Americanslang
阅读教程翻译 The American Man
我们不厌其烦地谈论“美国男人”，似乎他们身上存在着某种几十年或者十年恒常不变的品质。
当今的美国男人不再是1630年来到新英格兰的快乐的农民了。
他们不再是老脑筋，他们不再以内向的性格为荣，他们不会坐在没有取暖设备的教堂里连做三遍祷告。
在南方，富裕的，成天围着女孩子转的骑士也发展壮大了，但两种“美国男人”都不像之后东北部发达起来的贪婪的铁路承包商。
而不计后果、为所欲为的西部文明移民也不像他们。
即使在我们自己的年代，公认的模范也发生了戏剧性的变化。
举个例子来说，在20世纪50年代，这样一种美国人越来越凸显出来，成为大多数人认可的模范。
这就是50年代的男人。
上班起早贪黑，干活尽职尽责，养家糊口，遵规守纪。
里根就是这类人的典型——固执而坚忍不拔。
这类人弄不懂女人的心，却颇为赏识女人的身体；他们的文化观和文化观的美国部分幼稚而乐观。
他们大都有坚忍不拔、信心十足的品质，但在他们魅力十足、虚张声势的外表下，还有另外的三个特征：孤立、清贫、被动。
他们需要通过自己的敌人来证明自己还活着。
50年代的男人喜欢橄榄球，好斗，他们维护美国，从不流泪，只是默默奉献。
但在这些男人的身上，善于接纳和对人友善的品质消失了。
他们的个性缺乏洋溢感。
他们还缺乏同情心，正是这点怂恿了他们对越战的狂热；就像后来的里根，他的头脑中缺乏那种我们称之为“和平之心”的东西，这使得他对萨尔瓦多那些手无寸铁的人，对这里的老人、失业者、上学的孩子，乃至对穷人都铁石心肠、残暴野蛮。
50 年代的男人清楚地知道男人该是什么样，男人的职责是什么，但他们自身孤立和片面的观念弄得他们危机四伏。
到了60 年代，又出现了另外一类男人。
越战的荒废和暴虐让他们质疑，自已是否真的知道一个成年男人是什么样子?如果成年等于越战，他们对成年还有一丝一毫的向往吗?同时，女权运动激励男人们开始真切地审视女人，迫使他们开始理解50 年代男人苦苦逃避的担忧和苦楚。
随着男人们开始正视女人的过去和她们的感受，一些人开始留意并专注他们自己的所谓“女性”的那一面。
american slang
1. be on one's high horse 趾高气扬sentence: It seems to me that John is on his high horse these days.在我看来约翰这些天都非常趾高气扬（嚣张跋扈）2. have a high opinion of oneself 自负，自命不凡sentence: She is only having a high opinion of herself她非常自负3. play possum 装蒜/装负鼠（一种动物，这里做比喻装蒜）sentence: to play possum means to deceive,to hide the truth装蒜就意味着欺骗和隐瞒事实4.a jam traffic 交通堵塞sentence: This morning ,I had to go to school by walk for having a seriousjam traffic今天早上我不得不走路去学校，因为交通堵塞太严重了5.be wet behind the ears 乳臭未干，比喻“没有经验”sentence: You, who is wet behind the ears,how can you beat me down?你一个如臭未干的家伙，你怎能把我撂倒6.a fool for women 色鬼sentence: how hateful that fool for women is!真是一个讨厌的色鬼7.have a hard time 步履艰难日子难过sentence: we have had a hard time for many years这种艰难的日子我们已经过了很多年了8.cut one's own grass 自食其力sentence:when I was a boy,our teachers had told us how to cut our grass and how to stand on our own feet. 从小老师就告诉了我们这样自食其力，怎么样自主生活9.get cross with someone 生某人的气sentence: my mother is getting cross with me for my getting home late我妈妈正在生我的气，因为我回家太晚了10.know one's good 知道该怎么做sentence: She is so sensible that she is always to know her good.她一向很明智所以她总是知道该怎么做2nd Day,1.talk Turkey 开门见山也作谈火鸡sentence:Talking Turkey is one method in composition开门见山是写作方法之一2.apple polishers 马屁精sentence: what a apple polisher he is !他真是一个马屁精！3.It is Greek 深懊难懂sentence: this literature comment is Greek for me这篇文学评论对于我来说太难了4.playful with words 玩弄文字sentence:I regard nit-pick on words as being playful with words我认为咬文嚼字是一种文字游戏.注明：nit-pick on words 咬文嚼字5.a catch phrase 妙语引人注意的话sentence:occasionally,this spokesman will sound a catch phrase.这位发言人偶尔会妙语连珠6.be culkolded 戴绿帽sentence: if you get married ,you must be sure to guarantee you won't be culkolded. 如果你们结婚的话，你务必要保证你不会戴绿帽子.7.call girls 妓女sentence:these years ,call girls have been tend to occupationalize如今妓女已经倾向于职业化8.lick the boots of .... 拍.....的马屁sentence:flatterers are good at licking the boots of bosses.献魅者善于拍上司的马屁9.a bed of roses 安乐床完美无缺的事sentence:don't dream of always having a bed of roses in your life别把生活幻想得完美无缺10.a big apple of sb's eye 掌上明珠sentence:the princess is a big apple of this king 's eye.公主是这位国王的掌上明珠3rd Day,1.get in sb's hair (俚语）惹恼，惹怒某人...sentence:Be sure not to get in his hair,or you are going to eat dirt千万不要惹恼他，否则你会吃亏的注明：eat dirt 吃亏2.scoff at对....嗤之以鼻sentence:there are too many superstars scoffing at media in China.在中国有许多超级巨星对媒体嗤之以鼻3.marriage comes be destiny 姻缘命中注定sentence:this proverb,"marriage comes be destiny",are believed in by the most of feminie all the time大多数女性一直信奉姻缘命中注定这句话4.grim and bear it 逆来顺受sentence:when you are applying for a job,managers will ask some questions such as "how do you feel adversity".then someone will give a answer such as "grim and bear it"在求职中，经理人会问有些问题，比如你怎么样看待逆境.然后有些人会回答逆来顺受之类的答案.5.get in Dutch with sb 开罪某人，失欢于某人sentence:a advisible man always know how to avoid getting in Dutch with other people.聪明的人总是知道怎么样避免得罪别人6.give sb the pink slip 解雇某人sentence:if you don't want to be gived the pink slip,please concentrating on your job.如果你不想被解雇，那么请你专注于你的工作7.start from scratch 白手起家sentence:from long time ago,the most of tycoons have been to start from scratch.从很久以前开始，就有许多商业大亨是从白手起家的8.go to the dogs (俚）破产完蛋sentence:you are to blame for going to the dogs.你活该破产9.bite the bullet 咬紧牙关sentence:if you get involved with a jam,please sure be to bite the bullet,then you can just pass through it. 如果你陷入困境，千万要咬紧牙关，然后你就能度过难关.10.could bite sb's tongue off 追悔莫及sentence:if you miss the opportunity to work at the company ,you will could bite your tongue off如果你失去在那家公司工作的机会，你会后悔莫及的4th Day,1.settle accounts with 与...算帐sentence:he said that he has some old accouts to settle with his boss.他说他有些老帐要和他老板算2.boss the show 占上风出风头sentence : you do that for bossing the show?你那样做就是为了出风头？3.take with a pinch of salt 不轻信sentence:you should take what she says with pinch of salt不应该轻信她的话4.throw caution to the winds 不顾一切sentence:you cannot throw caution to the winds.there 's a lot of riskin doing that你不能不顾一切，因为那样做太危险了5.paly a role 起某种作用sentence:For success , diligence is important but intelligence also plays a role.对成功而言，勤奋非常重要但智慧也起到一定的作用6.be off the beans 不走正道sentence:make sure that kids are not off the beans务必不要让孩子走上邪路7.it's only human 只是人之常情snetence:you should take account it 's only human.你应该考虑到这是人之常情8.have a bone to pick with 鸡蛋里面挑骨头. 和...有争端sentence:if you think like that,I don't have a bone to pick with如果你那样想的话，我不会和你争辩的9.pay through the nose for 要买...得花特别多钱（比喻被敲竹竿）sentence:if you want to get this precious this antique,it has the possible to pay throug the nose for you. 如果你想买那件宝物，你很可能被敲竹竿10.cost an arm an a leg 需要花很多很多钱（比喻大出血）sentence:Tom cost an arm and a leg yesterday for buying that trousers.汤姆为了买那条裤子昨天大出血5th Day,1.give sb a push when he's down 落井下石sentence:I am so sad for being given a push by my closest friend when i was down我非常伤心，因为我最好的朋友在我困难的时候落井下石2.rude for a fall 自讨苦吃sentence:if you want to quit ,you just ride for a fall如果你想辞职，那么你就是在自讨苦吃3.measure other people by sb's onw bushel 以己度人sentence: please don't measure other people by you own bushel,because many people,many taste.请别以己度人，因为人人各有所好注：many people,many taste 各有所好（谚）4.be in hot water 陷入困境sentence:he is in hot water,please help him.他正遇上麻烦，请帮助他5.hit sb below the belt 暗箭中伤sentence:in politics world,many celebrities had been hit below the belt在政界，许多名流都曾经被中伤过6.a lazy bone 懒虫sentence:I recognize i am lazy bone beyond questions我承认我毫无疑问是个懒虫7.be head over heels in love with sb 深深爱上...sentence:if you are head over heels in love with sb,you will feel how wonderful it is!如果你深深爱上一个人，你会感觉到那是多么美妙的事情8.eat dirt 吃亏sentence :Parents should not be for fear that their children will eat dirt to protect them over父母不应该为了怕孩子吃亏而保护他们过度9.trickle sb pink 逗某人笑使某人开心sentence;parents should often trickle their baby pink in order that they become more healthy and clever in their early life.父母们应该常常逗小孩开心，以便在他们的早年生活中能够变得更健康聪明10.go from bad to worse 越来越糟每况愈下sentence:his mother's health go from bad to worse ,this make him worry about it so much.