经济学原理4
曼昆经济学原理第四版课后习题中文答案_百度文库
产大量物品与劳务，才能使本国居民享有在国际贸易环境下的高生活水平。
2．假定社会决定减少消费并增加投资。
A．这种变化会如何影响经济增长?答：当社会决定减少消费并增加投资时，会使社会的储蓄增加，更多的资源用于生产资本品，结果，资本存量增加，引起生产率提高和 GDP 增长得更为迅速。
B．哪些社会群体会从这种变化中获益?哪些集团会受到损害?答：拥有资本品的人会从这种变化中获益，如拥有较多的物质资本和人力资本的人。
而那些依靠政府援助的人将从这种变化中受损，因为社会减少了现期物品与劳务的消费。
3．社会选择把多少资源用于消费和把多少资源用于投资。
这些决策中的一部分涉及私人支出；另一些涉及政府支出。
A．说明代表消费的一些私人支出形式，以及代表投资的一些私人支出形式。
国民收入账户把学费作为消费支出的一部分。
按你的看法，把资源用于教育是一种消费的形式，还是一种投资的形式。
答：如家庭购买食物和服装是消费的私人支出形式，而个人购买新住房、企业对厂房和设备的投资是代表投资的私人支出形式。
资源用于教育即可以看作是一种消费的形式，也可以看作是一种投资的形式。
B．说明代表消费的一些政府支出形式，以及代表投资的一些政府支出形式。
按你的看法，我们应该把政府用于医疗计划的支出作为一种消费的形式，还是投资的形式？你能区分青年人的医疗计划和老年人的医疗计划吗？答：社会保险、国防和退伍军人津贴等是代表消费的一些政府支出形式，政府修筑铁路、核电站是代表投资的一些政府支出形式。
政府用于医疗计划的支出是一种对人力资本的投资。
与老年人的医疗计划相比，青年人的医疗计划更接近对人力资本的投资。
4．投资于资本的机会成本是什么？你认为一国有可能对资本“过度投资”吗？人力资本投资的机会成本是什么？你认为一国可能对人力资本“过度投资”吗？解释之。
答：投资于资本的机会成本是牺牲现期的物品和劳务的消费。
一国有可能对资本“过度投资”。
人力资本投资也有机会成本。
当学生上学时．他们放弃了他们本可以赚到的收入。
曼昆_经济学原理答案_英文版chp4
Chapter 4The market forces of supply and demandSolutions to text problemsQZ What is a market? What does it mean for a market to be competitive? (page 60)A market is a group of buyers (who determine demand) and a group of sellers (who determine supply) of a particular good or service. A competitive market is one in which there are many buyers and many sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market price.QZ List the determinants of the demand for pizza. Give an example of a demand schedule for pizza, and graph the implied demand curve. Give an example of something that would shift this demand curve. Would a change in the price of pizza shift this demand curve? (page 66)The determinants of the quantity of pizza demanded should include price, income, prices of related goods, tastes, expectations and the number of buyers.Here is an example of a demand schedule for pizza:Price of pizza slice Number of pizza slices demanded$0.00 100.25 90.50 80.75 71.00 61.25 51.50 41.75 32.00 22.25 12.50 0The demand curve is graphed in Figure 4.1.Figure 4.1Chapter 4: The market forces of supply and demand 31Examples of things that would shift the demand curve include changes in income, prices of related goods like soft drink or hot dogs, tastes, and expectations about future income or prices.A change in the price of pizza would not shift this demand curve; it would only move from one point to another along the curve.QZ List the determinants of the supply of pizza. Give an example of a supply schedule for pizza, and graph the implied supply curve. Give an example of something that would shift this supply curve. Would a change in the price of pizza shift this supply curve? (page 71)The determinants of the quantity of pizza supplied include the price of pizza, the prices of inputs into pizza production, the technology for producing pizza, expectations about things like the future price of pizza and the number of suppliers of pizza.Here is an example of a supply schedule for pizza:Price of pizza slice Number of pizza slices supplied$0.00 00.25 1000.50 2000.75 3001.00 4001.25 5001.50 6001.75 7002.00 8002.25 9002.50 1000The supply curve is graphed in Figure 4.2.Figure 4.232 Principles of Economics, Third edition, Instructor’s ManualExamples of things that would shift the supply curve include changes in prices of inputs like tomato sauce and cheese, changes in technology like more efficient pizza ovens or automatic dough makers, and changes in expectations about the future price of pizza.A change in the price of pizza would not shift this supply curve; it would only move from one point to another along the curve.QZ Analyse what happens to the market for pizza if the price of tomatoes rises. Analyse what happens to the market for pizza if the price of hamburgers falls. (page 75)If the price of tomatoes rises, the supply curve for