes rise, there will be an increase in the aspiration level, which willhamper the expected growth in Happiness due to higher income.3.Whose finding is against the theory of “Hierarchy of wants”?A)Easterlin’s B) Maslow’s C) Rainwater’s D) Lee’s4.According to Easterlin, the outlook of the future of happiness is ________.A)bright B) sad C) unclear D) thrilling5.From the quotation in the end of the passage (paragraph 7), we can infer that___________?A)The triumph of economic growth results in more humanity.B)The triumph of economic growth results in more material wants.C)Humanity contributes more to the triumph of economic growth.D)Material wants contributes more to the triumph of economic growth.Section 3 Short Answer Questions (10%)Directions: Read the following passage and then answer the questions. The answer should not be more than 25 words.The maximum allowable weight for an aircraft is determined by design considerations. However, the maximum operational weight may be less than the maximum allowable weight due to such considerations as high-density altitude or high-drag field conditions caused by wet grass or water on the runway. The maximum operational weight may also be limited by the departure or arrival airport’s runway length.One important preflight consideration is the distribution of the load in the aircraft. Loading the aircraft so the gross weight is less than the maximum allowable is not enough. This weight must be distributed to keep the center of gravity (CG) within the limits specified in the POH or AFM.If the CG is too far forward, a heavy passenger can be moved to one of the rear seats or baggage can be shifted to a rear compartment. If the CG is too far aft, passenger weight or baggage can be shifted forward. The fuel load should be balanced laterally: the pilot should pay special attention to the POH or AFM regarding the operation of the fuel system, in order to keep the aircraft balanced in flight. Weight and balance of a helicopter is far more critical than for an airplane. With some helicopters, they may be properly loaded for takeoff, but near the end of a long flight when the fuel tanks are almost empty, the CG may have shifted enough for the helicopter to be out of balance laterally or longitudinally. Before making any long flight, the CG with the fuel available for landing must be checked to ensure it will be within the allowable range.Changes of fixed equipment may have a major effect upon the weight of the aircraft. The replacement of older, heavy electronic equipment with newer, lightertypes results in a weight reduction, which will probably cause the CG to shift and must be computed and annotated in the weight and balance record.Repairs and alteration are the major sources of weight changes. The A&P mechanic must compute the CG and record the new empty weight and EWCG in the aircraft weight and balance record.The A&P mechanic or repairman conducting an annual or condition inspection must ensure the weight and balance data in the aircraft records is current and accurate. It is the responsibility of the pilot in command to use the most current weight and balance data when operating the aircraft.Questions:1.What conditions might cause the operational weight of a plane to be less than themaximum allowable weight?2.What should be done if the CG is too far aft in an aircraft?3.Why is the weight and balance for a helicopter far more critical than for anairplane?4.According to the passage, what might lead to weight changes and cause the CG toshift in an aircraft?5.Who are responsible for recording and using the most current and accurate data ofthe weight and balance?Part III Translation (15%)Section 1 English-Chinese Translation (10%)Direction: In this section there are two passages in English. Please read these passages and translate the underlined parts into Chinese.Passage 1The airplane propeller consists of two or more blades and a central hub to which the blades are attached. 1) Each blade of an airplane propeller is essentially a rotating wing. As a result of their construction, the propeller blades are like airfoils and produce forces that create the thrust to pull, or push, the airplane through the air.The power needed to rotate the propeller blades is furnished by the engine. The engine rotates the airfoils of the blades through the air at high speeds, and the propeller transforms the rotary power of the engine into forward thrust.2) An airplane moving through the air creates a drag force opposing its forward motion. Consequently, if an airplane is to fly, there must be a force applied to it that is equal to the drag, but acting forward. This force is called “thrust.”Passage 2Aircraft flight control systems are classified as primary and secondary. 3) The primary control systems consist of those that are required to safely control an airplane during flight. Secondary control systems improve the performance characteristics of the airplane, or relieve the pilot of excessive control forces. Those included in the primary control systems are the ailerons, elevator (or stabilator), and rudder. Examples of secondary control systems are wing flaps and trim systems.Airplane control systems are carefully designed to provide a natural feel, and at the same time, allow adequate responsiveness to control inputs. 4) At low airspeeds, the controls usually feel soft and sluggish, and the airplane responds slowly to controlapplications. At high speeds, the controls feel firm and the response is more rapid.Movement of any of the three primary flight control surfaces changes the airflow and pressure distribution over and around the airfoil. These changes affect the lift and drag produced by the airfoil/control surface combination, and allow a pilot to control the airplane about its three axes of rotation.Design features limit the amount of deflection of flight control surfaces. For example, control-stop mechanisms may be incorporated into the flight controls, or movement of the control column and/or rudder pedals may be limited. The purpose of these design limits is to prevent the pilot from inadvertently overcontrolling and overstressing the aircraft during normal maneuvers.5) A properly designed airplane should be stable and easily controlled during maneuvering. Control surface inputs cause movement about the three axes of rotation. The types of stability an airplane exhibits also relate to the three axes of rotation. Section 2 Chinese-English Translation (5%)Direction: In this section there are five sentences in Chinese. Please translate them into English.1.太阳能动⼒飞机的平均飞⾏时速为70公⾥，暂时不会对商⽤飞机构成威胁。
有人没坐飞机吗英语作文
In a world where air travel has become a common mode of transportation,it is interesting to consider the experiences of those who have never taken a flight.This essay will explore the reasons why some individuals might have never boarded an airplane,the alternative means of travel they might have used,and the potential benefits and drawbacks of their decision.Reasons for Not Flying1.Fear of Flying Aviophobia:For some,the fear of flying is a significant barrier.This phobia can stem from various factors,including a fear of heights,a fear of enclosed spaces,or a general anxiety about the safety of air travel.2.Financial Constraints:Air travel can be expensive,especially for long distances or during peak travel seasons.Some individuals may not have the financial means to afforda plane ticket,opting for more economical forms of transportation instead.3.Environmental Concerns:With growing awareness of the environmental impact of air travel,some people choose not to fly to reduce their carbon footprint.They might prefer traveling by train,bus,or car,which,while sometimes less efficient in terms of time,are considered more ecofriendly options.4.Health Issues:Certain health conditions can make air travel difficult or inadvisable. For example,individuals with severe motion sickness,respiratory issues,or certain heart conditions might find flying uncomfortable or risky.Alternatives to Air Travel1.Road Trips:For those within driving distance,road trips can be a fun and flexible alternative to flying.It allows for exploration of local attractions and scenery along the way.2.Train Travel:Trains offer a more scenic and often more comfortable journey compared to air travel.They are particularly popular in countries with extensive rail networks,such as Europe and Japan.3.Boat or Ferry:For those traveling between coastal cities or islands,boats and ferries provide a relaxing and sometimes more direct route.4.Cycling or Walking:For shorter distances or for those seeking a more active and immersive travel experience,cycling or walking can be an enjoyable way to explore newplaces.Benefits of Not Flying1.Reduced Stress:Avoiding the hustle and bustle of airports and the anxiety of flying can lead to a more relaxed and enjoyable travel experience.2.Cultural Immersion:Traveling by land or sea often allows for a deeper connection with the places visited,as one can experience the local culture and environment more intimately.3.Healthier Options:Without the constraints of inflight meals,travelers can make healthier food choices and maintain a more active lifestyle during their journey. Drawbacks of Not Flying1.Time Consumption:One of the most significant drawbacks is the time it takes to travel by land or sea compared to air travel.This can be a limitation for those with tight schedules or limited vacation time.2.Limited Accessibility:Some destinations are only accessible by air,making it impossible for those who choose not to fly to reach them.3.Missed Experiences:Flying can offer unique experiences,such as the aweinspiring view of the earth from above,which are not available through other modes of transportation.In conclusion,while air travel has revolutionized the way we explore the world,there are still many who choose not to fly for various reasons.Whether due to fear,financial constraints,environmental concerns,or health issues,these individuals find alternative ways to travel that suit their needs and preferences.Each mode of transportation has its own set of benefits and drawbacks,and the choice ultimately depends on personal priorities and circumstances.。
民航英语2习题3
