Lecture 4 Language and Culture
Lecture 4 culture media
Fed-batch cultivation
• Seed culture – MR-1 medium plus 10 g/L oleic acid – 30 oC, 250 rpm • Fed-batch culture – 6.6 L jar fermenter (Bioflo 3000, New Brunswick) – initial medium: 1.4 L of MR-1 medium + 15 g/L of oleic acid – pH 7.0 controlled by adding 28% of ammonia water – DOC: controlled as desired 30% of air saturation until the cell mass of 120 g/L, and at 10% afterwards – Feeding solution:oleic acid and 250 g/L MgSO47H2O solution
水
• 良好的溶剂，溶解营养物质，细胞的渗透、 分泌、排泄等作用都是以水为媒介，并且 水直接参与代谢作用中的许多反应
• 水的比热高，是热的良导体，调节细胞的 温度 • 恒定的水源是发酵工厂的关键，水源质量 很重要
生长因子
• 氨基酸、嘌呤、嘧啶、维生素等 • 有机氮源是生长因子的重要来源
• 玉米浆中生长因子含量丰富
• 淀粉糊精 • 玉米、小麦、甘薯、木薯、菊芋、纤维素
油和脂肪
• 油或脂肪被脂肪酶作用，水解为甘油和脂肪酸
• 豆油、菜油、葵花子油、猪油、鱼油、棉子油
有机酸
• 乳酸 • 柠檬酸
• 乙酸
烃和醇类
• 正烷烃 • 甲醇
• 乙醇
语言学Language and culture(课堂PPT)
Properties of Culture
• Culture is human specific. • Culture is a social phenomenon. • Culture is a national phenomenon. • Culture is a historical phenomenon. • Culture contains several subcultures.
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Properties of culture
• a. human specific(人类所特有的）: • only human beings have what can be
called culture
• b. social phenomenon（社会现象）: • it is a cooperative product of human
established by its forefathers and makes its own contribution to the development of the culture in which it lives in.
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Cultural impact on language
should pay attention to the sameness and difference between two cultures
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• Each nation has its unique culture
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• d. historical phenomenon（历史继承性）: • each generation inherits the culture
societies, not natural things got directly from nature.
跨文化交际Unit 4课件
Reading I How Is Language Related to Culture
打落水狗, 斗鸡走狗, 狗恶 酒酸, 狗吠不惊, 狗急跳墙, 狗头军师, 狗血喷头, 狗眼 看人, 狗仗人势, 狗嘴里吐 不出象牙, 挂羊头、卖狗肉, 关门打狗, 狐朋狗友, 鸡鸣 狗吠, 嫁鸡随鸡、嫁狗随狗, 狼心狗肺, 鼠窃狗盗, 偷鸡 摸狗, 指鸡骂狗, 猪卑狗险, 狗皮膏药, 狗走狐淫, 丧家 之狗, 狗行狼心, 狗胆包女：你说你很寂寞，为什么不去找你以前的女朋友而来追我 呢？ 男：好马不吃回头草！(A good horse will never turn round to graze on an old pasture.) 女：你们班上也有女孩呀！我们俩相隔这么远，为何来追我 呢？ 男：兔子不吃窝边草！(A rabbit doesn„t nibble the grass near its own hole.) 女：那你现在为什么又要抛弃我呢？你这个混蛋！ 男：天涯何处无芳草！(There are plenty of fish in the sea.)
“Language-and-culture” in the five dimensions of culture
Language and cultural products Language and cultural practices Language and cultural perspectives Language and cultural communities Language and persons
More examples
More examples
I am sorry. I am sorry, too. I am sorry three. What are you sorry for (four)? I am sorry five.
专八满分听力Mini-lecture（1-4）
Mini-lecture 1Cultural UnderstandingLike learning a language，developing cultural understanding occurs step by step over time.Here are five stages of cultural understanding veduchina.Stage one：No understanding.一involves no awareness of the new culture：know nobody and few(1)Stage two：Sup erficial understanding.--awareness of (2) aspects of the foreign culture and stereotypes veduchina--stereotytres are(3)Stage three：Growing understanding and possible(4)--awareness of more subtle，less visible traits in foreign culture--unnecessarily bring acceptance veduchina.For anyone，the home culture is(5)Stage four：Greater(6)————understanding.一still(7) have little empathy veduchina一the(8) level is higherStage five：True empathy，and cultural (9)————.—to live in the foreign culture：the amount of time depends Oil(10)Mini-lecture 2 British Educational System1.Primary and secondary educationin Britain1)Children at the age of(1)________go to primary school.2)Students attend secondaryschool until age sixteen.3)Students enter higher education at age eighteen.2.Higher education in Britain1) In England and Wales：—Application for universities：through the UCCA；一Courses：“course”refers to a(2)_______ program，structured with a fixed program of classes；—Classes：a.classes are offered in the UK on a(3)________basis veduchina；b.more emphasi s i s placed on(4)________study；c.students write more essays and take fewer objective tests；d.classes often take the following forms：(5)______，tutorials，seminars.2) In Scotland：—A variety of tertiary level options are available：a.The colleges of further education provide vocational and (6)____education；b.Central institutions don’t directly validate degrees,but many have close ties to(7) .c.Teachers colleges veduchina；d.The standard university degree is a four—year(8)__________；parison between the US and the UK higher education1)Grading：一In the UK，(9)__________are the most common form of study assessment—The US professors grade less strictly than the UK professors veduchina2)Course levels：—Basic courses are not(10)____________at UK universities.Mini-lecture 3 Mass Media in AmericaMass media specifi cally refer to those publications and programs that attempt to serve most or all of the people in a given market.Three groups of mass media in America are briefly introduced.I. N ewspapersA.Reading newspaper is different from watching TV.—for one thing1.detailed(1)_______ of news items2.substantial treatment of news events3.interesting and stimulating opinions4.analysis over important events at home and abroac—for anotheras for the reading places, no(2)_______B.Newspapers are still a big business.—fact one: the large circulation of a number of important newspapers—fact two: the great (3)_______ of newspapers availableII. MagazinesA.great varietyB.wide range of topi csC.different target readers:the well-educated,well-informed,and(4)_____ peopleD.the top three:(5)_______ TV Guide and The Conde Nast SelectIII. Radio and TelevisionA.Radio:a first-class entertainment medium for most Americans一The future of the radio is still(6)___________B.Television--become popular after the invention of(7)_____ and videotape recorders—profound impact on society1.the socialization effect2.a(8)_________ a molder of new of new cultural trends and a molder of attitudes towards these new trends3.revolutionized the marketing of goods4.the enormous cultural impact of TV violent programs5.the impact of TV on(9)_______________To sum up，the mass media in Ameri ca has，to a great extent，changed and will still keep on changing Americans’(10)_________Mini-lecture 4 Government in Britain and the USThe focus of this lecture is different government systems in Britain and the US.Government in Britain:1. National government:the center of government in Britain iS Parliament.一Location of parliament:(1)__________.—Parliament includes the House of Common，the House of lords and the monarch.—the passage of bills:firstly brought to the House of Commons for discussion，then the house of Lords，finally(2)_________2. Local government in Britain，also known as(3)_________一make small laws,only applied in local area—got payment from(4)from national government--elected by people within each town,city or country areaGovernment in the US:1.The federal government—(5)________is the central law-making body in the US.1)the House of Representatives2)the Senate: the higher but less (6)________of the two houses of Congress.—The President has the power of (7)________a bill.