pizza shifts to the left because of the increased price of an input into pizza production, however there is no effect on demand. The shift to the left of the supply curve causes the equilibrium price to rise and the equilibrium quantity to decline, as Figure 4.3 shows.Figure 4.3Chapter 4: The market forces of supply and demand 33 If the price of hamburgers falls, the demand curve for pizza shifts to the left because the lower price of hamburgers will lead consumers to buy more hamburgers and less pizza, but there is no effect on supply. The shift to the left of the demand curve causes the equilibrium price to fall and the equilibrium quantity to decline, as Figure 4.4 shows.Figure 4.434 Principles of Economics, Third edition, Instructor’s ManualQuestions for review (page 79)1 A competitive market is a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers so that each has anegligible impact on the market price.2The quantity of a good that buyers demand is determined by the price of the good, income, the prices of related goods, tastes, expectations and the number of buyers.3The demand schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded. The demand curve is the downward-sloping line relating price and quantity demanded. The demand schedule and demand curve are related because the demand curve is simplya graph showing the points in the demand schedule.4The demand curve slopes downward because of the law of demand—other things equal, when the price of a good rises, the quantity demanded of the good falls. People buy less of a good when its price rises, both because they can't afford to buy as much and because they switch to purchasing other goods.5 A change in consumers' tastes leads to a shift of the demand curve. A change in price leads to amovement along the demand curve.6The quantity of a good that sellers supply is determined by the price of the good, input prices, technology, expectations and the number of suppliers.7 A supply schedule is a table showing the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity aproducer is willing and able to supply. The supply curve is the upward-sloping line relating price and quantity supplied. The supply schedule and the supply curve are related because the supply curve is simply a graph showing the points in the supply schedule.8The supply curve slopes upward because when the price is high, suppliers' profits increase, so they supply more output to the market. The result is the law of supply—other things equal, when the price of a good rises, the quantity supplied of the good also rises.9 A change in producers' technology leads to a shift in the supply curve. A change in price leads to amovement along the supply curve.10The equilibrium of a market is the point at which the demand and supply curves intersect. At the equilibrium price, the quantity of the good that buyers are willing and able to buy exactly balances the quantity that sellers are willing and able to sell. If the price is above the equilibrium price, sellers want to sell more than buyers want to buy, so there is a surplus. Sellers try to increase their sales by cutting prices; that continues until they reach the equilibrium price. If the price is below theequilibrium price, buyers want to buy more than sellers want to sell, so there is a shortage. Sellers can raise their price without losing customers; that continues until they reach the equilibrium price. 