民航英语2习题3《民航英语2》习题3一、短语翻译1.安全间隔距离2.分层盘旋等待3.航路相交的地方4.自动终端情报服务5.尾部扰动气流6.建造在飞机周围的巨大脚手架7.施展才能8.长期经营空运业务9.万一遇到不测的顶风10.序号11.无线电探测定位12.机场安全检查13.不定期的包机航班14.一分钟的最短间隔时间15.可变式几何图形16.航路相交的地方二、单选题1.The two pilots decided to work _____ turn during this long flight.A．onB．inC．atD．by2.We'11 never forget ______ in New York last year.A. us to meet a few friendsB. our meeting a few friendsC. a few friends to meetD. a few friends meeting3.Is there any hope of ______the gold medal?A. John to winB. John winC. winning JohnD. John’s winning4.There is a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think hemeans ______ trouble.A. makingB. to makeC. to have madeD. having made5.The government _____ up a committee to investigate the air crash.A. getB. letC. putD. set6.______ the final examination is over, we can go outside for a picnic.A. Even thoughB. Now thatC. ForD. With7.Tom was the only one of the students who ______ named OutstandingStudent.A. isC. wasD. were8.There is something wrong with my car. It will take me one hour to have it______.A. fixB. fixingC. to fixD. fixed9.All the crew members _____ satisfactory provision for this flight.A．broughtB．workedD．took10.One of the wings was lost and nowhere _____.A. foundB. to findC. had foundD. to be found11.______ her surprise, Miss Wang found nobody in the classroom.A. AtB. ToC. ForD. With12.Anderson is one of those ______ appear friendly but in fact are hard to dealwith.A. whoC. thatD. which13.Such things _____ are often discussed by people now are the rising pricesfor daily consumer goods.A．whichB．asD．like14.Seldom ______ his wife punishes her children for speaking out their ownideas freely.A. I sawB. I have seenC. have I seenD. do I see15.It’s high time the government ______ some measures to raise people’sawareness of environmental protection.A. will takeB. takeC. tookD. takes16.They decided to train more maintenance engineers _____ aircraft.A. overhaulingB. overhaulC. to overhaulD. overhauled三、根据上下文，选出与划线单词意思相近的选项1.Ronald Amundsen was a great explorer．He was the first person to reachthe South Pole．A. a person who works in international business and travels a lotB. a place that is difficult to findC. something that an airplane carriesD. a person who looks for new places and information about them2.Before you buy something，check the quality first．For example, if it ischeap, it might not be good．A．how good it isB．what the color isC．what the size isD．how big it is3.Some people like to keep a journal．They write in it every day．They writeabout what they did，what happened，and what they thought．A. a magazine about scientific researchB. a textbookC. a sports magazineD. a notebook about their daily activities4.Please give me your recipe for this cake，so I can make it too．A．a dishB．directions for cookingC．a mealD．directions to your house5.Farmers raise cattle for beef and milk．A. pigsB. horsesC. sheepD. cows四、阅读理解Passage 1Attention to detail is something everyone can and should do, especially in a tight job market. Bob Crossley, a human-resources expert notices this in the job applications that come cross his desk every day. “It’s amazing how many candidates eliminate themselves,”he says.“Resumes arrive with stains (污迹). Some candidates don't bother to spell the company’s name correctly. Once I see a mistake, I eliminate the candid ate,”Crossley concludes. “If they cannot take care of these details, why should we trust them with a job?”Can we pay too much attention to details? Absolutely. Perfectionists struggle over little things at the cost of something larger they work toward. “T o keep from losing the forest for the trees,”says Charles Garfield, associate professor at the University of California, San Francisco, “we must constantly ask ourselves how the details we're working on fit into the larger picture. If they don’t, we should drop them and move to something else.”Garfield compares this process to his work as a computer scientist at NASA. “The Apollo II moon launch was slightly off-course (偏离路线) 90 percent of the time,”says Garfield. “But a successful landing was still likely because we knew the exact coordinates（坐标）of our goal. This allowed us to make adjustments（调整）as necessary.”Knowing where we want togo helps us judge the importance of every task we undertake.Too often we believe what accounts for others’success is some special secret or a lucky break. But rarely is success so mysterious. Again and again, we see that by doing little things within our grasp (能力所及的限度) well, large rewards follow.1. According to the passage, some job applicants were rejected _____.A. because of their carelessness as shown in their failure to present aclean copy of a resumeB. because of their inadequate education as shown in their poor spellingin writing a resumeC. because they failed to give a detailed description of their background intheir applicationsD. because they eliminated their names from the applicants list themselves2. The word “perfectionists”(Line 1, Para. 3) refers to those who _____.A. demand others to get everything absolutely rightB. know how to adjust their goals according to the circumstancesC. pay too much attention to details only to lose their major objectivesD. are capable of achieving perfect results in whatever they do3. Which of the following is the author's advice to the reader?A. Although too much attention to details may be costly, they should not beoverlooked.B. Don't forget details when drawing pictures.C. Be aware of the importance of a task before undertaking it.D. Careless applicants are not to be trusted.Passage 2The Boeing 747-400 airplane has reached its cruising altitude of 10,000 meters and cruising speed of 900 km per hour on its way from London to Beijing. The Purser（乘务长）has announced that the passengers are now free to unfasten their seat belts and move around the cabin; however passengers should keep their seat belt fastened when seated.The passenger cabin layout consists of three sections. The 747-400 is unique in having two decks（舱板）; on the upper deck, behind the flight crew there is the first class section. On the lower deck, at the front, the business class section, for passengers who pay the full fare: while behind is the much larger economy section for passengers who have special cheap rate tickets.The stewards and stewardesses—14 in all—are now busy around the galleys（飞机上的厨房）. A choice of drinks, followed by dinner, video entertainment including a film and finally breakfast in the morning is the orderof service. Individual headphones are distributed, and these, when plugged in to the arm of the seat—give a variety of in-flight musical programs. Also in the arm of the seat are the controls for a personal reading light, fresh air control and call button.Dinner is served on specially prepared trays, perhaps prawn cocktail, followed by a choice of roast chicken or braised（炖的）steak with chocolate mousse to finish. The chicken and beef has been heated in the special microwave ovens in the galleys. It ishard to believe that a hot, three-course meal can be served while the plane is flying at this altitude and speed.Dinner over, the cabin lights are dimmed, the blinds by the windows are drawn, the screens unfold and the film begins. Now, for the first time the cabin crew take it in turns to have a rest while the passengers watch the film or snooze dreaming of arriving in Beijing in the morning.4. When the plane is flying, the passengers ______when seated.A. are free to walkB. are free to come into the flight deckC. are advised to fasten their seatbeltsD. must unfasten the seatbelts5. The passenger cabin layout consists of three sections. They are the followings except ______.A. the first classB. the cockpitC. the business classD. the economy class6. During the flight, the cabin attendants should do the following except ______.A. collect the passengers passportsB. serve the drinksC. serve the mealsD. give out headsets7. Before the meal, the cabin attendants should heat ______ in the ovens in the galley.A. the chocolate mousseB. the saladC. the chicken and beefD. the snack8. During the film, the cabin attendants will ______.A. wake up the passengers so they don’t miss t he filmB. watch the film with the passengersC. have a chat in the cabinD. have a rest in turn五、单词填空题，请将下列10个单词/词组填入空格处。
航海海洋气象3-12（MarineMeteorology3-12）
航海海洋气象3-12（Marine Meteorology 3-12）Section 1 air mass He FengI. definition, formation and degeneration of air mass1, air mass: in the same period of time in the horizontal direction of physical attributes (mainly temperature, humidity and atmospheric stability) larger distribution of large air. The horizontal range can range from several hundred to several thousand kilometers.2, the formation of air mass conditions: a wide range of physical properties of the more homogeneous underlying surface.Suitable circulation (for a large area of air to stay on the lower surface for a long time and exchange heat and water vapor)3. Denaturation: the gradual change of physical properties and weather characteristics during the migration of air masses. (denatured air mass: an altered mass of air)Air speed and depends on the differences between the old and new nature of the underlying surface size, the length of time, leaving the air source distance and air nature.Continental air masses change rapidly into the sea; marine air masses move slowly into land.Two. Classification of air masses and characteristics of air mass weather1, geographical classification: according to the source of latitude and sea and land location:1) ice air mass: formed in polar regions covered by perennial ice and snow, including ice, Continental, air mass, ice, ocean, air mass.Weather characteristics: dry and cold weather; low layer often has strong inversion layer, gas layer is very stable.2) polar air mass: air masses formed in the middle and high latitudes,Polar continental air mass: dry, low temperature and sunny days in winter;In summer, the temperature and humidity in the lower air layer rise, the inversion layer disappears, the stability decreases, and the clouds are cloudy.Polar maritime air: winter, overcast or cloudy, sometimes appear precipitation, clouds, fog or rain and other weather stability.Summer, low temperature, damp, cloudy, cloudy day.3) tropical air mass: air masses formed in subtropical and tropical regions called tropical air masses,Continental tropical air drying, hot gas is not stable, fineShaoyang, long-term control of a region is often the formation of drought.Tropical marine air mass: low layer warm and humid, stratification is not stable; there is often inversion layer in the middle layer, hindering the development of convection in lower layer, the weather is clear and hot.4) equatorial air formed on the equatorial ocean air mass,The weather features: Damp heat, gas instability, convection and turbulence of multiple activities, frequent showers and thunderstorms.2. Thermodynamic classification1) air mass: the temperature of the air mass is lower than the temperature of the underlying surface of the flow region, or lower than the temperature of the air mass encountered.The land becomes colder, while the lower layer increases rapidly and the stability decreases.2) heating mass: the air mass temperature is higher than the temperature of the underlying surface of the flow area, or higher than the temperature of the air mass encountered.Warming the land and gradually cooling itself, increasing stability,Three. Air masses affecting the East and offshore of our country:most of them are denatured air masses.Winter: polar continental air mass (cold air mass, cold weather, high pressure southward or high pressure ridge extending southward).When the southerly warm air into the sea in China, fog clouds and