—The Supreme Court: the final Court of Appeal in the US.2.The state government—Each state has its own written(8)________—The highest elected official of each state is the Governor.3.The local government—No law of local government can be(9)________with the United Constitution.To sum up，the government in each country is a (n) (10)________of its historicaland modern factors.参考答案：Mini-lecture1 (1)basi c facts (2)negative (3)offensive (4)conflict (5)much better(6)intellectual (7)emotionally (8)comfort (9)respect (10)the individualCulture understanding文化差异Today I will focus on the i ssue of culture understanding. With increasing globalization, the world becomes really small nowadays. As a member of the global, we get more chances to contact foreign cultures. And what if we want to understand foreign culture very well, what should we do? What kinds of process will we experience before we achieve that goal. The answer is not very difficult to imagine. Just like learning a language, developing culture understanding occurs steps by steps over time. Development of culture consciousness is a process that starts the stage no understanding and moves, in the best case, to the stage of true empathy移情作用,[心]神入and culture respect. So an order to make it a clearer explanation about the process, the five stages of culture understanding is presented here.Stage 1 no und erstanding This level involves no awareness of new culture. The point is quite easy to see. For a person who has few chances to get contact with other cultures, a new one sometimes might as well be like something from an unknown planet in outer space. The person does not know anyone from the culture, and has encountered few, if any, basi c facts about the culture; so naturally, the person certainly has no way to understand that culture at all.Stage 2 superficial understanding This level involves awareness of very superficial aspects of foreign culture, frequentl y negative aspects. At this stage of culture awareness, the person knows a few basic facts of new culture. These facts stand out and often serve as the basis of stereotypes 陈规,老套. However, the stereotypes are offensive because they imply that al l people from a certain culture have the same characteristi cs. At this stage of culture awareness, when stereotypes are keenly felt, the person is highly ethnocentric种族[民族]中心主义的,种族[民族, 集团]优越感的that means the person is just focused on his or her own culture as the norm of what is right and comparing the new culture with the better culture back home. Stage 3 growing und erstanding and possible conflict In this stage the learner begins to be aware of more subtle sometimes less visible traits in the foreign culture. I will give you an example here to illustrate this point. A student learned that a given culture focuses on family far more getting things accomplished. As a result, he or she begin to appreciate the huge importance of family value in this culture, so we can see thi s understanding helps the person to see why things operate the w ay they do. But such awareness doesn’t al ways bring acceptance. In this stage the person is still ethnocentri c home culture-oriented, comparing that culture that i s new to his/her old home culture and usually feel his/her home culture is much better. I think some of you, as English majors, may have the exactly same experiences when you come to be familiar with your foreign t eachers or friends. You do appreciate some of their cultures but you just can’t accept them from the bottom of your heart.Stage 4 great intellectual culture und erstanding At this stage the learner begins to comprehend intellectually the peopl e in the foreign culture yet they are still a little emotional empathy. The person can not feel what it is like to be a member of that culture, the learner thus starts to see things intellectually through the eye of culture bearers at the least part of the time, but they just can’t really feel the same way the members of foreign culture feel. The learner begins to shed ethnocentrism a little bi t and starts to understand new culture more deeply. The person knows why thing are done in the way they are done and accept these things with less irritation. So you can see now the learner obviously comprehend the briefs and actions of people in the culture, the comfort level is higher, and the person does not complain the extensively about the culture differences. That makes a big sense in the process of culture understanding.Stage 5 true empathy and culture resp ect This level is the highest one of culture awareness. To attain this level, the learner must actually live in the foreign culture for some time. As for how long the learner must live in such a culture so that they can reach stage five. The amount of time is variable, greatly depending on the individual. At the fifth stage, unlike the previous stages the learner does not just see things intellectually from the viewpoint of the culture some or most of the time, instead he/she actually feel the part of culture, respects the culture fully and emphasizes emotionally with those who have lived all their life in that culture. By doing so, the person, in real sense, achieves a true culture understanding.In summary, today’s lecture is centered on the stages and growth of culture consciousness. Altogether there are five. 1 no understanding means one does not know anyone from that culture knows few, if any, facts. 2 superficial understanding means one knows some superficial facts and stereotypes. 3 growing understanding and possible conflict means one is aware of moresubtle traits but may experience culture conflicts probably believes one’s own culture is superior. 4 great inte llectual culture understanding means one understands the culture intellectually but not emotionally. 5 true empathy and culture respect means one understands the culture both intellectually and emotionally, can feel what the people in the culture feel. Hope the lecture will be helpful in your nurturing of your culture awareness. Thanks for your patience.Mini-lecture2(1)five (2)degree (3)modular (4)independent/self-directed (5)lectures (6)technical(7)local businesses (8)Honors degree (9)written examinations (10) commonBritish Educational SystemToday I’ll talk about the British educational system, including the primary and secondary education and the higher education in Britain. Meanwhile, I’ll try to make a comparison between the US an d the UK higher education.First, I’ll briefly introduce the primary and secondary education in Britain. In England and Wales, students study in primary schools from age five until eleven. They attend secondary school until age sixteen. Before graduating, students usually take seven comprehensive exams, called the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) exams. After passing the GCSE exams, students choose to study two to four subjects intensely for the GCE Advanced Level exams, called "A levels." At eighteen, they enter higher education to focus on a parti cular subject, called a "course."Now let’s move on to the higher education in Britain. First I’ll talk about the general practi ces in England and Wales, and then the general practices in Scotland.In England and