他妈妈的身体健康每况愈下，这令他非常担心6th Day,1.hate sb's guts 恨之入骨sentence:she hate Pip's guts,because she was given the air by the man ten years ago她对这个男人恨之入骨，因为10年前她被他抛弃了注：be given the air 被抛弃2.talk back 顶嘴回嘴sentence:Tom likes to talk back when his mother teaches him lessons在妈妈教训汤姆的时候，他老喜欢回嘴3.give sb a cold shoulder 不理睬某人冷落某人sentence:when your friends .relatives and belove giye your a cold shoulder,you will feel despair如果你被朋友亲人爱人，你会感到很绝望4.be worried stiff 急得要死sentence:Kate,your Mom can't find you so as to be worried stiff,you'd better get home more quickly凯特你妈妈找不到你现在急得要死，你最好快点回去5.thank sb's lucky stars 感到万幸sentence:I thank my luckys stars for passing the exam this time.我这次能通过考试感到万幸6.as poor as a church' mouse 一贫如洗sentence:I am as poor as a church's mouse at the moment此刻我一贫如洗7.Adversity has few friends 人处逆境朋友稀sentence:As the proverb, "Adversity has few friends",I am in trouble ,and so basically there are not friends toknock at my door如果人处逆境朋友稀这句话，我现在陷入麻烦，基本上没有朋友来我家8.chew the fat 闲聊sentence:the chatrooom in the website is good places for chewwing the fat.网站的聊天室是闲聊的好地方9.a fair play 公平的交易sentence:it is a fair play,isn't it这是一笔公平交易不是吗10.tell sheep from goat 分清好人坏人sentence:parents should teach their children how to tell sheep from goat in childhood父母们应该从小教育孩子们怎么样分清好人坏人1.hit sb below the belt 暗箭中伤某人2.badmouth sb 说某人坏话sentence:you may badmouthe them ,and they may hit you below the belt你可能说某人坏话，他们也可能来中伤你3。
[美国口语俚语]以B开头的常见俚语
![[美国口语俚语]以B开头的常见俚语](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/0b42203ccec789eb172ded630b1c59eef8c79a08.png)
[美国⼝语俚语]以B开头的常见俚语美国⼝语俚语Modern American Slang and Colloquialisms简介：俚语（lǐyǔ）(Slang)，是指民间⾮正式、较⼝语的语句，是百姓在⽇常⽣活中总结出来的通俗易懂顺⼝的具有地⽅⾊彩的词语。
地域性强，较⽣活化。
俚语是⼀种⾮正式的语⾔，通常⽤在⾮正式的场合。
有时俚语⽤以表达新鲜事物，或对旧事物赋以新的说法。
中国⼈说英语常常闹笑话，其实并不见得是单词量不够，往往是⽆法理解对话中所出现的俚语。
⾃⼰表达地⽣硬刻板，也是因为不懂得如何使⽤Slang。
美国俚语这个栏⽬主要是为读者介绍英语⼝语中出现的⾼频俚语，从⽽提⾼⾃⾝的⼝语表达和地道性。
1. Barge in 闯⼊George rudely barged in on our private meeting.乔治很⽆礼的闯⼊我们的私⼈会谈2. Basket case 绝望⽆助，意志消沉的⼈，完全没有希望的⼈When Sam’s wife left him, he was a basket case for weeks.Sam的太太离开他时，他消沉了好⼏个星期3. Beat a dead horse ⽩费唇⾆，⽩费⼒⽓I’ve already made up my mind. There’s no sense beating a dead horse.我已经下定决⼼了，不必再⽩费唇⾆了.4. Beat it ⾛开Beat it! I’m busy right now.⾛开，我现在忙着呢5. Beats me 我不知道，考到我了Beats me. We haven’t had that yet.我不知道，我们还没学到那个6. Belly laugh 震⽿欲聋的笑声，捧腹⼤笑My goodness, Burt, you’ve got a really belly laugh.我的天啊，Burt，你的笑声也太震⽿了7. Bent out of shape ⽓坏了，⼤发雷霆Our mom was really bent out of shape because we came home so late last night.我们昨晚到家很晚，妈妈⼤发雷霆8. Bend over backwards 不遗余⼒,拼命Sue will bend over backwards to help her friends.苏会不遗余⼒地帮助她的朋友9. Between a rock and a hard place 进退两难I don’t know what the solution is. Right now, I’m caught between a rock and a hard plac e.我不知道如何解决，现在我简直是进退两难10. Big 重要的，受欢迎的，热门的Her new novel is really big in New York.她新出版的⼩说在纽约很红⽂章出处：/doc/23385512.html /html/ability/americanslang/20141230/94832.html。
论文英文文献
Brushless DC motor and its control technology developmentwlerUniversity of TennesseeKnoxville,Tennessee UDC621.313:620.178.53Abstract: This article introduces brushless DC component and its development situation,analyses the current brushless DC motor for further in-depth research problems, and points out the development direction.Keywords:Brushless DC motor; Review; Control; Electronic commutation circuit; The rotor position detection circuit1 IntroductionWith its excellent DC torque characteristic motion control to widely, but common DC motivation to change and mechanical brush, but poor *, etc. When in the electromagnetic interference and noise, the impact of the DC motor control system in further applications. With shortcomings overcome machinery commutation,electronic commutation replace machinery commutation brushless motors.In 1955 arrison D.H America as the first application in transistors replaced machinery commutation circuit,marks the patent brush brushless motor modern. And electronic commutation brushless DC motor, is really into practical stage in 1978 MAC classic brushless DC motor and the driver. Later, the international brushless DC motor is studied, has developed square-wave brushless motor brushless DC motor and the sine wave. For more than 20 years, permanent new materials, microelectronics technology,automatic control technology and electronic technology,especially the power switch device, brushless motor development to progress. Brushless DC motor has been originally with electronic commutation DC motor,there is normally BLDCM external characteristics of electronic commutation motor.Brushless DC motor keep the traditional DC good dynamic and static characteristics, and the speed of simple structure, easy operation and control. The application of military industry, from initial to aerospace,medical appliance, information, and the rapid development in industrial automation.1The structure, and have BLDCM, brushless DC motor stator windings as the armature winding consists of permanent magnetic materials and excitation replaced. Armature current1Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika,No.10,pp.35-37,October,1995.waveform into different, can be divided into BLDC motor (BLDCM) torque-current DC motor (sine waves and new all-digital fuzzy), electronic BLDCM commutation replace original DC motor machinery commutation,magnetic materials, saves the brush to make the rotor, But new all-digital fuzzy is replaced by permanent magnet synchronous motor rotor windings, saves the excitation of field winding, sliping and brush. Under the same conditions, the driver circuit was easier to control, square, a simple application to extensive new all-digital fuzzy BLDCM.Brushless DC motor by electronic commutation circuit commonly,the rotor position detection circuit and motor is composed of three parts, electronic ontology commutation circuit control and driven by general part of rotor position detection, and position sensors usually use to finish. When the work place, the controller of motor rotor position sensors in each driver circuit orderly trigger power tube, orderly, to drive in DC motor. From the three parts of brushless motivation of its development were analyzed.2 Each component of development2.1 Motor ontologyBrushless dc motor electromagnetic structure and a BLDCM are basic and same, but it is the armature winding put on weight of the stator,rotor adoptted, simplify the structure and improve the performance, so that it can be * * to enhance sexual. Brushless permanent magnet motor development and development is inseparable, magnetic materials development process basically has the following several development stages experience:aluminum nickel-cobalt, ferrite materials, NdFeB (NdFeB). With high energy and nd-fe-b magnetic materials appear caused a revolution. The third generation of nd-fe-b materials, further reducing the motor with copper, prompted brushless motors to efficiency,miniaturization,energy development direction.At present, to improve the motor power density, transverse magnetic field, its permanent magnet motor stator tooth and armature coils space position, the main motor are perpendicular to the motor axial magnetic flux, the structure to improve the circulation of air-gap flux density,can provide more than most traditional motor output torque. This type of motor is in research and development