other weather stability.Summer: tropical tropical oceanic air mass and tropical continental air mass (warm air mass, characterized by subtropical high and continental pressure).Four, Feng1. Definition: a narrow and sloping transition zone between two different air masses when they meet,2, structure: with height up to the cold air side tilt, with the degree of inclination of said front slope of the front, front slope, slope of the warm time, the quasi stationary front slope minimum. Its formation and maintenance is the result of geostrophic deflection.3 features: front usually appear in the trough, frontal zone in the vertical temperature gradient is small, large horizontal gradient; frontal cyclonic airflow; frontal pressure gradient discontinuity; attack angles towards the isobars too high.Speed: speed component depends on both sides of the front vertical to the front, the bigger and faster; winter season(spring) move fast, slow moving speed of the cold summer; for the North-South East-West fast movement, slow moving speed.4, the classification of the frontCold front: cool air mass plays a leading role, pushing the front to the side of the radiator.The warm air mass: play a leading role, drive the front side to the cold air mass movement.Quasi: cold and warm fronts move slowly well-matched in strength. (corresponding to a line of shear on an aerial map)The occluded front: front catch the warm front, forcing the two front between the warm air lift off the ground, occluded into the air, the surface layer is composed of front and rear air before the air interface of the warm front.5. Frontal weather patterns: vertical motion near the front, as shown belowThe warm front: (A) on both sides of cold and warm air is rising.Cold front: a cold front (B diagram), the cold air side is sinking movement, warm air side is upward movementTwo type cold front (C diagram), the cold air side is sinking movement, the rising side of warm air movement is confined to the lower layer, and the upper layer is subsidence movement.6. Front weather1): warm weather stability.Cloud: Ci - Cs - As, layered NsPrecipitation and visibility: front continuous precipitation and frontal fog;Air pressure: 3H negative pressure warm front.Direction: the northern hemisphere: the warm front line is northwest - southeast direction, front E ~ SE ~ SW S front after the wind, the wind,The wind changes clockwise as the front passes.The southern hemisphere: the warm front line is southwest northeast direction, front E ~ NE wind, blowing wind front N ~ NW,The wind changes counterclockwise as the front passes.Wind force: the front wind is greater than the front.2) Leng Feng: divided into one or two types, Leng FengPressure: positive 3H pressure change occurs after front.Wind direction: Northern Hemisphere: cold front toward northeast - southwest, front blowing S ~ SW wind, front blowingN ~ NW wind,When the frontal line passes, the direction of the wind changes clockwise;Southern Hemisphere: cold front for the southeast - northwest direction, front blowing N ~ NW wind, the front blowing S ~ SW wind,When the frontal line passes, the wind direction changes counterclockwise.Wind force: the wind speed behind the front is often greater than the front wind speed.A cold front type (cold weather stability: amble)Cloud: Ns - As - Cs, layered CiPrecipitation and visibility: continuous precipitation after frontal and frontal fog;Type two cold front (rapid cold front): unstable weatherCloud: attack near the development of strong cumulonimbus (except in winter);Precipitation: thunderstorms, rainfall showers appear near the front (summer precipitation intensity for the front of the head)3) quasi: often by the cold front evolved, the stability of weather.Cloud: Ns - As - Cs, layered CiPrecipitation: continuous precipitation, the most extensive precipitation, rainfall intensity is weak, the longest duration.Direction: the northern hemisphere, on the north side of the quasi stationary front (high) general NE ~ E wind blowing, the South (low latitude) SW blowing wind.4) occluded front weather: the clouds thickened, precipitation enhancement, precipitation area expanded, on both sides of the frontal fog and precipitation line.7, judging from the graphics:1) figure 3-1-2: first, the low pressure is located in the northern and southern hemisphere, that is, at the center of the low pressure L, the frontal line is tilted upward to the southern hemisphere, and then downward to the northern hemisphere.Then according to the corresponding low pressure stroke clockwise direction to judge, the last observation towards the wind plume must point to the low pressure side of the isobars.2) Figure 13; look at what is the hemisphere, then according to the corresponding low pressure stroke reverse steering tojudge before two figure is wrong, for the two figure in the shear line to remember it is flanked by high pressure, and then according to the corresponding pressure stroke hemisphere clockwise turn to judge.Second frontal cycloneI. overview of cyclones (Cyclone) (equatorial areas cannot be replaced with low pressure)1. Definition: large horizontal air eddies, i.e., low pressure wind fields, counterclockwise rotation in the northern hemisphere, clockwise rotation of the southern hemisphere.2, range: the outermost a closed isobar diameter length that is generally around 1000km.3 intensity: the lower the center air pressure, the greater the central wind speed, the stronger the cyclone.The central pressure decreases with time; the cyclone develops or deepens (Deepening); as time goes up, the cyclones weaken or pack (Filling)(vertical direction is ascending movement, lower layer convergence > height divergence, filling, low convergence, upper divergence and deepening)Frontal cyclones are the most common cyclones in temperate zones,The central pressure is usually between 1010-970hpa and the minimum is below 920hpa.4, classification: according to geographical areas: extratropical cyclones and tropical cyclones.According to thermodynamic structure, frontal cyclone and no frontal cyclone. (without frontal cyclones, including tropical cyclones and thermal lows)5, through the cyclone (low pressure) wind direction changes: Northern Hemisphere, low latitude side, veering latitude; side wind reversal; contrary to the southern hemisphere.Two. Synoptic patterns and wind wave distribution characteristics of frontal cyclones1, frontal cyclone locations and weather characteristics (although actual frontal cyclones are irregular, but the examination is the following two chart standards, so it must be painted)The cyclone right (East) side to the front; the left (West) side to the rear.The figure is 3-2-1, the northern hemisphere frontal cyclone standard, and Tutu 3-2-2 is the frontal cyclone standard map of the southern hemisphereC area: the front of the cyclone (East) of the warm weatherCloud: Ci, Cs, As, Ns?. Precipitation: front continuous precipitation;Fog: front frontal fog often closer to the warm front pressure: pressure decreased significantly.Wind speed: increase, usually 4-6. Wind direction: E ~ SE wind in the northern hemisphere, E ~ NE wind in the southern hemisphere.A area: warm: warm front, in front of the cold front weatherCloud: easy to appear St, Sc. Precipitation: no rain or drizzle.Fog: advection fog occurs. Air pressure: basically stopped falling.Wind speed: generally not big, for the 7-8 stage wind direction: the northern hemisphere turns to S ~ SW wind, the southern hemisphere turns N ~ NW.B region: cold front weather in the back of the cyclone (West)Cloud: cold front Ns, As, Cs, Ci,, cold front, CbPrecipitation: a cold front type continuous precipitation, sometimes with frontal fog; type two cold front rainfall showers.Atmospheric pressure: cold front transit, the rapid recovery of atmospheric pressure.Wind speed: generally rapid increase, the sea often reached 6~9, the largest is 11-12.Wind direction: the northern hemisphere turns to N ~ NW wind, and the southern hemisphere changes from S to SW winds.D region: one side of the high latitude cyclone cold front weatherPrecipitation: continuous precipitation; Clouds: clouds are very thick, Ci, Cs, As, As, Ns,...Wind direction: the northern hemisphere, SE, E, NE, N, NW, counterclockwise, the southern hemisphere, NE, E, SE, S, SW, clockwise change.Air pressure: drop first and then rise.2. Characteristics of ships traversing cyclones from east to West* (if the problem is not mentioned in which side of the crossing, that from right to left across from east to west across.)1) the ship moves along the AB line from east to west, from the low latitude side of the cyclone center: the north side of the center of the northern hemisphere and the north side of the center of the southern hemisphereThe cloud order is: Ci, Cs, As, Ns, St (As), Cb?Air pressure: first drop, then flat, and then rise; temperature: first rise and then drop; visibility: first difference after good;Wind direction: clockwise change in the northern hemisphere; clockwise change in the southern hemisphere; wind: small and big at first2) ships along the CD line from east to west from the high latitude cyclone center side by the northern hemisphere center north; on the south side of the southern hemisphere center.When the CD line is near the center of the cyclone: the clouds are thick: Ci, Cs, As, Ns, AsPrecipitation is stronger: continuous precipitation.Wind direction: counterclockwise change in the northern hemisphere; clockwise change in the southern hemisphere.3, the characteristics of wind and wave distributionNorthern Hemisphere: the storm waves in the cyclone area are prominent on the north side of the south side, while the southwest of the low pressure center (South South West) is the largest at the 300~600 n mile.In the southern hemisphere: the storm waves in the cyclone area are prominent on the north side of the South and the north of the center of the Pacific Northwest (North West) at 300~600 nmile.Three, activity law1. Path: the movement of frontal cyclone is guided by the basic air flow of westerly belt and moves from west to East in general.Northern Hemisphere: NE directions; southern hemisphere: SE directions. (East Asia: into the Aleutian low; North America: Iceland into low pressure)2, speed: the primary stage of development and move fast, slow and occluded disappearing stage. The spring is moving fast and the summer is slow.3, the maximum intensity range, in winter, weakest in summer.4. The life history of frontal cyclonePrimary stage: a forward line swings,The formation of the cold and warm fronts, Frontal Precipitation began to appear.Stage of development: a number of closed isobar, further development of cold and warm fronts, frontal precipitation enhancement, area expansion, strong winds.The occluded stages: minimum air pressure, moving speed slowed down, the clouds thickened, on both sides of the precipitation, wind and to expand the scope of the largest.Phase of extinction: cyclone is out of line.5, the regeneration of frontal cyclone: regeneration of secondary cold front after regeneration; winter cyclone into the sea after two occluded cyclone with strengthening.6, strong frontal cyclone characteristics in the distribution of wind and wave is in the center of the asymmetric distribution, low latitude and high latitude is larger than the lateral side of the West than the east.The sea front cyclone, cyclone prevention should be aimed at different position: warm before rain; after the cold front wind; anti fog warm zone cyclone.The cause of the winter storm in middle latitudes of North Pacific: Aleutian low development, wave effect, large air sea temperature difference.。