Wales, prospective university students apply for places through the Universities Central Council on Admissions (UCCA). Students do not apply directly to the universities themselves. Successful candidates are admitted directly into a specific degree "course." A degree course normally takes three or four years to complete. At most universities students study only one major subject. Each course i s structured with a fixed program of classes for the entire three years. Increasingly, universities in the United Kingdom are offering classes on a modular(课程教学)以单元为基础的basis, whi ch allows students to broaden their studies creating a more interdisciplinary program. This modularization, however, has not replaced the traditional British degree course with the American concept of credit accumulation. In addition, there is generally a sharp distinction between the arts and sciences and there is seldom any cross-over between the two.At a British university, more emphasis i s placed on independent, self-directed study than in the United States. Required texts and definite reading assignments are less common. More typi cally, an extensive reading list covering all topi cs to be discussed is di stributed at the start of the course to be used for independent research. British students typically consult a large number of sources from the library rather than intensively studying a few books purchased by everyone taking a course. In addition, students are required to write more essays and take fewer objective tests than at U.S. institutions. Classes often take the following forms: lectures, which are sometimes completely optional; tutorials, in whi ch a small number of students meet with the lecturer; and seminars, larger discussion classes often based upon seminar essays. Unlike the U.S. system of regular testing in a course, British students sit for final examinations that cover the full year's work and determine the grades for the class. With the growth of modularization, however, there has al so been an increase in the number and variety of modules offered on a semester basi s.In Scotland, there are a variety of tertiary第三的,第三位的level options available for students, the most important of whi ch are the colleges of further education, the central institutions, teachers colleges and the universities. The colleges of further education provide vocational and technical education, and enroll more students than all other tertiary institutions combined. Central institutions provide courses leading to the Higher National Diploma (HND), bachelor's degrees and some specialized master's degrees. These institutions do not have the authority to directly validate degrees and tend to offer a narrower range of subjects than the universities. Many have close ties to local businesses, offering cooperative work experiences that provide students a period of practical training.Scottish universities are quite di stinct from their British counterparts. In fact, they more closely resemble European or American universities. The standard Scottish university degree is a four-year Honors degree (BA Hons). Students are rarelyadmitted directly to a degree "course." Usually they are admitted to a faculty or simply admitted to the university as a whole. Scottish university students begin with a broad-based program during the first year and choose a specialization专门[业]化after the second or even the third year. Students may also elect to complete a three-year Ordinary degree. This i s a broad-based degree that (unlike in England) does not represent a "failed" Honors degree.Next, let’s compare the US and the UK highe r education from two aspects,]namely, grading and course levels.First, about the Grading. In the UK, assessment methods vary by institution and tend to reflect the UK teaching method and style. Written examinations, whi ch are held at the end of a year or, in some cases, in the final undergraduate year only, are the most common form of study assessment. There i s no official method of equating British and American educational qualifications. The educational systems are very different and attempts to compare them must be done on a strictly provisional basis. Many U.S. institutions have already developed systems of assessing their study abroad students or equating British grades to U.S. grades.Professors at UK institutions grade more stri ctly than their counterparts in the United States. As a result, American students studying in the UK often perceive that they have performed poorly in their classes, when they have not. Grades are given as percentages rather than letter grades. Forty percent is the minimum passing grade and high percentages are rarely awarded. A grade of seventy percent or higher is considered "with distinction."In general, percentages increase from forty rather than decrease from 100 percent, as they do in the United States.Second, about the Course Levels. A typi cal British course load will vary from 3 to 6 modules or classes per term. Most students take 4 to 5 modules per term. The number of hours in class per week will vary by institution. Students should note that general education or basi c courses are not as common at UK universities because they have already been covered at the GCSE level. Many faculties assume that a student has a basi c understanding of the concepts that will be addressed in the course. For this reason, it is common for third-year American students to take first-year and second-year courses at a UK university.With thi s, we’re coming to the end of today’s lecture. Next time, we’ll talk about university degrees.Mini-lecture3 (1)coverage (2) limitation/confinement (3) variety(4)public—conscious(5) Reader’s Digest (6) promising/bright (7)portable cameras (8) transmitter (9) religion (10)lifeMass Media in America美国媒体Good morning, everyone,today my topic i s mass media in America. By media, we refer to the variety of means by which technology transmits information and entertainment to us. Thus, in its broadest sense, the term media includes newspaper, television, movies, radio, books, and magazines. Mass media specifi cally refer to those publications and programs that attempt to serve most or all of the people in a given market. Here I would like to introduce the mass media in America by dividing them into three groups: newspaper; magazines; radio and television.First, let’s have a look at newspapers. For a long time, newspapers have been the chief means by whi ch people get themselves informed. While television has replaced newspapers as the primary source of news for most Americans, and while computer network is increasingly becoming a faster and easier way of obtaining news for many Americans, newspapers still remain as one of the most powerful means of communications in the United States. For one thing, reading newspapers i s different from watching TV. It gives detailed coverage报道范围of news items, and tends to provide substantial treatment of news events. And, sometimes it offers interesting and stimulating opinions as well as analysis over important events at home and abroad. For another, unlike watching TV, reading newspapers does not require