stage.2.2 Electronic commutation circuitControl circuit, brushless dc motor control power switching device driver circuit to controlmotor speed, steering, and protect the torque motor,including over-current, over-voltage, overheating protection, etc.Control circuit, control circuit of initial analogue simpler. Digital circuit,many hardware work can be directly by software, can reduce the hardware circuit and improve its, also can improve the control circuit and control circuit of anti-jamming ability by analog circuits to digital circuits.At present, control circuit commonly application-specific integrated circuit,microprocessor and digital signal processor, three form. For motor control requirements of high places, by professional IC component control circuit is simple and practical method,Digital signal processor arithmetic faster, peripheral circuit, system composition is simple, less, can * brushless dc motor composition,performance greatly improved greatly simplified and motor miniaturization and intelligent,and digital signal processor is the development direction of control circuit.Driving circuit,drive circuit output power: the armature winding motor drive, and controlled in control circuit. By the power switch device driver circuit.It appears,thyristor motor from a brush to brush leap. But the thyristor is only have control through, without the ability to shut off the controllability of switching devices, and the lower frequency switch, cannot satisfy the brushless dc motor performance further improved. Power electronic technology rapid development,appeared all-controlling power switching device, which can be shut off the transistor (GTO), electric field effect transistors MOSFET),metal bar (bipolar transistors IGBT module, integrated the thyristor (in) and new development in recent years IGCT enhanced grid transistors into electronic IEGT.These devices, the corresponding improving performance brushless motor driving circuit is also obtained a rapid development. At present, all-controlling switching device is substituting route complex function indexes, huge volume, low ordinary thyristor and drive circuit from linear amplification convert pulse width modulation circuit switch state, from power tube division circuit to integrated circuits, modular driving circuit for intelligent, high-frequency,miniaturization,created conditions.2.3 Rotor position detection circuitBrushless motor is a closed loop mechatronics system, it is the rotor position as a signal switch poles of electronic circuit, the accurate detection of rotor position, and the rotor positionof power switching devices in brushless dc motor, is the normal operation of the key.Use a position sensor to the rotor position detection device is as the most direct and efficient method.General will position sensor installed on the rotor shaft, realize real-time detection of rotor position. Magnetoelectric sensor is the earliest position, heavy and complicated, have been eliminated, Currently magnetic susceptibility type hall position sensor is widely applied in brushless dc motor, another photoelectric position sensor. Position sensor, increase weight of brushless dc motor and the structure size is smaller, Rotation sensors are worn, and not easy maintenance,At the same time, the sensor sensitivity and installation accuracy directly affect motor operating performance,Another,transmission, easy to introduce interference signals too much, Is the collection signal, hardware more reduced system. In order to adapt to the further development of brushless motors, sensorless arises at the historic moment, it generally use the armature winding back emf induction by magnetic rotor position indirectly, and direct method, saves the position sensor, simplify the structure of ontology, the motor to good effect, and a wide range of applications. But back emf for detecting position sensorless brushless motors, resting not back emf, how is the motor start smoothly to solve the problem.In recent years, people put forward a new kind of sensorless brushless motor, it is used to detect the rotor position back emf, stick on the rotor surface of conductive materials, the use of magnetic stator winding high-frequency switch when working on the magnetic materials, eddy current open phase voltage size varies with the rotor position, can open testing phase voltage to judge the rotor position, the sensorless brush motor overcome the brushless motor position usually start and low operation problem,but the methods of motor,need special motor manufacturing high requirements proposed.3 Resarch problems3.1 Torque rippleAt present, brushless dc motor with the main problem is saved torque ripple. Torque pulsation of the deposit, brushless dc motor servo system is restricted, especially the application of direct drive applications, torque motor speed control characteristics to worsen. Especially for audio-visual equipment,film machine,computer of brushless dc motor,smooth operation, no more requirements.Inhibit or eliminate torque servo system to improve performance as the key.Torque ripple reason mainly has: the cogging effect and flux distortion caused by torque ripple, Harmonic cause torque ripple, The armature equivalent inductance, caused by change current torque ripple. At present, universities and research institutions simulating torque ripple in-depth study of the problems,according to different causes various inhibit or weaken the torque ripple method, from different extent brushless motor to improve performance.These are the original structure, and puts forward some solutions and not weaken or compensation method from the principle of eliminating the torque ripple. Torque ripple remains to further study.3.2 Sensorless rotor position detectionSensorless rotor position detection methods are mainly: back emf, free-wheeling diode, inductive method and the state observation method. Among the most common method of back emf is the most widely used and methods. But this method is based on the principle of armature reaction on deposit, brushless motor, power error, the armature reaction for air-gap flux density effect more apparent, the error is bigger. Another,motor start-up and low back emf, zero or small, hard to detect the rotor position back emf, sensorless brushless motor save the startup problem [9]. How the brushless motor, power back emf method to compensate the rotor position error caused by signal, and how to overcome the problem of motor startup method of emf is urgent. The startup problem, commonly used in other ways to start again after switch to run position sensor.4 Brushless DC motor of development1831, Faraday discovered electricity induction phenomenon, laid the foundation of modern basic theory. In the nineteen forties has successfully developed the first direct motivation, experience about 17years time, dc motor technology to mature.With the application of dc motor, the demand is higher and higher, the mechanical commutation devices limit the contact a BLDCM on many occasions. In order to replace a