非饱和土力学讲义(Fredlund在香港科大)chapter8ustmod
•The mechanical behavior of an unsaturated soil is directly affected by changes in the pore-air and pore-water pressures. Undrained loading of an unsaturated soil generates pore pressures in both the air and water phases.•This chapter presents the pore-pressures generated as a result of the application of total stresses to the soil.•The compressibility of air, water, and air-water mixtures is presented along with the compressibility of the soil structure which is summarized in the form of a constitutive relationship.•The pore pressure response is expressed in terms of pore pressure parameters, which relate the development of pore-pressures to a change in total pressure applied to a soil mass. These parameters perform a useful role in visualizing unsaturated soil behavior.•Estimated pore pressures are required at the start of a transient consolidation type analysis.•Comparisons between the predictions and measurements of pore pressures generated by applied loads are presented and discussed.•This chapter addresses pore pressures generated under various loading conditions.Additional notes:•During undrained compression of an unsaturated soil, volume change occurs as a result of the compression of air and to a lesser extent, compression of the water. Consequently, the pore-air and pore-water pressures increase.•Soil solids can be considered to be incompressible for the stress ranges commonly encountered in engineering practice.•The compressibility of a material at a point can be defined on the volume-pressure curve during compression.•Isothermal compressibility is defined as the volume change of a fixed mass with respect to a pressure change per unit volume at a constant temperature.Additional notes:•Isothermal compressibility of air is defined as the volume change of a fixed mass of air as the pressure is changed.•The volume versus pressure relationship for air during isothermal, undrained compression can be expressed using Boyle’s law, and the final air volume, V a ,is a function of the applied absolute air pressure,•Differentiating the volume of air, V a , with respect to the absolute air pressure, defines an expression for the infinitesimal volume change of air with respect to an infinitesimal change in the absolute air pressure.•Combining this equation with Boyle’s law permits expressing the volume of air derivative with respect to the absolute air pressure.•Air compressibility can then be written as the inverse of the absolute air pressure, since the incremental change in absolute air pressure is equal to the incremental change in the gauge pressure.•The air compressibility decreases as the absolute air pressure increases.Additional notes:a u•Water compressibility can be expressed as the product of the inverse of the water volume and the water volume change with respect to a change in the water pressure.•Water compressibility measurements (Dorsey, 1940) are also a function of temperature.•Dissolved air in water produces an insignificant difference between the compressibility of water.Additional notes:•The air phase, water phase, and solid phase volumetric relations in an unsaturated soil are as shown above.•The volumetric relations are used in the formulation of the compressibility of air-water mixtures found in an unsaturated soil mass.Additional notes:•The compressibility of an air-water mixture can be derived using directproportioning of the air and water compressibilities.•The air, water and solid volumetric relations can be described in terms of the degree of saturation, S , and a porosity, n,for an unsaturated soil.•The total volume of the air-water mixture is the sum of the individual components, V a + V w . The dissolved air, V d , is within the volume of water.•The pore-air and pore-water pressures are u a and u w , with u a > u w . The soil is subjected to a compressive total stress, σ.•Applying an infinitesimal increase in total stress, d σ, to the undrained soil results in increases in both pore-air and pore-water pressures, while the volumes of air and water decreases.•The compressibility of an air-water mixture for an infinitesimal increase in total stress can be written using total stress as a reference.Additional notes:•The compressibility of an air-water mixture presented in the previous slide is slightly different from the compressibility equation proposed by Fredlund (1976) in that the pore-water pressure change, du w , was used as the reference pressure in the 1976 compressibility equation.•The term [d(V w -V d )/d σ] is considered to be equal to dVw since the dissolved air is a fixed volume internal to the water.•The total volume of water, Vw , is therefore used in computing the compressibility ofwater [ i.e., C w = -(1/V w )(dV w /du w )].•The total air volume change can be obtained directly using Boyle’s law byconsidering the initial and final pressures and the volumetric conditions with respect to the air phase.•The free and dissolved air can be considered as one volume with uniform pressure, and although the volume of dissolved air is a fixed quantity, it is carried along in the formulation.•The chain rule of differentiation can be applied to the compressibility equation.Additional notes:•The compressibility of an air-water mixture equation can be rearranged in the form shown in the first equation in order to permit the use of the volume relations, S,and the expressions previously defined for air compressibility,C a ,and water compressibility,C w , to yields the second equation shown above.•The isothermal compressibility of air, C a ,is equal to the inverse of the absolute air pressure, and therefore a third equation can be written.•The ratio between the pore pressure and the total stress change,(du/d σ), is referred to as a pore pressure parameter (Skempton, 1954; and Bishop, 1954).•The pore pressures parameters for air and water are different and depend primarily upon the degree of saturation of the soil.•The pore pressure parameters can also be experimentally measured in laboratory.•For isotropic loading conditions, the parameter is called the B pore pressure parameter.•In the absence of soil solids, the pore pressures parameters, B a and Bw , are equal to 1.0. •In the presence of soil solids, the surface tension effects and the compressibility of air, will cause the B a and B w values to be less than 1.0.Additional notes:•Several equations for the compressibility of an air-water mixture have been proposed by researchers.•The above equation is obtained by ignoring the first term of the previous equation for air-water mixture compressibility (i.e., the water compressibility term) andsetting the Ba and Bwvalues to 1.0.•The result is an equation applicable to the case where the air phase constitutes a significant portion of the fluid, and is similar to the equation proposed by Bishop and Eldin(1950).•Bishop and Eldin(1950) assumed the compressibility of air with reference to the initial volume of air, Vao, as shown in the second equation above.•Such an assumption yields a slightly different equation for the air compressibility,C a , as expressed by the third equation above which gives the average aircompressibility, (uao /ua2) during an air absolute pressure change from uaoto ua.•Replacing the air compressibility term (i.e., 1 / ua ) with the average aircompressibility term [i.e., (uao /ua2)] yields the air-water compressibility equationproposed by Bishop and Eldin(1950), expressed as the fourth equation above.•The last equation was suggested by Koning(1963) by expressing the pore-air and pore-water pressure changes as a function of surface tension. The solubility of air in water and the effect of matric suction were neglected.Additional notes:•Kelvin’s equation [i.e., (u a -u w ) = 2T s /R s ] relates matric suction to surface tension and the radius of curvature.•Attempts have been made to use Kelvin’s equation in writing an equation for the compressibility of air-water mixtures (Schuurrman, 1966; Barends, 1979).•In particular, problems arise in the case of occluded air bubbles in a soil with adegree of saturation greater than 85 %.•Kelvin’s equation results in the incorporation of the radius curvature,R s , as avariable. However, R s ,is not measurable in a soil element.•Kelvin’s equation describes a microscopic phenomenon within the soil element.The radii of the occluded air bubbles should not be incorporated into amacroscopic type formulation for compressibility.•Figure 8.6b shows a soil that is almost saturated and has its macroscopic behavior governed by effective stress. At a microscopic level, there exists numerous inter-granular stresses acting at the contacts between the soil particles in the element.•The net results of attempts to apply Kelvin’s equation, togetherHenry’s laws, to the compressibility of an air-water mixture is that an anomalyarises from a theoretical point of view. Such a formulation predicts that anincrease in matric suction occurs as the total stress is increased under undrainedloading (Fredlund and Rahardjo, 1993).Additional notes:•Experimental results indicate that the pore-air and pore-water pressures gradually increase towards a single value as the matric suction approaches zero and the total stress is increased under undrained loading. The process is gradual and in response to several increments of total stress.•The above figure illustrates the development of air and water pore pressures as well as the changes in both the shape and volume of the air bubbles within an unsaturated soil during undrained loading, as the total stress is increased.•Non-spherical air bubbles in Zone 1 could provide an explanation to justify that the decrease in free air volume is not necessarily accompanied by a decrease in the controlling radius of curvature. The assumption is made that only the controlling minimum radius is of relevance in Kelvin’s equation.•The above figure shows that although the volume of the continuous air phase in Zone 1decreases due to an increase in the pore-air pressure from ua1to ua2,the controlling radiusmay increase from Rs1to Rs2,and therefore the matric suction decreases.•Nevertheless, the increase in total stress will eventually cause the air bubbles to take on a spherical form, as shown in Zone 2.