one to be confined to his sitting-room. He can do it virtually anywhere he likes: in his car, at the breakfast table, sitting in the sun, waiting at the subway station, and believe it or not, in the restroom. So, for these and many other reasons, newspapers in the United States are still a big bus iness. And, this is borne out by two facts: (1) the large circulation of a number of important newspapers such as USA Today《今日美国》and The Wall Street Journal《华尔街日报》; (2) the great variety of newspapers available in the United States, big and small, local and national, special and general, radical and conservative, and so on. The top 3 daily newspapers in the United States are: Wall Street Journal, USA Today and New York Times《纽约时报》.Second, we’ll move to magazines. According to a statisti cal record in 1990, there were over 12,205 magazines being published in the United States. More than 4,000 of them appear monthly, and over 1,300 are published each week. They cover all topics and interests, from art and architecture to sports, from aviation航空学,飞机制造业and gardening to computers and book reviews, from fashion design and cooking to homemaking. Quite a few have international editors, are translated into other languages, or have “daughter” editions in foreign countries. Among the many internationals are National Geographic《国家地理》杂志, Reader’s Digest《读者文摘》杂志,Cosmopolitan《大都会》,Vogue《时尚》杂志,Time《时代》,Newsweek 《新闻周刊》, Scientific American and Psychology Today. The weekly newsmagazines —the best known are Time, Newsweek, and U.S. News & World Report《美国新闻与世界报道》—serve as a type of national press. Unlike newspapers, however, weekly newsmagazines tend to give extensive coverage and provide detailed, and sometimes in-depth, analysis. Also unlike newspapers, whi ch usually have the lowest common denominator in their appeal to the general reading public, weekly newsmagazines normally target at the well-educated, well-informed, and public-conscious people of the society. Many weekly newsmagazines also have considerable international impact, particularly Time and Newsweek. The top three magazines in America are: (1) Reader’s Digest; (2) TV Guide《电视导读》; (3) The Conde Nast Select.Third, I’ll say something about radio and television. In more than two generations, the two powerful mass media transformed much of American life.Radio, emerging at the same period when the Great Depression pervaded蔓延, 在…中盛行in America, provided free entertainment in the comforts of the home. Families that could no longer afford to go out for entertainment gathered together in their living rooms to escape reality by laughing, fantasizing梦想,幻想and dreaming of happier times. From then on, radio became a first-class entertainment medium for most Ameri cans. Up until now, in view of the popularity of radio programs in the United States, the future of radio as a form of medium continues to look bright.Then, with the rapid development of science and technology, TV came into being in 1920s. It primarily serves as a medium of entertainment, and then also has a big role to play as a news broadcasting agency. Networks began experimenting with news at locally owned stations as early as January 1940. But, early-day television news could not begin to compare with radio news. Only after the invention of portable cameras and videotape recorders had television been made a much more credible news medium because viewers saw pictures of the news events on the day they occurred. Consequently, access to news is made much easier, and the general public is getting better informed.Gradually, television’s impact on American society has been more and more profound. It has changed the life-styles of most Americans and become a major influence on American culture. It can be seen from 5 aspects.First and foremost is the socialization effect. Many studies have shown that TV’s dominance as household activi ty often reduces the level of communi cation among family members and, as a result, much of the culture being distributed to youngsters today in the United States comes from the tube rather than the family.Secondly, television programming has played an important role in shaping and reflecting for the masses the cultural changes that have been occurring in American Society. TV functions both as a transmitter传送[递]者of new cultural trends and as a molder造型者,模塑者of new attitudes towards these new trends.Thirdly, television has revolutionized the marketing of goods in the Ameri can economy. With TV marketing, people become vulnerable to the products, or in other words, to the commercials.Fourthly, the cultural impact of violent TV programs has been quite enormous. Needless to say, the question of violence on TV has been around nearly as long as the medium. Many critics claim that TV violence increases violence in American society.Fifthly, the impact of TV on religion has al so been an issue of great concern to many Americans. So far now, it is still an issue full of di sputes.To sum up, the mass media in Ameri ca includes so many different forms, and each of them plays a vital role in American people’s life not only in the past, but also at present and in the future. To know much about America, one must have a good knowledge about its mass media.Mini-lecture4 (1)Westminster (2)signed (3)Councils (4)local taxes (5)Congress (6)powerful(7)veto (8)Constitution (9)in di sagreement (10)embodimentGovernment in Britain and the US英美政府Today we will focus on the Government in Britain and the United States. Let’s have a look at them one after the other.Government in Britain can be divided into National government and Local government.The center of government in Britain is Parliament, which makes all the important laws for the country about crimes and punishment, taxation课税, etc. Parliament i s made up of the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the monarch. The Houses of Parliament are in Westminster in London and sometimes “Westminster” itself i s used to mean Parliament.The House of commons, or the Commons, is the lower but more powerful of the two Houses. It has 650 elected members, called Members of Parliament or MPs, each representing people in a parti cular area or constituency(议员所代表的)(全体)选民;选(举)区. The House of Lords上议院, or the Lords, is the higher but less powerful of the two Houses. It has over 1,000 members, none of whom is elected. These members include: people who have titles like Lord or Viscount子爵whi ch have been passed down to them on the death of their father; people who are given titles as a reward for their long servi ce in public life, but whose children do not inherit their title; and some important leaders of the Church of England, such as Archbishops and Bishops.The government brings bills to the House of Commons下议院, whi ch are discussed by MPs. The bills then go to the House of Lords to be di scussed. The House of Lords can suggest changes to a bill, but does not have the power to reject it. When bills come back to the Commons, MPs vote on them and if they are passed they are signed by the monarch and become Acts of Parliament.At present England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland are all governed