11When the price of beer rises, the demand for pies declines, because beer and pies are complements and people want to buy less beer. When we say the demand for pies declines, we mean that the demand curve for pies shifts to the left as in Figure 4.5 below. The supply curve for pies isn'taffected. With a shift to the left in the demand curve, the equilibrium price and quantity both decline, as the figure shows. Thus the quantity of pies supplied and demanded both fall. In summary, supply is unchanged, demand is decreased, quantity supplied declines, quantity demanded declines, and the price falls.Chapter 4: The market forces of supply and demand 35Figure 4.512 Prices play a vital role in market economies because they bring markets into equilibrium. If the priceis different from its equilibrium level, quantity supplied and quantity demanded aren't equal. The resulting surplus or shortage leads suppliers to adjust the price until equilibrium is restored. Prices thus serve as signals that guide economic decisions and allocate scarce resources.Problems and applications (page 80)1 a The cyclone damages the banana harvest, reducing the supply of bananas. This can be seen inFigure 4.6 as a shift to the left in the supply curve for bananas. The new equilibrium price is higher than the old equilibrium price. Figure 4.6P r i c e o f p i e sQuantity of bananasP r i c e o f b a n a n a sQuantity of pies36 Principles of Economics, Third edition, Instructor’s Manualb People often go to the pictures during school holidays so demand for picture tickets is highduring school holidays. When school holidays end, fewer people go to the pictures. The result, as shown in Figure 4.7, is a shift to the left in the demand curve. The equilibrium price of picture tickets is thus lower when school holidays end, as the figure shows. Figure 4.7c When a war breaks out in the Middle East, many markets are affected. Since much oilproduction takes place there, the war disrupts oil supplies, shifting the supply curve for petrol tothe left, as shown in Figure 4.8. The result is a rise in the equilibrium price of petrol. With a higher price for petrol, the cost of operating a big car, like a Ford Falcon, will increase. As a result, the demand for used Ford Falcons will decline, as people in the market for cars won't find Falcons as attractive. In addition, some people who already own Falcons will try to sell them. The result is that the demand curve for used Falcons shifts to the left, while the supply curve shifts to the right, as shown in Figure 4.9. The result is a decline in the equilibrium price of used Falcons.Figure 4.8Quantity of theatre tickets P r i c e o f t h e a t r e t i c k e t sP r i c e o f p e t r o l Quantity of petrolChapter 4: The market forces of supply and demand 37Figure 4.92 The statement that ‘an increase in the demand for notebooks raises the quantity of notebooksdemanded, but not the quantity supplied’ is false, in general. As Figure 4.10 shows, the increase in demand for notebooks results in an increased quantity supplied. The only way the statement would be true is if the supply curve were perfectly inelastic, as shown in Figure 4.11. Figure 4.10P r i c e o f u s e d F o r d F a l c o n sQuantity of used Ford Falcons38 Principles of Economics, Third edition, Instructor’s ManualFigure 4.113 a If people decide to have more children (a change in tastes), they'll want larger vehicles forhauling their kids around, so the demand for station wagons will increase. Supply won't be affected. The result is a rise in both price and quantity, as Figure 4.12 shows. Figure 4.12Quantity of Station WagonsP r i c e o f S t a t i o n W a g o n sChapter 4: The market forces of supply and demand 39b If a strike by steelworkers raises steel prices, the costs of producing a station wagon rise (a risein input prices), so the supply of station wagons decreases. Demand won't be affected. The result is a rise in the price of station wagons and a decline in the quantity, as Figure 4.13 shows.Figure 4.13c The development of new automated machinery for the production