•For spherical air bubbles, a decrease in volume must be followed by a decrease in the radius. In this case, the increase of matric suction postulated by Kelvin’s equation, cannot be resolved.•It would appear that the presence of air bubbles merely renders the pore-fluid compressible. Therefore, it is recommended that the pore-air and pore-water pressures be assumed to be equal in Zone 2.Additional notes:•The pore-pressure response for a change in total stress during undrained compression has been expressed in terms of pore-pressure parameters (i.e., B a and B w ), in previous sections.•In this section , derivations are presented for pore-pressure parameters corresponding to various loading conditions.•The pore pressure parameters for the air and water phases of an unsaturated soil can be defined either as tangent-type or secant-type parameters.•These definitions are similar in concept to the tangent and secant moduli used in the theory of elasticity.•Isotropic loading is a particular case of the more general triaxial loading and is used to express the definition of the secant pore pressure parameter for the air phase.•The secant-type pore-air pressure parameter (i.e., B a ’) is defined as the ratio between the increase in pore-air pressure (i.e., response) and the increase in isotropic pressure (i.e., σ3) from the initial condition.Additional notes:•The secant-type pore-water pressure parameter (i.e., B w ’) is defined as the ratio of the increase in pore-water pressure (i.e., response) to the increase in isotropic pressure (i.e., σ3) from the initial condition.•The secant-type parameter requires the definition of initial conditions for the soil specimen in terms of both pore-pressures and applied total stress.Additional notes:•If an infinitesimal increase in the isotropic confining pressure is considered at a point along the pore-air pressure versus isotropic confining stress, σ3, relationship,the pore-air pressure response at that point can be expressed as the tangent, B a ,pore-air pressure parameter.•Similarly, a tangent pore-water pressure parameter, B w , can be defined.•The concepts of secant and tangent-type pore-air and pore-water pressure parameters are illustrated on the next slide.Additional notes:•A linear equation for total volume changes within a localized region of the constitutive surface can be written as proposed by Fredlund and Morgenstern (1976).•The compressibility parameters, m 1s and m 2s ,correspond to changes in the stress state variables, (σ-u a ) and (u a -u w ), respectively.•Total volume changes can then be predicted by using the constitutive surfaces when changes in the stress state variables are known.Additional notes:•The linear equation for pore-air volume changes can be written as proposed by Fredlund and Morgenstern (1976).•The compressibility parameters, m 1a and m 2a ,correspond to changes in the stress state variables, (σ-u a ) and (u a -u w ), respectively.•Air volume changes can be predicted using the constitutive surfaces when changes in the stress state variables are known.Additional notes:•A linear equation for pore-water volume changes can be written as proposed by Fredlund and Morgenstern (1976).•The compressibility parameters, m 1w and m 2w , correspond to changes in the stress state variables (σ-u a ) and (u a -u w ), respectively.•Water volume changes can be predicted by using the constitutive surfaces when changes in the stress state variables are known.•The continuity requirement for a referential element of an unsaturated soil can be expressed by equating total volume change to the summation of the air volume and water volume changes.•This requirement leads to the conclusion that there are two closed-formrelationships between the compressibility.Additional notes:•The application of an all-around, positive (i.e., compressive) total stress, d σ, either in drained or undrained loading, can cause a change in volume.•In drained loading, air and water are allowed to drain from the soil subsequent to the application of a total stress increment. The stress state variables in the soil are altered and the volume of the soil changes.•The volume change can be computed from the stress state variable changes in accordance with the constitutive relationship for the soil structure.•In undrained loading, the air and water are not allowed to drain from the soil. The total stress increase causes the pore-air and pore-water pressures to increase, and consequently the stress state variables also change.•The increase in the pore fluid pressures occurs in response to a compression of the pore fluid.•The volume change equivalent to the pore fluid compression, dVv , can becomputed by multiplying the compressibility of air-water mixture, C aw , by thepore fluid volume V v (i.e., V w + V a = nV ) and the total stress increment, d σ.•The volume change can also be expressed in terms of the stress state variable [i.e., (σ-u a ) and (ua -u w )] changes in accordance with the constitutive relationships for the soil structure. The equation at the bottom of the slide is the volume change due to an increase in net total stress, d(σ-u a ).Additional notes:•An increase in the total stress results in an increase in pore fluid pressures (i.e., air and water) in response to compression of the pore fluids. Therefore,there is a reduction in matric suction since the increase in pore-water pressure is greater than the increase in pore-air pressure.•The volume change due to a decrease in matric suction can be expressed by the above equation.•The total volume change can then be written as the summation of the two previous volume changes due to the changes in the stress state variables (i.e., (dVv /V o )1and (dV v /V o )2].•The last equation expresses the volume change obtained from the constitutiverelationships and can be equated to the volume change due to pore fluid compression.•The concepts involving drained and undrained volume changes are illustrated on the next slide.Additional notes:•The increase in total stress results in an increase in net normal stress and a decrease in matric suction. The stress state variable changes can be used to define the volumetric changes in the unsaturated soil mass by using the constitutive relationships.•The above figure shows the comparison between undrained loading and drained loading by using the constitutive surfaces combined with changes in stress state variables due to an increase in total stress under undrained compression.Additional notes:•In a saturated soil, the pore voids are filled with water. The pore fluidcompressibility is equal to the compressibility of water.•At saturated conditions, a total stress increase, d σ, in undrained loading is almost entirely transferred to the water phase (i.e., du w ≈d σ) and the pore-water pressure parameter approaches 1.0.•The effective stress in undrained loading remains essentially constant, and as a consequence, the volume change computed from the constitutive relationship for the soil structure is extremely small as shown in Figure 8.11a.•The soil volume change obtained from the pore fluid compression is also small because of the low compressibility of water.•In a dry soil, the pore voids are primarily filled with air which is much more compressible than the soil structure.•A total stress change during undrained loading is almost entirely transferred to the soil structure.•Figure 8.11b above illustrates a dry soil under undrained loading which also illustrates that the pore-air pressure remains constant (i.e., the B parameter is essentially zero).Additional notes:•The K o loading conditions are illustrated in the above figure where the total stress increment is applied in the vertical direction.•The total stress increment is denoted as, d σ, and the vertical direction is assumed to be the major principal stress direction.Additional notes:•The volume change equation previously presented, associated the soil volume change of the soil structure to the volume change due to the pore fluid compression (i.e., under undrained loading).•Using K o loading conditions, the pore pressure parameter equation can be expressed by the above equation where the compressibility parameters correspond to K o loading.•The last two equations extend the compressibility of the air-water mixture,C aw , by substituting the change in total stress with the soil response in terms of pore pressures. •The first term of the compressibility equation (i.e., C aw equation) refers to thecompression of the pore-water phase and the second term refers to the compression of the pore-air phase.Additional notes:•The previous volume change equation can be rearranged to yield an expression for the change in the pore-water pressure, du w , in response to a total stress change, d σ.•In the last equation, the compressibility, m 2s ,has been written as a ratio of the compressibility with respect to a total stress change, m 1k s ,which gives rise to the parameter, R sk .Additional notes:•The previous equation can be simplified by introducing the compressibility parameters, R 1k and R 2k•There are two unknowns, du w and d σy , and therefore a second independent equation is required.•The second equation is derived by considering the change in the volume of air. •The change in volume is described by the constitutive relationship for the air phase which is equated to the volume change of air due to the compressibility of the air term multiplied by pore fluid volume (i.e., nV).•In this equation, the compressibility parameter, m 1k a ,is introduced.•In a similar procedure to that used for the soil structure, the last equation introduces the parameter R ak , that is defined as the ratio between the air phase compressibility, m2a ,and the air phase compressibility with respect to a total stress change, m 1k a .Additional notes:•The previous equation can be rewritten to give the change in pore-air pressure, du a , due to a total stress increment, d σy .•The expression can be simplified by introducing the ratio parameters, R 3k , and R 4k , as illustrated above.Additional notes:•The pore-air and pore-water parameters for Ko undrained loading can be written as B ak and B w k parameters, respectively. These pore-pressure parameters are defined as tangent-type parameters referenced to a particular stress point.•The expressions for du a and du w are from the previous equations where the pore-air and pore-water responses, at any stress point during Ko undrained loading, are a directfunction of the B ak and B w k pore pressure parameters.Additional notes:•Hilf (1948) outlined a procedure to compute the change in pore pressure in compacted earth fills as a result of an applied total stress. This method has been extensively used by the United States Bureau of Reclamation (i.e., U.S.B.R.), and has proven to be to be quite satisfactory in engineering practice (Gibbs et al, 1960).