by Parliament in Westminster. In Northern Ireland the political parties are different but their MPs still go to the House of Commons. In Scotland there is a lot of di scussion about whether Scotland should have some separate or partly separate form of government. The same is true in Wales. The Local government in Britain, also known as Councils, can make small laws, that i s bylaws, whi ch only apply in their area, but these are usually about small, local matters. For instance, they may be about fines that will be made for people who park in certain streets.Councils are paid for by local taxes and also by an amount of money given to them each year by the national government. Their main job is the organizing and providing of local services, e.g. hospitals, schools, libraries, public transport, street-cleaning, etc. They are also responsible for setting the amount of local tax that people must pay and for collecting thi s tax.Local councils are elected by people within each town, city, or county area. The people who are elected, known as councilors, usually represent one of the national political parties, but are often elected because of their policies on local issues rather than the national policies of their party.Now let’s move to the topi c of Government in the US. All levels of government in the US, including federal, state, and local, are elected by the people of the country.First, we’ll talk about the federal government. The constitution of the US specifi cally limits the power of the federal, or national, government mainly to defense, foreign affairs, printing money, controlling trade and relations between the states, and protecting human rights. The federal government is made up of the Congress , the President, and the Supreme Court. Congress, the central law-making body in the US, i s made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House of Representatives is the lower but more important of the two houses of Congress. It has 435 members, called Representatives or Congressmen. The number of Representatives for each state depends on the size of the population of the state, with each state having at least one Representative. The Senate i s the higher but less powerful of the two houses of Congress. It has 100 members, called Senators, elected by their state. Each state has two Senators. Congress decides whether a BILL becomes law. If the Senate and the House of Representatives both agree to a bill, the President i s asked to agree. The President can veto the bill, but Congress can still make it a law if 2/3 of the members of each house agree to it.Second, we’ll learn something about the state government. The state government has the greatest influence in people’s daily lives. Each state has its own written Constitution, and among the states there are sometimes great differences in law on matters such as property, crime, health and education. The highest elected official of each state is the Governor. Each state also has one。
新视野第三版第一册词汇测试一(含答案)
—姓名：___________________________ 班级：____________________________学号：___________________________ 日期：____________________________词汇测试一(试卷编号： quiz1考试时间： 60 分钟满分： 100 分Part 1 Vocabulary and Structure<(Each item: 1 point(s))Directions: For each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one to complete each sentence.1. Having practiced so many times, I feel very ________ of my ability to deliver the presentation successfully.A. confident~B. enthusiasticC. incredibleD. satisfied2. The university decided to increase the ________ of the lecture hall, which has only 200 seats.、A. abilityB. capacityC. facilityD. faculty}3. Smart phones – with cameras and color screens – can ________ images and data using wireless network technology.A. evolveB. departC. transmitD. assure：4. This kind of exercise will ________ your creativity, renew your energy, and unlock your potential.A. bindB. yieldC. embraceD. stimulate*5. We teachers do not consider it wise to ________ our students with all sorts of exams, tests and quizzes.A. loadB. annoyC. sampleD. explore!6. He makes his students ________ knowledge through various kinds of interesting activities.A. studyB. learnC. achieveD. acquire;7. For years, scientists have debated the ________ dangers of building another nuclear plant after the terrible accident.A. availableB. potentialC. fascinating\D. genuine8. It was a worthwhile attempt ________ it failed to achieve its purpose that we had hoped for.A. in the endB. now that—C. all at onceD. even though9. Travel in space can be very exciting; ________, it can also be boring and lonely at times.A. so`B. howeverC. thusD. therefore10. Politicians should not ________ in business affairs that might affect their political judgment.…A. engageB. embraceC. departD. treasure!11. I wish to ________ a master's degree in electric engineering after I graduate from college.A. pledgeB. exploreC. pursueD. approach!12. There is no greater importance ________ cultivating independence in children.A. inB. thanC. ofD. with—13. He has made it very clear ________ we should observe the new rules.A. whatB. whichC. thoseD. that》14. Don't worry too much, Jane. Your son ________ home already. Let's go back and check it out.A. returnedB. will returnC. has returnedD. may have returned$15. It was when I read his letter ________ I realized he had given me huge help.A. thatB. thenC. before"D. after16. I believe friendship is an essential element of making a healthy, ________ life.A. flexibleB. rewarding*C. wealthyD. inquisitive17. ________ they have written about the behaviors of animals is hardly anything new.A. That%B. ThisC. WhatD. Which18. No other drugs are as good as this one; it must have been based on a(n) ________ formula (配方).]A. enormousB. stimulatingC. uniqueD. overwhelming（19. Mothers tend to be too ________ toward their children. They should let them see more of the world.A. hopefulB. protectiveC. modestD. encouraging$20. The investigation ________ evidence of a large-scale illegal trade in wild birds.A. uncoveredB. outweighedC. overwhelmedD. evolved-21. The young man not only helped me find the right bus to take, but also _______ me to my destination (目的地) and watched me get into the right building.A. hauledB. assuredC. pointedD. accompanied；22. The speaker experienced a(n) ________ moment when someone interrupted him and challenged him because he did not know how to answer the questions.A. ridiculousB. suspiciousC. awkwardD. incredible~23. Firing a worker can be a very _______ situation and it needs to be handled carefully.A. delicateB. clumsyC. enormous(D. comprehensive24. Because of his _______ to share information, some important information failed to be passed to the right people in time, and this has led to several disasters.A. innocenceB. reluctance<C. curiosityD. efficiency25. I went into my boss' office _______ a really good discussion, but I was simply told that I was getting a three-percent raise and that he could do no better than that.A. matching《B. pledgingC. participatingD. anticipating26. Besides damaging people's ability to do their best in sports, lack of sleep has also been linked to _______ troubles, such as feelings of sadness.