of station wagons is animprovement in technology. The reduction in firms' costs results in an increase in supply. Demand isn't affected. The result is a decline in the price of station wagons and an increase in the quantity, as Figure 4.14 shows.Figure 4.14d The rise in the price of minivans affects station wagon demand because minivans are substitutesfor station wagons (that is, there's a rise in the price of a related good). The result is an increase in demand for station wagons. Supply isn't affected. In equilibrium, the price and quantity of station wagons both rise, as Figure 4.12 shows.P r i c e o f S t a t i o n W a g o n sQuantity of Station WagonsP r i c e o f S t a t i o n W a g o n sQuantity of Station Wagonse The reduction in peoples' wealth caused by a stock market crash reduces their income, leading toa reduction in the demand for station wagons, since station wagons are a normal good. Supply isn’t affected. As a result, both price and quantity decline, as Figure 4.15 shows. Figure 4.154 Technological advances that reduce the cost of producing computer chips represent a decline in aninput price for producing a computer. The result is a shift to the right in the supply of computers, as shown in Figure 4.16. The equilibrium price falls and the equilibrium quantity rises, as the figure shows. Figure 4.16Quantity of Station WagonsP r i c e o f S t a t i o n W a g o n sSince computer software is a complement to computers, the increased equilibrium quantity of computers increases the demand for software. As Figure 4.17 shows, the result is a rise in both the equilibrium price and quantity of software.Figure 4.17Since typewriters are substitutes for computers, the increased equilibrium quantity of computers reduces the demand for typewriters. As Figure 4.18 shows, the result is a decline in both theequilibrium price and quantity of typewriters.Figure 4.185 a When an outbreak of ‘foot and mouth’ disease hits sheep farms in New Zealand, it raises inputprices for producing woollen jumpers. As a result, the supply of woollen jumpers shifts to the left, as shown in Figure 4.19. The new equilibrium has a higher price and lower quantity of woollen jumpers. Figure 4.19b A decline in the price of leather jackets leads more people to buy leather jackets, reducing thedemand for woollen jumpers. The result, shown in Figure 4.20, is a decline in both theequilibrium price and quantity of woollen jumpers.Figure 4.20Quantity of woollen jumpers P r i c e o f w o o l l e n j u m p e r sQuantity of woollen jumpersP r i c e o f w o o l l e n j u m p e r sc Kylie wearing a woollen jumper raises the demand for woollen jumpers, as shown in Figure4.21. The result is an increase in both the equilibrium price and quantity of woollen jumpers. Figure 4.21d The invention of new knitting machines increases the supply of woollen jumpers. As Figure 4.22shows, the result is a reduction in the equilibrium price and an increase in the equilibriumquantity of woollen jumpers.Figure 4.22P r i c e o f W o o l l e n J u m p e r sQuantity of Woollen Jumpers Quantity of Woollen JumpersP r i c e o f W o o l l e n J u m p e r s6 A temporarily high birth rate in the year 2005 leads to opposite effects on the price of babysittingservices in the years 2010 and 2020. In the year 2010, there are more 5-year-olds who need sitters, so the demand for babysitting services rises, as shown in Figure 4.23. The result is a higher price for babysitting services in 2010. However, in the year 2020, the increased number of 15-year-olds shifts the supply of babysitting services to the right, as shown in Figure 4.24. The result is a decline in the price of babysitting services.Figure 4.23Figure 4.247Since tomato sauce is a complement for hot dogs, when