BLDCM brush - commutator structure of machinery, people have to do long-term exploration. In 1915, americans Langnall invented with the grid control mercury arc rectifier,made by direct exchange of inverter unit change.In the 1930s, someone with ion of the motor stator windings device realized according to the rotor position of so-called motor commutator,but due to the motor of poor reliability and low efficiency,the device bulky and complex and no use value.Rapid development of science and technology,electronic semiconductor technology. Switch the successful development of transistors, to create a new dc motor - brushless dc motor with life.In 1955, the americans first put forward by Harrison thyristor commutation replace motor brush contact line of thought, this is the rudiment of brushless dc motor. It consists of power amplifier, signal detection, and the magnetic circuit components,such as transistors switch, its principle of work is as the rotor spinning, winding in signal of periodic signal emf induction emf respectively, and signal transistor turns to achieve through commutation.Problem is, first of all, when rotor spinning, winding signal not do not produce induction emf, transistors, unbiased power cannot feed,so the windings of the brushless dc motor not start torque,Secondly, due to the frontier steepness signal emf,the power transistor.In order to overcome the drawback of above, people used centrifuge device, or using the commutator during the stator is placed on surface-mounted auxiliary method to ensure the reliable starter motor. But the former structure is complex, which requires additional start pulse. After repeated experiments,and constantly practice, people found the use of electronic commutation circuit position sensor and instead of BLDCM are mechanical commutation device, thus for dc and a new way of development.In the 20th century to the early 1930s, switch position sensor, electromagnetic resonant position sensor and high-frequency coupling position sensor field,then appeared magnetoelectricity coupling and photoelectric position sensor. The rapid development of semiconductor technology, make people in 1879americans found hall hall effect happened again, after years of hard work, and finally in 1962 has successfully trial-produced using hall element to realize the commutation of brushless dc motor. In the early 1970s, has successfully trial-produced using more than a thousand times hall componets of high sensitivity of magnetic susceptibility diode realize around the commutation of brushless dc motor.In various position sensor, people try to seek a position sensor structure without attachment of brushless dc motor. In 1968, the German W.M ieslinger proposed move to realize the capacitance of a new method. On this basis, the germans R.H anitsch successfully trial-produced using digital annular splitter and zero discriminators combinations to realize sensorless phase to the brushless dc motor.In recent years, China's small and medium-sized motor and micro&special motor industry development is rapid, table 1 is 2002-2006 in motor industry sales and earnings of incompletestatistics. Among them, because of brushless dc motor with high efficiency, long life and low noise and has better torque - speed characteristics, advantages in automotive, aerospace, household appliances, industrial manufacturing areas such as well.Tab.3 2002-2006 sales and sales income and motor statisticsTab.3 2002-2006 sales and sales income and motor statisticsvintage2002 2003 2004 2005 2006Productsales/10 kWProductincome / million 3562 6319 7847 9702 10950 698731 1085847 1560933 2182281 2686147 1) Cars with brushless DC motorAs a kind of quick and convenient traffic tools already and people's life. A car usually includes dozens of internal to hundreds of motor car, as to energy saving and environment protection, including the development direction of brushless dc motor, efficient permanent magnet motor car in good application prospects. Table 1-3 is the motive power of electric vehicle performance, we can see that belongs to the permanent magnet motor brushless dc motor in the electric car driver has very good technical advantages.Tab.4 EV compared with motor performanceTab.4 EV compared with motor performancemotor InductionPermanentSwitched reluctance performance Dc motormotor magnet motormotor Power densitylow middle higher highPeak efficiency /%＜90 90—95 95—97 ＜90 Loading efficiency80—8790—92 85—97 78—86 /%Controllable simplemore complex weak magnetic more complex 4controlReliability general good optimal goodBut you need to be aware that position sensor installation and use, can increase the cost of general motors, and the influence of brushless dc motor control system reliability and the working life, additional sensor in motor, still can increase internal motor cars, and the volume of motor volume has strict requirements and restrictions. Therefore,the sensorless brushless dc motor control of the study is very necessary.2) Aerospace use brushless dc motorDue to its aviation motor applications particularity, the general requirements of small size, use simple structure. Brushless dc motor of special structure characteristics and sensorless control mode in the aerospace field widely applied for.Space of brushless dc motor with variable load operation conditions for running,general requirement is high control accuracy and the dynamic response ability, the typical applications are gyro and mechanical arms control, etc. They closed or by half speed closed-loop feedback control,corresponding systems commonly used advanced control algorithm.3) Brushless dc motor in the application of household appliancesIn recent years, the electrical appliances electronic motor with every year about 30% of growth development,modern appliances in energy saving, low noise and high reliability, intelligent direction. With the improvement of people's living standard and the country's growing importance of energy conservation and emission reduction, many household appliances motor but choose brushless dc motor. Brushless dc motor was not overcome shortcomings of traditional household electrical part of the life that occupy the home, give people more comfortable,but also reduce the energy loss, better realize the sustainable utilization of energy.4) Brushless dc motor in office automation field of applicationComputer peripherals and office automation equipment with motor, most for advanced manufacture technology and combining emerging microelectronics high-grade precision brushless dc motor, the product is technology intensive. The high-performance brushless dc motor servo control system adopts can greatly improve the quality of the tea products, improve the product's value. As the daily life of computer hard disk drive spindle motor, the floppy drive and spindle motor cooling fan with computer,motor generally adopted brushless dc motor.Another brushless dc motor in digital cameras and laser printers etc equipment is widely used.5) Brushless dc motor in other industrial applicationsBrushless dc motor control system is a brush sets of dc motor and ac induction motor drive control system of the merits.soon mechtronie product. With rare earth permanent magnet and power electronics device performance enhancement and the lower price, brushless dc motor drive series in the industry have more and more applications, it has become the industry development direction of motor as one.At present, in the civil and military robots and mechanical arm motor applications, brushless dc motor proportion bigger, has begun to appear alternative stepper motor servo motor drive and the development trend of the robot. High-power brushless dc motor in low-speed, environments, and a certain speed performance requirements of the situation has a wide range of applications, such as no gear drive, dragging machines elevator, steel mill pumped transmission etc,with the dynamic response speed and tracking error rate of small,small, small range of speed.。