、A. physicalB. emotionalC. clinicalD. intellectual[27. Setting up separate bicycle tracks is an effective way to _______ bicycle accidents and improve the safety for riders who share the road with motor vehicles.A. curbB. clipC. surgeD. solve>28. In the last two decades world production of electricity has roughly doubled, with the developing nations _______ the developed.A. surgingB. overtakingC. haulingD. reversing（29. Language and culture are closely related with each other, and the understanding of one requires the understanding of _______.A. otherB. anotherC. the otherD. some other{30. The boss was in a temper. Do you know _______ made him so angryA. what was itB. what it was thatC. what it wasD. what was it that{31. The pumpkin was known in North America and South America 5,000 years ago but it _______ in North America for over 8,000 years according to some researchers.A. may have been grownB. will have been grownC. would have been grown/D. should have been grown32. Joe is always wearing _______ shoes because his feet are in different sizes and he has to go to a special shoe store.A. worn-outB. soft>C. mismatchedD. polished33. This train was built in 1923 and when it ended its working life in 1960, it _______ nearly two million miles.A. traveled@B. has traveledC. had traveledD. had been travelling34. "I'm so sorry," he said, with some ________, "I suppose I should have come earlier."(A. charityB. anticipationC. confidenceD. embarrassment>35. It is not that colorful sunshine, loud music and exciting games could attract hundreds of visitors to charity fun fairs, but _______ warm-hearted people were willing to help the victims in poverty-stricken areas.A. becauseB. asC. sinceD. that]36. The local government never wanted the new shopping center to be built, and _______.A. nor the local residents didB. the local residents didn'tC. nor did the local residentsD. the local residents never did（37. It is quite acceptable for a foreign guest to take a _______ instead of emptying the glass when toasting with his Chinese host.A. biteB. sipC. spoonfulD. tube}38. In only one hour, they were already _______drink, which actually didn't bother me because I wasn't drinking.A. ahead ofB. out ofC. in advance ofD. free of@39. If you do not _______ parties, you don't have to go with me. You can stay at home.A. care forB. struggle againstC. put up with/D. make the most of40. When you catch yourself ________ for something, tell yourself, "Stop."A. regretB. to regret[C. regrettingD. regretted41. Bullying (恃强欺弱) can ________ a climate of fear and anxiety in school, and prevent students from focusing on their schoolwork.A. keep back,B. give rise toC. feel likeD. make use of42. Science can now ________ many things which were thought to be mysterious by ancient people.》A. care forB. lay outC. account forD. set up—43. The school has ________ many after-class activity groups for the pupils to make their spare time more colorful.A. set upB. set offC. set outD. set down！44. When he was a small kid, he ________ from his peers because he could read fast and remember whatever he read.A. showed offB. worked outC. stood outD. straightened up>45. The fall in the number of deaths from heart disease is generally ________ improvements in diet.A. put up withB. attributed toC. added toD. replaced with《46. We can be partners for now, but ultimately you have to ________ to develop a new software for our project.A. keep upB. fire offC. make senseD. take the lead`47. Emotional Intelligence (情商) could be of practical use in many ________ such as how companies decide which job applicant to hire, how parents should raise their children, how schools should teach the students, and so on.A. aspectsB. disciplinesC. structures;D. opportunities48. The teacher should praise students for their correct answers and also suggest ________ possibilities.A. unlimitedB. unique'C. alternativeD. essential49. In some classrooms, desks are arranged in a U-shape, so the teacher can ________ easily with the students.A. interrupt>B. interactC. interpretD. interview50. Computer technology ________ individuals to educate themselves and adapt to a constantly changing job market.,A. letsB. makesC. enablesD. provides：51. Our hope for an enjoyable dinner was instantly ________ when the waiter droppeda salad plate on my head.A. spoiledB. restrictedC. explodedD. vanished：52. ________ the world has ever seen has occurred in the information and communications technologies.A. Great a changeB. The great changeC. A greatest changeD. The greatest change￥53. ________ so many people around, it wasn't convenient to have a long talk with him.A. AsB. WhenC. WithD. Since—54. Alice used to be terribly shy, but working abroad for a year has completely ________ her.A. solvedB. transformedC. characterizedD. regulated{55. Chinese Mandarin (普通话) is ________ for foreigners to learn because the changes in the tone will totally change the meaning of words.A. difficultB. accessibleC. competitive[D. easy56. Take action on those things that will have the biggest ________ impact on your life with the least amount of effort.A. portableB. positive—C. sophisticatedD. moderate57. The adoption of this measure will greatly reduce the ________ of greenhouse gas emissions (排放物), which may help slow global warming.A. loan*B. declineC. releaseD. response58. I think I have a healthy lifestyle. I eat a lot of fruit and vegetables, and I'm a ________ drinker.，A. moderateB. heavyC. gradualD. delicate）59. In a way the human race needs to improve its mental and physical qualities if it is to deal with the more and more ________ world and meet new challenges.A. typicalB. complexC. rationalD. orderly》60. If a person simply does not care about this activity, it's ________ impossible to get him to participate.A. barelyB. seldomC. hardlyD. practically，61. The boss ________ his employees to work longer hours as the company is dreadfully short of staff at present.A. called onB. signed upC. cared forD. set up、62. ________ that new homes cost more than older homes, but that is not true across the country anymore.A. It used to beB. It is used to beC. It used to beingD. It is used to being@63. It is important that whichever candidate (候选人) is picked the loser should accept the defeat ________.A. in advanceB. with great prideC. with good grace-D. in large part64. I don't have any bandage, so I have to ________ pressure to the wound to keep the bleeding down.A. applyB. involve{C. fulfillD. establish65. Women have a greater ability to ________ names with faces than men do, and they are also better at recalling lists.A. associate*B. compareC. engageD. involve66. It is really helpful to have someone like you that we can ________ and count on during difficult times.。
2021英语专业四级语法词汇模拟练习题及答案