the price of hot dogs rises, the quantity demanded of hot dogs falls, thus reducing the demand for tomato sauce, causing both price and quantity of tomato sauce to fall. Since the quantity of tomato sauce falls, the demand for tomatoes by tomato sauce producers falls, so both price and quantity of tomatoes fall. When the price of tomatoes falls, producers of tomato juice face lower input prices, so the supply curve for tomato juice shifts down, causing the price of tomato juice to fall and the quantity of tomato juice to rise. The fall in the price of tomato juice causes people to substitute tomato juice for orange juice, so the demand for orange juice declines, causing the price and quantity of orange juice to fall. Now you can see clearly why a rise in the price of hot dogs leads to a fall in price of orange juice!8 a Cigars and chewing tobacco are substitutes for cigarettes, since a higher price for cigaretteswould increase demand for cigars and pipe tobacco.b An increase in the tax on cigarettes leads to increased demand for cigars and pipe tobacco. Theresult, as shown in Figure 4.25 for cigars, is a rise in both the equilibrium price and quantity of cigars and pipe tobacco.Figure 4.25c The results in part (b) showed that a tax on cigarettes leads people to substitute cigars and pipetobacco for cigarettes when the tax on cigarettes rises. To reduce total tobacco usage,policymakers might also want to increase the tax on cigars and pipe tobacco, or pursue sometype of public education program.9Quantity supplied equals quantity demanded at a price of $6 and quantity of 81 pizzas (Figure 4.26).If price were greater than $6, quantity supplied would exceed quantity demanded, so suppliers would reduce their price to gain sales. If price were less than $6, quantity demanded would exceed quantity supplied, so suppliers could raise their price without losing sales. In both cases, the price would continue to adjust until it reached $6, the only price at which there is neither surplus nor shortage. Figure 4.2610 a If the price of flour falls, since flour is an ingredient in bagels, the supply curve for bagels wouldshift to the right. The result, shown in Figure 4.27, would be a fall in the price of bagels and arise in the equilibrium quantity of bagels. Since cream cheese is a complement to bagels, the rise in quantity demanded of bagels increases the demand for cream cheese, as shown in Figure 4.28.The result is a rise in both the equilibrium price and quantity of cream cheese. So, a fall in theprice of flour indeed raises both the equilibrium price of cream cheese and the equilibriumquantity of bagels.Figure 4.27Figure 4.28What happens if the price of milk falls? Since milk is an ingredient in cream cheese, the fall in the price of milk leads to an increase in the supply of cream cheese. This leads to a decrease in the price of cream cheese (Figure 4.29), rather than a rise in the price of cream cheese. So a fall in the price of milk couldn't have been responsible for the pattern observed.Figure 4.29b In part (a), we found that a fall in the price of flour led to a rise in the price of cream cheese anda rise in the equilibrium quantity of bagels. If the price of flour rose, the opposite would be true;it would lead to a fall in the price of cream cheese and a fall in the equilibrium quantity ofbagels. Since the question says the equilibrium price of cream cheese has risen, it couldn't have been caused by a rise in the price of flour.What happens if the price of milk rises? From part (a), we found that a fall in the price of milk caused a decline in the price of cream cheese, so a rise in the price of milk would cause a rise in the price of cream cheese. Since bagels and cream cheese are complements, the rise