american的中文翻译
american的中文翻译"American"的中文翻译是"美国的"或"美国人的"。
下面是一些关于"American"的用法和中英文对照例句：1. 名词用法：- He is an American. 他是一个美国人。
- Americans celebrate Independence Day on July 4th. 美国人在7月4日庆祝独立日。
2. 形容词用法：- American culture is diverse and vibrant. 美国文化多样而充满活力。
- The American dream is often associated with success and prosperity. 美国梦通常与成功和繁荣联系在一起。
3. 作为名词修饰语：- American cuisine is known for its hamburgers and hot dogs. 美国美食以汉堡包和热狗闻名。
- She bought an American car. 她买了一辆美国车。
4. 作为名词的复数形式：- Many Americans enjoy watching sports. 许多美国人喜欢观看体育比赛。
- The museum showcases the contributions of Americansthroughout history. 这个博物馆展示了美国人在历史上的贡献。
5. 表示美国国籍的复合词：- African American 非洲裔美国人- Asian American 亚裔美国人- Native American 美洲原住民6. 表示美国特色的短语：- American football 美式橄榄球- American English 美式英语- American dream 美国梦7. 表示与美国相关的事物：- American flag 美国国旗- American history 美国历史- American politics 美国政治希望以上内容能满足您的需求！。
American 翻译
American 翻译American 翻译如下：•n.美国人；美洲人•adj.美国的；美洲的例句：用作名词(n.)1.His accent proclaimed that he was an American.他的口音表明他是一个美国人。
2.He speaks English as though he were an American.他讲起英语来好像他是个美国人。
3.It doesn't matter if you are Asian or American or European, we are all thesame.无论你是亚洲人，美洲人还是欧洲人，都没有关系，我们都是一样的。
4.Many Native American tribes believed that dreams revealed the hiddenwishes of the soul or the messages from the Spirits above.很多土著美洲人部落认为梦揭示了灵魂隐藏的希望或来自高于灵魂的讯息。
用作形容词(adj.)1.He spoke with an American accent.他说话带着美国英语口音。
2.Bill Gates is an American citizen.比尔·盖茨是美国公民。
3.American civilization differs from ours.美国的社会和生活方式和我们的不同。
4.An American conglomerate holds a major share in the company.一家美国的大联合企业持有该公司的大部分股份。
5.The American eagle stands on a perch.美洲鹰站在栖木上。
6.People of many American countries observe the Christmas Day.美洲的大多数国家的人都过圣诞节。
美国俚语
The Dominant Features and Social Function ofAmerican SlangAbstractAmerican slang belongs to colloquial speech generally used on informal occasions. In modern American society, every field has its own special slang words as well as different classes, vocations and races. The slang words account for one tenth of the vocabulary used by common people.Furthermore, language is the carrier of cultures, so it is practically important to study American slang. Without the understanding of slang, it is impossible to fully understand American cultures. Researches on American slang will contribute directly to colloquial communication, translation, education, even economic development and other aspects of social lives.Even though the current researches on slang are abundant, most of them have focused on classifying and explaining certain slang words without giving further linguistic analysis. This thesis will make a linguistic analysis by applying theoretical tools and linguistic study methods.There are five chapters in this thesis. The first chapter is an introduction, describing the research background and the significance of it, the research methods and theoretical tools used. The second chapter concerns the definitionof slang, origin of it, and the attitudes towards slang in different times. The third chapter talks about the common features like being vivid, creative, ephemeral and humorous. And it also concerns the linguistic features of American slang from two aspects of rhetoric and word-formation. Chapter Four discusses the general social functions of American slang. Chapter five is conclusion.This thesis is based on the full understanding of abundant research achievements by former scholars. Besides based on the existing theories, this thesis brings up a few new ideas and conclusions which still wait to be examined by further researches.Key words: American slang; linguistic features; social functionsContentsAbstract (I)Contents (III)Chapter1 Introduction (1)Chapter2 Literature Review (3)2.1 Definition of slang (3)2.2 The origin of slang (3)2.3 The attitudes towards slang in different times (4)Chapter3 Dominant Features of American Slang (6)3.1 Common features of American slang (6)3.1.1 Creativeness/vividness (6)3.1.2 Ephemeral/ humorous (7)3.2 Linguistic features of American slang (9)3.2.1 Rhetoric features of American slang (9)3.2.2 Word-formation (12)Chapter4 Social Function of American Slang (15)4.1 Showing the status of the speaker (15)4.2 Strengthening the relationship among members (15)4.3 Showing the personality and satisfying people‟s novelty (16)4.4 Informality effect (16)4.5 Humorous effect (18)Chapter 5 Conclusion (20)Bibliography (21)Acknowledgements (23)Chapter1 IntroductionSlang was not taken seriously as an academic subject for a long time in the past. Most introductions to the scientific study of language mention slang only very briefly. Bloomfield (1933), Hockett (1958), Gleason (1961) and Lehamnn (1976) all together devoted fewer than five pages to slang. The historical study of English language give slang a bit more attention. Y et some convey value judgment based on cultural attitudes rather than on linguistic evidence. Schlauch, calls slang expressions “aberrations (失常，越轨行为) from Standard English”(1959, 52). Charles Hockett writes, “We must not think of such uses of language as in any way inferior to its use in writing treaties on bacteriology or delivering lectures on civil law”(1958, 294). Baugh and Cable concede that “some use of slang is tolerated in the light conversation of most educated speaker” (1978, 314).Stuart Berg Flexner‟s preface to the “Dictionary of American Slang”, edited with Harold Wentworth and firstly published in 1960, has become a standard and has been reprinted in subsequent editions of the dictionary as well as in anthologies for linguists and slang learners. The best general discussion of American slang to date is Jonathan Lighter‟s twenty-seven-page introduction to volume 1 of his …Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang‟. (1994)More and more scholars tend to study slang from many other aspectsnowadays because of its wide use in American society. Although the literatures concerning the research of slang are abundant inadequacies still exist. Most of the works focus on words classification and explanation without a further linguistic