2021英语专业四级语法词汇模拟练习题及答案1．Every year I have my doctor _____ on my physical condition.A．check inB．check upC．check intoD．check out2．This ticket _____ you to a free meal in our new restaurant.A．givesB．entitlesC．grantsD．credits3．A child who does well in exams is always _____ on to do better.A．encouragedB．approvedC．spurredD．inspired4．The local peasants gave the soldiers clothes and food without which they _____ of hunger and cold.A．would dieB．will dieC．would be deadD．would have died5．_____ time and labor, cartoonists generally draw the hands of their characters with only three fingers and a thumb.A．SavedB．SavesC．To saveD．The saving6．Riding my bicycle home from school, _____ as I went around the corner.A．a car hit meB．I was striked by a carC．I was struck by a carD．I was struck with a car7．Jane was scolded by the director because he left the office with the door _____.A．unlockingB．not being lockedC．unlockedD．not locking8．They _____ the lecture, but upon learning that we would discuss something irrelevant to their field of study, they gave it up.A．were going to attendB．were to attendC．had attendedD．would have attended9．Without electronic computers, much of today's advanced technology _____.A．have not been achievedB．would not achieveC．would not have been achievedD．would not be achieved10．_____ knows the truths about it will tell you.A．Who thatB．ThatC．WhoeverD．That who11．It was not yet eleven o'clock _____ a boat crossed the river with a single passenger who had obtained his transportation at that unusual hour by promising an extra fare.A．whatB．whenC．thatD．which12．Women workers wear hats _____ their hair gets caught in the machinery.A．ifB．in caseC．unlessD．because13．No sooner had they come back _____ they went to sleep.A．whenB．thenC．untilD．than14．It _____ our teacher came that we begun the test.A．was untilB．was not untilC．not untilD．until was15．_____, glasses can correct most sight defects inhealthy eyes.A．When well fittedB．Being fittedC．was fittedD．fitted16．We should make a clear _____ between the two scientific terms for the purpose of our discussion．A．distinctionB．discriminationC．deviationD．separation17．Rumors are everywhere, spreading fear, damaging reputations, and turning calm situations into ______ ones．A．tragicB．turbulentC．vulnerableD．suspicious18．I was deeply impressed by the hostess' ________ and enjoyed the dinner party very much．A．hostilityB．indignationC．hospitalityD．humanity19．All imaginative _______ is a reflection of the real word．A．inventionB．creationC．discoveryD．illusion20．Two discussions from different points of view may ______ each other．A．complexionB．complimentC．appendixD．complement21．Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from ______ on earth rather than on Mars．A．configurationB．constitutionC．condemnationD．contamination22．The library has a vital role in our search for knowledge．It serves as a workshop for the entire collegeor university, students and ______ alike．A．executivesB．facultyC．crewD．staffs23．In general, matters which lie entirely within state borders are the ______ concern of state government．A．extinctB．excludingC．excessiveD．exclusive24．The old sailor had never studied navigation, but he had good _____ knowledge of it．A．periodicalB．tropicalC．empiricalD．vertical25．He _______ the truth at last by questioning all the bots in the school．A．causedB．resultedC．arousedD．elicited26．The new secretary has written a remarkably ______ report only in a few pages but with all the details．A．conciseB．clearC．preciseD．elaborate27．The lady in this strange tale very obviously suffers from a serious mental illness．Her plot against a completely innocent old man is a clear sign of _______．A．impulseB．dispositionC．insanityD．inspiration28．The two playwrights worked in close ______ with each other on the script．A．collaborationB．circulationC．coalitionD．inspiration29．The police stopped me the other day as I was driving home, because I was ______ the speed limit．A．transcendingB．exceedingC．surpassingD．overtaking30．Some people are more _____ to sea-sickness．A．inclinedB．liableC．likelyD．apt31．I think she hurt my feeling ______ rather than by accident as she claimed．A．virtuallyB．deliberatelyC．literallyD．appropriated32．Some American colleges are state-supported, others are privately _______, and still others are supported by religious organizations．A．ensuredB．attributedC．authorizedD．endowed33．Parents take a great interest in the _____ questions raised by their children．A．nastyB．naiveC．obscureD．offensive34．He is well _______ with the history of the company．A．blessedB．conformedC．compliedD．acquainted35．He wrote to me last week regarding a teaching _____ he thought might interest me．A．professionB．proportionC．provisionD．proposition36．Competition would promote _____ and innovation.A．stagnancyB．efficiencyC．complacencyD．inadvertency37．The survey gave further _____ of continuing strength in investment.A．incidenceB．prudenceC．prevalenceD．evidence38．Authorities are mounting a campaign to combat an alarming rise in juvenile _____ and drug taking.A．delinquencyB．mistakeC．evilD．crime39．Office politics is a universal problem that _____ culture.A．goes intoB．goes forC．goes withD．goes beyond40．The Federal Reserve and other central banks spend a(n）________ $1 billion to $3 billion buying the US currency.A．estimatedB．exactC．evaluatedD．calculated41．One may call this a crisis situation because the dollar has _____ quite steadily.A．depreciatedB．convertedC．circulatedD．alleviated42．It is very discourteous to be _____ during someone's conversation.A．in the wayB．in a wayC．leading the wayD．giving way43．The problem is ______ easy．But I am sure you will find a solution to it if you work.A．above allB．terriblyC．nothing butD．anything but44．The first phone cards went into ______ in Italy in 1976．Since then they have been issued in every country.A．circulationB．businessC．currencyD．force45．If you spend all your time and energy trying to_____ out what words got said, you miss out on comprehending the message.A．fingerB．featureC．nurtureD．figure46．Language and cultural ______ have prevented many people from moving easily in American society.A．barriersB．similaritiesC．problemsD．disagreement47．He wrote against people who would not show _____ to all religions.A．complacencyB．mercyC．incompetenceD．persistency48．The painting is thought to be _____．There is not another one like it in the worldA．peculiarB．uniqueC．singleD．sterile49．The school _____ to him missing classes without permission.A．objectedB．adjustedC．appealedD．conformed50．His car is a much older _____ than ours.A．modelB．patternC．manufactureD．form答案：1-5 BBCDC 6-10 CCDDC 11-15 BBDBA16-20 ABCBD 21-25 BBDCD 26-30 ACABB31-35 BDBDD 36-40 BDADA 41-45 AADAD详解：36．B stagnancy 停滞, 迟钝efficiency 效率, 功效complacency 满足, 安心inadvertency 不注意, 怠慢37．D incidence 落下的方式, 影响范围prudence 审慎prevalence 流行evidence 迹象, 根据38．A delinquency 行为不良, 错失mistake 错误, 过失evil 邪恶, 不幸, 罪恶crime犯罪行为39．D go into 进入, 加入, 探究, 变得；go for 去找, 努力获取, 被认为, 主张, 拥护；go with 伴随, 与...相配go beyond 超出40．A estimate 估计, 估价, 评估exact 精确的, 准确的, 原样的, 精密的, 严格41．A depreciate 折旧, (使）贬值, 降低, 贬低, 轻视；convert 使转变, 转换...,使...改变信仰；circulate (使）流通, (使）循环 alleviate 使(痛苦等）易于忍受, 减轻42．A in the way 挡道，妨碍某人；in a way 在某种程度上, 稍稍；lead the way 带路, 示范；give way 撤退, 让路43．D above all 最重要, 首先；terribly 可怕地, 十分, 极；nothing but 只anything but 决不44．A circulation 循环, 流通, 发行额；business 商业；currency 流通；force 力量, 魄力, 势力, 暴力；go into circulation 是一个短语，意思是“进入流通”。
跨文化交际课件Unit 4
Language and Culture
A: Why couldn’t Cinderella be a good soccer player? B: She lost her shoe, she ran away from the ball, and her coach was a pumpkin.