in the price of cream cheese would reduce the demand for bagels, as Figure 4.30 shows. The result is adecline in the equilibrium quantity of bagels. So a rise in the price of milk does cause both a rise in the price of cream cheese and a decline in the equilibrium quantity of bagels.Figure 4.3011 a As Figure 4.31 shows, the supply curve is vertical. The constant supply makes sense because thepicture theatre has a fixed number of seats no matter what the price.Figure 4.31b Quantity supplied equals quantity demanded at a price of $8. The equilibrium quantity is 800tickets. cPriceQuantity demandedQuantity supplied$4 1400 800 8 1100 800 12 800 800 16 500 800 20 200800The new equilibrium price will be $12, which equates quantity demanded to quantity supplied. The equilibrium quantity is 800 tickets.P r i c e o f p i c t u r e t h e a t r e t i c k e t sQuantity of picture theatre tickets 80012The executives are confusing changes in demand with changes in quantity demanded. Figure 4.32 shows the demand curve prior to the marketing campaign (D1), and after the campaign (D2). The marketing campaign increased the demand for champagne, as shown, leading to a higher equilibrium price and quantity. The influence of the higher price on demand is already reflected in the outcome.It's impossible for the scenario outlined by the executives to occur.Figure 4.3213 At equilibrium Q S=Q D. Therefore here:1400 + 700P = 1600 – 300P1000P = 200P = $0.20The equilibrium price is $0.20 per bar of chocolate. Substitute this into either Q S or Q D to get the equilibrium quantity of 1540 bars of chocolate.。
微观经济学学习笔记(曼昆经济学原理)04章节
经济学习笔记第4章供给与需求的市场力量一、重要名词解释市场：由某种物品或服务的买者与卖者组成的一个群体。
竞争市场：有许多买者与卖者，以至于每个人对市场价格的影响都微乎其微的市场。
（竞争市场一般指完全竞争市场。
完全竞争，又称为纯粹竞争，是指不存在任何阻碍和干扰竞争因素的市场情况，亦即没有任何垄断因素的市场结构。
完全竞争市场需要具备四个条件：市场上有大量的买者和卖者；市场上每一个厂商提供的商品都是同质的；所有的资源具有完全的流动性；信息是完全的。
）需求量：买者愿意并且能够购买的一种物品的数量。
需求定理：认为在其他条件不变时，一种物品的价格上升，对该物品的需求量减少的观点。
需求表：表示一种物品的价格与需求量之间关系的表格。
需求曲线：表示一种物品的价格与需求量之间关系的图形。
正常物品：在其他条件相同时，收入增加引起需求量增加的物品。
低档物品：在其他条件相同时，收入增加引起需求量减少的物品。
替代品：一种物品价格的上升引起另一种物品需求量的增加的两种物品。
互补品：一种物品价格的上升引起另一种物品需求量的减少的两种物品。
供给量：卖者愿意并且能够出售的一种物品的数量。
供给定理：认为在其他条件不变时，一种物品的价格上升，该物品的供给量增加的观点。
供给表：表示一种物品的价格与供给量之间关系的表格。
供给曲线：表示一种物品的价格与供给量之间关系的图形。
均衡：市场价格达到使供给量与需求量相等的水平时的状态。
均衡价格/市场出清价格：使供给与需求平衡的价格。
均衡数量：均衡价格下的供给量与需求量。
过剩：供给量大于需求量的状态，也称为超额供给状态。
短缺：需求量大于供给量的状态，也称为超额需求状态。
供求定理：认为任何一种物品的价格都会自发调整，使该物品的供给与需求达到平衡的观点。
（供求定理是指在其他条件不变的情况下，需求变动分别引起均衡价格和均衡数量的同方向变动；供给变动分别引起均衡价格的反方向变动和均衡数量的同方向变动。
）二、重要摘抄1.供给与需求是使市场经济运行的力量。
经济学原理第四章课后题答案
第四章供给与需求的市场力量复习题：1、什么是市场竞争？简单描述除了完全竞争市场之外的市场类型。
答：竞争市场是有许多买者与卖者，以至于每个人对市场价格的影响都微乎其微的市场。
除了完全竞争市场之外，还有垄断市场。
在这个市场上只有一个卖者，他决定价格。
这个卖者被称为垄断者。
还有寡头市场，在这个市场上有几个并不总是主动竞争的卖者，他们提供相似或相同的产品。
通常情况下，寡头们会尽力联合起来，防止剧烈的竞争，收取较高的市场价格。
还有垄断竞争市场，这是一个有许多提供相似但不相同产品的企业的市场结构。
由于各自提供的产品不同，每个企业对产品的价格有一定的影响力。
2、什么因素决定买者对一种物品的需求量？答：物品的价格、买者的收入、相关物品的价格、买者的嗜好、预期决定买者对一种物品的需求量。
3、什么是需求表和需求曲线？它们如何相关联？为什么需求曲线向右下方倾斜？答：需求表是表示一种物品价格与需求量之间关系的表格，需求曲线是表示一种物品价格与需求量之间关系的图形。
需求曲线将需求表用图形的形式表现出来，需求表是需求曲线上假设干个点的坐标的数字表格排列。
需求曲线向右下方倾斜是因为在其他条件不变的情况下，随着价格上升，需求量会减少。
4.消费者嗜好的变化引起了沿着需求曲线的变动，还是需求曲线的移动？价格的变化引起了沿着需求曲线的变动，还是需求曲线的移动？答：消费者嗜好的变化引起了需求曲线的移动，价格的变化引起了沿着需求曲线的变动。
5、波匹的收入减少了，结果他买了更多的菠菜。
菠菜是低档物品还是正常物品？波匹菠菜的需求曲线是什么样的？答：菠菜对波匹来说是低档物品。
因为波匹的收入减少了，他对菠菜的需求量反而增大。
波匹菠菜的需求曲线是向右下方倾斜的。
6、什么因素决定了卖者对一种物品的供给量？答：价格、投入价格、技术、预期决定了卖者对一种物品的供给量。
7、什么是供给表和供给曲线？它们如何相关联？为什么供给曲线向右上方倾斜？答：供给表是表示一种物品价格与供给量之间关系的表格，供给曲线是表示一种物品价格与供给量之间关系的图形。
经济学原理第四讲
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劳动供给富有弹性的理由
许多可以调整工作时间长短的工人 一些有第二个赚钱人的家庭 许多老年人可以选择什么时候退休 从事地下经济活动的工人 (如从事非法活动
的人)
无谓损失和税收收入随税收变动而变动
随着每一次税率增加，税收无谓损失的增加 要快于政府的税收收入。
随着税率增加，无谓损失迅速扩大 随着税率增加，税收收入先增加，后减少。 当税率太大时，市场收缩非常大，以致于税
0
1
2
3
4 要油漆的房子数量
用供给曲线衡量生产者剩余
油漆房子的价格
$900 800
价格 = 800美元
总生产者剩余 (500美元)
供给
乔治亚的生产者剩余
600
（100美元）
500
格拉玛的生产者剩余 （300美元）
0
1
2
3
4 要油漆房子的数量