analysis. As a result, the study just stays on the surface so that the learners or foreigners can not get a fully understanding of American slang and also American cultures. The aim of the thesis is to do a serious linguistic study of American slang. By using the research methods of descriptive and social linguistics analysis, this thesis aims to provide a more complete picture of the definition, general features of American slang and social functions.Besides, throughout the thesis, the author puts emphasis on generating new ideas and theories. On the basis of fully understanding from the former research achievements, the author try to put forward some new ideas and conclusions which still wait to be testified by the future research.Chapter2 Literature ReviewAs stated by Papin: “The definition of a language can‟t be fully understood without tracking its origins” (Papin &Liliane, 1992:1253-65). In this chapter, we will summarize the definition and origin of slang on the basis of former conclusion, and also the different attitudes towards slang in different times.2.1 Definition of slangSlang is a kind of colloquial speech which is used on informal occasion. It generated by subculture groups who search for novelty, individuality and group solidarity. Slang is used by different social groups and in different social contexts. It is the most vivid form of language; it constantly renews itself, interacts with other colloquial speeches and plays different role at different time periods.2.2 The origin of slangA new slang term is usually widely used in a subculture before it appears in the dominant culture. After a new slang term was invented, if the other members of a group find that the new slang projects the emotio nal reaction of the group toward an idea, person, or social institution, the new slang will be accepted and continue to be used, or else the new expression will quickly disappear. Slang is originated because of its unique features rather than according to some scientific laws. The convenience, vivacity and intimacy provided by slang are indispensable and irreplaceable by other kind of speechand offer good reasons for its occurrence. Besides, one important reason for the creation of slang as a means of self-expression, slang connotes. Finally, the production of slang is for the individual‟s pursuing of novelty.Slang was generated because of two reasons. First, a personal reason: human‟s physical and psychological characteristics require a vivid language to describe it. Second, an external social reason: social pressures, different economic and geographical conditions give rise to a particular and varied language to manifest and to represent. As stated by Partridge “Whatever the source, personality and one‟s surroundings (social or occupational) are the two co-efficient, the two chief factors and the determining causes of the nature if slang.”(Eric Partridge, 1970:5)2.3 The attitude towards slang in different timesLinguists, authors, educators and literary critics who focus their attention on the use of language hold various attitudes towards slang. Ambrose Bierce, in his dictionary, called English slang …the grunt of human hog‟ Even The Oxford English Dictionary‟s 1989 edition defines English slang as the special vocabulary used by any set of persons of a low or disreputable character; language of a low and vulgar type. Others hold a more scientific and fairer opinion toward slang. The following examines the attitudes towards slang held by people who constantly deal with slang in their professions.Firstly, different theologians and linguists throughout the history held different opinions towards slang. Fowler and all the other early native students of thelanguage generally have a negative opinion concerning slang. He remarked: “In real life, slang is the great corrupting matter; it is perishable and infects what is round it” (Fowler, 1965).Second, the practicing authors of the country, like the linguists and theologians, have always shown a gingery and suspicious attitude towards slang while highly respect standard language. “We may say that in literary world, Standard English is the more conventional and dignified, more accurate and logical, sometimes the more beautiful and rhythmical; it is like evening dress, for important occasions”(Crystal, 1995:601).Finally, literature critics held different views about slang. Such critics as Hotten, Mencken, Niceforo and Gerald Parshal are almost genial in their attitude towards slang. Gerald Parshal in a 1994 article for U.S. News &World Report describes slang as proletarian poetry. Other critics are more scornful. As early as 1825, J.P.Thomas, in My Thought Book, inveighed thus: “The language of slang is the conversation of the fools. Men of discretion will not pervert language to the unprofitable purposes of conversational mimicry···The friends of literature will never adopt it, as it is actively opposed to pure and grammatical diction.”Chapter3 Dominant features of American slangAmerican slang used by Americans, occupies a large part of English slang. In the following parts of the thesis, we shall focus our study on American slang by firstly discussing its common features and then the new ideas about the linguistic features.3.1 common features of American slangLinguists Philosopher Wittgenstein: “Language is a city which could be studied in both a macro way and a micro way.”(Wittgenstein, 2005) In the following passage, we‟ll focus our study of American slang from a macro aspect.There are certain common features embodied in American slang.3.1.1 creativeness/vividnessOne distinguished feature of American slang is creativeness and vividness. “Slang is the most creative language in the world and new emerges every”(Cohen, Gerald Leonard, 1996). There are several ways that a new slang occurs. Sometimes a new slang form either replaces an earlier one or provides another synonym for a notion already named in slang, like ramped, ranked(from wasted), and toe(from torn) for …drunk‟; bogel and hang for …do nothing in particular‟; bumping and kegging for …exhilaration‟. Sometimes new slang extends to new areas of meaning, such as Tom(from totallyobedient moron) for …computer‟; dangling modifier for …a single, long, flashy earring‟; the five year program for …the time it takes to complete the undergraduate degree‟.American slang is pretty vivid. In American slang, people always use all kinds of metaphor measures to form a more distinct symbolization. Sometimes it is more vivid than Standard English, and it can express person‟s emotion better. For example, “the scandal of government officials” can be called Water Gate Event (原指“水门事件”) or Iran Gate Event（“伊朗门”）. There are many expressions like that such as skyscraper（摩天大楼）, foxtrot（狐步舞）, pencil pusher（办事员）, sawbones（医生）, bottle washer（实验员）, bellhop（闻铃而动，指在旅馆中听差的男侍）,knockout(杰出人或物)，apple-polishing(拍马屁). Those words evoke vivid pictures about the person or the object in listener‟s mind. They offer a better way for the listeners to understand or remember them.3.1.2 Ephemeral/ HumorousWe may also notice several features of American slang in its process of development. Firstly, American slang is ephemeral. We use only fifty of the five hundred words typical of Stanford in 1926: the place names, and a very few characteristic Stanford words such as …apple-polisher‟, …bawl out‟and …rough‟are the only words used as American slang now. Among the disappeared slang items, some will come back for a second and third life, the way that fashions do. For example, cram …study hard at the last minute‟was used now but disappeared in the 1980s. Dead soldier, which has been part ofmilitary slang since the eighteenth century when it meant …empty bottle‟, emerges again in 1987 with the more contemporary referent …empty beer can‟. Among the remaining American slang, some slang words maintained their form and meaning. For example, bummer …unpleasant experience‟; slide…easy course‟; and wheels…car‟. A few additional items altered slightly in form and meaning. For example, bomb out …fail‟and jam…make music, dance‟shift to mean also …perform well‟. When slang items remain in the language for years, they often lose their slang status. Some items may pass into the general vocabulary and bear little or no association with their earlier lives as slang, fro example, the noun rascal; the verb bluff, and the adjective flimsy.Another common feature of American slang is humor. Sometimes, we can‟t help laughing because of their frequency use of slang when we chat with them. So in a long travel, if the guide tells a story or joke by quoting a piece of slang, the atmosphere will be cheered up. For example,“What brand of cigarettes do you smoke?”“I smoke o. p.’s”(我吸别人的烟)“Put your John Hancock on the dotted line.”(用John Hancock 代替name 一词，语出美国独立宣言，当年，约翰·汉考克的签名最大)Give me some skin.(朋友，咱们握手吧。
读书报告
A Reading Report of Slang Today andYesterday学院（系）：外语系专业：英语班级：1006姓名：张瑜学号：1090030615二〇一三年十二月八日A Reading Report of Slang Today andYesterday1. IntroductionAmerican is a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural concentrated place, has always been known as the smelter of the world. In the country full of enjoyment, democracy, freedom and human rights, every ethnic group of immigrants have maintained their own beliefs, customs, and even language. In their view, the occupation of a culture or discrimination to any other culture will lead to the lost of the humanity of the members made up of the cultural groups. Meanwhile, they believe that if the customer of minority could mixed with the whole society, then people with different cultural background would enjoy a harmony society full of equality and good wishes. Different ethnic group make American become a multicultural society. Borrowed culture must lead to borrow of the language, thus increasing the external language and slang of American English. In addition, there are many subculture groups in the frame of mainstream culture. The differences of social and economic status and cultural background determine the differences of the way of thinking and concept of value of each group members, thus resulted in different requirement and form of expression toward language. If the diversification of American culture provides a lot of chances for the prosperous of slang, then campus is the good place of the generation and development of American college slang.Slang is the most active, vivid, and free part of language; it has been the indispensable tool of verbal communication. Slang is the means with which subculture members express their unique value standard, technique, manner, individual thought and emotion. American college slang is a means created and used by American college students to express their feelings and it is popular on campus. By researching American college slang we can take a furtive glance of the change of American language culture and social culture. Though now there are many researches about American slang, most researches only focus on the origin and history of slangand the translation of slang. However, American college slang is the vivid and visual representative of American slang.2. The Concise SummaryCulture is the profound basis of national character, generation after generation of Americans tirelessly pursues their American dream even at the cost of their lives. Americans often take pride of their nation features such as vigorousness, creativity, cheerfulness and liveliness, nonconformance, defying authority, advocating freedom and so on. So the wide use of American slang is related with their national character. Campus is a place of spreading culture and civilization, high level of education, information development and unimpeded; and the youth are the most active factor in society and they are active-minded, acute to current events and new things, easily receive and create new things.American is a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural concentrated place, has always been known as the smelter of the world. In the country full of enjoyment, democracy, freedom and human rights, every ethnic group of immigrants have maintained their own beliefs, customs, and even language. In their view, the occupation of a culture or discrimination to any other culture will lead to the lost of the humanity of the members made up of the cultural groups. Meanwhile, they believe that if the customer of minority could mixed with the whole society, then people with different cultural background would enjoy a harmony society full of equality and good wishes. Different ethnic group make American become a multicultural society. Borrowed culture must lead to borrow of the language, thus increasing the external language and slang of American English. In addition, there are many subculture groups in the frame of mainstream culture. The differences of social and economic status and cultural background determine the differences of the way of thinking and concept of value of each group members, thus resulted in different requirement and form of expression toward language. If the diversification of American culture provides a lot of chances for the prosperous of slang, then campus is the good place of the generation and development of American college slang.Culture is the profound basis of national character, generation after generation of Americans tirelessly pursues their American dream even at the cost of their lives. Americans often take pride of their nation features such as vigorousness, creativity, cheerfulness and liveliness, nonconformance, defying authority, advocating freedom and so on. So the wide use of American slang is related with their national character. Campus is a place of spreading culture and civilization, high level of education, information development and unimpeded; and the youth are the most active factor in society and they are active-minded, acute to current events and new things, easily receive and create new things. They also rebel tradition and do not blindly follow authority, thus they have a strong sense of self-independence. Reflected in the language, they exhibit the