•The derivation is based on the results of a one-dimensional oedometer test on acompacted soil, Boyle’s law, and Henry’s law. A relationship between total stress and pore-water pressure is derived.•Hilf (1948) stated: “... consider a sample of moist earth compacted in a laboratory cylinder, as illustrated before. If a static load is applied by means of a tight-fitting piston , permitting neither air nor water to escape, it is found that there is a measurable reduction in volume of the soil mass”.•The reduction in volume was assumed to be the result of compression of free air and free air dissolving into water. Free and dissolved air are considered as a single phase.•The initial and final conditions considered in Hilf’s analysis are shown in the next slide. The total volume of air associated with the initial condition, Vao , can be writtenas shown above, with the first and second terms representing thefree and dissolved air volumes.•The air volume change can be written as a change in porosity, ∆n , times the initial volume of soil, V o ,. Therefore, the total volume of air under final conditions, V af , can be expressed by the above equation. •The final absolute air pressure is shown in the last equation.Additional notes:•Boyle’s law can be applied to the initial and final conditions of the free and dissolved air.•By substituting the initial and final air volumes into the above equation, andrearranging, it yields an expression for the change in the pore-air pressure as a function of the initial pore-air pressure.•The above equation for the change in absolute pore-air pressure is commonly referred to as Hilf’s equation, which provides a relationship between the change in pore-air pressure and the change in pore-air volume (i.e., ∆n ).•In order to reach saturation, the soil volume change, ∆Vv , must equal the volume offree air (i.e., (1-S o ) n o V o ). The change in porosity corresponding to this condition is expressed above (i.e., ∆n ).•Substituting the equation for a change in porosity, ∆n,into the equation for thechange in pore-air pressure, gives the absolute pore-air pressure change (i.e., increase) required to saturate a soil.Additional notes:•The previous equation for pore-air pressure change can be written in an alternate way form by replacing the change in porosity, ∆n,with (∆V v /V o ), which expresses the volume change due to the compression of air.•Assuming that the change in matric suction is negligible, the total volume change can also be obtained from the constitutive surfaces relationship [i.e., as a function of ∆(σv -u a )].•Near saturation, the soil compressibility parameter, m 1s ,can be assumed to be equal to the coefficient, m v ,measured under saturated conditions.Additional notes:•The pore-pressure parameter for K o undrained loading can be derived using Hilf’s analysis by equating the volume change of the soil structure to the volume change due to the compression of air.•The second equation in this slide shows the expression for the change in pore-air pressure, which is obtained by rearranging the first equation shown.•The secant pore pressure parameter, B áh , derived from Hilf’s analysis is thenexpressed as the third equation on the above slide.Additional notes:•For an isotropic soil under three-dimensional loading, the constitutive relationship for the soil structure is expressed by the above equation.•In the case of isotropic loading, the total stress increments are equal in all directions.Therefore, the constitutive relationship for an isotropic soil under isotropic loading can be written as the second equation.•The compressibility of the air-water mixture, C aw , is obtained from the previously shown equations by using the isotropic pressure increment, d σ3, for the total stress increment, d σ.•Volume change due to the pore fluid compression, dVv , is computed from thecompressibility, C aw equation multiplied by the pore fluid volume, V v (i.e., nV ), and the isotropic pressure increment, d σ3.Additional notes:•The change in volume of the soil structure must be equal to the change in volume due to pore fluid compression, as expressed by the first equation on this slide.•That equation can be rearranged to express the change in pore-water pressure, du w , as a function of the change in pore-air pressure and the change in total confining stress.•Another equation can be derived by considering the continuity of the air phase. The constitutive relationship for the air phase of an isotropic soil under three-dimensional loading can be written as the third equation above.•For isotropic loading, the constitutive relationship for the air phase of an isotropic soil is obtained by substituting the condition of ( d σ1 = d σ2 = d σ3). The result is the fourth equation.•Volume change due to the compression of air, dV a , is also represented by the fifth equation which is the second term of the pore fluid compression equation , dV v .•The last equation is obtained by equating the volume change due to thecompression of air to the volume change predicted by the constitutive relationship.Additional notes:•Solving the previous equation for the change in pore-air pressure, du a , results the first equation given above.•The compressibility of the soil structure, m 2s ,can be expressed as a ratio of m 1s , as shown by the R s parameter.•The expression for the pore-water pressure change can then be written as shown by the third equation, and simplified, by using the R 1and R 2parameters.Additional notes:•Solving the previous equation for the change in pore-air pressure, du a , results in the first equation given above.•In a similar manner, the compressibility, m 2a , can be related to the m1acompressibility coefficient by the ratio R a,as shown in the first equation.•The expression for the pore-air pressure change can then be written in the form presented in the second equation, and simplified by using the R 3and R 4parameters to give the form presented in the third equation on the slide.•Therefore, the pore pressure parameters B a (i.e., du a /ds 3) and B w (i.e., du a /ds 3) can be expressed as shown above.Additional notes:。
如何净化房内空气英语作文
Air purification is a critical aspect of maintaining a healthy and comfortable living environment.Here are some effective methods to purify the air inside your home:1.Ventilation:Regularly opening windows and doors allows fresh air to circulate, reducing the concentration of indoor pollutants.2.Houseplants:Certain plants,such as spider plants,peace lilies,and snake plants,are known to improve air quality by absorbing common pollutants.3.Air Purifiers:Investing in an air purifier with a HEPA filter can help remove dust, pollen,pet dander,and other airborne particles.e of Activated Carbon:Activated carbon is highly porous and can adsorb a wide range of pollutants,making it a useful tool for air purification.5.Proper Cleaning:Regular cleaning of surfaces,carpets,and upholstery can help reduce allergens and dust mites.6.Avoiding Chemical Products:Limit the use of aerosol sprays,air fresheners,and other products that release volatile organic compounds VOCs into the air.7.Humidity Control:Maintaining an optimal humidity level around4060%can prevent the growth of mold and mildew,which can affect air quality.8.Cooking Practices:Using exhaust fans while cooking can help remove smoke and odors from the kitchen,which can contribute to poor indoor air quality.9.No Smoking:Designating your home as a smokefree environment can significantly improve the air quality.10.Filtration Systems:Installing a wholehouse filtration system can help to filter out pollutants before they enter your living spaces.11.Proper Furnace and Air Conditioner Maintenance:Regular maintenance of your HVAC system can ensure that it is functioning efficiently and not contributing to poor air quality.cation:Being aware of the sources of indoor air pollution and understanding how to mitigate them is the first step in maintaining clean air.By implementing these strategies,you can significantly improve the air quality in your home,creating a healthier environment for you and your family.。
飞行员航空英语指南
飞行员航空英语指南English Answer.1. What is the purpose of the Pilot Aeronautical English Language Proficiency (PELP) Test?The Pilot Aeronautical English Language Proficiency (PELP) Test is a standardized test designed to assess the English language proficiency of pilots and other aviation professionals. By demonstrating their English language skills, individuals can meet the regulatory requirements for obtaining and maintaining a pilot license or certificate.2. Who is required to take the PELP Test?The PELP Test is typically required for pilots operating in international airspace or for those who work for airlines that have adopted English as the official language of communication. Specific requirements may varydepending on the country or regulatory authority.3. What are the different levels of PELP proficiency?The PELP Test measures proficiency in six language areas: pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, fluency, comprehension, and interactive communication. Proficiencyis assessed on a six-level scale, ranging from Level 1 (elementary proficiency) to Level 6 (expert proficiency).4. How is the PELP Test structured?The PELP Test consists of two parts: a written test and an oral test. The written test assesses grammar, vocabulary, and reading comprehension. The oral test evaluates pronunciation, fluency, interactive communication, and listening comprehension.5. What is the format of the written test?The written test is a multiple-choice exam thattypically consists of 50 to 100 questions. Candidates aregiven a time limit to complete the test, which may vary depending on the specific test provider.6. What is the format of the oral test?The oral test is typically conducted by a certified language examiner or a trained interlocutor. The examiner engages the candidate in a series of standardized role-playing exercises that simulate real-life aviation communication scenarios.7. How can I prepare for the PELP Test?There are various resources available to help candidates prepare for the PELP Test, including online study materials, textbooks, and practice tests. Candidates can also engage in self-study or seek professional language training to improve their English language skills.Chinese Answer.1.什么是飞行员航空英语语言能力(PELP)测试？飞行员航空英语语言能力(PELP)测试是一项标准化测试，旨在评估飞行员和其他航空专业人员的英语语言能力。
航海英语6050之--11船舶货运技术
B. the fresh water to be carried by a vessel
C. the allowance of fresh water for each crew member when in distress at sea
B. in
C. on
D. to
KEY: D
[2859]A quick and rapid motion of a vessel in a seaway is an indication of a(n) ______.
A. large GM
B. high center of gravity
KEY: D
[2861]A vessel is listed when it is ______.
A. down by the head
B. down by the stern
C. inclined due to off-center weight
D. inclined due to wind
D. at the geometric center of the underwater volume
KEY: A
[2870]At an angle of loll，the capsizing moment is ______.
A. maximum
B. negative
C. positive
KEY: C
[2874]Broken stowage must be reduced to ______.