生产者剩余
价格
供给
价格以下和供给曲线以上的面积衡量 市场的生产者剩余。
Tax Revenue
0
Tax Size
经济学原理课后参考答案
经济学原理课后参考答案经济学基础第⼀章1、什么是经济学? 如何理解资源的有限性和⼈类欲望的⽆限性？答：（1）经济学是研究社会经济问题的⼀门社会科学，经济学研究的是社会如何利⽤稀缺的资源以⽣产有价值的商品，并将它们分配给不同的⼈。
（2）资源的有限性和⼈类欲望的⽆限性是对⽴统⼀的关系，对⽴性表现在：相对于⼈类⽆限多样性的欲望⽽⾔，经济资源的数量、质量和种类总是不⾜的。
统⼀性表现在：⼈类欲望的⽆限性和资源的有限性同时存在，要求⼈们在有限的资源的多种⽤途中进⾏权衡⽐较，有效地利⽤资源，更好地满⾜⼈们的欲望。
2、试举例说明学习经济学和现实⽣活的意义。
答：（1）学习经济学能更好地理解经济现象。
例如，今年的苹果、⾹蕉等外来⽔果价格出现了显著上涨，并且持续到现在。
⽔果价格上涨是什么因素引起的？它对⼈们的⽣活会产⽣什么影响？学习了经济学就能合理解释这⼀现象----由于西南地区出现严重⼲旱，导致外来⽔果供应量骤减，使之供不应求，价格上涨。
（2）理解和评价政府的经济政策。
例如，2008年底国家决定投资4万亿对国民经济的拉动作⽤有多⼤？2009年号召全国搞低碳经济，低碳经济将如何展开？(3)指导企业经济决策。
例如，企业在不同时期会⾯临不同决定。
当市场不景⽓，企业遭受亏损，是停⽌⽣产还是继续⽣产？是否要做⼴告？做什么样的⼴告？解决这些问题，需要现代管理决策⼯具，⽽经济学是现代决策⼯具的理论基础。
（4）能避免运⽤经济理论是常见的错误倾向。
例如，合成谬误的例⼦，只有⼀个家庭购买轿车会⼤⼤⽅便出⾏，⽽当所有的家庭都拥有了⾃⼰的私家车之后，道路、停车场可能车满为患，反⽽不如⼤家都乘坐公交⽅便。
3、微观经济学与宏观经济学之间的关系是什么？答：微观经济学与宏观经济学既相互区别⼜相互联系。
区别表现在：（1）从研究对象上看，微观经济学研究单个经济单位元，宏观经济学研究整个国民经济的活动；（2）从解决问题上看，微观经济学解决资源的有效配置问题，⽽宏观经济学解决资源的充分利⽤问题；（3）从中⼼理论上看，微观经济学是价格理论，宏观经济学是国民收⼊决定理论；（4）从研究⽅法上看，微观经济学是个量分析，宏观经济学是总量分析。
马克思主义政治经济学原理(四)
马克思主义政治经济学原理(四)(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：50，分数：50.00)1.在简单商品经济条件下，商品生产者的劳动从社会分工看是A．具体劳动 B．社会劳动 C．复杂劳动 D．生产劳动A.B. √C.D.2.私人垄断形成的物质基础是A．产业革命 B．固定资本更新C．生产集中 D．资本积累A.B.C. √D.3.在资本主义社会中，按照平均利润规律的要求，商品按A．社会生产价格出售 B．个别生产价格出售C．社会价值出售 D．垄断价格出售A. √B.C.D.4.我国现阶段的外资经济A．是一般的资本主义经济 B．是国家资本主义经济C．是合作经济 D．是公私合营经济A.B. √C.D.5.国家运用货币政策调节经济，其中心是调节货币供应量。
中央银行在金融市场上买卖政府债券，从而调节货币供应量，这叫A．公开市场业务 B．调整有价证券C．调整再贴现率 D．调整法定准备金率A. √B.C.D.6.商业资本是商品资本的独立化形式，其职能是A．为剩余价值的生产准备条件 B．生产产品并创造剩余价值C．销售商品，实现包括剩余价值在内的商品价值D．销售商品、实现商品的使用价值A.B.C. √D.7.分析资本有机构成的理论前提是A．资本积累 B．资本主义扩大再生产C．资本划分为生产资本和流通资本 D．资本划分为不变资本和可变资本A.B.C.D. √8.把社会总产品分为生产资料和消费资料，其根据是A．资本的不同部分价值周转的不同方式B．资本的不同部分在循环中的不同职能C．资本的不同部分在价值增殖中的不同作用D．社会总产品在社会总资本再生产过程中的最终用途A.B.C.D. √9.战后，随着垄断统治的加强、垄断资本跨部门发展，出现的国内垄断组织的新形式是A．托拉斯 B．康采恩 C．跨国公司 D．混合联合公司A.B.C.D. √10.超额剩余价值是变相的相对剩余价值，这是因为它们A．都绝对延长了剩余劳动时间 B．都延长了必要劳动时间C．都缩短了必要劳动时间．而相对延长了剩余劳动时间D．都延长了工作日长度A.B.C. √D.11.经济规律产生和发生作用的客观经济条件主要是指A．社会经济规律 B．社会经济形态C．一定的社会生产力与社会生产关系的状况D．劳动者与生产资料的结合方式A.B.C. √D.12.能够发生价值增殖的资本是产业资本，产业资本循环中生产剩余价值的阶段是A．购买阶段 B．生产阶段C．销售阶段 D．流通阶段A.B. √C.D.13.平均利润率趋势下降的根本原因是A．不变资本的节省 B．所用资本和所费资本的差额C．资本总量的减少D．社会生产技术进步和资本有机构成的提高A.B.C.D. √14.A．50%和100 B．10%和130 C．20%和120 D．30%和140A.B.C. √D.15.资本家加速资本周转的目的是A．加速固定资本磨损 B．提高剩余价值率C．提高年剩余价值率 D．加速资本集中A.B.C. √D.16.我国现阶段，国家企事业单位的职工利用业余时间从事劳动而获得的收入是A．按劳分配收入 B．经营收入C．风险收入 D．劳动收入A.B.C.D. √17.资本的价值构成是指A．不变资本和可变资本的比例 B．固定资本和流动资本的比例C．生产资料和劳动力的比例 D．货币资本和生产资本的比例A. √B.C.D.18.决定商品价值量的社会必要劳动时间以简单劳动为尺度。
经济学讲义
Topic11，经济学十大原理经济学是研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。
原理一：人们面临权衡取舍天下没有免费的午餐：为了得到一个东西，我们不得不放弃另外的东西：大炮与黄油（国防与国内消费品）；衣服与食品；空闲时间与工作；效率与公平效率是指从其稀缺资源中得到的最大利益。
平等是指将这些资源的成果平均地分配给社会成员。
在设计政府政策的时候，这两个目标往往是不一样的。
当政府想要把经济蛋糕切为更为均等的小块时，这块蛋糕本身也变小了。
权衡取舍很重要原理二：某种东西的成本是为了得到它所放弃的东西决策需要比较可供选择的行动方案的成本与利益：上大学OR工作？学习OR约会？上课OR睡觉？机会成本：为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。
湖人队球员科比选择退学转而从事职业运动，就赚了几百万美元。
原理三：理性人考虑边际量（Margin）理性人：系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现其目标的人边际变动：对行动计划的微小增量变动。
如：当考试临近时，你的决策不是在放弃考试和一天24小时看书之间的选择，而是是否多花一小时时间复习功课而不是看电视。
理性人通常通过比较边际利益和边际成本来做出决策水和钻石的价格原理四：人们会对激励做出反应激励：引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西边际成本和边际利益的改变会刺激人做出反应。
当边际利益超过边际成本，人们会改变决策，政策改变了激励，人们就会改变自己的行为安全带的使用减少了开车谨慎程度，结果：车祸次数增加，司机死亡下降，但行人危险增加原理五：贸易可以使每个人的状况都变得更好贸易使每个人都可以专门从事自己最擅长的活动，通过与其他人的交易，人们可以按较低的成本获得各种各样的物品和劳务竞争能获得贸易的好处原理六：市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法市场经济：当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时，通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济企业决定雇佣谁和生产什么；家庭决定为哪家企业工作，以及用自己的收入购买什么。
经济学家亚当斯密：家庭和企业在市场上相互交易，他们仿佛被一只“看不见的手”所指引，并导致合意的市场结果。
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• For a given elasticity of supply, the buyer pays a larger share of the tax, the more inelastic is the demand for the good.