unwillingness to accepting Orthodoxy and Standard, and pursuing public distinctive. So it is no surprise that these students create and use a mount of American college slang that both satisfy their feeling of novelty and fill a vacancy of formal language.3. The Brief CritiqueBy reading those books I know that American slang comes into being during the Second World War, initial American slang is argot or cant of individual group, is the language used by rough scuff such as drug addicts, Negroes, prisoners and so on. It is humorous, concise, vivid and visual, sometimes express feelings strongly. Later, with the constantly enlargement of its source and connotation and the permeation from subculture group to mainstream culture, some of the slang words are accepted by the public and become standard speech, while some are popular in a small scope. Its spread approaches are considerable extensive, we use it to talk face to face in the past, now we can hear it at all places by means of newspapers, periodicals, books, TV station, TV and networks.I learned that American slang is a kind of nonstandard language of American English; it can indicate the interpersonal relationship of special social groups. People often use slang when they want to show their group identities, or use language creatively, oppose to some authority, or be accepted by certain groups. Americancampus is always the place of active mind, knowledge updating, full of vitality. Generally speaking, youth, especial college students have affection for slang; those people become the main force of creating and using American slang. Slang itself has the features of simplicity, rhetoric, creativity, and novelty. American college students are full of passion; slang is good for them to express their passion and thus can make their words colorful and glamorous. American youth advocate freedom, pursue fashion or create what is new and original. The difference between school and outside society result the distinctive and ingenuity features of American college slang, and the language speech can show its constant change and innovation. This is the source of rich and colorful American English. Moreover, young people are always trying to find their own special language in order to keep the secrets within their small group when they are talking in the public.Frequently communication of subculture members enhances the spread trend from inside groups’slang to outside world, it has resulted extensive spread within social public from subculture members. The rapid development of modern science and technology and the continually emergence of new things and concepts has increased the prevalence speed of the slang. With the development of the world, the influence of American English is immeasurable. Now, Chinese foreign language learners have more opportunities to contact with English movies, teleplays, newspapers and periodicals and so on. Since American people often use slang in their daily dialogue, people will face difficulties in understanding these materials if they do not have the knowledge about slang. Therefore, by reading this book I want to announce that the status of slang used in American daily life can not be eliminated. And I will by researching American college student, one of the subculture groups to make foreign language learners have the cross-culture communication consciousness and comprehension of American culture and improve the level of cross-culture communication.ReferencesAllen, Irving Lewis. (1993). The City in Slang[M]. New York: Oxford University Press.Bloomfield, Leonard. (1956). Language[M]. London: Allen & Unwin.Connie, Eble. (1996). Slang and Sociability [M]. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Dumas, Bethany K. and Jonathan Lighter. (1978).Is Slang a Word for Linguistics[M]? Greenough, James Bradstreet, and George Lyman Kittredge. (1958). Words and Their Ways in English Speech[M]. London: Macmillan.Mencken, H.L. (1947).The American Language[M]. New York: Knopf. Partridge, Eric. (1954). Slang Today and Yesterday[M]. London: Routledge.胡文仲.(1997).跨文化交际与英语学习[J].上海:上海译文出版社.顾嘉祖﹑陆昇.(1999).语言与文化[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社.王金杰.(2001).释析美国校园俚语[J].外语与外语教学.林玲帼.(1994).美国俚语纵横谈[J].现代外语.。
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1.in the swim a:involved in things that are happening in society or in
aparticular situtation(积极参加社会活动) eg:Mrs.Smith is always in the swim if there is anything
2.slip into high gear
高速运转起来
gear---here:used to talk about the speed or effort involved in doing sth速度，努力
eg：My brain,that precision instrument,slip into higer gear.
social on,her husband seems always out of the swim in politics. b:here:coforming to the current fashion(赶时髦) eg:Don't you want to be in a swim ?
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Definition
Slang is the use of informal words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speaker's language or dialect but are considered more acceptable when used socially .Slang is often used as a euphemism and may use informal lexicon to identify with one's peers. Slang is different from jargon(行话，术语), which is the technicial vocabulary of a particular profession,and which meets only the second of the criteria given above.
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Background
In the "Westward Movement "of 19 century ,many Americas moved to the west which caused large-scale mirgration.The America govement pays less attention to the "standard English" and standardizes the English.The history of America is not as long as other countries.So it has not traditional restriction to the people's language from.Therefore, the dialect and the jargon of each level are mixed together ,and which spread quickly among the majority such dialect and jargon envolved the slang litter by litter for their wide usage.
she is expecting she is "well-along"
lovely killer帅小伙
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classifition
1.委婉语 2.粗俗语 Don't talk crap.不要胡说八道 -Can I have a word with you? -Sod off（滚开） 3.赌咒语 Damn you！该死的 To hell with you.见鬼去吧
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4.go steady to date meone of the opposite sex regular and
exclusively;to be steady with sb eg:Lily will go steady with Tom 5.old man a person's huaband or father（老公，老爸） 6.Holy Toledo excellent(好极了)
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7.kick a:usually as a verb ,it means to hit sb/sth with your foot(踢，
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The vocabulary of an oridinary America generally is estimated at 10 000-20 000,acording to my conservative estimation about 2000 words are slong.
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Rhetoric in the slang
metaphor
euphemistic
chicken胆小鬼，懦夫
怀孕:
sweetie pie 心上人，讨人 she is about to be in a
喜欢都女人
family way.
hyperbole
killing 笑死人的或迷魂荡 魄的
3:pin-up:
a picture of an attractive person,especially one who is not wearing many clothes ,that ito look at.美人海报
eg:she was only yet of pin-up proportion but I felt sure that time would supply the lack.