空中航行专业英语资料
稀艾幽兮935395301.Thunderstorm: air that has a tendency toward instability;some type of lifting action; relatively high moisture content.2.Alcohol: alcohol numbs the brain in the area where ourthinking takes place, then proceeds to the area that controlsbody movement. Coordination is affected , eyes fail to focus,and hand lose their dexterity.3.Turn: the airplane is banked and back elevator pressure isapplied. This changes the direction of lift and increases theangle of attack on the wing, which increase the lift, theincrease lift pulls the airplane around the turn.4.Radar: transmitter, an antenna, receiver, an amplifier or a processor, and an indicator.5.Reciprocating: cylinders, pistons, crankshaft, connecting rod.6.four Strokes: intake, compression, power, exhaust.7.Turbojet: inlet, fuel injector, turbine, exhaustCompressor, combustion chamber, nozzle.Turboprop: propeller , gear box. Turbofan:secondary(primary)airstream, duct fan, outer nozzle.8.Pilotage is navigation by reference to landmarks or checkpointsDead reckoning is navigation solely by means ofcomputations based on time, airspeed, distance, and direction.9.Pitot-static: impact(static) pressure chamber and lines.10.SSR>PSR:Lower power of transmitter,employment of simplerand cheaper technology, insurance of a certainty of signalreturn unaffected by weather or other clutter factors, the abilityto separate and identify different target, and compute additional information without any radio telephony speech with pilots1.Flaps: enable the pilot to change the lifting characteristics of the wing and also to decrease the speed at which the wing stalls.2.CG: the point on the airplane at which all weight is consideredto be concentrated.3.Detum: an imaginary vertical plane or line from which all measurements of arm are taken.4.Variation: angle between true north and magnetic north.5.Gyroscope: turn coordinator* head indicator* attitude indicatorAction: Rigidity in space and precession.7.Stability: Positive Neutral Negative8.factor lateral stability: dihedral, sweepback, keel effect.nding Gear: Conventional; tricycle.10.Parasite drag: form drag, skin friction, interference drag.11.Control systems: (primary)elevator, aileron, rudder(secondary) trim tabs, wing flaps.12. Longitudinal axis---roll---ailerons ADS----automatic dependent surveillanceAMSS----aeronautical mobile satellite serviceA TC----air traffic controlA TM----air traffic managementA TN---- aeronautical telecommunication networkCNS----communication navigation surveillanceFIR----flight information region GNSS----global navigation satellite systemICAO----international civil aviation organizationIFR----instrument flight rulesILS----instrument landing systemMLS----microwave landing systemRNP----required navigationperformanceSSR----secondary surveillanceradarVFR---visual flight rulesILS--- instrument landing systemALT---altimeterVSI---vertical speed indicatorASI---air speed indicatorAtmospheric levels: troposphere;tropopause; stratosphere;mesosphere;thermosphereIn July 1900, Ferdinand von Zeppeli nbuilt and flew the world’s first rigidairship, the LZ-1.Name three great figures in aviationhistory : Leonardo daVinci(1452-1519),the great Italianartist. The Wright brothers.The relative wind for an aeroplane inflight flous in a direction parallel withand opposite to the direction of flight.This principle Bernoalli, which explainhow lift is created by an aeroplanewing is depicted in these threediagrams, fluid travelling throughconstriction in a pipe speeds up, and atthe same tine the pressure it ixerts anthe pipe decresses.(Sea level; Dry air; Elevation; Moistair; Cold winter day; Cold dry day atsea level; Hot summer day; Hot,humid day)And the flaps enable the pilot to changethe lifting characteristics of the wingand also to decrease the speed at whichthe wing stalls.Two basic types of landinggear:Coventional Landing Gear;Tricycle Landing Gear.Effect of Density Altirucle: Airdensity is Perhaps the single mostimportant factor affecting aeroplaneperformance. It has a direct bearing onthe lift generated by the wings.A stable aeroplane will tend to returnto the original condition of flight ifdisturbed by a force such as turbulentair.3Rotation:Rotion about the lateral axisis called pitch and is controlled by theelevators; Rotation about thelongitudinal axis is called roll and iscontrolled by the ailerons; Rotationabout the vercical axis is called yawand is controlled by the radder.Fig 3-5illastrates the centre of lift infront of the centre of gravity. Thisaeroplane would display negativestability and an undesirable pitch upmoment during flight.转变原理Turns: As previouslydiscussed, increaded load factors are acharacteristic of all banked turns. Loadfators become significant bankincreases beyond approximately 45度.The angle difference between TrueNorth and the direction indicated by themagnetic compass-excluding deviationerror is variation.The difference between the directionindicated by a magnetic compass notinstalled in an airplane, and oneinstalled in an airplane, is deviation.Vor ground stations transmit within aVHF frequency band of108.0~117.95MHz.燃油机四过程A, fuel mixture is drawninto cylinder by downward stroke. B.mixture is compressed by upwordstroke. C. sparkignites mixture forcingpiston downward and producing powerthat turns propeller D, burned gasspushed out of cylinded by upwordstroke.As stated earlider, primary radar worksby reflection, from an aircraft, of radiopulses transmitted by a radar station onthe ground.That is, it cancarry its own airborneequipment, know as a “transponder”,which is canpable of communicatingwith the ground based SSR system.In general, the ICAO CNS conceptallows for a judicious mix of satellitetechnology and the best of line of sightsystem to achieve an over all opimumresult.VHF voice is used for air trafficservices, and aeronautical operationalcontrol is accomplished via VHF datelink.The concept of required naviqationperformance (RNP) allows forflexibility in the selection of navigationequnipment.Hypotia ia a deficienly of oxygenwhich impairs brain functions and otherorgans.。
选矿专业英语词汇
.矿物加工工艺学（浮选部分）英文词汇floatation 浮选froth flotation 泡沫浮选direct flotation 正浮选reverse flotation 反浮选differential flotation 优先浮选bulk flotation 混合浮选fineness of grinding 磨矿细度fractionation,sizing 分级mineral wettability 矿物润湿性mineral flotability 矿物的可浮性equilibrium contact angle 平衡接触角three phase interface 三相界面hydrophobicity of mineral 矿物的疏水性hydrophilicity of mineral 矿物的亲水性foam adhesion泡沫附着ionic lattice 离子晶格covalence lattice共价晶格surface inhomogeneity 表面的不均匀性oxidation and dissolution 氧化与溶解oxidizing agent 氧化剂reducting agent 还原剂surface modification of mineral 矿物的表面改性electric double layer 双电层ionization 电离adsorption 吸附electrokinetic potential电动电位point of zero charge 零电点isoelectric point 等电点collecting agent 捕收剂semi micelle adsorption 半胶束吸附exchange adsorption 交换吸附competitive adsorption 竞争吸附specific adsorption 特性吸附modifying agent 调整剂depressant 抑制剂activating agent 活化剂foam, froth 泡沫frother 起泡剂hydrophilic group 亲水基团liberation degree 解离度polar group 极性基团nonpolar group 非极性基团sulphide ore 硫化矿oxidized mineral 氧化矿物矿物加工工艺学（重选部分）英文词汇(1)gravity concentration/ gravity separation 重力选矿(2)Abkhazite 透闪石棉(3)Amiantus 石棉(4)meerschaum 海泡石(5)menachanite 钛铁砂(6)talcum 滑石(7)taraspite 白云石(8)preconcentration矿石预选(9)Acclivity 斜面(10)airborne dust 大气浮尘(11)air conveying 风力输送(12)amplitude of vibration 振幅(13)ancillary mineral 伴生矿物(14)apparent viscosity 视粘度(15)artificial bedding 人工床层(16)attle充填料；废屑；矿渣;废石(17)average grain diameter 平均粒径(18)axial motion 轴向运动(19)backwash water 冲洗水(20)backwater筛下水(21)barite 菱镁蛇纹岩(22)barren rock 脉石矿物加工工艺学（磁电选矿部分）英文词汇Mineral Processing Technology 矿物加工工艺学Principle of magnetic separation 磁选原理Magnetic force 磁力Ratio magnetic force 比磁力Compete force 竞争力Mineral magnetism 矿物的磁性Atomic magnetism moment 原子磁矩Molecular magnetism moment 分子磁矩Magnetization & magnetic field 磁化和磁化磁场Magnetization intensity 磁化强度Ratio susceptibility 比磁化系数Diamagnetism 逆磁性Paramagnetism 顺磁性Ferromagnetism 铁磁性Magnetic domain 磁畴Revers ferromagnetism 反铁磁性Subferromagnetism 亚铁磁性Coercive force 矫顽力Remanence 剩磁Magnetization roasting 磁化焙烧Deoxidization roasting 还原焙烧Midlle roasting 中性焙烧Oxidation roasting 氧化焙烧Siderite 菱铁矿Hematite 赤铁矿Magnetite 磁铁矿Unhydrophite magnetization 疏水磁化Magnetic process equipment 磁选设备Feebleness magnetic separation machine 弱磁场磁选机Dry magnetic separation machine 干式磁选机Wet feebleness magnetic separation machine 湿式弱磁场磁选机High magnetic separation machine 强磁场磁选机High grads magnetic sparation machine 高梯度磁选机Supercondduct magnetic separation 超导电选Concentrator 选矿机Electrity process 电选Electrity concentrator 电选机Static separation 静电选矿Air-ionization separation 电晕分选Friction electric separation 摩擦电选Magnetic process practice 磁选实践Nonmetal ore 非金属矿Diamond process 金刚石选矿Heavy medium reclaim 重介质回收Primary concentrate 粗精矿Graphite gangue 石墨尾矿Kaolin magnetic process 高岭土磁选Block metal ore 黑色金属矿石Manganese ore magnetic process 锰矿石磁选Coloured metal & rare metal 有色金属和稀有金属Ilmenite 钛铁矿Rutile 金红石Zircon 锆英石Electric process practice 电选实践Tungstate 钨酸盐cassiterite 锡石hematite . 