In Figure 7.2(a), the market is efficient with marginal benefit equal to marginal cost.
Total surplus—the sum of 2. Consumer surplus and 3. Producer surplus—is maximized.
2. A $10 tax on sellers of MP3 players shifts the supply curve to S + tax.
7.1 TAXES ON BUYERS AND SELLERS
3. The buyer’s price rises to $105—an increase of $5 a player.
4. The seller’s price falls to $95—a decrease of $5 a player.
5. The quantity decreases to 2,000 players a week.
6. The government’s tax revenue is $20,000.
Tax Incidence
Tax incidence is the division of the burden of a tax
between the buyer and the seller. When a good is taxed, it has two prices:
• A price that includes the tax • A price that excludes the tax Buyers respond to the price that includes the tax. Sellers respond to the price that excludes the tax.
2. A $10 tax on buyers shifts the demand curve to D – tax.
7.1 TAXES ON BUYERS AND SELLERS
3. The buyer’s price rises to $105—an increase of $5 a player.
7.1 TAXES ON BUYERS AND SELLERS
Tax Incidence, Inefficiency, and Elasticity of Supply
Perfectly Inelastic Supply: Seller Pays and Efficient Perfectly Elastic Supply: Buyer Pays and Inefficient Figures 7.4(a) and 7.4(b) illustrate these two extreme cases.
Marginal benefit equals marginal cost, so the outcome is efficient.
7.1 TAXES ON BUYERS AND SELLERS
Figure 7.3(b) shows tax incidence in a market with perfectly elastic demand— the market for pink pens.
Excess burden is the amount by which the burden of a tax exceeds the tax revenue received by the government.
7.1 TAXES ON BUYERS AND SELLERS
Incidence, Inefficiency, and Elasticity
The equilibrium quantity is less than the efficient quantity and a deadweight loss arises.
7.1 TAXES ON BUYERS AND SELLERS
Figure 7.2 shows the inefficiency of taxes.
The burden of the tax equals the tax revenue plus the deadweight loss.
7.1 TAXES ON BUYERS AND SELLERS
Excess burden is the
deadweight loss from a tax.
The excess burden is (3,000 $10 2), which equals $15,000.
7.1 TAXES ON BUYERS AND SELLERS
Figure 7.3(a) shows tax incidence in a market with perfectly inelastic demand— the market for insulin.
A tax of 20¢ a dose raises the price by 20¢, and the buyer pays all the tax.
7.1 TAXES ON BUYERS AND SELLERS
Tax Incidence, Inefficiency, and Elasticity of Demand
Perfectly Inelastic Demand: Buyer Pays and Efficient Perfectly Elastic Demand: Seller Pays and Inefficient Figures 7.3(a) and 7.3(b) illustrate these two extreme cases.
7.1 TAXES ON BUYERS AND SELLERS
Taxes and Efficiency
A tax places a wedge between the buyers’ price (marginal benefit) and the sellers’ price (marginal cost).
7.1 TAXES ON BUYERS AND SELLERS
Figure 7.1(b) shows what happens when the government taxes sellers of the MP3 players.
1. With no tax, the price is
$100 and 5,000 players a week are bought.
2 Explain how a price ceiling works and show how a rent ceiling creates a housing shortage, inefficiency, and unfairness.
3 Explain how a price floor works and show how the minimum wage creates unemployment, inefficiency, and unfairness.
7.1 TAXES ON BUYERS AND SELLERS
Figure 7.1(a) shows what happens when the government taxes buyers of the MP3 players.
1. With no tax, the price is $100 and 5,000 players are bought.
A tax of 10¢ a pink pen lowers the price received by the seller by 10¢, and the seller pays all the tax.
A deadweight loss arises, so the outcome is inefficient.
CHAPTER CHECKLIST
4 Explain how a price support in the market for an agricultural product creates a surplus, inefficiency, and unfairness.
7.1 TAXES ON BUYERS AND SELLERS
5. The government collects its tax revenue.
6. A deadweight loss arises.
7.1 TAXES ON BUYERS AND SELLERS
The loss of consumer surplus and producer surplus is the burden of the tax.
7.1 TAXES ON BUYERS AND SELLERS
Figure 7.2(b) shiency. A $10 tax shifts the supply curve to S + tax.
1. Marginal benefit exceeds 2. Marginal cost. 3. Consumer surplus and 4. Producer surplus shrink.
• For a given elasticity of demand, the seller pays a larger share of the tax, the more inelastic is the supply of the good.