references\一封信(colors).doc
Chinese Zodiac
mouse
ox
tiger
rabbit
dragon
snake
Chinese Zodiac
horse
sheep
monkey
rooster
dog
pig
Animal
mouse
Chinese
disgust, timid, dirty, smart and agile （敏捷）
tiger
ferocity（凶猛）
rabbit
dragon snake
cute and tameபைடு நூலகம்
majesty(威严；权威) harmful
lovely, reproductive （生殖、再生的）
evil evil
Animal
horse
Chinese
success/ devotion/ hardworking docile(温顺的) and
English
devotion/hardworking/ beauty, strength
sheep
monkey rooster dog pig
weak
clever, agile（机敏的） and a little impatient prostitute humble stupid, lazy, dirty
英语语言与文化lecture
American Social Culture
The American Dream
The idea of individual success and happiness through hard work and selfreliance
Diversity and Multiculturalism
Australia
Canada
New Zealand
The unique blend of British and Original cultures, as well as the influence of migration from Asia and Europe
The sentiment of French and English cultures, as well as the contributions of Indigenous people and immigrants from around the world
Culture determines language learning and teaching: The approach to language learning and teaching is often influenced by cultural beliefs and practices For example, some cultures emphasize rot learning while others focus on communicative skills
• Old English (450-1100): Characterized by a highly impacted grammar and a vocabulary derived from German roots, Old English was the language of the Anglo Saxons
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Lecture 4Language and Culture语言与文化( See Units 4 in Tb )Outline of this lecture•I. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis（萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说Culture shapes language and•then language shapes culture. Language both reflects and shapes societies.)•II. Words and their Cultural Distinctions and Connotations•（论词汇及其文化差别和含义）•III. “Colorful” Words（颜色词）•IV. Idioms, Proverbs and Sayings（成语，谚语和格言）•V. Learning While Watching（看中学）•CCTV百家讲坛：涉外礼仪（43分钟由中国人民大学国际关系学院•金正坤教授主讲）•Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis（萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说）( See p.150 & p.152 in Tb )•萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说的观点最早见于萨丕尔1929年发表的一篇文章（胡文仲2004/2006：53）：•语言是¡°社会现实¡±的指南。
虽然人们通常认为语言对社会科学研究者并不具有重要意义，但它对于我们对社会问题及过程的看法产生强大的影响。
人们并不仅仅生活于客观世界之中，也不是像人们通常所理解的那样仅仅生活于社会活动的世界之中，而是处于成为该社会表达手段的认为某特定语言的严格控制之下。
人们毋需使用语言就可以适应现实，认为语言仅仅是解决具体交际或思考问题的附带的手段，那是一种幻想。
事实是：¡°真实世界¡±在很大程度上是用这一人群的语言习惯不自觉地构筑起来的。
从来没有两种语言如此相近，足以被认为是表现同一社会现实。
不同社会所生存的世界是不同的世界，而不仅仅是带有不同标签的同一世界。
•沃尔夫发展了萨丕尔的论点，表达得更加明确（胡文仲2006：54）：•每一语言的语言系统（换句话说，即其语法）不仅是为了表达思想使之再现的工具，实际上它使思想成型，它是人们思想活动、分析I. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis（萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说）•种种印象、综合思想感觉的程序和指南¡-¡-我们按自己的语言所规定的路子解剖自然界。
我们从现象世界中抽出来的范畴和类别，之所以能抽出来，并不是因为它们明明白白地摆在那里，相反，世界表现为万花筒式的各种各样的感觉和印象。
这些必须由我们的头脑来组织，而这意味着大致上是由我们头脑中的语言系统来组织。
( Whorf 1952: 5 )•封宗信《现代语言学流派概论》（2006：104）•萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说的核心是人的语言影响了人对现实的感知。
我们看到的世界是语言所描述的世界，因此我们生活在其中的世界是一个语言结构。
有多少种语言，就有多少种分析世界的方法。
也就是说，世界上的语言不同，各民族对世界的分析和看法不同。
•该学说有两个主要组成部分：1.语言决定论（即语言决定思维）；2.语言相对论（即语言的结构多样化是无止境的）。
II. Words and their Cultural Distinctions and Connotations（论词汇及其文化差别和含义）•Dog: a lucky dog, a jolly dog, a sly dog, teach an old dog new tricks• A good dog deserves a good bone.•Dutch: go Dutch = Dutch treat, in Dutch, Dutch collar, Dutch concert,•Dutch talent, Dutch courage, Dutch defense, double Dutch•III. “Colorful” Words（颜色词）•Red:red-letter days, to paint the town red, to roll out the red carpet for sb.•red light, red hunter, red tape, red battle, red hands, red handed,•red ruin, to see red, waving a red flag, the red light district•double happiness, to begin well / to make a good start, flourishing,•in luck, fair-haired boy, woman matchmaker, dividend, men and women•in holiday dress, feasting and revelryIII. “Colorful” Words（颜色词）•White: a white lie, a white hope, a white elephant, the white feather,• a white night, a white slave, white war, weddings and funerals•Black: a black day, a black spot, a black sheep, a black mood, a black look,•black news, a black comedy•Blue: a blue Monday, blue video/film, a blue blood, a blue ribbon, blue book,• a bluestocking•Green( lacking in experience, training or knowledge ): •greenhorn, green hand•Other colors: yellow belly, yellow dog, purple passageIV. Idioms, Proverbs and Sayings（成语，谚语和格言）• 1. Idioms• e.g. look down (on), look out (for), run into, keep at, make out, …•Turn out: 1) Turn out the light. 2) Turn out the guard.•3) The whole town turned out for the event.•4) This machine can turn out 300 copies a minute. •5) It turned out to be a mistake.• 1.1 英汉语比喻所用动物或人不同：•as brave as a lion（狮）勇猛如虎•as cheerful as a lark（云雀）欢喜雀跃•as hungry as a hawk（鹰）如同饿狼•as mute as a fish（鱼）噤若寒蝉•as obstinate as a mule（骡）犟得像牛IV. Idioms, Proverbs and Sayings（成语，谚语和格言）•as plump as a partridge（鹧鸪）胖得像猪•as quiet as a mouse（鼠）静如处子•as sleek as a cat（猫）马屁精•as strong as a horse（马）体壮如牛•as stupid as a goose（鹅）笨得像猪•as tame as a chicken（鸡）驯如羊羔•as brisk as a bee（蜜蜂）轻快如燕• 1.2 英语比喻所用动物在汉语中不同:•as blind as a bat（蝙蝠）瞎得很•as busy as a bee（蜜蜂）非常忙碌•as crooked as a dog’s hind leg（狗的后腿）很不正直IV. Idioms, Proverbs and Sayings（成语，谚语和格言）•as cross as a bear（熊）怒气冲冲•as fleet as a deer （鹿）异常快捷•as gaudy as a peacock（孔雀）十分华丽•as graceful as a swan（天鹅）姿势优美•as greedy as a wolf（狼）极为贪婪•as mad as a March hare（野兔）特别疯狂•as melancholy as a cat（猫）非常忧郁•as mild as a dove（鸽）十分温顺•as poisonous as a toad（蟾蜍）极其恶毒•as poor as a church mouse（鼠）特别贫穷•as proud as a peacock（孔雀）异常骄傲IV. Idioms, Proverbs and Sayings（成语，谚语和格言）• 2. Proverbs and Sayings•1) Strike while the iron is hot.•2) Many hands make light work.•3) Haste makes waste.•4) Out of sight, out of mind.•5) Birds of a feather flock together.•6) Look before you leap.•7) Where there’s smoke there’s fire.•8) Where there’s a will there’s a way.•9) Give a person a dose of his own medicine.•10) All good things must come to an end.V. Learning While Watching•CCTV百家讲坛（by DVD play）：涉外礼仪•References:•王振亚. 2004. 实用英语语言文化[M]. 保定: 河北大学出版社.•邓炎昌, 刘润清. 1989. 语言与文化[M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社. •胡文仲. 2004. 超越文化的屏障[M].北京: 外语教学与研究出版社.•封宗信. 2006. 现代语言学流派概论[M]. 北京: 北京大学出版社.•靳梅琳. 2005. 社会语言学与英语学习[M]. 天津: 南开大学出版社.。