赤铁矿gangue 脉石,废石,矸石magnet .磁铁,磁体,磁石conductor mineral 导体矿物silicate 硅酸盐diatomite 硅藻土hysteresis 磁滞现象magnetic core . 磁铁芯winding 绕组,线圈medium 介质electrophoresis 电泳screening 筛分magnetic field 磁场flux 磁通量ferromagnet 铁磁物质ferromagnetism 铁磁性reunite 团聚magnetic system 磁系magnetic agitate 磁搅动permanent magnet 永久磁铁solenoid magnet 螺管式磁铁pyrite .黄铁矿,硫铁矿limonite 褐铁矿reluctivity 磁阻率conduct 传导induce .诱导,感应,归纳astrict 束缚charge 电荷electric field .电场interfacial 界面的,面间的magnetism 吸引力electrode 电极,电焊条,电极Strontium & iron oxid 锶铁氧体Periodic magnetic field 交变磁场Pulsant magnetic field 脉动磁场Saturation 饱和stainless steel material 不锈钢材料polar distance 极距mica 云母quarte 石英stimulate magnetism 激磁magnetism circuit 磁路magnetic line of force 磁力线commutate quality 整流性Flatation reagent professional wordsAbsorption 吸收Absorption band 吸收光谱带Abstract 抽出，提取Abundance 丰富，丰度Accelerant 促进剂Acceptance 验收，接收Accumulate 积累，聚集Accuracy 准确度Acctate 醋酸盐Acctamide 乙酰胺Acid 酸，酸的Acid anion 酸性阴离子Acidation 酸化Acid depression 加酸抑制Acid hydrolysis 加酸水解Acintol 妥尔油制品Acrylic amide丙烯酰胺Activate 活化Activated adsorption活性吸附Activated molecule 活化分子Activated effect 活化作用Activator 活化剂，活性剂Acto 精制石油磺酸钠Acylamide 酰胺矿物加工工艺常用词汇(一)1选矿-Mineral separation (ore dressing) 2设计-Design3工艺-Process (craftwork) 4初步设计-Initiative(preliminary) design5流程-Flow(circuit) 6流程图-flowchart7施工设计-working design 8设计方案-design project9粉碎-comminution 10 磨矿-grinding11浮选-flotation 12脱水-dehydration13干燥车间-drying shop 14尾矿-tailing15精矿-concentrate 16中矿-middles17精选-concentration 18粗选-first concentration20选矿机-concentrator 21矿浆ore pulp22分级-classification 22磨矿-grinding23磨矿机-grinding mills 24筛分-screen25粉碎-crush 26筛分机-screener27粉碎机-crusher 28颚式粉碎机-jaw crusher29圆锥粉碎机-cone crusher 30冲击式粉碎机impact crusher 31辊式粉碎机-crusher rolls 32球磨机-ball mill33棒磨机-rod mill 34自磨机-autogenous mills35震动筛-vibratory screener 36分级机-classification equipment 37浮选-flotation 38浮选机-flotation equipment39重选- gravity concentration40特殊选-special selection 41 浮选柱-flotation column 42脱水机-spin-drier43干燥机-drier 44总图-general chart45配置-deploy 46运输-transport47环境保护-environment protect 48场址-field location(site)49布置-lay 50设计资料-design information 51粉碎流程-comminution flow 52磨矿流程-grinding flow(circuit) 53浮选流程-flotation flow 54金属矿-metallic mines55非金属矿-non-metallic mines 56闭路-close circuit(loop)57闭路流程-close flow 58开路-cut circuit（loop）59开路流程-cut flow 60废水-liquid waste61粉尘-powder 62噪声-yawp63污染-contamination 64沉淀-form sediment65净化-decontaminate 66输送-transportation67矿石-ore 68物料-material69给矿-feed ores 70给料-feed stuff71设备-equipment 72方案-project73标高-elevation 74通道-passage75维修-maintain 76检查-check77操作-operation 78化验-test、assay79检测-examine 80坡度-gradient81起重机-crane 82堆积-accumulation83细粒-granule、fine 84粗粒-coarse85尾矿坝-tailing dam 86矿仓-feed bin（storehouse）87粉矿仓-crushing pocket 88产品仓-product bin(storehouse)89砂泵-pump 90立式泵-stand pump91卧式泵-horizontal pump 92耐酸泵-acid-proof pump93耐碱泵-alkali-resistant pump 94勘察-reconnaissance95地形-landform 96工程-engineering97设计步骤design process 98规模-scale99选矿厂-concentrating mill 100设计内容design content(二)1 comminution-粉碎2 comminution engineering-粉碎工程3粉碎机-comminuter 4粉碎动力学-comminution kinetics5筛分曲线图-screen analysis chart 6筛孔-screen aperture7筛面-screen area 8筛条screen bar9筛框-screen box 10筛选厂-screen building11筛分机生产能力screen capacity 12筛分槽-screen cell13筛布-screen cloth 14筛分screen classification15筛孔-screen hole 16筛分车间-screenhouse17筛分分析-screen analysis 18滚筒筛-screening-drum19筛分效率-screening efficiency 20筛分速率-screening rate21筛网-screen mesh 22筛制、筛比、筛序-screen scale 23筛孔尺寸-screen size 24套筛-screen set25筛序-screen size gradation 26筛余物screen tailings27筛下产品-screen throughs(underflow.undersize) 28可碎性crushability 29可碎性系数-crushability factor 30碎矿仓-crushed ore pocket31粉碎产品-crushed product 32粉碎粒度-crusher size33粉碎腔-crushing cavity 34粉碎厂-crushing plant35粉碎系数-crushing coefficient 36粉碎工段-crushiong section37助磨剂-grinding aid 38磨球-grinding ball39 磨矿负荷-grinding charge 40磨矿效率-grinding efficiency41磨矿-grinding ore 42磨砾-grinding pebble43磨碎能力-grinding property 44研磨试验grinding test45磨矿设备-grinding unit 46磨矿速度-grinding rate47磨矿功率-grinding power 48磨矿车间-grinding plant49可磨性-grindability 50可磨性指数-grindability index51可磨性指标-grindability rating 52可磨性试验-grindability test53研磨工-grinder 54磨工车间-grindery55磨矿动力学-grinding kinetics 56粉碎能-crushing energy57粉碎机给矿口-crushing mouth 58粉碎面-crushing face59粉碎力-crushing force 60粉碎机进料口-crusher throat61筛分动力学-screen kinetics 62选厂矿仓-mill bin63 选厂中矿mill chats 64选厂配置mill configuration65磨过的矿石-milled ore 66磨机给料-mill feeder67选厂给矿-mill-head 68研磨作用-milling action69磨机衬里mill liner 70入选品位milling grade71入选品位矿石milling-grade ore 72磨矿机milling-grinder73细碎、精磨-milling grinding 74磨矿介质-milling medium75磨矿法-milling method 76选矿作业-milling operation77选矿厂-milling plant 78选厂矿泥-milling slime79选厂厂址-mill site 80磨机负荷-mill load81选矿工（工长）millan 82磨机需用功率-mill power draft 83选矿质量控制mill puality control 84选矿取样-mill sampling85磨机外壳-mill shell 86磨机矿浆-mill slurries87磨石-millstone 88选矿厂储矿仓mill-storage89选厂尾矿-mill tail 90选矿用水-mill water91磨矿机溶液-mill solution 92选矿厂建筑师-millwright93分级沉淀-class setting 94矿粉-mineral fine95分级-classification 96分级溢流-classifier overflow97分级返砂-classifier sand 98分级机-classifier99分级筛-classifying screen 100分级箱-classifying box(三)1品位-grade 2精矿品位-concentrate grade3尾矿品位-tailing grade 4尾矿场-tail area(pile)5尾矿仓-tailing bin 6尾矿滤饼-tailing cake7尾矿坝-tailing dam 8尾矿池-tailing pond(pit)9取样-taking cut(sampling) 10滑石talc11蓝晶石-talc blue 12 试样缩分-sample division13 分样器-sample divider 14精矿取样-concentrate sampling15中矿取样-middles sampling 16尾矿取样-tailing sampling17浓缩-thickening 18精矿浓缩-concentrate thickening19选矿流程-concentrating circuit 20精选机-concentrating mcching21试样缩分-sample reduction (splitting) 22矿物组成-mineralcomposition23矿物组分-mineral constituent 24矿床-mineral depost25矿物-mineral 26选矿方法mineral dressing method27选矿厂-concentrating mill 28选矿ore dressing,mineral separation29矿物分析-mineral analysis 30矿物组合-mineral association31 试样袋-sample sack 32矿床-deposit33矿物岩相facies 34矿物纤维-mineral fiber35固、气界面-mineral-air interface 36固、液界面-mineral-water interface37固、气、液接触mineral-air-water contact 38矿物颗粒-grain39矿物鉴定-mineral identification 40矿物资源-interest41矿物解离-mineralliberation 42矿物特性mineral character43矿物储量-mineral reserve 44矿物（成分）检验mineral logical examination 45扑收剂-Minerec,flotigan, 46精矿回收率concentrate recovery47中矿回收率middles recovery 48精选concentration49附着精矿气泡concentratr-loaded bubble 50精选机-concentrating maching51分选判据-concentration criterion 52富集比-concentration factor53选矿摇床-concentration table 54选厂流程concentrator flow5选厂流程图concentrator flow sheet 56试样品位-sample grade57絮凝剂-flocculant 58絮凝-floculate59絮凝物-flocs 60絮凝浮选floc flotation61絮凝作用flocculation 62浮选机flotation unit63浮选剂- flotation agent 64整排浮选机flotation bank65浮选槽- flotation cell 66浮选能力flotation capacity67浮选精矿- flotation concentrate 68浮选尾矿flotation rejects69浮选中矿- flotation middles 70浮选设备flotation equipment71浮选泡沫-flotation froth 72浮选动力学flotation kinetics73浮选浸出法- flotation leaching method 74浮选厂flotation mill75浮选油-flotation oil 76浮选矿浆- flotation pulp77浮选速度-flotation rate 78浮选试验flotation test79单槽浮选机- flotation unit cell 80浮选摇床- flotation table81摇床浮选- flotation tabling 82起泡剂Flotol83流程图-flow line 84工艺流程图-flow process chart (flow sheet) 85可选（洗）性-washability 86可选性特性- washability characteristic 87可选性曲线- washability curve 88可选性指数- washability number89可选性试验- washability test 90可浮性-flotability91可浮性曲线-flotability curve 92粒度特性-granularity93粒度分级试验grading test 94结构-texture95构造-tectonic(structural) 96致密结构-compact texture97斑状结构porphyritic texture 98 粒度分析-granularmetric analysis99采样-sample collecting 100分样器-sample divider。